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Morfološka Varijabilnost Vrste Hypericum Rumeliacum U Zavisnosti Od Faktora Staništa

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Morfološka Varijabilnost Vrste Hypericum Rumeliacum U Zavisnosti Od Faktora Staništa UNIVERZITET U NIŠU PRIRODNO-MATEMATIČKI FAKULTET DEPARTMAN ZA BIOLOGIJU I EKOLOGIJU MASTER RAD Jovanović N. Branka UNIVERZITET U NIŠU PRIRODNO-MATEMATIČKI FAKULTET DEPARTMAN ZA BIOLOGIJU I EKOLOGIJU Master rad Morfološka varijabilnost vrste Hypericum rumeliacum Boiss. u zavisnosti od faktora staništa Kandidat: Mentor: Jovanović N. Branka dr Bojan Zlatković Niš, 2015 UNIVERSITY OF NIŠ FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY Morphological variability of species Hypericum rumeliacum Boiss. depending on the habitat variables Master’s Thesis Candidate: Mentor: Jovanović N. Branka dr Bojan Zlatković Niš, 2015 Morfološka varijabilnost vrste Hypericum rumeliacum u zavisnosti od faktora staništa Biografija Jovanović N. Branka je rođena 05. oktobra 1990. godine u Aleksincu. Osnovnu školu „Vuk Stefanović Karadžić” završila je u Žitkovcu 2005. godine, nakon čega upisuje Aleksinačku gimnaziju, prirodno-matematički smer, koju završava 2009. godine. Iste godine upisuje osnovne akademske studije biologije na Prirodno-matematičkom fakultetu univerziteta u Nišu, koje završava 2013. godine i stiče zvanje biolog. Na istom fakultetu upisuje master akademske studije, studijski program Ekologija i zaštita prirode, koje završava 2015. godine. Morfološka varijabilnost vrste Hypericum rumeliacum u zavisnosti od faktora staništa Srdačno se zahvaljujem svom mentoru dr. Bojanu Zlatkoviću na stručnoj pomoći u izradi ovog master rada. Veliku zahvalnost dugujem onima koji su bili uz mene svih ovih godina, pre svega svojoj porodici koja mi je uvek pružala bezuslovnu podršku i verovala u mene. Bez vas danas ne bih bila ovo što jesam. Ovaj rad posvetila bih onima koje najviše volim, Nataši, Andrijani, a posebno Žarku. Morfološka varijabilnost vrste Hypericum rumeliacum u zavisnosti od faktora staništa SAŽETAK U master radu je analizirana morfološka varijabilnost vrste Hypericum rumeliacum Boiss. koja je potencijalno zavisna od faktora različitih staništa koja nastanjuju njene populacije. Osnovni cilj rada bio je ispitivanje stepena varijabilnosti većeg broja morfoloških osobina pomenute vrste, kao i diferencijacija populacija i izdvajanje eventualnih ekotipova u odnosu na nadmorsku visinu i geološku podlogu. Biljni materijal sakupljen je sa 11 različitih lokaliteta na teritoriji Srbije. Odabrani lokaliteti su smešteni u relativno širokom dijapazonu nadmorskih visina (241-1080 mnv.), ali ih istovremeno odlikuju i različite geološke podloge (silikati, karbonati, ultramafiti). Izvršena je morfometrijska analiza koja je obuhvatala osam kvantitativnih svojstava kod ukupno 165 jedinki pomenute biljne vrste. Analiza podataka uključila je analizu varijanse (ANOVA), diskriminantnu analizu (DA) i klaster analizu (CA). Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na izraženu varijabilnost pojedinih karaktera u odnosu na faktor nadmorske visine i tip geološke podloge. Uočeno je da pojedini faktori utiču na izdvajanje grupa populacija ukoliko se one posmatraju kroz razlike i varijabilnost analiziranih osobina. Ključne reči: Hypericum rumeliacum, morfometrija, varijabilnost, ekotipovi Morfološka varijabilnost vrste Hypericum rumeliacum u zavisnosti od faktora staništa ABSTRACT The master work analyzed morphological variability of Hypericum rumeliacum Boiss. between populations growing in different habitat conditions. The main objective was to investigate the level of variability of a number of features, as well as the possible occurrence of populations differentiation, and existence of ecotypes according to variables such as altitude and geological supstrat. Plant material was collected from 11 different locations, on the territory of Serbia. Locations are situated in wide range of altitudes (241-1080 a.s.l.) as well as different geological supstrates (silicate, carbonate and ultramafites). Morphometric analysis included 8 metric and morphometric characters. A total number of 165 individuals is included. Data analysis included the application of analysis of variance (ANOVA), discriminant analysis (DA) and cluster analysis (CA). The results show a prominent variability of certain features, while others show low degree of variability among altitude groups. Groups according to geological substrates show similar situation. It is obvious that variables as altitude and type of geological ground affect the variability of analyzed traits as well as level of similarity between the populations. Keywords: Hypericum rumeliacum, morphometry, variability, ecotypes Morfološka varijabilnost vrste Hypericum rumeliacum u zavisnosti od faktora staništa SADRŽAJ 1.UVOD 1 2.OPŠTI PODACI 3 2.1.Sistematski položaj vrste Hypericum rumeliacum Boiss. 3 2.2.Opšte karakteristike roda Hypericum 3 2.3.Opšte karakteristike vrste Hypericum rumeliacum Boiss. 4 3.MATERIJAL I METODE 7 4.REZULTATI I DISKUSIJA 8 4.1.Efekat nadmorske visine 8 4.1.1. Promenljivost pojedinačnih kvantitativnih karaktera 9 4.1.2.Analiza varijanse (ANOVA) 15 4.1.3.Diskriminantna analiza (DCA) 16 4.1.4.Klaster analiza (CA) 18 4.2.Efekat geološke podloge 19 4.2.1. Promenljivost pojedinačnih kvantitativnih karaktera 20 4.2.2.Analiza varijanse (ANOVA) 24 4.2.3.Diskriminantna analiza (DCA) 25 4.2.4.Klaster analiza (CA) 27 5.ZAKLJUČAK 28 6.LITERATURA 29 7.PRILOZI 31 Morfološka varijabilnost vrste Hypericum rumeliacum u zavisnosti od faktora staništa 1. UVOD Poznata je činjenica da genetički mehanizmi biljnih organizama, u novim ili ponekad samo delimično izmenjenim uslovima životne sredine, mogu da proizvode različite fenotipove kod iste vrste. Takva pojava se naziva fenotipska plastičnost (Tucić, 2003). Ona se kao posledica interakcije organizama sa faktorima staništa ogleda u promeni morfoloških, ali i drugih osobina biljke. Da bi se utvrdio stepen takvih promena koriste se različite metode, između ostalog morfometrijska analiza koja podrazumeva različita merenja, kao i različite statističke metode kojima se prati varijabilnost karaktera jedinki koje se razvijaju pod različitim uslovima. Biljke su tokom evolutivnog procesa, kroz svoju fenotipsku plastičnost razvile sposobnost boljeg prilagođavanja, egzistencije i korišćenja resursa sredine u kojoj žive. Na taj način, u skladu da svojim genetičkim mogućnostima i veličinom ekološke valence, one mogu da modifikuju pojedine fenotipske, morfološke, anatomske i biohemijske karakteristika. Modifikacije se ispoljavaju na nivou konkretnog organa ili regiona biljke, ali se često sličan obrazac promena uočava na većem broju individua ili čitavoj populaciji. Modifikovanje pojedinih osobina omogućava jedinkama date populacije da na staništu budu konkurentnije, odnosno ekspanzivnije u zauzimanju određenog prostora i da efikasno i ekonomično koriste resurse, odnosno da budu bolje adaptirane na uslove staništa (Stevanović, Janković, 2001). Sumarno, adaptivne karakteristike biljaka mogu da se ogledaju u promeni njihovog habitusa, anatomskoj građi, karakteru fizioloških i biohemijskih procesa, kao i u dinamici fenoloških promena. U populacijama lokalno adaptiranim na specifične uslove staništa često se ispoljava čitav niz specifičnih osobina na osnovu kojih se diferenciraju ekotipovi određene biljne vrste. Pod terminom ekotip Turesson (1922), koji je među prvima uveo ovaj pojam u nauku, podrazumeva određene razlike u okviru populacija jedne vrste, koje su se realizovale u vezi sa ekološkim posebnostima na lokalnom nivou. Na primer, duž prostornog, horizontalnog ili vertikalnog gradijenta rasprostranjenja jedne vrste javljaju se klimatske, orografske, geomorfološke i vegetacijske promene kojima se na poseban način prilagođavaju jedinke lokalnih populacija te vrste. Takve, lokalno adaptirane populacije, rase ili intraspecijske ekološke grupe predstavljaju ekotipove. One su posebno izražene kod populacija onih biljaka koje naseljavaju specifične tipove zemljišta ili geoloških podloga, a koje na taj način obrazuju posebne edafske ekotipove, kao i kod onih koje se razvijaju u posebnim klimatskim uslovima, na primer, na različitim nadmorskim visinama, od obala mora do planinskih - 1 - Morfološka varijabilnost vrste Hypericum rumeliacum u zavisnosti od faktora staništa vrhova, kada se diferenciraju klimatski, odnosno visinski ekotipovi (Stevanović, Janković, 2001). U ovom radu je analizirana morfološka varijabilnost vrste Hypericum rumeliacum Boiss., koja se odlikuje izrazito varijabilnim habitusom. Kod ove vrste, kao i kod ostalih biljnih vrsta, varijabilnost u najvećoj meri zavisi od genetičkih činioca. Međutim, u konkretnom slučaju, ona potencijalno može da se poveže i sa uticajem pojedinih klimatskih i orografskih faktora (Zlatković et al., 2015). Cilj ovog rada je da se, pored stepena varijabilnosti osobina, utvrdi i nivo morfološke diferencijacije populacija u odnosu na nadmorsku visinu i geološku podlogu, kao dodatnih faktora koji mogu da vode u pravcu formiranja različitih ekotipova. Slika 1. Izgled jedinke vrste H. rumeliacum na prirodnom staništu (selo Rudare, Kuršumlija) - 2 - Morfološka varijabilnost vrste Hypericum rumeliacum u zavisnosti od faktora staništa 2. OPŠTI PODACI 2.1. Sistematski položaj vrste Hypericum rumeliacum Boiss. Na bazi morfoloških karakteristika, a u novije vreme korišćenjem i molekularnih metoda u sistematici biljaka, filogenetska pozicija roda Hypericum je predstavljana na različite načine. Robson je 1968. godine rod Hypericum uvrstio u familiju Guttiferae (Clusiaceae) i red Guttiferales, čemu se pridružuju Greuter i saradnici (Greuter et al. 1986). Armen Tahtajan (Tahtajan, 1973), svrstava ovaj rod u familiju Hypericaceae Lindl., red Hypericales. Stjepanović-Veseličić
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