Chicago Albert Illescas

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Chicago Albert Illescas VIATGES AMB ESTUDIANTS 05 A mi “ens agrada” Chicago Albert Illescas uan la febre viatgera-turística folra de cartells les parets va produir lògicament tensions i violència. A més, Chicago era Qgris perla dels ascensors de l’ETSAB, el nostre no res- una ciutat d’immigrants, la més important de les quals era la pecialment ni tampoc pot competir en preu o en expectatives “Germania”, 17% alemanys; las altres minories provenien de diversió. Alguns, assabentats pels amics, antics companys d’Europa, cadascuna amb els seus costums, les seves esglé- de viatge, s’hi apunten precisament per les condicions especials sies i tavernes. El graó inferior l’ocupaven els irlandesos. d’aquestes peregrinacions en les quals uns professors –arqui- tectes d’aquells que encara estimen l’arquitectura i els estu- El Sr. Pullman – el tità dels transports, el que va inventar el diants– proposen un viatge iniciàtic a la bona arquitectura i al vagó transcontinental dormitori, un vagó com una casa – es va seu jo arquitectònic. O això diuen... fer enormement ric, tenia idees reformistes per millorar la vida Viatjaran plegats tot el dia, de trenc d’alba a sol post, en dels seus obrers. Per això fundà la Pullman City –presidida per un escenari estimulant, seguint aquests guies extravagants que la seva mansió i la dels seus fills una ciutat neta, ben planejada, s’emocionen a cada pas, criden, discrepen, es contradiuen, lliure d’alcohol i feliç, i... amb una possible millora de la producti- renyen, alliçonen, fan fotos, udolen ”ens agrada!” i s’exalten vitat. Un reformador social que s’ho cobrava tot, el seu lema era fora mesura. Aquest contacte constant amb la bona arqui- que no es pot donar res sense rebre una contrapartida. tectura en presència del mestre és encara la fórmula infal.lible El 1er de maig de 1886 es va començar una vaga per recla- d’aprenentatge. Compartir complicitats, descobrir, mirar fusti- mar la jornada de vuit hores; en la manifestació pacífica del 4 de gats per uns professors excitats, és un tractament de xoc que maig va esclatar una bomba, la policia va aprofitar l’avinentesa també crea un esperit de grup que després els serà molt útil de per intervenir amb violència, la qual cosa va provocar morts en tornada a l’Escola.1 ambdues bandes. Es va endegar un judici maliciós que va con- Aquests viatges són pels escollits, ens agrada diferenciar, demnar 5 anarquistes a mort. Un es va suïcidar i els altres quatre estem orgullosos de que se’ls recomanin uns als altres i també van ser penjats. Aquests són els que es coneixen com a “màrtirs de que els rebutgin. Viatges “maleïts”, no adequats pels hedo- de Chicago.” Aquests fets donen origen a considerar el 1er de nistes, passadors d’assignatures, que necessiten un descans maig Dia dels Treballadors. El gangsterisme, grups d’acció di- després de l’esforç de fer tant de treballets i en aprovar tant recta de les patronals, s’originà en aquestes lluites socials. Des- d’exàmens parcials, però molt adequats pels que valoren el co- prés, amb la llei seca, evolucionà per altres camins. neixement com el camí per esdevenir arquitectes. El 1918 Louis Armstrong abandona New Orleans i és a Chi- No tot ha d’esser esforç, càstig i patiment. És bo oferir des- cago, com a segon trompeta de la banda de Papa King Oliver, tinacions atractives com han estat els boscos nevats de l’Aalto on trobà un territori de llibertat que el converteix en el compilador i en Bryggman, les planes ventoses d’en Jacobsen d’onades de tot el jazz anterior, en el creador d’un llenguatge que a partir glaçades, les foscors d’en Lewerentz o la irresistible plasticitat d’aleshores utilitzaran tots els músics de jazz, un treball sem- del Corbu. Viatges a la bona arquitectura que modifiquen per blant al realitzat per Bach en la música clàssica. Ja que som ar- sempre la nostra visió de les coses. Hem après a veure els llocs quitectes, el podem comparar també amb en Mies perquè això d’una manera especial, com només fem els arquitectes, hem ho fa amb el mínim nombre de notes, emeses en el moment omplert el nostre “fons d’armari” sempre en construcció de sen- precís rítmic i harmònic: menys és més amb màxima efectivitat. sibilitat i bellesa. De totes les destinacions, Chicago ha estat la No va ser fins els anys vint quan es va produir la “gran migració” més gran. El cinema i el Jazz han estat les dues aportacions dels negres que fugien de les lleis racistes –Jim Crow del Sud. específiques més importants de l’art del segle XX. Chicago seria, per mi, l’obra que millor encarna l’esperit d’aquest segle (Cézan- A cada nou episodi Chicago es reinventa i en surt reforçada. ne em perdoni!). El lloc d’energia titànica, ciutat erigida sobre el El Gran incendi de 1871 permet re-urbanitzar la ciutat, i millorar fang, esmolada pel vent, mostrada per una llum absoluta, a la els materials dels edificis. Una ciutat nova, més eficient, erigida vora del gran llac, en la planura de llim, immensa, capital dels per les forces de Chicago, no per Estats benefactors. Unes con- Burnham Brothers, Carbide & Carbon (1928-29) cereals o de la carn. Situada al “golden funnel”2 en el camí que dicions difícils d’entendre des d’Europa. A Chicago tot és privat, lliga a través dels grans llacs fins la desembocadura del riu Sant i quan és públic es perquè algunes persones ho han cedit. Més Llorenç al Nord. Per altra banda el braç oest del riu Chicago, que tard l’estructura d’entramat de ferro resistent al foc permetrà la Raising Chicago (1857) connecta amb la conca del Mississipí fins la desembocadura construcció de gratacels, de manera que tota l’activitat comer- a New Orleans, conforma a l’interior de la ciutat el carrer més cial es pugui fer de forma immediata sense perdre temps en potent del món, un canal ample, verdós, de llum o de plom, desplaçaments. També per afavorir-los, un nou invent: el tren vorejat de gratacels i grans espais de cel, que sintetitza la força l’elevat que encercla el centre comercial de la ciutat el Loop i de la ciutat. que resol la dificultat de soterrar un tren en el inestable subsol. Alguns visionaris3 van creure en aquesta posició estratègica L’enginyer que el va projectar va haver de fugir per cames, en- vora dels llacs. Tanmateix no hi ha prou en creure, per domi- cara que més tard va fer el metro de Londres. nar les altres ciutats van haver de treballar de valent, ampliant Amb tot, l’esperit de Chicago no és el “campi qui pugui”. A el port i endegant el canal que els connectés a través del riu pesar de les possibilitats constructives, s’estableixen limitacions Illinois a la conca del Mississipí. Amb aquestes millores de les d’alçades i altes normes urbanístiques que la diferencien d’altres comunicacions la ciutat va explotar, va esdevenir la capital del ciutats més “lliures” com Nova York. gra perquè van centralitzar el comerç, superant el tracte directe La Chicago negra, bruta, pudent, somnia en ser blanca i amb els agricultors, i van establir grans sitges amb elevadors de lluent. L’exposició de 1893 en estil Beaux Arts, és magnífica i gra que permetien la càrrega ràpida als transports. Desacom- espectacular però arquitectònicament no porta en lloc, és el plexats negociants s’estableixen a la ciutat per aprofitar les se- fracàs del somni pompós. La gent de Chicago, ja ho diu en Su- ves possibilitats, com en Cyrus Hall. McCormick inventor de la llivan, no permet aquestes frivolitats si són ells els que paguen, recol.lectora mecànica de blat que industrialitzarà el procès de no els hi agraden els arquitectes que només volen lluir-se, el conreu. Altre gegant, en Philip Danforth Armour, industrialitzà el negoci immobiliari és precisament això, un negoci. Volen edificis negoci de la carn: el 1875 deu mil persones treballaven al seu econòmics i funcionals: aquest tarannà auster és ben diferent de escorxador, capaç de sacrificar 5.000 porcs l’any. També es l’enlluernadora frivolitat de Nova York. dedicà al negoci del vaccí, instaura el sistema revolucionari de matar a orígen; per transportar la carn ho fa en vagons propis Les aportacions de Chicago a l’arquitectura i a la construc- refrigerats mitjançant unes 3 tones de gel. Les seves indústries ció han estat molt importants. Ja hem parlat de les estructures produïen tot tipus de subproductes: carn en llauna, botons, cuir, lleugeres d’entramat metàl.lic –protegides del foc que, junta- Hubert Hugh Riddle, Mather Tower (1926-28) etc. El lema de la seva empresa era – i no exagerava – “Alimen- ment amb el perfeccionament dels ascensors, van permetre la tem el món”. construcció dels gratacels. Molt abans, l’any 1833, en la cons- trucció de l’església catòlica de St. Mary s’empra per primera Els problemes generats pel creixement vertiginós i anàrquic vegada un nou sistema de construcció en fusta, un entramat de la ciutat la van col.lapsar: calia unificar els pendents de vials lleuger posteriorment cobert amb llates que s’anomenà “balloon i voravies, eliminar de la superfície les canonades d’evacuació frame.” Aquest sistema permet la construcció ràpida i econòmi- de les aigües negres i pavimentar els carrers. El subsol fangós ca d’edificis. Sense ell no es pot entendre el creixement ràpid i la topografia plana no permetia soterrar-les. La solució va ser tant de Chicago com de San Francisco.
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