6 X 10 Long.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88005-3 - Language Classification: History and Method Lyle Campbell and William J. Poser Index More information

Index

Aalto, Pentti 5n.5, 238, 286, 412, 414 agglutinating, agglutinative 67, 225, 229, 230, Aaraleff 25, 54n.8, 60, 61, 226, 227, 231n.3, 231, 236, 240, 241, 242, 395, 398 232 agricultural dispersal 362 ablaut 25 agricultural languages 337n.4 Abondolo, Daniel 88n.1 agricultural zones 340 Abyssinian 46 agriculture 322, 337–50 accident (chance) 10, 29, 133, 142, 165, 168, Aikhenvald, Aleksandra Y. 175, 318, 319, 176, 177, 186, 188, 189, 193, 194, 195, 201, 328, 329 205, 211, 215, 216, 218, 223, 238, 240, 241, Aikhenvald-Angenot ; see Aikhenvald 408 253, 266, 276, 281, 296, 304n.8, 326, 329, Ainu 235, 243, 263, 404 364n.1, 365n.2, 366, 367, 368, 369–70, 371, Ainu–Altaic 404 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 380n.18, 385, 397, Ainu–Austroasiatic 404 398 Ainu–Gilyak 404 accretion zone 302–4, 306, 308, 318, 341, Aitchison 366–7, 370 363, 399 Akan 122, 221 acculturation 337, 343, 349 Alakaluf 405 Achagua 314 Albanian 15, 62, 86n.14, 195, 202, 378 Achomawi 356, 408 Aleut 56, 115 Achomawi-Atsugewi 356 Alexandre, Pierre 121 acrobatics 13–14 Algic 117, 178, 284, 308, 356, 401, active–stative alignment 313, 393 404 Acts of identity 355 Algonkian–Gulf 404, 412 Adai 404 Algonkin 6, 117, 267 Adam, Lucien 5n.5 Algonquian 6, 7, 115, 116n.11, 117, 157, 178, Adamawa 129n.16, 130 187, 266–79, 284n.23, 300, 313, 314, 342, Adamawa-Eastern 129 375, 378, 414 Adamawa-Ubangi 129, 143 Algonquian–Gulf, see Algonkian–Gulf Adams, D. Q. 249, 251 Algonquian–Mosan 190, 196 Adelaar 185, 265–6, 267, 413 Algonquian–Ritwan 178, 284n.23, 401 Adelung, Johan Christoph 18, 49, 52–4, 59, Algonquian–Wakashan 404 119, 122, 225, 226, 227–8 Alighieri, Dante 14 admixture 6n.8 Allen, Louis 411 adnominal cases 310n.15 Allen, W. S. 5n.5 affective 246, 377–9 Allentiac 406 African classiﬁcation 3, 13, 120–45, 268, alliteral class 123 397 alliteration 187, 214, 220 Afroasiatic (also Afro-Asiatic, Afrasian) 81, Allman 365, 368 97, 127, 128, 131, 134, 136–9, 145, 187, allopatric speciation 328n.18 202, 206, 243, 246, 247, 251, 252, 254, 257, Almosan 404 258, 261, 263, 301, 303n.6, 307, 346, 374, Almosan–Keresiouan 255n.10, 281n.22, 284, 404, 410 284n.23, 368n.5, 404, 408 Agau 125 Alor 291

508

Index 509

Alpher, Barry 150, 151, 152, 154, 157, 402 Appleyard, John W. 123, 124, 144, Alsea 220, 312, 408 261 Altaic 3, 66–7, 112, 162, 196, 214, 219, 234, Arabic 23, 27, 33, 36, 39, 41, 42, 45–6, 95, 96, 235, 236n.2, 241, 243, 245, 248, 252, 253, 125, 137, 195, 202, 307, 336, 353, 360, 254, 257, 258, 261, 263, 285, 286, 296, 371n.8, 378 345n.9, 398, 404, 407, 414 Aramaic 46, 95 Altaic–American Indian languages 404 Arana 410 Amazonian languages 302, 413 Arandic 157 American Indian language families 114, Aranta 157 128n.13, 161, 397 Arapaho 116n.11, 187 American Indian languages 8n.7, 9n.10, Araucanian 405 13–31, 65, 144, 191, 197, 202, 207, 213, Arawa 407 214, 215, 216, 217, 220, 221, 222, 226, 231, Arawakan 30, 314, 402, 413 231n.4, 253, 264, 268, 372, 405 Araw´an 312 American–Arctic–Paleo-Siberian Phylum Arberry, A. J. 33, 37n.2 408 areal linguistics 112, 113, 143, 144–5, 150, Amerind 1, 3, 120, 127, 171, 182, 196, 197, 151, 152, 156, 158, 236, 245, 286, 299, 201, 203, 204, 206, 212, 214, 215, 216, 219, 302n.5, 303, 307, 308, 319, 326–8, 329, 399 220, 222, 234, 258n.11, 264, 284, 287, 288, areal–typological comparison 55 289, 296, 342, 345n.9, 368n.5, 372, Arekuna 312 372n.11, 374, 398, 405 Arens, Hans 17, 23, 49, 50, 53, 96 Amharic 95, 125 Argobba 303 Amina (Akan) 122 Ari 205, 211–12 Ammerman 337 Ariste, Paul 409 Amonap 222 Arlotto, Anthony T. 27 Amuzgo 312 Armenian 62, 74, 80, 80n.9, 173, 203, 209, analogia 15 305, 327, 328, 396 analogy 9, 17, 60, 155, 172, 186, 214, 219, Aruak 406 220, 229, 230, 389 Aryan [Indo-European] 237 analytic 389 Aryan 63, 96 Anatolian linguistic areas 327 Aryo-Semitic 96n.5 Anatolian 402 Asante 334 Ancient Near East 303, 306 Aschmann, Richard P. 402 Andaman Islands languages 103, 291, Ashantee 124 405 Asian languages 13, 405 Andaqui 207, 406 Asiatick Society of Bengal, see Royal Asiatic Andean 405, 407 Society of Bengal Andean–Equatorial 407 Asiatick Researchers 35 Andersen, Henning 359, 390 Atacama 406 Anderson, Lloyd B. 366 Atakapa 206, 212, 272, 273, 274–412 Anderson, Nicolai 409 Atakapa–Chitimacha 405 Anderson, William 101 Atayalic 99 Andoke 410 Athabaskan 117, 180, 219, 223, 266, 272n.17, Andresen, Julie Tetel 116, 226 275, 285, 300, 308, 322, 339, 361, 405 Andrews, E. Wyllys, V 411 Athabaskan–Sino-Tibetan 283 Andrews, Lorrin 103–4 Athabaskan–Tlingit–Yuchi-Siouan 283 Andronov, M. 286, 407 Atlantic 130 Angenot, Jean-Pierre 408 Atsugewi 408 Anglo-Saxon 10 Attic (Greek) 16 Anttila, Raimo 412 Attila 19n.5 Antioquia 406 Auake 410 antiquity 8 Auca 405 Apache 308, 322, 394–5 Auixiri 410 Apachean 308 Auroux, Sylvain 16, 26, 62n.13 Apawaio 312 Austerlitz, Robert 5n.5, 67, 236, 407

510 Index

Australian aborigines 330 Batak 107 Australian languages 3, 103, 145, 154n.27, Batavian Malay 107 161, 213, 219, 318, 325, 387, 397, 402, 405 Bateman, R. M. I. 82 Australian linguistic area 158 Bauer, Brigitte L. M. 351 Austric 345n.9, 405, 409 Baugh, Abert C. 217 Austroasiatic (Austro-Asiatic) 373, 402, 405, Baxter, William H. 370n.7, 380n.18, 384 408, 410, 411 Bearlake 355 Austronesian 3, 4n.4, 29, 31, 39, 60–1, 65, 97, Beauz´ee,Nicolas 227 157, 161, 162, 174, 175, 213, 219, 288, 292, Beber languages 124 300, 311, 313, 343, 362, 381–6, 396, 402, Becanus, Johannes Goropius (Jan van Gorp 405, 407, 408, 410, 411, 413 van der Beke) 19 Austro-Tai 162, 197, 405 Beeler, Madison 83–5 Avane 30n.20 Bega 125 Aymara 405, 413 Beja 303 Aztec–Sanskrit 404 Belgian 16 Aztec–Tanoan 217, 222, 405 Bellwood, Peter 308, 319, 324, 337, 337n.4, Aztectanoan, see Aztec–Tanoan 338n.5, 339n.6, 345n.8, 350 Bender, Marvin Lionel 120, 122, 126, 127, Babel 11, 13, 27, 32, 74, 330 129, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 140, 143, 144, Bahuchet, Serge 336n.3 145, 188, 200, 205, 365, 367, 370, 371, 372, Bakaiari 312 374, 375n.14 Bakker, Peter 324, 361, 362 Bendor-Samuel, John 128n.14 Balbi, Adrian 18, 122 Benedict, Paul K. 113–14, 196, 197, 203, 405, Baldi, Phillip 157 409, 413 Balinese 107 Benediktsson, Hrein 225 Balkan languages 190, 195–6, 307n.13, 327 Benfey, Theodor 21, 23, 29, 49, 93, 95–6, 97, Baltic 174, 194, 202, 327 116 Balto-Finnic 257, 261, 271 Bengali 41, 44, 108 Balto-Slavic 81 Bengtson, John D. 32, 127, 167, 284, 284n.23, Baluch 39 366, 367, 368n.5, 368n.6, 371, 372n.11, Bancroft, Hubert Howe 118 375n.14, 376, 377–9, 379n.15, 380n.17, Bantoid, Bantuoid 125 386, 405, 406, 407, 410, 412, 413 Bantu 121, 122, 123–4, 125–6, 128, 128n.15, Benjamin, Geoffrey 221 129, 130, 134, 141, 145, 162, 322, 336n.3, Bennett, Patrick R. 129n.16 343, 344, 345, 346n.10 Benue-Congo 129, 129n.16, 130, 145, 162, Baraba Tatars 237 314 Baraba Turkic 237 Benue-Cross 129 Barbacoan 314, 406 Beothuk-Algonquian 406 Barda 148n.24 Berber 128, 135, 137, 138, 164, 187, 307 Barea 124 Bereznak, Cathy 308 Bari 124 Berger, H. 406 Bartholomew, Doris A. 192, 197 Bergsland, Knut 115, 408 Barton, Benjamin Smith 53, 54 Berman, Howard 265–6, 271, 412, 413 Bashir, Elena 406, 407, 410, 413 Bernhardi, August Ferdinand 53, 54 basic vocabulary 4, 11, 14, 17, 18, 20, 31, 45, Berta 127, 134, 135 46, 51, 57, 60, 63, 72, 93, 103, 105, 122, Betoi 406 166–7, 171, 174, 180, 181, 184, 193, 200, Bhat, R. N. S. 407 201, 203, 206, 209, 231, 233, 238, 297, 395, Bibliander, Theodor 14, 95 397, 398 Biloxi 209, 214, 273 Basque 15, 55, 209, 214, 231, 237, 276n.19, binary splits 316, 317, 399 284, 285, 345n.9, 347, 407, 410, 413 Blackfoot 313, 314 Basque–American Indian 406 Blake, Barry J. 145, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, Basque–Berber 406 154, 156, 412 Basque–Caucasian 406 Blaˇzek,V. 407, 410, 413 Basque–Na-Dene 163 Bleek, Wilhelm 123–4, 125 Basque–Sino-Caucasian 276 Bleichsteiner, R. 406

Index 511

Blench, Roger 128n.14, 129, 129n.16, 130, Brunner, L. 409 130n.17, 131, 131n.18, 132, 133, 287 Bryan, Margaret A. 135, 144 Bloch, Jules 110 Bryant, Jacob 39 Bloomfield, Leonard 224, 233, 397 Bubenik, Vit 387 Blount, Ben G. 212 Bugge, Sophus 74–5 Boas, Franz 55, 179, 180, 212, 216, 217, 221, Bugis 105 222, 226, 233n.6, 408 Bulgaric Turkic 238 Bobo-Fing (Sya) 130 Bullom 124 Bodo 113 Bunabun 378 Boes, A. 16, 62n.13 Bunak 294 Bolnick, Deborah A. 206n.20 Bureau of American Ethnology 9n.10 Bomhard, Allan R. 197, 203, 243–4, 246, 249, Burenhult, Niclas 405 412 Burmese 113 Bonfante, Giuliano 20 Burrow, Thomas 110, 286–7, 407 Bongo 124 Burushaski 280n.21, 285, 407, 410, 413 Bonnerjea, René 414 Burushaski–Caucasian 406 Bopp, Franz 3, 14, 17, 18n.4, 53, 54, 58, 59, Burushaski–Indo-European 406 61, 62n.13, 63n.14, 66, 67, 68, 80, 164, 226, Burushaski–Ket 406 228–30, 231, 408, 409 Burushaski–Yeneseian 406 Bora 410 Buschmann, Johann Carl Eduard 115, Bora-Witotoan 314, 402 118 Boreal 406 Bushman 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 140, 322, Boretzky, Norbert 157 406, 409 Bororo 410 Bushman-Hottentot 126 borrowing 10, 16, 21, 45–6, 49, 55, 65, 96, 97, Butt, Miriam 381n.19 107, 112, 113, 133, 137, 142, 156, 157, 158, Bynon, Theodora 229 159–61, 165, 166, 168, 171, 172, 174, 177, 179, 181, 187, 189, 193, 194, 201, 207n21, Cabécar 207, 213, 268 211, 212, 213, 216, 219, 220, 236, 238, 239, Caddoan 356, 404 240, 241, 249–50, 266, 281, 286, 293, 296, Caffrarian 123 310, 311, 313, 315, 323, 324, 326, 328, 329, Caffre 122n.12 349, 350, 353, 361, 370, 387, 397, 398, 399, Cahuilla 350 400; see also diffusion, loanword, linguistic Caldicott, Thomas 37n.2 area Caldwell, Robert A. 110–12, 286, 407 Borst, Arno 23 California Penutian 412 Botocudo 410 Californian languages 302, 303, 307n.13, 308, Bouda, Karl 286, 406, 407, 408, 411, 413, 414 308n.14 Bower, Bruce 405 Callaghan, Catherine A. 5n.5, 188, 265, 366, Bowern, Claire 146, 151, 155, 158, 159, 161, 402, 412 319, 327, 328 Cambrensis, Giraldus (Gerald of Wales) 14, Boxhorn (Boxhornius), Marcus Zuerius 20, 33, 33n.1 21, 22, 33 Campbell, Alexander Duncan 109, 110 Boyd, Raymond G. 129 Campbell, Lyle 30, 31, 31n.21, 52, 55, 58, 65, Brahui 110, 111 114, 117, 118, 120, 122, 128n.13, 154, 156, Brandstetter, Renward 108 167, 169, 177, 178, 179, 185, 188, 189, 190, Braun, David P. 332 192, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198–200, 202, 204, Breva-Claramonte, Manuel 226 205, 213, 216, 218n.24, 219, 221, 222, 226, Bribri 268 230, 233n.6, 236n.2, 243, 244, 245, 246, Bright, William 5n.5, 178, 181, 265 248, 249, 250, 261, 266, 267, 268, 268n.13, Brinton, Daniel G. 118, 221, 226, 233n.6 271n.15, 272, 273, 274, 275, 283, 293, 294, British 29 295, 296, 298n.2, 300, 303, 304, 304n.8, Broadbent, Sylvia M. 412 306, 307n.13, 308n.14, 313, 315, 323, 324, Brockelmann, Carl 95, 96 330n.1 338, 342, 343, 347, 366, 377, 387, Brody, Jill M. 323 402, 405, 406, 408, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414 Brown, Cecil M. 213, 410, 411 Canela-Crahô,Canela-Kraho 312, 313 Brugmann, Karl 67, 70, 229–30 Canichana 410

512 Index

Cannadèi, see Kannada chance, see accident Cannon, Garland H., Jr. 25, 27, 32, 33, 36, 43, chance resemblances, see accident 44, 45, 68 Chapacura 407 Cantonese 213, 219 Chapahuan 314 Cape York Languages 148 Chapman, Charles 37n.2 Capell, Arthur 146, 149–50 Chappell, Hilary 327, 329 Capixana 410 Chari-Nile 127, 133, 134, 135, 136 Caraja 410 Charruan 411 cardinal languages 15, 90 Cheremis 91–2, 256 Cargill, David 8–9, 105 Cherokee 222 Carib 30 Cheyenne 187, 378 Cariban 30, 312, 410, 413 Chibcha 406 Cariban–African 406 Chibchan 217, 222, 312, 314, 406 Cariña 30 Chibchan–Paezan hypothesis 190, 194, 195, Castilian 119 201, 270, 406 Castrén,M. A. 235, 242 Chichimec 52, 304, 305, 305n.10 Caˇsule,Iliyaˇ 406 Chicomuceltec 346n.10 Catacao 405 child bilingualism 361, 362 Catford, J. C. 407 child language acquisition 220, 361, 368n.6 Catuquina 410 Childs, G. Tucker 120, 121, 123, 128, 129, Caucasian languages 126, 276n.20, 285, 302, 130, 133, 135, 141, 144, 333 302n.5, 303, 306, 354, 374, 411 Chimakuan 190, 191, 196, 356, 411 Caucasians 237 Chimane 222 Caucasic 407, 410, 413 Chimariko 408 Cauqui 334 Chimila 314 Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. 212, 337 Chimu 406 Cávere 30 Chinese (Sinitic) 113 Cavineña 312 Chinese 38, 103, 112, 113, 205, 211, 230, 237, Cayuse 222 283, 336, 406, 411 Cayuse–Molala 406 Chinese–Tai 406 Cayuvava 407 Chinook 412 Celtic 6, 6n.6, 14, 16, 22, 29, 36, 37, 44, 62, Chinookan 356 84, 95 Chipaya 207, 213 Celto-Scythian 22 Chipaya–Mayan hypothesis 207, 213 Center of gravity method 347 Chipewyan 117 Central (Mixed (Misch-Negersprachen)) 124 Chiquito 410 Central Amerind 406 Chitimacha 273, 274, 347, 408, 412 Central Australia spread zone 303, 306 Chocho 312, 406 Central Eurasian spread zone 305 Choctaw 178, 210, 215–16, 273, 311 Central New Guinea 290 Chol 271, 310 Central New South Wales family 147 Cholan 271, 310 Central Pomo 210, 215–16 Cholona 405 Central Saharan 127 Chon 410 Central Sudanic 127, 134, 135, 136 Chon–Australian 405 Central 293 Chontal of Oaxaca 408 Centun-Sprache 79 Chrau 221 Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo 184, 413 Christian, F. W. 413 cessation of communication 330 Christy, T. Craig 229 Chadic 128, 135, 136–9, 164, 187, 251, 257 Chuave 221 Chafe, Wallace L. 265, 266, 272 Chudic 242 Chaho 406 Chukchi 414 Chaldaic, Chaldean 36, 39, 40, 45–6, 96 Chukchi–Kamchatkan 247n.8, 408 Chamberlain, Alexander Francis 267 Chukchi–Uralic 406 Chamic 99, 213, 218 Chukotian 243, 263 Chamorro 99, 313 Chukotko-Kamchatkan 406

Index 513

Chulup´ı 191, 197 164, 168, 169, 176, 193, 200, 201, 228, 246, Chumash 209, 280, 408 257, 293, 296, 297, 303n.6, 310–29, 396, Chuvash 92, 235, 238, 255, 256, 257 397, 398, 399, 400 Cimbric 16 comparative philology 32, 61, 68, 69, 264–5 circum-Pacific area 314 complexity 346n.10 circum-Pacific languages 311 Comrie, Bernard 243, 262, 389, 406 Cirikba,ˇ V. A. 406, 407 concord system 124, 125 Clackson, James 171, 212 Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de 227 clade 300, 315 Congo group 122 Clairis, Christos 415 Congo 123 Clark, Ross 108 Congo-Kordofanian 128 classification 7, 9n.12 Congolese 122 Claude, A. 409 Congo-Makua 123 Clauson, Gerard 236, 238, 239, 241–3, 262, Congo-Saharan 406, 411 412, 413 Conrady, August 113 Click Class 123 constant rates of retention 91, 167 click languages 127, 139, 315 Constenla Umaña,Adolfo 411 clicks 125, 141 contact, see language contact climate-related colonizations 337 contact-induced change 322 climate-related dispersal 339, 341 convergence models 325n.19 Coahuiltecan 406, 412 convergence 324–5, 328, 329 Coahuilteco 408 Cook, James (Captain) 10, 99–102, 106 Coast Tsimshian 211 Coosan 356 Coche 407 Cop,ˇ Bojan 409 Cochimi–Yuman 356 Coptic 124 Cœurdoux, Gaston Laurent 26, 26n.14, 27, 34, Cora 53, 54 43 Cordington, Robert 107–8 Cofan 407 Corsali, Andrea 121 Cohen, Marcel 136 Coseriu, Eugenio 228 Colarusso, John 408 Cotoname 408 Cole, Desmond 121, 122, 123, 124 Court de Gébelin,Antoine 8n.7, 62n.13 Colebrooke, Henry Thomas 43 Cowan, H. K. J. 5n.5 Collinder, Björn 5n.5, 241n.3, 243, 409, 414, Coxoh 119 415 Craig, Colette 410 Coman 134 Crawford, James M. 413, 414, 415 Comecrudo 408 Crawfurd, John 104 Comenius (Komenský),J. A. 15, 33, 88–90 creationism 365n.2 Common Australian 149–50 Cree 6, 306, 313, 314 Common Indo-European 181 Creek 209, 214, 271, 273 commonplace typological feature 281, creoles 325n.19 286 critical (age) theshold 361n.17 communicative isolation 330, 355–6 Croft, William 201, 205 community of practice 352, 354, 357 Crosby, Alfred W. 345 compact language family 308, 338, 356; see Cross River 314 also spread language family Crowley, Terry 153, 288, 291, 325, 413 compact language 338, 356, 357; see also Cruciger, Kaspar 16 spread language Csúcs,Sándor 174 comparative grammar 15, 26, 32, 39, 53, 54, Ctesias 21 59, 60, 61, 62, 68, 69, 94, 104, 157, 228, Cuitlatec 194, 207n.21, 270, 406 231, 232n.5 Culle, Culli 334, 405 comparative linguistics 13–31, 32, 33, 41, Cuna 406 48–73, 88, 94, 98, 110, 233, 395, 397–8 Cuny, Albert 241n.3, 408, 409, 412 comparative method, 13–15, 16, 21, 33n.1, Curtius, Georg 66, 228 34, 39, 47, 49, 56, 61, 64, 88, 93, 104, 118, Cushitic 38, 125, 128, 137, 145, 303, 304 129, 144, 146, 156, 157, 158, 159–61, 162, Cust, Robert 124, 125

514 Index

Cyffer, Norbert 136 Diez, Friedrich Christian 62 Czartoryski, Adam (Prince) 43 Diffloth, Gérard 405, 410 diffusion 153, 156, 158, 160, 166, 179, 214, d’Abbadie, Antoine 406 216, 219, 220, 221, 248, 270, 281, 286, 305, Dahalo 141 307n.12, 308, 318, 319, 322–3, 324, 326, Dahl, Osten¨ 326, 329 327, 329, 345, 399 Dahomey 205, 211 diglossia 333 Daic [Tai-Kadai] 408 Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. 129, 131, 131n.18, 135, Daic 411 136, 143, 144 Daka 129n.16 Dimov-Goboev, C. 412 Damara 123 Dinka 124 Dangel, R. 413 displacement 392 Danish 10, 55, 58, 93, 360n.16 distant genetic relationship 163, 164, 181, Dante 34 186, 188, 189, 194, 197, 199, 200, 203, 205, Darnell, Regna 118, 222 210, 211, 212, 214, 216, 223, 234–95, 296, Darwin, Charles 1 364, 366, 394, 397, 398, 401, 404 David II, bishop of St. David’s 33n.1 distributed strategy 354, 355, 357, 362, 400; Davies, Anna Morpurgo 29, 59, 60, 61, 97, see also localist strategy 229, 230 diversification 11, 29, 192, 303n.6, 316, 319, Davis, Irvine 368n.6, 405, 409, 410 322, 325, 330–1, 336n.3, 345n.9, 362–3, Dawson, George M. 221 399, 400; see also spread Décsy, Gyula 409, 412 Dixon, Roland B. 117, 412 deep genetic relationship, see distant genetic Dixon, R. M. W. 1, 144, 146, 147, 147n.23, relationship 149, 150, 151–2, 155–6, 157, 158–9, 175, Dekhan 110 219, 291, 316, 317, 318–25, 331, 337, Delancey, Scott 113, 216, 410, 412 346n.10, 350n.14, 362, 398, 399, 413 Delaware 6 Djinili 152 Delbrück,Berthold 59, 61, 62, 63–4, 67–8, Dobrovský,Joseph 53–4, 62, 94 70, 228n.2 Doefer, G. 5n.5, 202, 206, 236, 238, 239, 240, Del Rey Fajardo, José 30, 50n.2, 230 241, 243, 249, 262, 404, 409, 412 demic diffusion 337, 338n.5 Dogon 132 Dempwolff, Otto 108 Dogrib 355 Dench, Alan 150, 156, 219 Dolgopolsky, Aaron 241n.3, 244, 249, 372n.9, Dene (Northern Athabaskan Slavey) 412 355 Dong 406 Dene–Caucasian 275, 284, 406, 410, 413 double articulation 391 Dene–Sino-Caucasian 284, 406 Dravidian 3, 108, 153, 157, 161, 213, 219, Denison, T. S. 411 234, 237, 243, 244, 246, 251, 252, 253, 257, Dennett, Daniel C. 320 258, 263, 285, 372, 374, 396, 402, 407 descent group 300 Dravidian–Altaic 407 descent lineage 299 Dravidian–Elamite 285 descent-proving feature 186, 187 Dravidian–Finno-Ugric 407 descriptive form 245, 260 Dravidian–Greek 407 design feature of human language 366n.3, Dravidian–Indo-European 407 391, 401 Dravidian–Japanese 407 Dexippeus 18 Dravidian–Mongolian 407 Dezsö,L. 409 Dravidian–Turkic-Sanskrit comparisons diachronic linguistics 326–8 407 Diakonof, I. M. 175, 306 Dravidian–Uralic 285, 286, 407 dialect 29, 357, 359 Drechsel, Emanuel J. 232 Diamond, Jared 345 Drehu 313 Diderichsen, Paul 17, 23, 25, 55, 57, 58, 59, Droixhe, Daniel 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24 93, 94, 95 Dryer, Matthew 221 Diderot, Denis 231n.3 duality of patterning 391 Diegueño 308 Dumézil,George 413

Index 515

Duponceau, Peter Stephen (Pierre Etienne) emergence problem 390 59, 116, 225–6, 230–1, 231n.3, 231n.4, 232, Encyclop´edie 227 233n.6 Enga 221 DURALJAN 407 England, Nora C. 310 Dutch 10, 19, 19n.7, 58 English 10, 33n.1, 44, 58, 80, 169, 173, 174, Dutch creole 58 177, 179, 180, 195, 197, 199, 201, 202, 203, Dutch Etymologists 15 204, 205, 206, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, Dutch school, the 15–17, 62 214–15, 216, 217, 218n.24, 268, 271, 285, Dybo, Vladimir / A. V. 243n.5, 246, 286, 412 305, 353, 370, 372, 378, 379, 380, 381, dynamic chance 202, 203, 207, 209 381n.19, 384, 385n.20, 386 Enrico, John 280, 281 earliest human language 366n.3, 391, 393, 401 Equatorial 407 Early Australian languages 149 Equatorial–Andean 407 early human language 387, 388 equilibrium 319, 320, 328, 363, 399–400 East Caucasian 219 ergative–absolutive, see ergativity East New Guinea Highlands stock 293 ergativity 25, 310n.15, 312–13, 388, 393 East Papuan phylum 293 Erikbatsa 410 Easter Island (Rapanui) 101 Eronen, J. 407 Eastern (Mixed (Misch-Negersprachen)) 124 erroneous morphological analysis 206, 212 Eastern (Bantu) 124 Erythraic 136 Eastern Armenian 359 Eskimo [Inuit] 55, 56, 58, 59, 115, 355, 408 Eastern North America 307n.13 Eskimo–Aleut 115, 243, 263, 264, 312, 339, Eastern Pomo 210, 215–16 356, 374, 402, 405, 407, 414 Eastern Sudanic 126, 127, 133, 134, 135–6, Eskimo–Aleut–Chukotan 408, 410 169, 268 Eskimo–Aleut–Yukagir 408 Eckardt, A. 410 Eskimoan 322 Eckert, Penelope 352, 357 Eskimo–Ural-Altaic 408 Eckert, R. 412 Eskimo–Uralic 162, 408 Eco, Umberto 8n.7, 32, 227 Esmeralda 407 ecological-risk reduction hypothesis 297, esoteric languages 353n.15, 357–62 332–6, 343, 351, 362, 400 esoterogeny 352, 357 Edgerton, R. B. 27, 37n.2, 116, 321 Esselen 408 Edwards, Jonathan, Jr. 6–7, 115–16, 221 Estonian 14, 15, 66, 88–91, 246n.7, Eﬁk 124 378 Egerod, Sren C. 113, 405 Ethiopia-Kenya area 303, 304, 306 Egyptian 39, 124, 128, 137, 285, 307 Ethiopian highlands and the northern Rift Egyptian-Dravidian 407 Valley 302 Egyptian-Indo-European 407 Ethiopian languages 14n.1, 23, 38, 46, 95, Ehret, Christopher 138, 345n.8, 411 95n.3, 96n.5 Ejagham 314 Ethiopian Semitic languages 145, 304 Elamite 112 ethnolinguistic group 332 Elamo-Dravidian (Elamite-Dravidian) 407 Etruscan 83, 83n.12, 209, 214, 219, 223, Eldredge, Niles 319 280n.21, 285 Eleme 132 Etruscan–East Caucasian 408 Elichmann, Johann 21n.9 Etruscan–Greek–Kartvelian 408 Eliot, John 115 etymological grammar 57 elite dominance 337, 339, 340 etymologie 25 Elliot, Walter 110 etymology 15–17, 25, 44–5, 55, 59, 62, 72, 92, Ellis, Francis Whyte 108–10, 111 151n.26, 171, 196, 201, 203, 206, 207n.21, Elmendorf, William W. 415 208, 213, 226, 231, 351, 367–9, 379 Elmolo 303 euphemism 379 emblematic language 353–4 Eurasian zone 306 Embleton, Sheila 412 Eurasiatic 1, 3, 182, 215, 221, 234, 262, 296, Emeneau, Murray B. 32, 108–10 374, 398, 408 emergence of language 389 Europe zone 303, 305n.10, 306, 308

516 Index

Evans, Nick 146, 150, 151, 151n.26, 155, 158, Forster, John [Johann] Reinhold 10, 101–2, 159, 161, 319, 354 106 evidential markers 390 Fortescue, Michael 115, 299, 406, 408, 415 evolutionary typology 58, 59 founder effect 309 Ewe 124, 126, 205, 211 Fowler, Catherine S. 347 exoteric languages 353, 358 Fox 6 exoterogeny 353 Fox, A. 412 expansion 320 Fox, James Allan 272 expressive form 245, 377 Frankle, Eleanor 411 Eyak 280, 281, 285 Franklin, K. J. 288 Eyak-Athabaskan 280 Freeland, Lucy S. 412 French 8n.7, 29, 30, 33n.1, 58, 108, 174, 179, Faarlund, Jan Terje 387 180, 195, 202, 207, 305, 353, 378 Fahey, Bede 411 friction zone 341 Fähnrich, H. 5n.5, 407, 409, 414 Friedrich, Paul 249, 306 family relationship 29, 56, 69, 86 Fringe Cushitic 135 family tree 53, 54, 86n.14, 300, 318, 319, 326, Fujiwara, Akira 407, 409 327, 328, 399 Fula 124, 126, 128, 205, 211, 345n.8 Fane 414 Fulani, see Fula farming/language dispersal model 337, Fulfulde, see Fula 338n.5, 350, 362, 400 Fulnio 410 Faroese 362n.17 Fur 127, 134 Farrar, Frederick W. 330 Futaky [Futaki], István 414 Fell, Barry 415 Fellman, Jack 20, 23, 409 Ga 124 Fennel, Stephen 384 Gabelentz, Georg von der 28, 64, 70–1, 97, Ferguson, Charles A. 144, 303 98, 205, 211, 230 Fernando Po 124 Gabelentz, Hans Conon von der 106, 107 Ferrario, Benigno 404 Gafat 303 Fijian 8–9, 99, 105, 108 Galla 125 Finck, Franz Nikolaus 287, 408 Gamella 411 Finnic languages 55, 92, 254 Gamkrelidze, Tamaz V. 248, 251–63, 409 Finnish 14, 15, 25, 50, 63n.14, 66, 88–91, Gancedo, A. 413 93–4, 174, 175, 185–6, 192, 194, 195, 197, Gangetic 113, 237 199, 202, 204, 205, 210, 212, 216, 249, 250, Garde, P 412 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 259, 260, 261, 262, Gardner, Peter M. 344 268, 268n.13, 286, 343, 372, 378, 407 Garnett, James A. 68, 69 Finno-Permic 253 Garrett, Andrew 86n.14, 319 Finno-Ugric 3, 14, 15, 25, 29, 42, 49, 61n.13, Gatschet, Albert S. 5n.5, 118, 221, 225 88–94, 161, 162, 174, 192, 199, 235, 237, Gavião 312 243, 257, 268, 305n.10, 306, 322, 343, 396, Gbaya (Ubangi) 132, 175 402 Gbe 123 Fisher, Johann Eberhard 29, 92–3 Gê 312, 313, 408, 410 Fitzhugh, William W. 415 Gébelin, Antoine Court de 16, 18, 62n.14 flectional, flexional 229, 231 Gedney, William J. 218, 219 Fleming, Harold C. 134, 136, 137, 144, 212, Ge’ez 95, 125, 303 221 Gelenius, Sigismundus 15, 34, 90 Flemish 16 Gell-Mann, Murray 386 Floyd, E. D. 189, 195, 222 gender 124, 125, 126, 131, 132, 133, 137, 139, Fodor, István 127, 413 140, 141, 187, 205, 211, 290, 310n.15 Fogel, Martin (Martinus Fogelius) 90, 90n.2 general type 181 Foley, William A. 154n.27, 174, 292, 294, generalized exchange 333 311, 334, 352, 353 Genesis 13, 14 folk etymology 378 genetic affinity 59, 60 Formosan languages 98, 99, 106, 402 genetic diversity 307n.12

Index 517

genetic group 113, 139 Gossen, Gary H. 87 genetic marker 131, 187, 188, 189, 300, 315 Gothic 6, 6n.6, 10, 19, 22, 23, 24, 36, 37, 44, genetic relationship 10, 11, 50, 56, 56n.11, 58, 56, 57, 58, 59, 80n.9, 90, 181 65, 67, 71, 72, 87, 94, 103, 104, 109, 133, Gould, Stephen Jay 229, 319 138 Grace, George W. 102, 104, 106, 108 genetic units 300 grammatical agreement 31, 46, 50, 55, 57, 60, Gennaken 405 73, 108, 231, 233, 395, 396, 397, 398 Georg, Stefan 235, 236, 236n.2, 238, 241, grammatical comparison 25–6, 93–4, 103, 264, 404 105, 280 Georgian 19n.6, 63, 353, 360, 378 grammatical correspondence 72, 88–104, 180, Georgian-Sumerian 413 186, 395 Gˆe-Pano-Carib 183, 408 grammatical evidence 4, 11, 53, 54, 55, 56, German 16, 20, 21n.9, 22, 23, 25, 36, 52, 57, 90, 94, 109, 112, 115, 117, 125, 147, 149, 58, 190, 195, 202, 205, 207, 210, 214, 218, 156, 176–93, 289, 290–1, 398 222, 246n.7, 362n.17, 372, 378 grammaticalization 191, 192, 197, 198, 389 German Romanticism 232 Granberry, Julian 413 Germanic 6, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 29, Grassﬁelds languages 314 42, 44, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 80n.9, 81, grasslands spread zone 302, 306 84, 94, 95, 96, 139, 166, 169, 174, 186, 194, Gray, Edward G. 32, 225, 227, 233 202, 203, 208, 209, 300, 353 Gray, Louis H. 97 Gesner, Konrad 14, 14n.1, 18, 18n.4, 95, 95n.3 Great Basin 302, 306, 307n.11, 307n.13 Gibbon, Edward 18 Great Plains 307n.13, 344 Giles, Peter 69 Greater Austric 408 Gilij, Filippo Salvatore 18, 29, 30n.20, 176, Greek 5, 6, 8, 8n.7, 15, 16, 20–1, 22, 23, 24, 221 26–8, 29, 33, 33n.1, 34, 36, 37n.2, 41, 42, Gilyak (Nivkh) 243, 247n.8, 263, 280n.21, 43–4, 45, 55, 57, 58, 59, 62, 68, 75, 76, 408 80n.9, 83n.12, 94, 95, 96, 173, 181, 183, Gilyak–Uralic 408 202, 203, 209, 214–15, 218, 222, 230 Girardot, J. M. 409 Greek tradition 13 global etymology 196, 203, 365, 368n.6, Greenberg, Joseph H. 4n.4, 31, 31n.21, 42–3, 372n.10, 374n.13, 381n.19, 393, 401, 412 57–8, 61n.12, 62–3, 63n.14, 66, 66n.16, glottalic theory 244 67–8, 70, 76–7, 79–80, 81–2, 84, 86, glottochronological 167–8, 303, 303n.6, 342, 112n.10, 120, 126, 127, 128n.13, 128n.15, 346, 380 129n.16, 132n.19, 144, 154n.28, 163, 172, glottochronology (lexicostatistics) 150, 151, 173–4, 175, 182–4, 190, 193, 194, 195, 196, 167, 293 198, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205–6, 209, glottogonic 227–8, 228n.2, 229–30 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 217, 220–1, Gluhak 413 222, 230, 236, 241, 246n.7, 262, 264, Go, Minoru 409 268n.13, 271n.14, 272n.17, 280, 284, Goddard, Ives 117, 171, 178, 187, 189, 195, 288n.25, 287, 291, 297, 298n.3, 299, 300, 221, 222, 265, 266, 274, 367, 401, 406, 415 315, 316, 318, 366, 368n.5, 370n.7, 372, Godrey, John J. 27, 35, 37n.2 374n.13, 377, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, Gokana 132 410, 411, 412 Golla, Victor 178, 221, 222, 265, 266, 276, Greene, John C. 53, 54 283, 308, 338, 352, 354, 355, 357, 362, 400, Gregersen, Edgar A. 95, 120, 121, 122, 125, 412 126, 128, 133, 135, 136 Golovko, Evgenij 219 Grey, Sir George 96, 146, 146n.21 Gondi 110, 111, 112, 378 Grierson, G. A. 113 Goodman, Morris 136, 204, 209–10 Griffen, T. D. 412 Google 365 Grimes, Barbara F. 289 Gor 124 Grimm Brothers 59, 68 Gordeziani, R. V. 408 Grimm, Jacob 8, 14, 18n.4, 24, 29, 35, 53, 54, Gordon, Matthew 216, 287–96, 409 56n.9, 58, 59, 62, 228 Goropius Becanus, Johannes (Jan van Gorp) Grimm’s Law 29, 56, 56n.9, 59, 69, 119, 174, 19n.6, 19n.7, 34 202, 203, 208–9

518 Index

Grolier, Eric de 5n.5 Hanis 408 Grotius, Hugo 17, 297 Hano Tewa 322 Grunzel, J. 404 Hanzeli 25 Guahibo 314, 407 Hanzeli, Victor E. 94 Guaicurian–Hokan 408 Harakmbet 314 Guaicuru 411 Harari 125 Guambiano 422 Hare 117, 355–6 Guamo 407 Harmon, David 323n.18 Guarao 378 Harms, Robert T. 415 Guarij´ıo 348 Harrington, John Peabody 408, 413 Guató 312, 410 Harris, Alice C. 313, 387 Guaycuruan 411 Harvey, Mark 402 Guaymi 406 Hattori, Shiro 293 Guichard, Estienne 96 Hatsa, see Hadza Guignes, Joseph de 26 Haugen, Einar 218n.24 Güipunave 30 Hausa 124, 333, 334, 336 Güldemann, Tom 140, 140n.20, 143 Hawai’ian 105, 359 Gulf 408, 412 Hayward, Richard J. 127, 137 Gulya, J. 409 head marking, head/dependent marking 310, Gumuz 134, 135, 136 310n.15 Gur 123, 129, 130, 131n.18, 135 Heath, Jeffrey 152, 156, 318, 320 Gurevich, Naomi 167, 204, 209–10, 266 Hebrew 8, 13–14, 15, 16, 19n.7, 23, 42, 46, Gurov, Nikita Vladimirovich 213, 410 94–5, 96, 218, 222, 371n.8 Gursky, Karl-Heinz 404, 408, 409 Hebrew linguistic tradition 94 Gurung 313 Hegeüds,Irén 412 Gusmani, Roberto 78 Heine, Bernd 121, 135, 140, 143, 144, 145, Gyarmathi, Sámuel 14, 49–50, 50n.1, 55, 59, 169, 268, 389 61, 93, 94 Helimskij, E. A. 412, 414 Gyulla 88 Hellenic 14, 95 Herder, Johann Gottfried 226, 227 Haarmann, Harald 51 Hereró 124 Haas, Mary R. 115, 117, 165, 178, 221, 401, Hermit Hill 148n.24 404, 408, 410, 411, 412, 414 Herodotus 18 Habesh 125 Herrenvolk (‘master race’) 126 Hadza 140, 141–2, 143 Hervásy Panduro, Lorenzo 8, 18, 35, 50, Haida 177, 266, 275, 313, 314 50n.2, 52, 98, 102, 119, 225 Haida–Tlingit–Eyak-Athabaskan 411 Hetzron, Robert 137, 303 Hajdú,Peter 245, 248, 249 Hevesy, Wilhelm von 407, 411 Hajek, John 361, 362 Hewson, John 406 Häkkinen, Kaisa 88n.1 Hieroglyphic Hittite 74 Hakola, Hannu Panu Aukusti 407 High German 10, 16, 91 Hakulinen, Lauri 254 Highland Mayan 322–3 Hale, Austin 114 Hill, Jane H. 307n.11, 308, 317, 323, 333, Hale, Horatio 104, 122, 122n.12, 123, 146–7 337, 338, 338n.5, 344, 346, 349n.13, Hale, Kenneth 147n.22, 150–1, 157, 158, 402, 347–50, 351–4, 355, 356, 357–62, 400 404, 410 Himalayas 302 Halhed, Nathaniel Brassey 18, 26, 27–8, 34, Hindi 36, 37, 41–3, 108, 169, 173, 203, 41–2, 44 209–10, 370, 378, 380, 381, 381n.19, Halmahera subgroup 289, 290 384–5, 385n.20, 386, 387, 395 Hamitic 124, 125–6, 128, 133, 134, 137, 205, Hindustani, see Hindi 211 Hindi-Urdu, see Hindi Hamito-Semitic 125, 126, 136, 138, 140, 404, Hindu grammarians 108 406, 408 Hindu grammatical traditions 228 Hammerich, Louis L. 408 Hinton, Leanne 197, 204 Hamp, Eric P. 84, 326, 404, 408, 411, 415 Hitchiti 271

Index 519

Hittite 74–80, 181, 183, 396, 402 Ibarra Grasso, Dick E. 267 Hjelmslev, Louis 225 Iberocaucasian 407 Hmong-Mien (Miao-Yao) 112, 408, 410 Ibo 124 Hock, Hans Henrich 171, 173, 182, 203, 209, Icelandic 10, 24, 55, 57, 58 229, 265, 365, 367, 370, 371, 375, 377, 378, iconic 192, 197, 198, 204, 214, 219, 294 380, 385–6 iconicity 188 Hodge, Carleton T. 410 ideologic orientation 231, 233, 233n.6, 397 Hodgson, Brian Houghton 113 ideologues 231n.3 Hoenigswald, Henry M. 2n.2, 4, 11, 14, 17, ideophonic 246 29, 43, 49, 51, 54, 60, 66, 92, 157, 228, 232, idiosyncratic features 85 232n.5 Igbo 132 Hoijer, Harry 178 Ihre, Johan 14, 18, 24, 34, 57 Hokan 177, 207, 213, 221, 267, 269, 274, 300, Ijo 129 402, 408 Illich-Svitych, Vladislav M. 194, 196, 201, Hokan–Coahuiltecan 217, 222, 408 203, 241n.3, 244, 245, 412 Hokan–Malayo-Polynesian 408 Illyrian 83–4, 86n.14 Hokan–Melanesian 408 Imasheg 124 Hokan–Quechua 408 Imbelloni, José 413 Hokan–Siouan 412 imperfect learning 361 Hokan–Subtiaba 404 inclusive vs. exclusive first-person pronoun Holmer, N. M. 409 contrast 310, 310n.15, 312, 316, 388 Holt, Dennis 402 incorporating 231, 231n.4 Homburger, Lillias 407 independent parallel development 329 Hommel, Fritz 413 Indian grammatical tradition 28, 43 homophonous 156 Indian subcontinent. see South Asian (Indian Hopi 322, 348n.12, 347–50, 394 subcontinent) linguistic area Horn, Georg 20 Indic 14n.1, 46, 95n.3 Hottentot 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 139–40, individual-identifying evidence 186, 193, 200 409 Indo-Aryan 38, 42, 63, 108, 169, 313, 316 Hottentot-Bushman 124 Indo-Chinese 283 Hovelacque, Abel 69–70 Indo-European 3, 4n.4, 5, 6, 7, 16, 19, 21, 23, Hrozný,Friedrich 75–80 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32–3, 33n.1, 34, 35, 37, Huari 411 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 47, 49, 50, 53, 54, 57, 58, Huastec 53, 54, 119, 208, 271 59, 61, 61n.13, 62, 62n.13, 63, 63n.14, 64, Huave 310n.15, 312, 313, 314, 410, 412 65–6, 67, 73, 74–86, 86n.14, 87, 88, 90, 93, Huave-Uralic 409 94, 95, 96, 102, 108, 110, 117, 136, 137, Hübschmann, Heinrich 327 156, 157, 158, 161, 162, 170, 171, 173, 174, Hulbert, Homer Bezaleel 410 179, 181, 183, 186, 188, 191, 195, 196, 202, Humboldt, Wilhelm von 8, 8n.18, 35, 53, 54, 204, 209, 214, 228, 240, 241n.3, 244, 59–61, 98, 104–6, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 246–64, 286, 300, 303n.6, 305, 306, 313, 231, 231n.3, 231n.4, 232n.5, 233n.6 327, 328, 331, 343, 345, 345n.9, 370, 374, Humboldt–Steinthal–Wundt tradition, the 224 378, 381n.19, 385, 395, 396, 402, 404, 406, Hungarian 15, 25, 29, 50, 50n.1, 66, 90–1, 408, 409, 410, 411 92–4, 182, 199, 203, 208, 305, 305n.10, Indo-European and Afroasiatic 409 314, 378 Indo-European and Austronesian 409 Hunn, Eugene 197, 204 Indo-European–Uralic-Altaic 409 Huns 237, 322, 338n.5, 342, 345n.8 Indo-Europeanization 345 Huon stock 293 Indo-Iranian 45, 82, 253 Hupa 117, 177 Indonesian 213, 217, 378 Hyacinthe, Charles Felix (Le Comte de Indo-Pacific 3, 163, 234, 284n.23, 285n.24, Charencey) 119 287–96, 342, 345n.9, 398, 408, 409 hybridization 327 Indo-Scythian theory 20 Hymes, Dell H. 144, 197, 268, 272n.18, Indo-Uralic 162, 244, 409 358–62, 390–1, 411, 412, 413 inflection 57, 96, 230 hypotaxis 389 inheritance 326, 329, 400

520 Index

initial migration 337, 339, 340, 341–3 Jicaque 191, 196, 283, 408 inner form, see inner structure Jicaque–Hokan 409 inner [internal] structure 26, 53, 54, 60, 179, Jicaque–Subtiaba 409 226–7, 228, 232 Jirajara 406 Inuit, see Eskimo Johnson, Dr. Samuel 44 Interior North America zone 303, 306, 308 Johnson, Steve 156, 157 Iranian 38, 39, 41, 45, 237, 313, 327, 396 Joki, Aulis J. 5n.5, 248, 251–4, 255, 256, 263, Iranian loans 80–2, 400 405, 408, 409 Iranshe 411 Jones, Alex I. 407 Irish 15, 29, 177 Jones, Sir William 2n.2, 3, 5–6, 6n.8, 7–8, 14, Iroquoian 7, 116, 272, 342, 347, 356, 404 14n.1, 18, 19n.6, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26–7, 31, isolate, language isolate 114, 121, 143, 292, 32, 42n.3, 47, 48, 50, 52, 54n.8, 57, 59, 61, 293–4, 300, 311, 361, 374 62n.13, 63, 65, 66, 81, 94, 95n.3, 102, 103, isolating 133, 231, 237, 389, 398 115, 121, 164, 225, 225n.1, 395 isomorphism requirement 192, 197 Joseph, Brian 243, 325, 367, 375, 378, 386, Italian 29, 108, 176, 202n.17, 217, 378 412 Italic 6, 14, 22, 84, 95, 170 Josephus 19 Italo-Celtic 411 Ju or !Xu family 140 Itonama 406 Jukun 132 Itucale 405 Jungraithmayr, Herrmann 138, 144 Itzá 119 Justeson, John S. 188 Ivanov, V. V. 248, 251–63 K’iche’ 184–5, 213 Jackson, Wayne 367n.4 K’ichean 322 Jacobsen, William R., Jr. 219, 265, 268, Kabak 361 276–9, 280–2, 285, 311, 408, 411 Kachin 113 Jäger, Andreas 6, 6n.6, 14, 22, 34 Kado (Kadu) (Kadugli-Krongo) 129, 135, 136 Jakalteko 274 Kadu, see Kado Jakobson, Roman 198, 205, 245, 326, 359 Kadugli-Krongo 129 Jalaa 143 Kaffers 122 Jamieson, John 23 Kaffir, Kaffrarian family (Bantu) 122, Janda, Richard D. 325 122n.12, 123, 124 Janhunen, Juha 5, 88n.1, 163, 172, 235, 236, Kahuapana 405 237, 249, 243, 250, 252, 253, 255, 256, 257, Kaiki 378 260, 409, 410, 415 Kaingan 410 Jankowsky, Kurt R. 23, 27, 49, 54, 96, 228 Kaiser, Mark 194, 196, 202, 203, 241n.3, 243, Janson, Tore 367n.4 243n.4, 244, 246, 249, 250, 412 Japanese 38, 112, 172, 205, 210, 234, 235, Kakongo 121 236, 243, 263, 264, 268, 272n.16, 275, 285, Kalapuya 271 372, 378, 407, 409, 411, 413 Kaliana 411 Japanese–Altaic 409 Kalispel 191, 197 Japanese–Austronesian 409 Kaltz, Barbara 98n.7 Japanese–Austro-Thai 196, 409 Kamakan 410 Japanese–Korean 407, 409 Kamilarai (Gamilaraay) 147 Japanese–Korean–Tungusic 409 Kampong-Baru 289 Japanese–Uralic 409 Kandoshi 407 Japhetic 27, 40 Kannada 109, 110, 111, 112, 285, 372 Jaqaru 334 Kanuri 124 Jasanoff, Jay 86n.14 Kapong 312 Javanese 97, 105 Kapovic, Mate 384 Je, see Gê Kaqchikel 52, 119, 268n.13, 271, 274 Jefferson, Thomas 53, 54 Karadjeri 148n.24 Jespersen, Otto 230 Karankawa 408 Jibaro 407 Karelian 88 Jibaro–Kandoshi 407 Kariri 407

Index 521

Kartvelian 63, 243, 243n.5, 246, 252, 253, Koelle, Sigismund Wilhelm 123, 124 254, 264, 406, 409 Koerner, Konrad 7, 24, 33, 54, 116, 226, 229 Karuk 274, 313, 314, 408 Köhler, Oswin 124, 127, 128, 131, 143, 144 Kâte 157 koine 325n.19 Kate, Lambert ten 17 Koinkoin 125 Katembri 407 Koivulehto, Jorma 248 Katla group 129 Kolami 378 Kaufman 145, 219, 265, 266, 303n.6, 304, Koman 127, 135, 136 311, 324, 338, 346, 347, 410, 411 Kongo-Saharan 133, 135 Kawamoto 409 Konomihu 408 Kawi, Kawi-Sprache 60–1, 104 Konow, S. 113 Kaye, Allan S. 262, 412 Koo, J. H. 408 Kazár, L. 409 Kopitar, Jernej 53, 54 Keane, A. H. 405 Koppelmann, Heinrich L. 413 Keeley, L. H. 321 Korana 140 Kegboid 314 Kordofanian 124, 127, 129, 130, 134, 136 Kelley, David 414 Korean 5, 172, 235, 236, 243, 263, 264, 285, Kennedy, James 406 375, 410, 411 Keresan 322, 347, 356, 404 Korean–Altaic 410 Keresan–Caddoan 409 Korean–Dravidian 410 Keresan–Uto-Aztecan 409 Korean–Japanese 410 Keresan–Zuni 409 Korean–Uralic 410 Keresiouan 404, 409 Korenchy, E.´ 412 Kern, Hendrik 108 Kortland, Frederik 409 Kerns, John C. 197, 203, 244, 246, 249, Koskinen, Kalevi E. 412 264–6, 409 Kota 111 Key, Mary Ritchie 404, 415 Krahe, Hans 84 Kham 378 Kraus, Christian Jakob 8, 14, 48–9, 52, 98n.7 Kho, S. 243, 410 Krauss, Michael E. 117, 178, 192, 276, 408, Khoi 139, 140, 409 411 Khoisan 122, 127, 131, 134, 136, 139, Krippes, Karl 243, 410, 412 140n.20, 143, 300, 342, 344n.8, 359, 409 Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju 95, 108–12, 286 K’iche’ 209 Kroeber, Alfred L. 5n.5, 117, 118, 178, 221, Kikongo 121 222, 242, 243, 283, 408, 412 Kim, B. H. 243, 280, 410 Kroskrity, Paul V. 323 Kimball, Geoffrey 213, 272, 273, 274, 408 Kru 123, 124, 129 kinds of societies 358 Kudugli 136 Kinkade, M. Dale 218 Kudzinowski, C. 409 Kiowa 303–18 Kuikuro 312 Kiowa-Tanoan 308, 405, 406 Kui-Kuvi 111 Kiparsky, Paul 229 Kuipers, A. H. 413 Kiparsky, Valentin 409 Kuki-Chin 113 Klamath 211, 216 Kukura 410 Klamath-Sahaptian 410 Kuliak (Nyangiya) 134, 135, 136 Klaproth, Julius 98, 106, 113, 235 Kulonen, Ulla-Maija 250 Klar, Kathryn 280 Kulturkreis 147 Knudtzon, J. A. 74–5, 76 Kumbaingeri 148n.24 Koaia 411 Kunama 134, 135 Koalib group 129 Kunama-Eastern Sudanic 127 Koasati 208, 213 Kunama-Ilit 136 Koch, Harold J. 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, Kurin 148n.24 153, 154, 155, 158, 161, 299, 319, 320, 327, Kurukh, see Kurux 328, 402 Kurux 111, 372, 378 Koch, Walter 371n.8 Kusunda 209, 213, 288n.25, 293–4 Kodagu 111, 378 Kusunda–Indo-Pacific 410

522 Index

Kusunda-Yenisseian 410 Leco 405 Kutchin 117 Lee, Ki-Moon 243, 410 Kutenai 303, 306, 410 Leem, Knud 93 Kuteva, Tania 144, 389 Leer, Jeff 276 Kwa 129, 130, 143, 145 Leesberg, Arnold C. M. 405 Kwadi 140n.20 Lehmann, Walter 271, 414 Kwakiutl 301, 311, 312 Lehmann, Winfred P. 5n.5 Kwakwala 312 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 8, 8n.7, 14, 18, Kyangiya 127 22–3, 25, 35, 90, 91, 93, 225, 227 Lejeune, Michel 84, 85 Laal 143 Lenca, Lencan 268, 406 Laanest, Arvo 190, 195, 254 Lengua (Mascoy) 411 Labberton, Dirk Van Himloopen 409 lengua matriz 51; see also matrices linguae Labov, William 354–5 Lenni-Lanápe 116 Lacandon 119 Leopold, Joan 231, 231n.3, 231n.4 Laet, Johannes [Jean] de 17, 297 Lepsius, Richard 124–5 Lagarde, Paul Anton de 80 Leskien, August 171 Lake Miwok 206, 212 Leslau, Wolf 303 Lakhota 306 Levin, Saul 409 Lallwörter, see nursery word 205 Levine, Robert D. 276, 411 Langdon, Margaret 408 Levy, E. 286, 407 language classification 394, 395, 396 Lewin, B. 243, 410 language contact 10, 216, 221, 320, 321, 323, Lewin, Roger 268 324, 326, 353n.15, 360, 362n.17, 387, 399; lexical comparison 165–203 see also borrowing, diffusion, linguistic lexical doublet 211, 215 area, convergence lexical replacement 157, 166, 167, 170, language diversification, see diversification 365n.2, 380, 387, 401 language fissure 354–5 lexical resemblances, see look-alikes language loss 331 lexicostatistics, see glottochronology language mixture 97, 125, 324, 326 Lezghian 378 language relatedness 68, 403 Lhuyd, Edward 14, 29, 34 language replacement, see language shift Li, Fang Kuei 413 language shift 11, 206, 212, 331, 351 Libyan languages 124 language shift and maintenance 11, 331, Lichtenstein, Heinrich 121 351 Liedtke, Stefan 178, 265 Laongo 121 Lindquist, I. 404 LaPolla, Randy 321, 329 Lingua Adamica 13 Lapp, Lappish, see Saami lingua belgica [Flemish] 16 Larsson, L.-G. 286, 407 lingua franca 333 Lass, Roger 384 Lingua Paradisiaca 13 Lassen, Christian 68, 110 linguae matrices, see matrices linguae Latham, Robert Gordon 106, 115 linguistic area 137, 301, 304n.8, 305n.9, Latin 5, 6, 8, 8n.7, 16, 20–1, 22, 23, 24, 26–8, 307n.12, 307n.13, 308n.14, 323, 324; see 29, 33n.1, 34, 36, 37n.2, 41, 42, 43–4, 50, also borrowing, convergence, diffusion, 55, 57, 58, 62, 80n.9, 83, 84, 94, 95, 96, 119, language contact 173, 181, 195, 202, 203, 207, 208, 209, 218, linguistic complexity 358 222, 336, 351, 369, 370, 370n.7, 374, 378 linguistic historiography 2 Latvian 174n.8 linguistic homeland 347 Lavalade, F. 407 linguistic migration theory 347 Laves, Gerhardt 148–9, 149n.25 Linguistic Survey of India 113 Law, Vivian 16, 17, 18, 21, 22 Linnaeus 18n.4 Lawrence, Erma 276 Lislakh 410 Laycock, Donald A. 287 Lisramic 136 Le Maire, Iacob 99 Lithuanian 62 LeBlanc. Steven A. 321, 338n.5 Livonian 88

Index 523

loanword, loan 20, 42, 61, 112, 159, 174, 176, Maidu 412 240, 253, 255, 257, 270, 289, 338, 343, Maiduan 356 385n.20 Maipuran 407 localist strategy, localist stance 308, 338, 354, Maipure 30, 30n.20, 176, 314 355, 356, 357, 362, 400; see also distributed Mak 375 strategy Makasai 291 Locke, John 225, 225n.1, 227 Maku 411 Logan, J. R. 415 Makushi 312 Lohitic group 113, 237 Malagasy 29, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 108, Lomonosov, Mixail Vasil’evich 34 378 Longacre, Robert 413 Malaic 237 long-range proposal, long-range comparison Malay 29, 39, 97–8, 98n.7, 101–3, 105, 107, 1, 4n.4, 121, 163, 196, 203, 212, 216, 108, 205, 210, 372 234–96, 364 Malayalam 109, 111, 378 look-alikes, lexical look-alikes 63, 81, 128, Malayan 103, 104, 107, 237 133, 144, 168, 183, 284, 288n.25, 396 Malayo-Polynesian 62, 62n.13, 63–4, 98, 99, Lord Monboddo (James Burnett) 26, 102, 104, 105, 106, 221, 404, 405; see also 27–8 Austronesian Lord’s Prayer, the 14, 25, 88, 91, 116 Malaysian 64, 231 Loucheux 117 Malibu 406 Loukotka, Cestm´ırˇ 410 Mallory, J. P. 86n.14, 249, 251 Low German 10, 91 Malto 111 Ludolf, Hiob 4n.4, 14, 23–4, 95–6 Mam 119, 310 Luiseño 305 Mamean 322 Lule 402, 411 Manaster Ramer, Alexis 236, 244, 248, 249, Lule-Vilela 402 251, 257, 273, 274, 370n.7, 381n.19, 384, lumper, lumping 121, 164, 374 406, 411, 412, 414 Luoravetlan 410 Manchu 66, 67, 237, 243 Lyell, Sir Charles 229 Manchu-Tungusic 235, 241 Lynch, John 288 Mandarin 186, 203, 209 Mande (Mandingo) 122, 123, 129, 130, Maasai 126 130n.17, 132, 135, 143 Maban 127, 134 Mandingo, see Mande MacNeilage, Peter F. 368n.6 Mannheim, Bruce 413 Macpherson, John 37n.2 Mao languages 136 Macro-Altaic 235 Maori 101, 107, 175, 205, 210, 359, 372, 378, macro-areas 309 381–6, 387 Macro-Austric 410 Mapuche 217, 222 Macro-Carib 410 Marathi 108 Macro-Caucasian 275, 407, 410, 413 Maratino 408 Macro-Chibchan 410 Marcucci, E. M. 43 Macro-Cushitic 137 Mari 88n.1 macrofamily, macro-family 3, 210, 214, Markey, Thomas L. 236, 244, 246 234–96, 366, 373, 374, 394 Marlow, J. P. 286, 407 Macro-Gê,Macro-Jê 312, 402, 410 Marquesan 101 Macro-Mayan 162, 410 Marsden, William 102–3, 104, 122 Macro-Panoan 190, 195 Marsh, Gordon H. 115 Macro-Penutian 267 Marsham, John 20 Macro-Siouan 411 Marstrander, Carl 78, 80 Macro-Sudanic 127, 135 Mart´ın,Eusebia H. 222n.30 Macro-Tacanan 410 Martin, Samuel E. 243, 275, 409, 410 Macro-Tucanoan 407, 410 Mashakali 410 Macro-Tungusic 411 Masica, Colin P. 245 Maddieson, Ian 223, 250, 359 Mason, J. Alden 222, 411 Madi 205, 211 Mason, Otis T. 9n.10

524 Index

mass comparison, see multilateral comparison Membreño,Alberto 268 Massachusetts 6 Mendaña,Alvaro de 97 Mataco 411 Menges, Karl H. 243, 404, 407, 409, 410, Matacoan 191, 197 414 Matacoan-Waykuruan 411 Menomini 6, 310n.15, 314, 313, 314 match, matching 169, 188, 201, 206, 241, 285, Menovshchikov, Gregory A. 404 369, 375, 376, 385–6 Meroë 39 Matisoff, James A. 112, 113, 114, 203, 209, Mesoamerican linguistic area, Mesoamerica 218, 223, 265, 266, 366, 405 119, 191, 197, 301, 302–3, 304, 304n.8, matrices linguae 15, 16, 51 305, 305n.9, 306, 312, 313, 338, 341, 342, matrices minores 15 345–6, 347, 348 Matteson, Esther 405 Mesoamerican culture area 304n.8 Matthews, P. H. 364 Mesoamerican phylum 411 maximal Hamitic 126 Mesoamerican ‘zone’ 305n.9 Maya, see Yucatec (Maya) 119 Messapic 83–4, 86n.14 Maya–Arawakan 411 Messerschmidt, D. G. 91–2 Maya–Chipayan 411 metalanguage 392 Maya–Chipaya–Yungan 411 metatypy 327 Mayan 52, 53, 54, 118–20, 157, 162, 208, Metcalf, George J. 6, 16, 17, 18n.3, 19, 22, 213, 268n.13, 271, 274, 301, 312, 343, 297 345n.9, 346, 378, 410, 412 Mexican Penutian 411 Mayan–Altaic 411 Miao-Yao 113 Mayan–Auracanian 411 Micelli, Luisa 146, 150, 152, 402 Mayan–Cariban–Arawakan 411 Michalove, Peter A. 32, 235 Mayan–Lencan 411 Michelson, Truman 117, 221, 401 Mayan–Mixe–Zoquean 209, 213 Micro-Altaic 235, 236, 236n.2, 238, 240 Mayan–Sino–Tibetan 411 Micronesian languages 107 Mayan–Tarascan 411 Migliazza, B. 112 Mayan–Turkic 163, 411 Mikkola, Pertti 121, 133, 134, 135, 136, 196, Mayan–Zoquean 410 411 Mayapoyo-Yavarana (Cariban) 30 Milewski, Tadeusz 404 Maya–Yunga–Chipayan 411 Miller, Roy Andrew 114, 243, 275, 404, 407, Mayna 405 409, 410 Mayr, E. 323n.18 Miller, Wick R. 5n.5, 303n.6, 354, 402 Mazahua 52 Milroy, Leslie 351–4 Mba 130 Miluk 408 McAlpin, David 285, 407 Mimi 127 McConvell, Patrick 334, 336, 336n.3, Miranya 410 354 Miskito 304, 378 McLendon, Sally 408 Misumalpan 406, 411 McMahon, April 265, 366 Misumalpan–Chibchan 411 McMahon, R. 265, 366 Mithun, Marianne 178, 215, 273 McQuown, Norman A. 410 Miwokan 222 McWhorter, John 365, 371, 376, 380 Miwok-Costanoan 356, 412 Meban 127 Miwok-Uralic 163 Mednyj Aleut (Copper Island) 219 Mixe 312 Mega-Austric 411 Mixed (Misch-Negersprachen) 124 Meile, Pierre 407 mixed language 135, 326 Meillet, Antoine 71–2, 82, 163, 168, 171, 173, Mixe-Zoquean 209, 213, 272, 312, 338, 343, 176, 177, 178, 180, 181–2, 183, 184, 189, 344, 378, 410, 412, 414 193, 195, 200, 201, 202, 205, 207, 208, 210, Mixe-Zoquean–Totonacan–Otom´ı 411 213, 219, 223, 234, 293, 373, 374 Mixtec 305, 305n.10, 310n.15, 314 Meinhof, Carl 125, 126, 128, 134, 137 Mobina 411 Mekéns 312 Modistae 226 Melanesian languages 101, 106–8 Modole 290

Index 525

Mohawk 116, 272, 273 multilateral comparison 42, 46, 55, 57, 58, 62, Mohegan 6–7, 115–16 63, 63n.15, 85, 86, 121, 128, 144, 145, Molala 413 168–72, 173–4, 175, 183, 201, 206, 266, Möller, Hermann 409 267, 268, 275, 297, 316, 366, 367, 397 Mon 113 multilingualism 333, 344, 346n.10 Monboddo, Lord (James Burnet) 8, 18, 34, 35, multimodality 392, 393 43 Mumuye (Adamawa) 132 Mondunga 130 Munda 237, 402, 405 Mongol 411 Munda–Uralic 411 Mongolian 66, 67, 234, 235, 242, 245, 255, Mundurukú 314 264, 353 Muniche 411 Mon-Khmer 213, 218, 221, 373, 402, 405 Munro, Pamela 408, 415 monogenesis 367n.4 Munsee 6 monolingualism 356 Münster, Sebastian 14–15, 88 Moore, John H. 206 Mura 406 Mordvin 88n.1, 91, 92, 255 Murayama, S. 243, 409 Morice, Adrien Gabriel 117 Murdock, George P. 198, 205 morphological agreements 85, 94, 117, 165, Murray, Alexander 32, 46, 63n.14, 66 181, 396 Murtonen, A. 412 morphological comparison 159, 183, 189, Musayev, Kenesbay 407 195 Muskogean 208, 271, 273, 311, 356, 408, 411, morphological correspondence 182 412 morphological evidence 71, 111, 151, 159, Mutaka, Ngessimo N. 124, 140 178, 396 Mylius, Abraham Vander (Abraham van der morphological reconstruction 160 Myl) 16, 95 morphological (typological) traits 177 morphological type 179 Na-Dene 192, 197, 199, 212, 216, 219, 223, morphosyntactic agreement 193, 200–5 234, 264, 271n.15, 272n.17, 272n.18, 275, Morse code 392 280n.21, 296, 356, 398, 405, 411 Moru 205, 211 Na-Dene–Basque(–North-Caucasian) 283 Mosaic accounts 40 Na-Dene–Sino-Tibetan 284 Mosaic chronology 34, 40, 61 Naert, P. 404 Mosaic patterns 344 Naga 113 Mosaic tradition 14n.1 Nahali 213, 219, 280n.21, 285 mosaic zone 308, 341, 342–3 Nahua 303n.7, 347 Mosan 190, 195, 404, 411 Nahuatl 53, 54, 190, 191, 195, 197, 202, 207, Moscati 96, 96n.5, 97 303n.7, 336, 350, 378 Mosetén 216, 221, 410, 411 Nahuatl-Greek 412 Mother Tongue, the 365 Nahuatl–Nahuatlecan 118 Motilon 406 Nakh-Daghestanian 322 Mountain 355 Nama 140 Mous, Maarten 129, 131, 132n.19, 134, 135, Nambicuara, Nambikwara 202, 207, 411 140, 143, 145 Nancowry 373 Mpre 143 Nanticoke 6, 202, 207 Mudrak, O. 247n.8, 408 Naolan 202, 207 Mühlhäusler, Peter 157 Narragansett 202, 207 Mukarovsky, H. G. 406 Narumi 404, 409 Mukata 124 Nash, David 384 Mukherjee, S. N. 34, 38, 44 Naskapi 202, 207 Müller, Andreas 20 Nass 202, 207–9 Müller, Friedrich 106, 124, 125 Nass-Gitksan 211 Muller, Jean-Claude 4n.3, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, Natchez 202, 207, 272, 273, 274, 312, 347, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 34, 44, 50, 92 408, 411 Müller, Max 41, 61, 68, 96, 102, 104, 113, Natchez-Muskogean 408 229, 231n.4, 237–8, 242, 414 Natick 6, 202, 207

526 Index

Native American languages 56, 231, 275, 405 non-written languages 397 Natu 411 Nootka 191, 197, 301, 311 Navajo 117, 202, 207, 272n.18, 303, 306, 308, Noreen, Adolf 24 322 Norman French conquest 323 n-éces,Auracepit na 32 Norman, William M. 311 neglect of known history 213 North American Indian languages 184 Negrito languages 106 North Asia Coast (residual area) 303 Negro languages 124, 125 North Assam 113 Neogrammarian 3, 28, 62, 66, 67–72, 81, 110, North Caucasian 284, 285, 342 126, 224, 226, 228, 229–30, 297, 300, 395 Northeast linguistic area 306 Neolithic 325, 338n.5 Northeast Tibetan 411 Nettle, Daniel 243, 297, 299, 316, 318, 319, North-Eastern High Sudan 123 321, 322, 324, 325, 332–6, 336n.3, 337, northern Africa 302, 306 343, 351, 357, 358–9, 362, 390–1, 400 Northern Athabaskan 117, 281, 356 network structure 361 northern Australian languages 302, 303, 342 New Guinea languages 302 Northern California linguistic/culture area Newman, Paul 137, 138–9, 164, 168, 246n.7, 307n.13, 308 268, 405 Northern Eurasia 305 Newman, Stanley 182, 213, 218, 414, 415 Northern subgroup (Andean) 405 Newmeyer, Frederick J. 387, 388, 412 Northern homeland hypothesis for Nez Perce 211 Uto-Aztecan 347–50 Ngengumeri 148n.24 North-West Atlantic ((West) Atlantic) 123 Nharo 140 Northwest Caucasian 406, 408 Nichols, Johanna 19, 35, 112, 132, 136, 139, Northwest Coast linguistic area 190, 196 143, 145, 154, 172, 186–9, 195, 197, 200, North-Western High Sudan/Mandenga 123 201, 202, 204, 206, 216, 217, 219, 223, 241, Norwegian 10, 361n.17 247–8, 256, 294, 297, 298, 298n.3, 299n.4, Nostratic 1, 3, 96n.5, 194, 196, 197, 201–2, 302, 303n.6, 304n.8, 305n.10, 305n.9, 203, 208, 214, 215, 219, 221, 234, 236, 307n.11, 307n.13, 310n.15, 334, 337, 341, 236n.2, 238, 239, 241n.3, 243, 243n.5, 351, 361, 362, 363, 376, 380, 388, 398, 399 258n.11, 263, 284, 296, 345n.9, 374, 398, Nicobarese 405 406, 411, 412, 413 Nicola, Robert 135, 136, 412 noun-classification concord, see noun-class Niger-Congo 123, 124, 126, 127, 128, system 128n.14, 129, 130n.17, 132n.19, 133, 134, noun-class markers, see noun-class system 135, 137, 138, 143, 162, 202, 204, 206, 209, noun-class system 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 412 129, 130, 130n.17, 131–3, 142 Niger-Kordofanian 123, 127, 128, 128n.14, Nuba 124 132n.19, 133, 134, 135, 136, 187, 301, 411 Nuba-Fulah 124, 125 Niger-Saharan 133, 163, 406, 411 Nubian 136 Nikolaev, Sergei L. 247n.8, 284, 284n.23, numeral classifier 313–15, 389 407, 408 Nurse, Derek 120, 128, 129, 140, 143, 145 Nilo-Hamitic 133, 135 nursery form, see nursery word Nilo-Saharan 126, 127, 129, 130, 131, 132, nursery word 10, 165, 168, 198, 205, 211, 133–6, 137, 138, 143, 144, 162, 187, 196, 214, 220, 223, 266, 284n.23, 289, 365, 204, 205, 209–10, 211–12, 300, 342, 411 376–7, 378, 379, 397 Nilotic 133, 135, 136, 411 Nyangiya-Teuso 169 Nivkh, see Gilyak Noah 34 O’Grady, Geoffrey 150, 151, 158, 402 Noble, G. Kingsley 411 oblique cognates 211, 215 nomadic languages 237 Ob-Ugric-Penutian 163, 412 nominative-accusative alignment 313, 393 Oceanic languages 99, 101, 288, 413 non-cognates 207, 213 Ofo 209, 214, 273 non-industrial societies 321, 344 Ohno, Susumu non-linguistic evidence 52, 105, 126, 205, 211 öhrling,E. J. 94 non-Sino-Tibetan languages of Asia 414 Oigob 124

Index 527

Oirata 290 Paliyans 344 Ojibwa, Ojibway 6, 7, 116, 313, 314, 356 Pallas, Peter Simon 18, 49 Old British 15 Palma, Petrus Victorius 95 Old Chinese 413 Palmaitis 244, 412 Old English 202, 203, 208, 213, 217, 374n.12, Pama-Nyungan 147n.22, 150–1, 152, 157, 385–6 158, 302, 306, 344, 354, 402 Old French 353 pan-Americanism 154 Old Javanese 107 panglosses 365 Old World Macrofamilies 408 Pankaruru 411 Olson, Ronald D. 213, 267, 411 Pan-Negrito theory 287 Oltrogge, David F. 409 Panoan 312, 402, 414 Omotic 136, 137, 145, 205, 211–12 Pano-Tacanan 402, 410, 411 Omurana 405 pantopicality 392 onomatopoeia 10, 16, 65, 154, 165, 168, 176, Papago, see Tohono O’odham 193, 196, 197, 201, 203, 211, 216, 223, 245, Papuan languages 107, 108, 154n.27, 221, 266, 271, 280, 285n.24, 289, 350, 365, 376, 287, 291, 292, 293, 322, 344, 359, 402, 409 377–9, 397 paradise 19n.7 Ontoga (Biraile) 143 parataxis 389 Opaie 410 Parji 378 Oregon Penutian 412 Parker, Gary J. 184 Orl, Vladimir 137, 138, 408 Pashto 39 origin of human languages 401 Patagon 405 Orr, Carolyn 413 Patrie, James 404 Osa 63n.15, 88n.1, 95, 124, 128, 231, 236, Patrón,Pablo 412, 413 303, 313, 319, 324, 337, 341 pattered grammatical evidence 293, 297, 380, Oscum–Umbrian 84 395, 397 Osmani 257 Patwin 268n.13, 271 Ossetic 359 Paul, Hermann 229 Osthoff, Hermann 229 Pauli, Carl 83, 84n.13, 85 Ostler, Nicholas 19, 351 Pawley, Andrew 98, 99, 108, 287, 292, 293, Ostyak 92, 93, 260 414 Oti 124, 410 Pawnee 306 Otomaco 176, 407 Paya (Pech) 378, 406 Otomanguean 52, 177, 267, 283, 303, 303n.6, Peba 410 305, 305n.10, 312, 314, 339, 349, 402, 406 Pedersen, Holger 4n.4, 50, 56n.10, 62, 65, 66, Otomanguean-Huave 412 94, 104, 224, 226, 233, 241n.3, 397, 409 Otom´ı 52 Pehuelche 405 Ottawa 6 Pemong 312 Oz [Australian] paradox, the 159–60 Penobscots 6 Penutian 191, 196–7, 217, 222, 264, 268n.13, Paasonen, Heikki 409 300, 368n.5, 412 Pachori, Satya A. 36, 37 Percival, W. Keith 95 Pacific languages 103 Pérez Diez, A. 222n.30 Pacific Northwest 302 Pericliev, Vladimir 361, 362 Pacific Rim macro area 314 Permyak 92 Paez 406 Persian 6, 16, 19, 20, 21, 21n.9, 22, 23, 29, 33, Paezan 406 36, 38, 41, 44, 45–6, 58, 80, 96, 101, 195, Pahlavi 38, 39, 41 202, 203, 209, 264, 385n.20, 386 Paiwanic 99 Peruvian languages–Polynesian 413 Pakawan 412 Peter the First of Russia 91 Palau 99 Petermann, Julius Heinrick 80 Palavecino, Enrique 413 Peters, Manfred 14n.1, 95n.3 Paleoasiatic 245 Peterson, David 216, 217, 294, 298 Paleoindian 341 Petitot, Emile 117 Paleosiberian 408 Petrachek, K. 409

528 Index

Petrich, Loren 380 Portuguese 378 Petrov, D. 408 Poser, William J. 31, 58, 213, 214, 265, 271, philologer passage 5, 6, 10, 22, 32, 33, 34, 35, 272, 405 36, 39, 115, 121 positional analysis 192, 197 philosophical–psychological–typological– post-Pleistocene languages 342 evolutionary orientation 233, 397 Potawatomi 310n.15, 313, 314 Phoenician 8n.9, 19 Pott, August 59, 62, 68, 80, 231n.4 phonaesthetic forms 379 Powell, John Wesley 9n.10, 65–6, 118, 184, phoneme frequency 201, 206 233n.6 phonesthematic 197n.16 Prakrit 108 phonetic change, see sound change Pre 143 phonetic correspondence, see sound prefixing languages 149 correspondence prefix-pronominal languages 124 phonetic laws, see sound change prevarication 393 phonological change, see sound change Prichard, James 122 phonological correspondences, see sound Priscus 19n.5 correspondence productivity 392 phonosymbolism 315 Pröhle,W. 414 Phrygian 16, 86n.14 pronominal markers 288n.25, 289, 291, 293, Phyla 374 294 phylogenetic diversity 317, 318 pronoun borrowing 156, 217 Piapoco 314 pronoun evidence 241, 243 Piaroa 407 pronouns 1, 212, 216, 293, 315 Picard, Marc 365, 375, 380n.17 Proto-African Negro Languages 124 Pickering, John 59, 115 Proto-Algonquian 187 pidgin 333, 361 Proto-American, Proto-Amerindian 204, 210, pidginization 361 215, 221, 405 PIE, see Proto-Indo-European Proto-Athabaskan 282 Pierce, Joe E. 45–6, 195, 202 Proto-Australian 150, 151–6, 158, 162, 412 Pilbara 156 Proto-Austronesian 99, 108, 214, 219, 339, Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen 216, 272n.18, 276, 279, 372, 378 280–2, 405, 411 Proto-Aztecan 166 Pipil 195, 202 Proto-Bantu 339, 340n.7 Pirahã 213, 218, 359 Proto-Central-Algonquian (PCA) 178 Pitkin, Harvey 412 Proto-Chamic 213, 218 Pisani, V. 5n.5, 409, 412 Proto-Chumash 280 Plains Linguistic area 306 Proto-Dravidian 285 Planert, Wilhelm 140, 409 Proto-Eastern Miwokan 188, 204, 209 Plateau Linguistic Area 306 Proto-Eyak-Athapascan 285 Plateau Penutian 412 Proto-Finno-Permic 250, 259 Pleistocene languages 341, 342 Proto-Finno-Ugric 175, 203, 209, 243, 250, Plog, Stephen 332 343 polygenesis 368n.5 Proto-Germanic 202 Polynesian languages 8–9, 10, 63, 98, 99–101, Proto-Guajiboan 222 102, 103, 106–8, 175, 203, 209, 300, 313, Proto-Human 365 362, 404 Proto-Indo-European 181, 202, 203, 208, 211, polysynthesis 231, 231n.4 216, 218n.24, 243n.5, 249, 339, 384, 385 Pomoan, Pomo 356, 408 Proto-Indo-Iranian 343 Pongue 124 Proto-K’ichean 272, 273 Pons, Jean Fran¸cois 26, 27, 34, 43 Proto-Keresan 272 Poppe, Nicholas 235, 237, 238, 241, 404, 414 Proto-Korean 264 Poqomam 52 proto-language 51, 72, 316, 318, 365, 386 Poqomchi’ 52, 53, 54, 119 Proto-Lezghian 378 Porkhomovsky, V. Y. 137 Proto-Mayan 185, 207, 213, 271, 273, 274, Port-Royal 50n.1 310, 339, 346, 378

Index 529

Proto-Mixe-Zoquean 339, 378 Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. 291 Proto-Munda 339 radical connection (genetic relationship) 9, Proto-Muskogean 208, 213, 273 109 Proto-Nakh 285 Radin, Paul 405 Proto-North-Caucasian 285 Raffles, Sir Stamford 104 Proto-Northern (Australian) 151 Rahder, Johannes 415 Proto-Northern-Iroquoian 272 Rama 271, 406 Proto-Nostratic 243n.5 Ramsey, S. R. 410 Proto-Salish 220, 222n.30 Ramstedt, Gustaf John 235, 238, 241, 243, Proto-Samoyed 243, 257 404, 409 Proto-Sapiens, see Proto-World Rankin, Robert L. 184, 213, 214, 266, 273, Proto-Semitic 339 366, 384, 403, 405, 410 Proto-Tai 339 Rao, N. Venkata 110, 407 Proto-Tupi–Guarani 222 Raphelengius, Franciscus (Ravlenghien) 19 Proto-Turkic 238, 255, 256 Räsänen,Martti 243, 414 Proto-Tzotzilan 207, 213 Rask, Rasmus 3, 14, 23, 24, 25, 29, 53, 54, Proto-Uralic 243n.5, 250, 257 56n.10, 56n.11, 56n.9, 59, 62, 80n.9, 94, Proto-Uto-Aztecan 346, 347–50 115, 177, 204, 209, 225, 237, 242 Proto-Volga-Finnic 258 Raue, Christian 95 Proto-World 1, 4, 168, 234, 364–5, 365, Ray, Sidney Herbert 97, 102, 104, 105, 106, 379n.15, 393, 401, 412 107, 108 Proto-Yao 375 reaching down 208, 213, 373 Proto-Yenisseian 209, 213 recessive 145, 313, 314n.16 Proto-Zoquean 378 reconstructed vocabulary 339 Proyart, AbbéLievin Bonaventure 121 reconstruction as proof 193, 200 psychological–typological–evolutionary recursion 392 orientation 224 Rédei, Károly 250, 251, 253, 254, 256, 257, Pueblo Linguistic Area 308 258, 259, 260 Puhvel, Jaan 79 Reid, Lawrence A. 405 Puinave 411 Reinhart, J. 412 punctuated equilibrium, punctuation 158, Reland, Relander, see Relandus 318–25, 337, 363, 398, 399–400 Relandus, Hadrianus 14, 28, 29, 97–8 Puquina 267, 269–70 Renan, Ernest 96, 224 Puri 410 Renfrew, Colin 243, 299, 308, 319, 324–5, Puskás,I. 286, 407 337, 338n.5, 345n.8, 350 Pusztay, János 245 Rensch, Calvin R. 402, 412 pygmies 322, 344 Rensch, Karl H. 101–2 replacement, see language shift 351 Q’eqchi’ 52, 119, 191, 197, 271, 274 residual zones, see accretion zone Qimh.i, David 95 resonance 214, 219, 220, 241, 293 Quapaw 209, 213, 273 reticulate 317 quasi-genetic resemblances 406 Reuchlin, Johannes 13, 16, 95 quasi-stock 132, 136, 139, 145, 300, 301 Rhedin, E. 407 Quechua 184–6, 197, 204, 218n.24, 300, 334, Rhodes, Richard 218 336, 353, 360, 369, 378, 405, 408, 413 Rice, Keren 361 Quechua–Aymara–Sumerian–Assyrian Rigsby, Bruce J. 406 412 Ringe, Donald A., Jr. 86n.14, 112, 144, Quechua–Hokan 413 171–2, 176, 188, 195, 196, 200, 202, 203, Quechua–Maori 413 205, 243, 247, 248, 262, 266, 268, 366, Quechuan 300, 413 372n.10, 376, 380n.17, 405, 409, 412, 415 Quechua–Oceania 413 Ritwan 116–17 Quechua–Tungusic 413 Rivet, Paul 128n.13, 213, 267, 270, 404, 405, Quechua–Turkish 413 408, 410 Quechumaran 412 Robb, John 333–4 Quinigua 408 Roberts, R. E. 109

530 Index

Robertson, John S. 219 Salish, Salishan 190, 191, 196, 220, 284, Robertson, William 43, 225n.1 284n.23, 301, 311, 356, 411 Robins, Robert H., 15, 25, 41–2, 60, 226, Salish–Indo-European 413 232n.5 Salmasius, Claudius (Claude de Saumaise) 20, Roch 159 21n.9, 22, 28, 34 Rocher, Rosane 27, 28, 28n.16, 35, 39, 44 Salminen, Seppo 88n.1 Rodrigues, Aryon 414 Salmons, Joe 208, 243, 365, 367, 367n.4, 371, Romaine, Suzanne 359, 391 373, 374, 376, 412 Romance languages 6, 15, 22, 57, 96, 157, Salzman, P. C. 321 166, 202n.17, 300, 316, 353 Sammallahti, Pekka 88n.1, 246n.7, 250, 253, Romani 46 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 260 Romanian 203, 208 Samoan 105 Róna-Tas, András 236, 243–64, 404, 414 Samoyed 88, 91, 92, 115, 235, 237, 242, 243, Rood, David S. 409 257, 261, 305n.10, 339, 402 Rosén,S. 410 San 140, 345n.8, 409 Rosenfelder, Mark 365, 368n.6, 372n.10, 373, Sanctius (Brocensis), Franciscus 226 374 Sandawe 140, 141–2, 143 Rosenkranz, B. 409 Sands, Bonny 131, 140, 141–3, 409, 412 Rosiello, Luigi 25 Sanmugadas, Arunasalam 407 Ross, Malcolm D. 99, 108, 293, 330, 346n.10, Sanscrit, see Sanskrit 351, 352, 357, 358, 359, 391, 405, 409, 413, Sanskrit 5, 6, 21, 23, 26–8, 32, 33, 34, 36, 414 36n.2, 37, 37n.2, 39, 40, 41–3, 44, 45–6, 58, Rost, Valentin Christian Friedrich 110 61, 62, 63, 68, 75, 79, 102, 103, 108, 109, Rotokas 359 110, 111, 112, 173, 181, 213, 217, 230, 374, Rotuman 99 378, 381n.19, 384, 385, 395 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 321 Sapir, Edward 117, 118, 128n.13, 164, Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal 34, 35, 36, 60 177–81, 183, 184, 190, 196, 221, 224, 226, Rudbeck, Olaus (Junior), 91 233, 253, 267, 269, 272n.17, 275, 280, 281, Rudbeck, Olaus (Senior), 91 283, 287, 397, 401, 402, 404, 405, 406, 408, Rude, Noel 410 411, 412, 413 Rudes, Blair A. 410 Sapir–Whorf hypothesis 227 Ruhlen, Merritt 32, 127, 136, 196, 197, 199, Sasse, Hans-Jürgen 144, 303 203, 204, 205, 209, 216, 217, 218n.24, 219, Sasseti, Fillipo 26, 34, 43 221, 222, 223, 268, 268n.13, 271n.14, 275, Sauk 6 280–1, 284, 285, 287, 288, 366, 367, Sauvageot, Aurélien 243, 408, 414, 415 368n.6, 369, 370n.7, 371, 374n.12, 374n.13, Savosavo 294–5 375n.14, 376, 377–9, 379n.15, 380n.16, Saxon 44 380n.18, 386, 405, 407, 411, 412, 414 Saxon, Leslie 387 Ruhnkenius, David 43 Sayce, Archibald H. 63, 69, 162, 221 Russell, Dr. Patrick 37n.2 Scaliger, Joseph Justus 14, 15, 23, 34, 90 Russian 305 Scandinavian 54, 58, 195, 202, 213, 217, 323, Ryan, Patrick 375, 380n.17 362n.17 Schadeberg, Thilo C. 129, 136 Saami (Lapp) 14, 15, 25, 50, 66, 88–91, 93–4, Scheffer, Johannes 90–1 256, 260, 261, 322 Scheidius, Everardus 43 Sabela 405 Schiller, Eric 405, 410 Sadovsky, Otto J. 412 Schils, G. H. 140, 410 Sahaptian 211, 216, 356 Schindler, Jochem 409 Sahaptian-Klamath 413 Schlegel, August Wilhelm von 53, 54, 68, 231 Sahaptin 211, 356 Schlegel, Friedrich von 8, 18n.4, 35, 53–4, Saharan 134 54n.8, 58, 59, 60, 66, 224, 226, 228, 231, Said, Edward 224 232n.5 Sajnovics, Johannis János 14, 25–6, 49, 50, Schleicher, August 8, 18n.4, 49, 53, 54, 62, 55, 59, 93–4 66, 66n.16, 67, 224, 228, 229, 230, 231 Salinan 177, 209, 214, 271, 356, 408 Schlözer, August Ludwig von 18, 92–3, 94

Index 531

Schmidt, Wilhelm 108, 147, 147n.23, 148, Shherback, A. M. 239, 404 149, 405, 409 Shibatani, Masayoshi 409 Schott, W. 242, 404, 414 shift and maintenance, see language shift and Schottelius (Schottel), Justus-Georgius 17n.3 maintenance Schouten, Willem Cornelis 99 Shimomiya, T. 409 Schrader, Otto 286, 407, 411 Shipley, William 412, 413, 414, 415 Sc(h)ri(e)ckius, Adrianus Rodonius (Adriaan Shirokogoroff, S. M. 196, 203, 237, 242, 243, van Schrieck) 17 414 Schröpfer, Johannes 409 short form 200, 205, 245, 247, 254, 280, 281, Schuhmacher, W. W. 406, 407 285n.24, 294, 375–6 Schuller, Rodolfo R. 411 Shorto, H. L. 405 Schultens, Hendrik Albert 43 Shoshone 350, 354 Schultze, Benjamin 26, 34 Shoshonean 118 Schütz,Albert J. 9, 97, 102, 104, 106, 107 Shukuru 411 Scott, J. 332 Shuswap 301, 311 Scythian 16, 18, 19n.6, 19n.7, 21, 23, 43–4, Sidama 137 90, 93, 237, 286, 407 Sidwell, Paul J. 5n.5 Sebeok, Thomas A. 328, 407 Sierra Popoluca 272 Sechuana 123 Silluk 124 Sechura 405 Silver, Shirley 408 secondary products revolution 345n.8 Silverstein, Michael 404, 412 Seget 294 Silvestre de Sacy, Antoine Isaac baron 96 Seler, Eduard 120 Simacu 405 semantic constraints 195, 202, 367 simplification 348n.11, 361, 362 semantic latitude 176, 244, 247, 261, 270, Sino-Austronesian 413 281, 285n.24, 294, 351, 374 Sino-Caucasian 1, 258n.11, 276, 280n.21, Semantic match 351 284, 284n.23, 407, 410, 413 semantic non-equivalences 247, 280, 289 Sinor, Denis 238, 243, 245, 412, 414 semantic shift 114, 195, 196, 202, 203, 209, Sino-Tai 413 213, 349, 367 Sino-Tibetan 3, 112, 112n.10, 114, 161, 283, Semi-Bantu 125, 126 284, 285, 313, 397, 402, 405, 413 Semitic 3, 14, 16, 23, 38, 39, 42, 43, 46, 94–7, Sino-Tibetan–Yeneseian–Caucasian 413 102, 124, 125, 128, 136, 137, 138, 161, 164, Sino-Yenisseian 415 170, 187, 191, 196, 237, 286, 300, 307, 396, Siouan 273, 283, 356, 415 405, 409 Siouan–Catawban 162, 402, 403 Seneca 272, 306 Siouan–Yuchi 404 Senghor, L. S. 407 Siuslaw 408 Serebrennikov, B. A. 246, 249, 262 Skalichka, V. 409 Serer–Wolof–Fulani 128 Skytte, Bengt 88–90, 91 Seri 408 Slavic 6, 6n.6, 14, 15, 22, 23, 29, 37, 62, 90, Setälä,Eemil N. 402 95, 96, 157, 170, 300 Shabo 143 Slavonic, see Slavic Shafer, Robert 113–14, 284, 405, 408 Smith, Adam 231n.3 shared aberrancy 177, 181, 182, 184–6, 193, Smith, J. 413 200–1, 223, 397 Smithsonian Institution 9n.10 shared innovation 155 Smith-Stark, Thomas C. 178–9, 304, 347 Shasta 408 social Darwinism 9n.12; see also social Shastan 356 evolution Shaul, David L. 406 social evolution 231, 398; see also social Shawnee 6, 7, 116 Darwinism Sherzer, Joel 308n.14 social factors 400 Shevoroshkin, Vitaly 1, 5n.5, 194, 196, 202, social network theory 332, 354–5 203, 217, 236, 241n.3, 243n.4, 244, 246, social organization 334 249, 250, 255n.10, 281n.22, 284, 284n.23, social stratification 321 407, 412 social structure 321–2

532 Index

Solnit, David B. 409 Sprachbund, see linguistic area Somali 125, 126, 186, 205, 210, 372, 378 Sprachlisten 14 Sommer, Edward 84n.13 spread 330, 337n.4, 345n.9, 362–3, 398–9, Sommerfelt, Alf 157 400; see also diversification Songhai, Songai, Songhay 124, 127, 134, 135 spread language family 354, 356, 357, 362, Sonoran 118 400; see also compact language family Sotho 141 spread language 354, 355, 357, 358, 362, 400; sound change 29, 62, 68, 119, 139, 157, 173, see also compact language 176, 177, 185, 203, 208, 209, 229, 230, 368, spread zone 302–4, 306, 307n.11, 307n.12, 380, 385, 390–2 309, 318, 337, 341, 363, 399 sound correspondence 2n.1, 4, 11, 15–17, 21, Spuhler, James N. 212 28–31, 46, 51, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 64, 66, 69, spurious forms 209–10, 213, 273 71, 72, 73, 79–80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 93, 94, Squamish 301 97, 98, 103, 104, 105, 108, 109, 110, 112, St. Petersburg Academy of Science 91, 92 114, 117, 123, 132, 141, 142, 151, 157, stability 309–16, 398–9 159–61, 165, 168, 169, 172–6, 181, 184, stable features 299, 309–16, 388, 399 185, 193, 197, 200, 201, 202, 203, 205, 223, Standford, C. B. 321 231, 233, 238, 240, 241, 244, 246, 253, 254, Stankiewicz, Edward 17 258, 264–5, 280, 284, 285, 288, 293, 297, starburst zone 308 300, 367, 379, 395, 396, 397, 398, 401 Stark, Louisa 411 sound law 16, 66, 69, 81, 86, 181, 193, 201; Starostin, Sergei A. 5n.5, 236, 241, 245, 246, see also sound change 258n.12, 263, 284, 404, 407, 408, 409, 412, sound–meaning isomorphism 132, 205, 210, 413 241, 293 state formation 336 sound symbolism 10, 65, 165, 168, 197, 204, state-level societies 321 246, 266, 377 statistical chance 202, 207 South American languages 268, 413 Steinthal, Heymann 226 South American-East Asian languages 413 Stella, Bertolaso 222 South Asia (Indian subcontinent) linguistic Stephens, Laurence D. 188 area 307n.13, 314, 327 Stephens, Thomas 26, 26n.14, 34 South Australian 147 Stevens, Thomas, see Stephens, Thomas South Caucasian 342 Stevenson, R. 110 South-Central group 148 Stevenson, Robert Louis 99 South Island Maori 360 Stewart, Ethel G. 276, 407, 411 South New Guinea stock 293 Stiernhielm, Georg 14, 22, 24, 34, 57, 90 South West New Guinea 290 Stipa, GünterJohannes 14, 15, 19, 24, 25, 29, Southeast Asian languages 213, 219 50, 51, 88, 90, 90n.2, 91, 92, 93, 94, 115 Southeast Papuan phylum 293 stock 187, 300, 302, 305n.10, 306, 315, 317 Southern Andean 405 Stolbova, Olga V. 137, 138 Southern Atlantic 131n.18 Stoll, Otto 119 Southern California-Western Arizona Stopa, Roman 406 linguistic area 308 Strabo 18 Southern New Guinea 290 Strahlenberg, Philip Johan Tabbert von 14, 18, Southern Paiute 305, 346n.10, 351 92, 237, 242 Southern Uto-Aztecan (SUA) 346n.10, Street 243, 409 347–50 structural pool 315 Southwestern group (Australia) 148 Sturtevant, Edgar H. 80 Southworth, F. C. 407 Suárez,Jorge A. 267, 304n.8, 402, 410, 411 Spanish 29, 194, 201, 202n.17, 203, 206, subgroup, subgrouping 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 208–9, 213, 214, 268n.13, 270, 285, 303n.7, 86n.14, 88, 113, 155–6, 201, 206 304n.8, 323, 369, 370, 371 subgrouping problem, the 150, 155–6 speakers’ choice 354–5, 400 Sub-Himalayan group, see Gangetic Speck, Frank 221 submerged features 117, 177–81, 184–6, 193, split 320 200–5, 223, 397, 401 splitter 164, 193, 200 subsistence patterns 321, 344

Index 533

Subtiaba 177, 178, 267, 408 Tarof 289 Subtiaba–Hokan 177 Tartas 18 Subtiaba–Tlapanec 269–70 Taruma 407 Sudanic 123, 126, 205, 211 Tasmanian languages 291, 413 suffixing languages 149 Tatar, Tartar 15, 18, 35, 38, 39, 66, 92, 174, Suhonen, Seppo 249 237, 241, 243, 255, 256, 257 Sumerian 219, 223, 285, 413 Teda 124 Sumerian–Dravidian 413 Teeter, Karl V. 117, 178, 401 Sumerian–Kartvelian 413 Tegali group 129 Sumerian–Ural-Altaic 413 Tehuelche 405 Sumero-Assyrian 413 Teignmouth, Lord (John Shore) 36, 38, 44 Sumu 378 Tekin, T. 235, 241, 243 Surui 312 Telugu 109, 110, 111, 112, 372 Suthiwan 218 Temainian 127 Swadesh, Morris 115, 154n.28, 165, 179–80, Temein 169 183, 185, 190, 194, 195, 196, 197, 202, 203, Temne 124 209, 218n.24 221, 222, 268, 284, 381, Téné,David 95 392n.21, 405, 408, 409, 411, 412, 413, 414, Tequistlatec 378, 408 415 Terraba 268 Swahili 124 Teutonic 16, 29, 33, 95 Swanton, John R. 280–2, 408 Texistepec 272 Swazi 141 Thai 113, 213, 217, 219–20, 237 Swedish 10, 218n.24, 361n.17, 378 Thalbitzer, William 56, 115, 408 Swiggers, Pierre 16, 17, 27 Thangatti-Yukumbul 148 sympatric speciation 323n.18 Thelwall, Robin 136 Syriac 96 Thomas, Jacqueline M. 336n.3 Syrian 23, 95 Thomason, Sarah G. 5n, 5, 145, 192, 197, 198, Szemerényi, Otto 409 218, 324 Thracian 80n.9, 86n.14 taboo, tabu 156, 366, 379 Thurgood, Graham 218, 405 Tacanan 312, 402 Thurston, W. R. 351–4, 357, 358 Tadmor, Uri 217 Tibetan 39, 113, 237, 283 Tagalog 102, 105 Tibeto-Burman 112, 113, 114, 411 Tahitian 98n.7, 101–8 Ticuna, Tikuna 374, 411 Tai 113, 114, 387 Tigre 125 Ta¨ıc 237 Tigrinya 221 Tai-Kadai 112, 405, 410, 413 Timneh 124 Tailleur, O. G. 404, 408 Timor-Alor 289 Tai–Sino-Tibetan 413 Timote 407 Takelma 212 Timucua 406, 413 Takelma-Kalapuyan 356 Timucua-Muskogean 413 Takelman 413 Tinigua 407 Talamanca 268, 406 Tirib´ı 269 Talodi group 129 Tirub 269 Tamanaco 30 Tiwi 152 Tamasheq 124 Tlapanec 267, 408 Tamazight 221 Tlapanec-Otomanguean 402 Tamil 39, 109, 110, 111, 112, 285, 344, 372, Tlapanec-Subtiaba 402 378, 407 Tlingit 180, 266, 272n.17, 275, 313, 314 Tamilian (Tamulian) 110 Tlingit–Eyak–Athabaskan 356 Tamulic 237 Tocharian 241–3, 412 Tanoan 308, 347 Toda 111 Tarahumara 53, 54–9 Togo Remnant 129 Tarascan 406 Tohono O’odham (Papago) 305, 355 Tarascan–Quechua 414 Toivonen, Y. H. 250

534 Index

Tojolabal 119 Tupinamba 222 Tokarev, S. A. 283 Turanian 168, 237–8, 414 Tokharian 411 Turco-Tatars 237 Tolmie, W. Fraser 221 Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques 25, 43, 55 Tongan 8, 101, 105, 372 Turkic 93, 235, 242, 245, 255, 257, 258, Tonkawa 274–5, 303, 306, 414 264–5, 300, 305, 314, 353 Tonkawa–Na-Dene 414 Turkish 66, 67, 195, 202, 264, 286, 336, 411, tonogenesis 389 413 Topolovsek, Johann 412 Turner, Paul R. 408 Toporov, V. N. 406 Tusha 407 Torday, Laszlo 18, 19, 19n.5, 19n.6, 122n.12, Tuuk, Hermanus Neubonner van der 107 256, 334 Twi 124 Torp, Alf 74–5 Tyler, Stephen A. 286, 407 Totonac 206, 212, 268, 378 Tylor, Edward B. 271 Totonacan 268, 410, 412 typological classification 179, 227–8, 299 Towel of Babel, see Babel typological consideration 133 Tracian 55 typological criteria 121 Trager, George L. 405 typological features 132, 132n.19, 133, 141, Transcontinental languages 148 147, 151, 307, 316 Trans New Guinea phylum 288, 292, 293, 414 typological trait, see typological features Trask, Richard Larry 213, 214, 243, 262, 365, typologically commonplace features 165, 190, 366, 370, 373, 374, 380, 384, 406, 407, 411 191, 195, 196, 197, 236 Trautmann, Thomas R. 27n.15, 32, 34, 35, 42, typology, typological 42–3, 58, 60, 67, 96, 47 113, 125, 126, 128, 129, 130, 133, 149, 150, Trombetti, Alfredo 221, 222, 272n.18, 405, 177, 178, 181, 191, 197, 224, 225n.1, 412 226–31, 231n.3, 233, 238, 241, 243, 244, Trudgill, Peter 346n.10, 358, 359, 390 249–50, 283, 288, 291, 299, 305, 309–16, Trumai 407 326, 358, 365n.2, 387–8, 398 Trumbull, J. Hammond 69, 168 Tz’utujil 301, 312 Tryon, Darrell T. 99, 104, 107 Tzeltal 119, 271, 274 Tsafiki 314 Tzotzil 87, 119, 206, 207, 212, 213, 271 Tsereteli, Mikheil 413 Tsetsaut 280 Udmurt 174 Tsimshian 211, 216, 356, 412 Uesson, Ants-Michael 409 Tsouic 99 Uhlenbeck, Christianus Cornelius 408 Tswana 124 Uighur 237 Tualatin 271 Uitoto 410 Tuareg 124 Ukuafi 124 Tübatulabal 350 Ulfila 22, 90–105 Tucano 411 Ullenbrook, J. 406 Tucanoan 314 Ullendorff, Edward 94, 95 Tucker, Archibald N. 135, 173 Ulwa (Sumu) 378 Tuite, Kevin 406 Umale 124 Tulu 109, 111 Uman 411 Tumale 124 Umlaut 353 Tumtum 129 undetected morpheme divisions 271 Tunebo 194, 201–2, 206, 213, 268n.13, 270 Unger, J. Marshall 236, 243, 275, 404, 409 Tungus 92 uniformitarianism 391 Tungusic 92, 234, 235, 242, 245, 264, 339, unilinear social evolution 225n.1, 237 411 universal grammar 50, 50n.1, 60, 231, 233, Tunica 271, 408 398 Tupi 407 universals 10, 65, 165, 192, 198–9, 233, 266, Tup´ıan 312, 314, 402 309, 326, 398 Tupian–Cariban 414 Upadhyaya, U. P. 415 Tupi–Guaranian 312 Upper Chinookan 313

Index 535

Upper-Guinea languages 123 vowel harmony 236, 241, 242, 243, 264–5 Upper Paleolithic 387 Vulcanius (de Smet), Bonaventura 19 Ural-Altaic 3, 19, 67, 112, 136, 234, 235, 236n.2, 241, 296, 398, 414 Waicuri 408 Uralic 3, 4n.4, 31, 63n.15, 67, 88, 88n.1, 94, Waigali 313 112, 157, 158, 161, 162, 175, 190, 195, 202, Wakashan 190, 191, 196, 284, 301, 311, 312, 235, 238, 241, 243, 244, 246, 248, 249, 263, 356, 411 268, 285, 286, 300, 305n.10, 339, 374, 396, Walter, Theodor 23 402, 407, 412, 414 Waorani 313 Uralic–Tungusic 414 Wappo 301, 412 Uralic–Yukaghir 263 Warao, see Warrau 413 Uralo-Dravidian 407 Warembori 174, 213, 311 Uralo-Japanese 163n.2 Warlpiri (Australian) 407 Uralo-Siberian 414 Warrau 406, 413 Uro 407 Washo 313, 314 Uru-Chipaya 267, 269 Waterhouse, Viola G. 408 Uto-Aztecan 54, 118, 157, 195, 203, 303, Waterman, John T. 4n.4, 8n.7 303n.6, 305, 344, 346, 346n.18, 347–50, Watkins, Calvert 61, 176, 266–79, 321, 325, 356, 402, 405, 406, 414 327, 374 Uto-Aztecan homeland 351 Watkins’ Law 290 Uto-Aztecan–Polynesian 414 wave of advance 337, 341, 343 Wave theory 319, 399 Vacek, J. 407 Webb, Nancy M. 407, 408 van Driem, George 19, 20, 21, 34, 98, 106, Webster, Noah 232 112, 175, 213, 288n.25, 287, 288, 291, 293, Wedekind, Klaus 145 405, 406, 408, 409, 410, 411, 413, 414, 415 Wedgwood, Hensleigh 409 Vansina, J. 344n.8, 345 Welcker, F. G. 232 Vasudevan, Ananda 407 Wells, Rulon 62 Vater, Johann Severin 8, 35, 53, 53n.7, 54, Welmers, William E. 128, 129, 144 118, 119, 122 Welsh 33n.1, 379 V´edas 36 Werembori 219 Vedic, Vedic Sanskrit 75, 79 Wesleyan Methodist Society 105 Vei (Mande) 124 West Atlantic 128, 129 Venetic 74, 83–5, 86n.14, 396 West Cushitic 137 Verner, Karl 81 West New Guinea group 289 Verner’s law 56n.9 West New Guinea Highlands phylum 293 Viceyta 268 West Sudanic 126, 128, 128n.15, 130, Victoria group 147 134 Viegas Barros, Jos´ePedro 402 Westermann, Diedrich 126, 128, 128n.15, Vietnamese 113 129, 133, 134 Viitso, T.-R. 412 Western (Bantu) 124 Vilela 411 Western (Mixed [Misch-Negersprachen]) Vine, Brent 262, 412 124 Vinson, Julien 406 Westphal, E. O. J. 140 vocabulary replacement, see lexical Wetterstrom, W. 340n.7 replacement Wexionius, Michael O. 15, 88–90 Voegelin, Carl F. 5n.5, 113, 150 Whitehouse, Paul 288n.25, 293–4, 410 Voegelin, Florence M. R. 5n.5, 113, Whitman, John 243, 410 150 Whitney, William Dwight 69, 168, 231n.4 Vogul 92, 93, 257, 260 Whorf, Benjamin Lee 227, 405 Volgaic 88n.1 Wichmann, Søren 414 Voltaic 129 Wickman, Bo 415 Vossen, Rainer 140, 140n.20, 143 Wikander, Stig 411 Votyak 92, 174, 255 Wilbur, Terrence H. 11–12 Vovin, Alexander 264, 404, 409 Wilkes Exploring Expedition 122

536 Index

Wilkins, Sir Charles 28, 43 Yakut 257 Willerman, Raquel 216 Yamana 405 Williams, Roger 115 Yana 177, 408 Williamson, Kay 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, Yanomama 406 127, 128n.14, 128n.15, 129, 129n.16, 130, Yanomaman 312 130n.17, 131, 131n.18, 132, 133, 135 Yaruro 407 Windischmann, Heinrick, Friedrich Hugo Yeniseian, Yenisseian 209, 213, 276n.20, 284, 80–2 285 Winkler, Heinrich 243, 409, 414 Yeniseian–Na-Dene 415 Winnebago 6 Yeniseic–Bodic 415 Winston, F. D. D. 127, 128, 144, 173, 201, Yenissei–Caucasian 415 202, 206–7 Yokuts 407, 412 Winters, C. A. 407 Yokutsan 356 Wintuan, Wintun 356, 412 Yoruba 123, 124, 132, 334 Wiradurei (Wiradhurri) 147 Yucatec Maya 52, 53, 54, 119, 207, 213 Wishram 313, 314 Yucatecan 119 Wistrand-Robinson, Lila 414 Yuchi 403, 415 Witkowski, Stanley R. 213, 410, 411 Yuchi–Atakapa 415 Witotoan 402, 410 Yuchi–Tunica 415 Witsen, Nicolaas 91 Yucuna 314 Wiyot 117, 178, 267 Yukaghir 243, 263 Wolfart, H. Christoph 116 Yukagir–Uralic 415 Wolfenden, S. 113 Yuki 301, 311 Wolof 124, 407 Yukian 301, 311, 357, 412, 415 Wonderly, William L. 410 Yukian–Gulf 415 Woodbury, Anthony C. 115 Yukian–Penutian 415 word collections 18 Yukian–Siouan 415 word family 211, 215, 281 Yuman 308, 347, 408 Word-and-Paradigm model 16 Yuracare 407, 410 world etymologies 365 Yuri 411 worldview 226 Yurok 117, 178, 267, 308 Wotton, William 24, 34 Yurumangu´ı 207, 213, 271, 408 WPA [Works Progress Administration] 113 Zakár, András 413 Wright, Robert 412 Zamuco 407 written tradition 156 Zaparo 405 Wundt, Wilhelm 222 Zapotec 314, 322 Wurm, Stephen A. 150, 287–96 Zeballos, EstanislãoS. 413 Zeller, Otto 34 Xhosa 141, 142 Zhu, !Kung 140 Ximénez,Francisco 119 Zima, Petr 144 Xinca, Xinka 406 Zolotarevskaja, I. A. 283 Xinca-Lenca 414 Zulu 124, 141, 142, 359 Xinkan 342–3, 347 Zuni 322, 348–50, 412 !Xóo 140 Zuni–Penutian 415 Zvelebil, Kamil V. 109, 110, 111, 285, 286, Yaaku 303 338n.5, 407, 415 Yabuti 410 Zvelebil, Marek 338n.5 Yagua 313, 410 Zyrien, Permiak 255 Yahgan 405 Zyrien, Zyrian 305, 305n.10