Negosiasi Identitas Pada Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus

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Negosiasi Identitas Pada Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus Jurnal Professional FIS UNIVED Vol. 3 No. 3 Desember 2016 NEGOSIASI IDENTITAS PADA ANAK BERKEBUTUHAN KHUSUS Oleh : MARIDA SARININGSIH Dosen Prodi Ilmu Komunikasi FIS Universitas Dehasen Bengkulu ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the identity formation process in children with cleft lip in Curup Village Merigi Sakti District Central Bengkulu Regency. The research method was descriptive qualitative method. Informants in this study were 16 people,consists of 3 children with cleft lips, three parents, four neighbors of the children with cleft lips and 3 children who play with them.Data were collected by observation, library research, interview and documentation.The results showed that: (1) children with cleft lips disabilities communication was limited due to interference with their speech;(2) children with with cleft lips disabilitiesobtained theircomfort identities to some people who live with them, but feel uncomfortable with people who mocked their disability; (3) the comfortidentity gained by children with cleft disabilities with people they know; 4) the family ties were considered by children with cleftdisabilities as a bond that support their identity; (5) The support of parents was done through various activities such as buying clothes and take them for a walk;( 6) the identity stabilityof children with cleftlips as members of societycould happen when parents were able to understand their needs, but the identity was unsteady when there were those who mocking at them;(7) the provision of affection or special attention weretake them for a walk and buy new clothes that formed the satisfaction as the results of negotiations identity;(8) communications made by children with cleft lips with people around them couldn‘t run effectively as they need to speak repeatedly to make their communicants understand. Keywords: Identity, Social Acceptance, Cleft Lips, CurupVillage PENDAHULUAN dan berguna serta anak juga berhak atas Anak merupakan generasi penerus perlindungan terhadap lingkungan yang cita-cita bangsa, karenanya anak perlu dapat membahayakan dan menghambat mendapat kesempatan seluas-luasnya pertumbuhan dan perkembangan dengan untuk tumbuh dan berkembang dengan wajar. wajar secara rohani, jasmani maupun Namun tidak semua anak yang hadir sosial. Oleh karena itu negarapun dalam kondisi fisik dan mental yang menjamin hak anak yang tertuang dalam normal, ada sebagian anak yang undang- undang No.4 Tahun 1979 tentang mengalami hambatan fisik maupun mental kesejahteraan anak dalam pasal 2 yang yang didapat secara lahiriah maupun menyatakan bahwa anak berhak atas gangguan pada saat tumbuh kembang anak kesejahteraan, perawatan, asuhan dan sehingga memerlukan perlakuan dan bimbingan berdasarkan kasih sayang baik bantuan khusus dalam pemenuhan dalam keluarga maupun asuhan khusus kebutuhan dan proses tumbuh dengan wajar. Anak juga berhak atas kembangnya, anak-anak ini disebut pelayanan dalam mengembangkan sebagai anak yang berkebutuhan khusus. kemampuan dan kehidupan sosialnya Pada dasarnya tidak ada seorang untuk menjadi warga Negara yang baik anak pun yang ingin dilahirkan ke dunia 11 Jurnal Professional FIS UNIVED Vol. 3 No. 3 Desember 2016 dalam keadaan cacat, baik cacat fisik di Desa Curup hampir sama saja dengan maupun mental. Demikian pula anak-anak anak-anak normal lainnya. Hal ini terbukti dengan cacat sumbing. Mereka pada saat peneliti meminta anak-anak cacat dasarnya tidak menginginkan adanya sumbing dengan umur sekitar Sembilan kecacatan fisik pada diri mereka. Pada tahun untuk menulis tentang hobi,cita-cita, kenyataannya, cacat sumbing dapat terjadi dana alamat rumah mereka. Mereka dapat pada semua kelompok masyarakat, kaya, menuliskan hal-hal tersebut sebagaimana miskin, berpendidikan atau tidak, bahkan anak norma llainnya. Akan tetapi, bahasa pada kelompok etnis atau budaya di dunia. lisan yang mereka sampaikan mungkin Setiap orang tua tentu menginginkan dapat dikatakan kurang jelas sehingga anaknya terlahir dengan sempurna, maka kebanyakan orang tidak mengerti maksud ketika anak dalam keadaan sumbing, orang perkataan mereka. Dengan kata lain,anak- tua seharusnya tetap bisa menyayangi anak anak cacat sumbing ini mengalami sebagaimana mestinya. Bahkan seharusnya kesulitan dalam melakukan komunikasi anak-anak cacat sumbing lebih verbal kepada orang-orang di sekitar mendapatkan perhatian agar penanganan mereka. kelainan yang terjadi pada anak juga tidak Meskipun demikian, anak-anak mengalami kesalahan. Peranan orang tua dengan cacat sumbing di Desa Curup dapat dan orang-orang disekitar anak-anak cacat melakukan komunikasi non-verbal seperti sumbing dalam membantu mencapai anak-anak normal lainnya seperti perkembangan dan pertumbuhan optimal mengerutkan wajah saat marah, bertepuk sangatlah menentukan. tangan ketika merasa gembira dan banyak Bagi anak penderita sumbing, diam saat merasa sedih. Dalam hal ini, penerimaan orang-orang sekitar, terutama banyak orang disekitar mereka agaknya orang tua sangat penting untuk tidak memiliki keinginan untuk memahami membentuk konsep diri yang positif. bahasa non-verbal yang mereka gunakan Sayangnya, fenomena yang ada dalam keseharian untuk mencapai maksud dimasyarakat, khususnya di Desa Curup tertentu sehingga tidak jarang anak-anak Kecamatan Merigi Sakti Kabupaten ini merasa diabaikan oleh orang-orang Bengkulu Tengah adalah kehadiran anak disekitar mereka. dengan cacat sumbing kurang diterima. Untuk itu perlu adanya penanganan Anak-anak sumbing sering mendapat serius dari orang-orang terdekat dan perlakuan kurang baik,seperti ketika pemerintah agar anak-anak cacat sumbing marah, orang tua sering mengucapkan dapat melakukan aktivitas sosial seperti —dasar sumbing“ yang melukai hati anak bersekolah, bermain, bergaul, dan tersebut. sebagainya. Kemudian dibantu pula oleh Selain itu, perlakuan kurang semua unsur masyarakat disekitar anak- menyenangkan juga orang-orang yang anak sumbing ini yang bertugas melakukan berada di sekitar tempat tinggal mereka, pengawasan langsung terkait kegiatan seperti tetanggadan teman-teman sebaya sehari-hari anak-anak penderita sumbing. mereka dirasa kurang menyenangkan. Bibir sumbing sering menjadi bahan olok- olokan bagi kebanyakan anggota METODE PENELITIAN masyarakat di sekitar anak-anak penderita Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sumbing ini sehingga mereka pun menjadi deskriptif dengan jenis data kualitatif. malu (minder) dan menutup diri. Menurut Nazir (2003: 63) metode Pada kenyataannya, bahasa verbal deskriptif ialah suatu metode dalam sebagai media untuk mengungkapkan meneliti status sekelompok manusia, suatu emosi, pikiran, dan maksud yang objek, suatu kondisi, suatu sistem digunakan oleh anak- anak cacat sumbing pemikiran ataupun suatu kelas peristiwa 12 Jurnal Professional FIS UNIVED Vol. 3 No. 3 Desember 2016 pada masa sekarang. Metode ini Teori negosiasi identitas merupakan menekankan kepada penjabaran analisis identitas atau konsep diri yang dipandang data melalui rangkaian kata yang bukan sebagai bagian yang menjelaskan proses berupa angka-angka. komunikasi antar budaya. Menurut Ting- Disisi lain mengenai data kualitatif, Toomey dalam Gudykunts (2002:40-45) menurut Bungin (2011:103), data kualitatif terdapat 10 (sepuluh) asumsi teoritis yang dijelaskan kedalam bentuk kalimat serta merupakan teori negosiasi identitas. Dalam uraian-uraian bahkan dapat berbentuk hal ini pula yang peneliti gunakan dalam cerita pendek. Data kualitatif dapat implementasi teori negosiasi identitas pada diartikan pula sebagai data yang berupa anak cacat sumbing di Desa Curup tulisan mengenai berbagai fenomena yang Kecamatan Merigi Sakti Kabupaten diamati. Bengkulu Tengah. Keseluruhan informan dalam penelitian ini terbagi dalam dua kelompok, 1. Dinamika utama dari identitas yaitu informan pokok dan informan kunci. keanggotaan seseorang dalam suatu Informan pokok merupakan anak-anak kelompok dan identitas pribadi terbentuk penderita sumbing dan orangtua dari anak- melalui komunikasi simbolik dengan orang anak tersebut di Desa Curup Kecamatan lainnya. Merigi Sakti Kabupaten Bengkulu Tengah. Seperti pernyataan Pegar saat ditanya Sementara itu, informan kunci terdiri dari tentang kesulitan dalam berkomunikasi teman bermain dan tetangga dari anak- dengan teman-teman, ia mengatakan: anak cacat sumbing tersebut. Untuk —aku idak merasa sulit ngomong mengumpulkan data, penulis melakukan kekkawan-kawan aku tu, cak biaso observasi, studi pustaka, dokumentasi, dan bae cumin mereka suko niru-niru wawancara. aku ngomong“ (wawancara pada Setelah semua data dikumpulkan, tanggal 25 April 2016) penulis menganalisis data tersebut dengan Hal serupa juga disampaikan oleh Eka cara menguraian kata-kata secara objektif Sundari yang menyatakan bahwa: sehingga mampu menggambarkan proyek —dikecek sulit idak jugo tapi emang penelitian. Disamping itu,datapun kawan-kawan aku tu agak kurang disampaikan kedalam bahasa yang mudah ngerti kalu aku ngomong tu“. dipahami dan lebih mudah dibaca. (wawancara pada tanggal 25 April Kemudian, hasil uraian tersebut akan 2016) diiterpretasikan agar mendapatkan makna Dari hasil wawancara yang diperoleh yang lebih luas dan relevan. Di samping dari anak-anak cacat sumbing di Desa itu, datapun disampaikan kedalam bahasa Curup, mereka merasa tidak kesulitan yang mudah dipahami dan lebih mudah dalam berkomunikasi dengan orang-orang dibaca. Selanjutnya, hasil uraian tersebut disekitarnya hanya saja terkadang teman- akan diinterpretasikan untuk mendapatkan teman mereka suka meniru cara bicara makna yang lebih luas dan relevan. Teknik mereka dan ada juga yang tidak
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