Julian Barnes

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Julian Barnes 1 Julian Barnes Scrisori de la Londra Prefaţă: pe răspunderea autorului. Copil fiind, am avut o scurtă perioadă de entuziasm înflăcărat pentru colecţia de cărţi I- Spy, ghiduri concepute pentru cercetaşii în pantaloni scurţi. Fiecare număr aborda un singur subiect – fluturi, statui londoneze, transportul pe roţi – şi promova, pentru emulaţie, un sistem de recompense: zece puncte pentru semnalarea unui fluture Vanessa atalanta, treizeci pentru o cutie poştală rară de pe vremea lui Edward al VIII-lea şi aşa mai departe. Completai apoi un formular cu locul exact al fiecărui obiect depistat (nici vorbă să-i fi dat prin cap cuiva să trişeze) şi-l trimiteai apoi Marelui Şef de trib I-Spy pe adresa Wigwam, News Chronicle, str. Bouverie. Acest tip improbabil – care, sunt convins, provenea dintr- un obscur cartier mărginaş al Londrei – îţi trimitea apoi cu poşta o pană de cercetaş drept probă a zelului vizual. Nu am câştigat nici o dată vreun trofeu: fie 2 că n-am fost în stare să depistez un număr suficient de obiecte, fie că un detaliu sau altul al regulamentului clubului m-a împiedicat să-mi pun o primă pană la pălărie. Îmi amintesc în schimb vreo două expediţii ghidate pornind din Acton W3 şi ducând până în centrul Londrei, în cursul cărora, cu creionul bine ascuţit în mână, încercam să îmi completez colecţia sărăcăcioasă cu însemnări puerile despre furgoanele cu cai transportând alimente sau epoleţii portarilor în uniformă. Această modalitate impusă de a privi lumea, îmi dau seama, survine relativ rar în viaţa noastră: în general căutăm şi găsim lucrurile care ne-au trezit deja interesul. Obiceiurile de a observa şi viziunea asupra lumii ne sunt reconfirmate de fiecare dată când ne ascuţim privirea sau, dimpotrivă, când ne ferim ochii de la obiectele din jur. Aşa stând lucrurile, când Bob Gottlieb, redactorul-şef de la The New Yorker, m-a invitat la sfârşitul anului 1989 să fiu corespondentul revistei la Londra, am avut mai multe reacţii previzibile, deşi contradictorii. Ar putea fi o slujbă foarte frumoasă; ar putea fi o condamnare la închisoare pe viaţă; ar putea fi un post bine plătit; ar putea fi o capcană clasică pentru un romancier. Dincolo de aceste raţionamente însă, am auzit argumentul cel mai convingător dintre toate în favoarea acceptării 3 slujbei: te va face să căşti ochii. Iată-mă cercetaş la Londra, mi-am zis; cercetaş în Anglia. Urma, în fond, să fiu corespondent străin în propria mea ţară. Acest fapt constituia o provocare de natură tehnică pe care nu o mai întâlnisem în jurnalism. Cititorii mei sofisticaţi vor înţelege fiecare cuvinţel pe care îl voi folosi, dar obiceiurile şi evenimentele descrise li se vor părea tot atât de stranii cultural precum cele din Roma antică. Desigur, există mulţi americani anglofili: ei sunt cei cu care noi, englezii, ne tot întâlnim. Dar neamericanii ar trebui să nu uite că orice altă ţară din lume este cu mult mai interesată de America decât este America interesată de ea: este consecinţa normală a ecuaţiei mondiale a puterii şi finanţelor. Ca turist în State, poţi să recurgi cu costuri minime la un act de magie: cumperi un ziar local şi îţi vezi ţara de baştină dispărută de pe harta lumii. Cu zece ani în urmă mă găseam la Fort Worth, unde am urmărit la televiziune ceremonia deschiderii Jocurilor Olimpice de la Los Angeles. În timpul defilării sportivilor, subtitlurile postului de televiziune ABC dădeau coordonatele geografice ale fiecărei ţări şi dimensiunea ei, în comparaţie cu repere americane: Bhutanul era catalogat ca fiind situat în Asia Centrală şi cu un teritoriu 4 reprezentând Jumătate din statul Indiana„. Culmea este că nu s-au rezumat la Bhutan. Cineva era de părere că telespectatorul american avea nevoie de lămuriri şi în privinţa Belgiei („Europa de nord-vest„), a Bangladeshului („suprafaţă aproximativ egală cu statul Wisconsin„) şi, trist, dar adevărat, a Marii Britanii. Mi se sugera să-mi regândesc propria ţară ca fiind de „dimensiunea statului Oregon”. Iată de ce s-a dovedit utilă disciplina dobândită de a nu lua nici cel mai evident enunţ ca pe un lucru de la sine înţeles. „Următoarele alegeri generale, care vor avea loc fie în luna mai, fie în octombrie.” „O clipă, avea să zică sâcâitorul resortisant american infiltrat în craniul meu, cum se face că nu ştii? A, vrei să spui că alegerile nu se organizează la termene regulate? Şi că guvernul stabileşte după bunul plac data alegerilor? Probabil că glumeşti. Cui i- o fi trecut prin cap aşa ceva?” Şi aşa mai departe. Sentimentul că trebuie să mă constrâng să reexaminez lucrurile considerate familiare l-am trăit cel mai intens pe când scriam articolul despre Lloyd's of London, una dintre acele instituţii tipic britanice despre care presupui cumva că le înţelegi pur şi simplu, pentru că eşti britanic şi trăieşti în Marea Britanie (de dimensiunea statului Oregon). Cred că ideile mele preconcepute, subţiri precum 5 coaja de ou, nu au rezistat nici măcar la prima atingere firavă venită din partea evidenţei. Şi dacă eu, în calitatea mea de observator detaşat, am fost surprins de ceea ce părea să fie cazul în speţă, imaginaţi-vă uluirea unui garant, impasibil până atunci în ignoranţa sa, a unui aşa-numit „Nume” din lista selectă de la Lloyd's, când s-a trezit falit, pierzând sume ce depăşeau de câteva ori valoarea garanţiei sale. Ca să nu mai vorbesc de uimirea extremă a unui investitor american. Nu-i de mirare deci că, în prezent, mulţi refuză să-şi achite nota de plată. Predecesoarea mea în funcţia de corespondent la Londra, romanciera Mollie Panter-Downes, a început să-şi trimită articolele în 1939 şi a ocupat postul aproape jumătate de secol. Brendan Gill scria că, în timpul războiului, „pentru noi şi cititorii noştri ea întruchipa spiritul galant englez, întocmai ca Churchill însuşi”. Primii (şi ultimii) mei cinci ani nu au avut anvergura istorică a perioadei ei, dar s-au distins prin câteva momente instructive, unele dramatice (precum căderea de la putere a doamnei Thatcher), altele burleşti (căderea-ce-n- a-fost-să-fie a lui Norman Lamont). Nu am pretins nici o dată că întruchipez ceva şi, cu atât mai puţin, n-am încercat să stabilesc o paralelă spirituală cu vreunul din premierii în timpul cărora am scris; şi mă îndoiesc că cititorii 6 americani m-au perceput ca atare. Mă feresc să scriu în spiritul climatului moral şi intelectual al timpului (Zeitgeist) şi evit să rezum istoria pe decenii. Au existat, în prima jumătate a anilor nouăzeci, o atmosferă de letargie faţă de viaţa publică, sentimentul că lucrurile îşi pierd orice aură de mister? Aşa păreau să stea lucrurile. Or, dacă asta era situaţia, ea promitea deopotrivă bucurii şi întristări: Flaubert zicea că epocile lui favorite erau cele care apuneau, întrucât fenomenul implica naşterea noului. Dacă majoritatea observatorilor nu se înşală – formula jurnalistică pentru „eu cred” -actualul, al patrulea, mandat consecutiv al guvernului conservator va fi şi ultimul, cel puţin pentru o perioadă de timp. Ultimul articol din această carte aruncă o privire asupra noutăţii pe care o astfel de schimbare ar aduce-o în viaţa politică britanică. A scrie pentru The New Yorker înseamnă, după cum pe drept i s-a dus buhul, a fi corectat de The New Yorker: un proces extrem de civilizat, plin de solicitudine şi benefic, care tinde să te scoată din minţi. Începe cu departamentul cunoscut sub numele, nu întotdeauna pronunţat cu afecţiune, „poliţia stilistică”. Din ea fac parte puritani severi care se uită la una din frazele tale şi, în loc să vadă, ca tine, o fuziune jucăuşă de adevăr, frumuseţe, 7 ritm şi spirit, descoperă numai neroziile unei gramatici scoase din ţâţâni. Pe tăcute, îşi dau silinţa să te apere de tine însuţi. Emiţi proteste sfioase şi încerci să restabileşti integritatea textului original. Soseşte un nou şpalt şi, ici şi colo, ţi se va fi permis cu mărinimie o unică formulare lipsită de precizie; în acest caz însă, vei constata că a fost corectată o nouă delincventă gramaticală. Faptul că nu ai şansa de a vorbi cu poliţiştii stilistici, în timp ce ei îşi păstrează prerogativa de a interveni oricând în textul tău, îi face să pară şi mai de temut. Obişnuiam să mi-i imaginez în biroul lor, pe pereţii căruia atârnau bastoane de cauciuc şi cătuşe, schimbând opinii sarcastice şi inclemente despre scriitorii de la The New Yorker. „Ghici câte infinitive cu adverb intercalat a folosit englezoiul de data asta?” De fapt, ei sunt mai puţin intoleranţi decât îi prezint eu, şi chiar recunosc cât de util poate fi să intercalezi ocazional o locuţiune adverbială în cadrul unui infinitiv lung. Slăbiciunea mea constă în refuzul de a învăţa deosebirea dintre which şi that (care şi ce). Ştiu că există o regulă referitoare la binomul individualitate-categorie, sau cam aşa, dar am propriul meu principiu, care sună (dacă nu cumva ar trebui să fie ce sună, nu mă întrebaţi) în felul următor: dacă mai ai un „ce” la lucru în vecinătate, foloseşte „care” în schimb. 8 Nu cred că am reuşit să convertesc vreodată poliţia stilistică la acest principiu de lucru. Editorul care cu delicateţe se interpunea între mine şi poliţia stilistică era Charles McGrath. Am colaborat strâns cu el timp de cinci ani, sub suveranitatea generală mai întâi a lui Bob Gottlieb şi apoi a Tinei Brown. Se obişnuieşte, în acest punct într-o prefaţă la o colecţie de articole de ziar, să elogiezi tactul editorului, experienţa sa, disponibilitatea permanentă de a te ajuta etc, după cum tot acesta este şi punctul unde cititorul prefeţei se va lăsa copleşit de un căscat monstruos. Iată de ce prefer să vă spun o anecdotă despre felul în care înţelegea domnul McGrath să editeze.
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