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Appendix a Unit Conversion Table

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Appendix a Unit Conversion Table Appendix A Unit Conversion Table The units used throughout the book are based on the U.S. customary units. This appendix provides a set of conversions from U.S. customary units to SI units (International System of Units, also known as the metric system) (Table A1). Table A1 Table of conversion factors for U.S. customary units To convert the unit in this Multiply Column 1 by this To obtain the unit in this column (Column 1) conversion factor column (Column 2) acres (ac) 0.4047 hectares (ha) acres (ac) 43,560 square feet (ft2) Btu 0.0002931 kilowater-hour (kWh) Btu/hour (Btu/h) 0.2931 watts (W) centimeters (cm) 0.3937 inches (in.) centimeters (cm) 0.03281 feet (ft) cubic feet (ft3) 0.0283 cubic meters (m3) cubic feet/second (cfs) 448.8 gallons/minute (gal/min) cubic meters (m3) 35.314 cubic feet (ft3) cubic meters (m3) 1.3079 cubic yards cubic yards (yd3) 0.7646 cubic meters (m3) feet (ft) 0.305 meter (m) feet/second (fps) 0.6818 miles/hour (mph) gallon (U.S.) (gal) 3.785 liter (L) gallon (U.S.) (gal) 0.003785 cubic meter (m3) gallon (U.S.) (gal) 0.1334 cubic foot (ft3) gallons/minute (gal/min) 3.785 liters per minute (L/min) (continued) © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 867 R.L. Siegrist, Decentralized Water Reclamation Engineering, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-40472-1 868 Unit Conversion Table Table A1 (continued) To convert the unit in this Multiply Column 1 by this To obtain the unit in this column (Column 1) conversion factor column (Column 2) hectares (ha) 10,000 square meters (m2) hectares (ha) 2.47 acres (ac) kilograms (kg) 2.205 pounds (lb) kilometers (km) 0.6214 miles (mi.) kilowatt-hour (kWh) 3412 Btu liters (L) 0.2642 gallons (U.S.) liters (L) 1.057 quarts liquid (qt.) meters (m) 3.2808 feet (ft) meters (m) 0.000621 miles (mi.) meters (m) 1.0936 yards (yd.) miles (mi.) 1.6093 kilometers (km) miles (mi.) 5280 feet (ft) miles/hour (mph) 88 feet/minute (fpm) millimeters (mm) 0.0394 inches (in.) pound (lb) 454 gram (g) pound (lb) 0.454 kilogram (kg) square feet (ft2) 0.0929 square meter (m2) square feet (ft2) 0.1111 square yard (yd2) square feet (ft2) 2.296E-5 acres (ac) square feet (ft2) 9.29E-6 hectares (ha) square kilometers (km2) 0.3861 square miles (mi2) square meter (m2) 10.76 square feet (ft2) square meter (m2) 1.196 square yards (yd2) square meter (m2) 0.0001 hectares (ha) square miles (mi2) 2.59 square kilometers (km2) square yards (yd2) 0.8361 square meters (m2) watts 3.4121 Btu/hour (Btu/h) watts 0.001341 horsepower yards (yd.) 0.9144 meters (m) yards (yd.) 0.000568 miles (mi.) Appendix B Glossary This glossary was prepared by the author to define terms that are commonly used in the context of decentralized wastewater treatment and water recla- mation and reuse. In the context of other applications there could be other valid definitions for some or many of the terms listed in Appendix B. Activated sludge—A biological process where microorganisms are grown under aerobic conditions using organic matter in the influent wastewater as a source of food and energy. Aeration zone—A term that describes the physical system within which active aeration occurs. Examples include an aeration chamber or com- partment in a larger tank, a stand-alone tank of basin devoted to aeration, and so forth. Aerobic—Refers to a biochemical state where microorganisms require oxy- gen to survive and function by using oxygen as an electron acceptor. Aerobic treatment unit (ATU)—Refers to a physical system of compart- ments, tanks or basins used to establish an aerobic bioreactor and the supporting components and appurtenances used to achieve aerobic bio- logical treatment of wastewater. Aerobic treatment unit (ATU) may also be used to refer to a small-scale packaged plant used for aerobic biological treatment of wastewater. Aggregate—Refers to stones (typically 0.5–1.5 in. diameter) that are used to establish a storage volume within a subsurface infiltration trench or bed. Alternative sewers—Sewer systems that convey untreated or treated wastewaters utilizing gravity or pressure (positive pressure or vacuum) in smaller diameter pipelines with watertight joints that can be laid on variable grades with few access points and low infiltration and inflow. Alternative sewers include: septic tank effluent gravity (STEG), septic tank effluent pressure sewers (STEP), raw wastewater grinder pump sewers, and raw wastewater vacuum sewers. © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 869 R.L. Siegrist, Decentralized Water Reclamation Engineering, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-40472-1 870 Glossary Anaerobic—Refers to a biochemical state where microorganisms do not require oxygen and utilize organic matter or hydrogen as electron donors and inorganic (e.g., nitrate, sulfate) or organic matter as electron accep- tors. Some anaerobic organisms may react negatively or even die if oxygen is present. Anammox—The name of a biological process that involves the simulta- neous oxidation of ammonia nitrogen combined with denitrification of nitrite nitrogen. Appliance—A water-using piece of equipment that requires power to func- tion properly (e.g., a dishwasher or clothes washer). Appurtenance—Devices and equipment that are not essential to the basic function of a septic tank but can improve its function or enhance its operation in one way or another. Area-based reaction rates (kA)—An approach to expressing reaction rates for constructed wetlands that is based on the horizontal surface area of the wetland and has units of length per time (e.g., ft/day). Areal loading rate—An approach to determining the horizontal surface area of a constructed wetland based on empirical data concerning a loading rate specification such as mass of constituent per unit area per time that yields a particular effluent quality (e.g., the ALR in lb-BOD per ft2 per day that yields a wetland effluent BOD of 30 mg/L). Assimilation—Refers to the ability of subsurface soil and groundwater to accept and integrate water reclaimed from wastewater treated in a land- based treatment operation into the hydrologic cycle. Attenuation—Refers to a set of soil and groundwater processes (e.g., biological and chemical reactions along with dilution and dispersion) that can reduce the concentrations of constituents of potential concern in water as it moves from a depth below a soil-based treatment operation (e.g., subsurface soil treatment unit or landscape drip dispersal unit) and recharges groundwater and moves away from the recharge location. Attached growth—Refers to a aerobic biological process where the micro- organisms involved in treatment are attached to, and grow on, physical surfaces such as rocks or plastic honeycombs. Autotrophic—Refers to a group of microorganisms that use an inorganic material as an electron donor (e.g., elemental sulfur) and acceptor (e.g., nitrate nitrogen). Background concentrations (C*)—Refers to the concentrations of constit- uents that are present within a wetland based on additions through means other than the influent wastewaters being treated (e.g., by plant decay, wildlife presence, atmospheric deposition). Biofilter—See porous media biofilter. Biogas—Methane gas that evolves during anaerobic biological processes in treatment unit operations (e.g., a septic tank). Biomass—Biological material derived from living microorganisms involved in biological wastewater treatment. Glossary 871 Biosolids—Biosolids refers to treated sewage sludge that is made suitable for beneficial use through incorporation into soil and agriculture. In the United States the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency sets pollutant and pathogen requirements for biosolids relative to use for land applica- tion and surface disposal in Federal regulation 40 CFR Part 503, which sets standards for the use or disposal of sewage sludge. Biozone—Term that refers to the region at and around the soil infiltrative surface where wastewater-induced changes occur involving biofilms, a biomat, and pore-filling agents. Blackwater—Wastewaters from water-flush toilets and potentially including wastewaters from kitchen sink and dishwasher uses. BOD5—Oxygen demand exerted over 5 days due to biological degradation of organic matter plus potentially bio-oxidation of ammonia. Bottom area—The horizontal soil infiltrative surface that is used for infiltra- tion of wastewater until wastewater ponding causes infiltration to occur through vertical sidewall infiltrative surfaces. Building—A structure (such as a house, school, restaurant, etcetera) with a roof and walls that is used for a given purpose (e.g., living, working, storage, etcetera). Building drainage—Piping within a building that conveys wastewaters gen- erated by usage of fixtures and appliances and typically connects to a building sewer that conveys the combined wastewater out of the building. Building sewer—A sewer line that is connected to the building drainage piping and is used to convey wastewater to a treatment system located onsite or into a sewer system for collection and conveyance to the site of a nearby decentralize system or further away to a more remote centralized system. Buried—(1) A term used to describe a pipeline, tank, or other component that is established below ground surface and covered with earthen mate- rials. (2) Refers to porous media biofilter, soil treatment unit or similar unit operation that is established in the landscape with its wastewater infiltra- tive surface below the ground surface. Buried unit operations need to be designed to account for the fact that operation and maintenance functions can be difficult and rejuvenation may require excavation. Carbonaceous BOD5 (cBOD5)—Oxygen demand exerted over 5 days due to biological degradation of organic matter. Cell—(1) Refers to the structural, functional and biological unit of a living organism. (2) Refers to a portion of a constructed wetland that is inten- tionally established to help support plug-flow like conditions so flow occurs through the wetland from the inlet to the outlet with minimized short- circuiting.
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