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Research Reports Research Reports EUROPEAN UNION Toxic Hot Spots in Thailand Prague – Bangkok, December 2018 Toxic Hot Spots Toxic Hot Spots in Thailand in Thailand Research reports based on sampling conducted in 2015–2017 Toxic Hot Spots in Thailand Results of sampling conducted in 2015 – 2017 This publication is a collection of reports based on the results of environmental sampling conducted in Thailand in 2015–2017 as a part of the project ‘‘Increasing Transparency in Industrial Pollution Management Through Citizen Science,’’ financially supported by the European Union and Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic. We would also like to acknowledge financial support from the Global Greengrants Fund and the Government of Sweden, both of which contributed to conducting the chemical analyses and preparation of the report through the grant to IPEN. This report is published in English. Authors: Martin Bystrianský, external expert for Arnika – Toxics and Waste Programme, Czech Republic Alice Dvorská, external expert for Arnika – Toxics and Waste Programme, Czech Republic Václav Mach, external expert for Arnika – Toxics and Waste Programme, Czech Republic Jindřich Petrlík, Arnika – Toxics and Waste Programme, Czech Republic Marek Šír, University of Chemistry and Technogy Prague, Czech Republic Akarapon Teebthaisong, EARTH, Thailand Supporting authors: Peter Behnisch, BioDetection Systems, Amsterdam, Netherlands Autthaporn Ritthichat, EARTH, Thailand Penchom Saetang, EARTH, Thailand Jitka Straková, Arnika – Toxics and Waste Programme, Czech Republic Pictures courtesy: Ondřej Petrlík, Karnt Thassanaphak & Jindřich Petrlík English proofreading: Cheryl Bowes & Haley Benjamin Graphic design and typography: Martin Vimr, Kristina Žulkovská This report does not reflect the attitude of the donors – the European Union, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic, Government of Sweden and the Global Greengrants Fund Its content is the sole responsibility of the authors. Bangkok - Prague, 2018 More information: English: http://english.arnika.org/thailand , http://www.earththailand.org/en/ Thai: https://www.facebook.com/EarthEcoAlert/ Czech: http://arnika.org/thajsko Content 1 General introduction ............................................................. 9 2 POPs at five Thai hotspots: Map Ta Phut, Samut Sakhon, 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 9 Tha Tum, Praeksa and Khon Kaen ....................................... 32 1.2 Sampling .................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Summary ....................................................................................................32 1.3 Sampling areas .......................................................................................... 10 2.2 Introduction ................................................................................................33 1.3.1 Map Ta Phut ................................................................................. 10 2.3 Sampling and analytical methods ............................................................36 1.3.2 Samut Sakhon .............................................................................. 11 2.4 Results ........................................................................................................37 1.3.3 Tha Tum ........................................................................................ 12 2.5 Discussion...................................................................................................48 1.3.4 Khon Kaen ................................................................................... 12 2.5.1 Map Ta Phut industrial complex .................................................54 1.3.5 Loei ............................................................................................... 13 2.5.2 Samut Sakhon hotspot area ........................................................57 1.3.6 Praeksa ......................................................................................... 13 2.5.3 Tha Tum industrial complex .........................................................58 1.3.7 Khao Hin Sorn ............................................................................. 13 2.5.4 Praeksa landfill ............................................................................59 1.3.8 Koh Samui .................................................................................... 13 2.5.5 Pulp and Paper industrial area near Khon Kaen .......................59 1.3.9 Saraburi ....................................................................................... 14 2.5.6 Comparison of hotspots .............................................................. 61 1.3.10 Rayong IRPC industrial zone ...................................................... 14 2.6 General assessment of persistent organic pollutant distribution 1.3.11 Klong Dan .................................................................................... 14 in Thailand .................................................................................................64 1.3.12 Chanthaburi ................................................................................. 14 2.7 Conclusions ................................................................................................65 1.3.13 Thap Lan National Park and Klong Yang Canal ........................ 14 1.4 List of samples ............................................................................................ 14 3 Chicken eggs as an indicator of POPs pollution 1.5 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................30 in Thailand .......................................................................... 66 1.6 Abbreviations ............................................................................................30 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................66 3.1.1 Sampling and analytical methods ............................................................66 5.6 Comparison of organic pollutants levels .................................................. 94 3.2 The Thai and EU limits for POPs in eggs ...................................................67 5.6.1 Benzene ....................................................................................... 94 3.3 Results ........................................................................................................68 5.6.2 Toluene ......................................................................................... 94 3.3.1 Dioxins (PCDD/Fs) and PCBs .....................................................68 5.6.3 Heptane ....................................................................................... 94 3.3.2 Polybrominated dioxins (PBDD/Fs) ............................................72 5.6.4 Ethylacetate .................................................................................95 3.3.3 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) .................................73 5.6.5 Chloroform ...................................................................................95 3.3.4 BFRs and polybrominated dioxins (PBDD/Fs) in eggs .............. 75 5.6.6 Trichloroethylene .........................................................................95 3.4 Discussion about potential exposure to 5.6.7 Dichloromethane .........................................................................95 POPs from chicken eggs ............................................................................ 75 5.7 Conclusions ................................................................................................96 3.5 Conclusions and recommendations ..........................................................78 3.6 Limitations of the study ..............................................................................79 6 Impact of heavy metals from toxic hotspots in Thailand on inhabitants and the environment ................. 97 4 Evaluation of passive air sampler measurements close 6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................97 to the Map Ta Phut industrial estate, Thailand ..................... 80 6.2 Sampling and analytical methods ............................................................97 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................80 6.3 Results ........................................................................................................98 4.2 Sampling campaign .................................................................................. 81 6.4 Discussion...................................................................................................98 4.3 Analysis ......................................................................................................83 6.4.1 Legal standard .............................................................................98 4.4 Results ........................................................................................................83 6.4.2 Evaluation of pollutants levels ....................................................98 4.5 Discussion...................................................................................................87 6.4.3 Health risk assessment .................................................................99 4.6 Conclusions ................................................................................................90
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