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emann RESUME ED 179 549 SP 015 287 AUTHOR Ladd, Wayne M., Ed.: Lumpkin, Angela, Ed. TITLE Sport in American Education: Histcr) & Perspective. History of Sport and Physical Education Academy Symposia (March 24, 1977 and April 6,1978). INSTITUTION American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, and Rer;reation, Washington, D.C. National Association for Sport and Physical Education. PUB DATE 79 NOTE 144p- AVAILABLE FROM AAHPERD Publications Sales, 1201 16th St. N.W., Washington, D.C. 2003E ($7.00) EDRS PRICE MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDES. DESCRIPTORS *Athletic Programs: *Athletics; City Problems; Cocurricular Activities; Colleges: *Educational History; Nonformal Education; Politics: Program Development; Public Schools; *Sccialization ABSTRACT The foundations of the educational sporting heritage are examined in this collection of articles. The bock is divided into two topical sectionsInterscholastic Sport and Intercollegiate Sport. Both units are introduced ty a study of a significant individual who was either a leader in or a reflector of sport in education, and are followed by papers which expand cn historical foundations of specific aspects of educational sports. GJL) ********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by ED.RS are the best that can be made ftcm the criginal document. *********************************************************************** 044 s U S. DEPARTMENT OF IHEALTH. EDUCATION & WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF tan EDUCATION Crits THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO- ...it1DuCED ExACTLy AS RECEIvED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN. ATING IT POINTS 0? VIEW OR OPINIONS Ifew. STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRE. C.)SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITuTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY LLAI REPRODUCE THIS "PERMISSION TO MATERIAL INMICROFICHE ONLY HAS BEENGRANTED BY RESOURCES TO THEEDUCATIONAL CENTER (ERIC)" INFORMATION t4) C.,0eEditors: Wayne M. Ladd o' University of North Carolina, Greensboro Angela Lurnpkin University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill History of Sport and Physical Education Academy SymposiaMarch 24, 1977 and April 6, 1978 , Published by National Association for Sport and Physical Education an Association of the th American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance V. ! :1 1 1 Copyright @ 1979 American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance 1201 Sixteenth Street, N. W. Washington, D. C., 20036 4 CONTENTS FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vi INTERSCHOLASTIC SPORT The Public Schools Athletic League of New York City: Organized Athletics for City Schoolchildren, 1803-1914 ix J. Thomas Jable' Sports and Games in Eastern Schools,1780-1880 19 Roxanne Albertson The Place of Interscholastic Sport in American Education, 1920-1939 .33 Paul R. Mills Reaction to "The Place of Interscholastic Sport in American Education,1920-1939 45 Harold L. Ray INTERCOLLEGIATE SPORT Huey Long: A Story of Sport, Education and Politics at Louisiana State University 50 Bruce L. Bennett A Moment of Relative Purity in College Sport, 1850-1880 64 Tracy Mehr Origins of the Connection of Physical Education and Athletics at American Universities, 1890-1930: An Organizational Interpretation 71. Donald Chu College Football's Oldes RivalryCommercialism Versus Education 84 John Behee College Athletics in the Twenties: The Golden Age or Fool's Gold 101 William H.Fro-man 5 Reaction to "College Athletics in the Twenties: The Golden Age or Fool's Gold" 111 Joanna Davenport Women's Physical Activity at the First State University-- An Uphill Struggle 117 Angela Lumpkin PERSPECTIVE Meaning of Contemporary Intercollegiate and Interscholastic Sport 130 Robert Knight Barney FOREWORD Sport in American education has developed during a period of turmoil with change occurring at a rapid pace. Such change has created a pressing need to examine the foundations of the educational sporting heritage.'To meet this exigency, the History Academy of the National Association for Sport and,Physical Education sponsored two symposia on March 24, 1977, and April 6, 1978. -From these symposia selected papers were compiled to serve as timely resources for all professionals. These papers reflect the research and scholarship of their authors. The book is divided into two topical sections--Interacholastic Sport and Intercollegiate Sport. Both units are introduced by a study of a significant _individual-who .was either a leader in or a reflector of sport in education and are followed byA3apers which expand on historical foundationsof specific aspects of educational sports. It was not the purpose of the symposia to frame a complete history of each topical area; rather, the papers were developed independently of each other to analyze significant sport occurrences. The symposia were sponsored and t.le papers were presented within the frame work of Cicero's admonition: Not to know what has been .Lansacted in former times is to be always a child. If no use is made of the labors of the past ages, the world must remain always in the infancy of knowledge. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Editorial Review Board John Behee, Tri-State University Mary Lou Remley, Indiana University Richard Swanson, San Francisco State University INTERSCHOLASTIC SPORT ix THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS ATHLETIC LEAGUE OFNEW YORK CITY: ORGANIZED ATHLETICS FOR CITY SCHOOLCHILDREN,1903-1914* J. Thomas Jable William Paterson College ' Wayne, New Jersey I counted the other day the little ones, up to ten years or so, in a Bayard Street tenement/which/ for a yard has a triangular space in the center with sidesfourteen or fifteen feet long, just enough room for a row of ill-smelling closets atthe base of the triangle and a hydrant at the apex. There was about as much light in this yard as in the average cellar. I gave up my self-imposed task in despair when I counted one hundred and twenty-eight/children/ in forty families. (1) Given idleness and the street, and he/gm York City's youtti7 will grow without other encouragement than anoccasional "fanning" of a policeman's club. And the street has to do for a playground. There is not other.... Year by year the boys growbolder in their raids on property Stoops, wagons, and in one place ashdW-case, containing property worth many hundreds of dollars, werefed to the flames. It has happened that an entire frame househas been carried off piecemeal, and burned up The germ of the laalis_ that terrorize whole sections of the city at intervals, and feed our courtsand jails...may without much difficulty be discovered inthese early and rather grotesque struggles of the boys with thepolice. (2) /emphasis supplied7 Jacob Riis, social critic and reformer, used theabove passages to describe the plight of New York City's youth during the Progessive era. (3) Amid this . unhealthy atmosphere in America's largest, and perhaps greatest,city emerged the Public Schools Athletic League. Its emergence was triggered by two main forces. One was the horrid living conditions createdby the rapid and amorphous growth of the industrial city which packed millions of peopleinto squalid and dreadful tenement buildings, so well publicized by JacobRiis and other heralds of reform. The other was the new "scientific" developmentsoccurring within the field of education. Two avant-garde educators, William James and G.Stanley Hall, adopting principles of the "new psychology," advocated a revisedcurriculum with the child as its focus. In the child-centered curriculum, play, theycontended, is a great facilitator of learning. Their ideas came to fruition in the Progressive education movement when John Dewey molded them with his ownphilosophy and applied The writer expresses gratitude to John C. Glading,assistant director of the Center for Health and Physical Education incharge of the Public Schools Athletic League of New York City, and to James MacKay,coordinator of the Center for Health and Physical Education, New YorkCity Public Schools, for their assistance and cooperation in providing most ofthe materials for this paper. -1- them in educational settings. It was but a logical step for progressivephysical educators to apply the principles of the "newpsychology" to their discipline. When Thomas Wood, Clark Hetherington and LutherHalsey Gulick, the leading physical educators at the turn of the century, calledfor the replacement of formal gymnastics and calisthenics in the curziculumwith play, sports and games, they ushered in the "new physical education." (4) Taking their cues from these progressive educators andsocial critics, New York teachers and enlightened civic leaders pooled theirefforts and resources to organize.and conduct athletics on agrand scale under the aegis of the Pdblic Schools Athletic League. Through athletics, these concerned educatorsand citizens hoped to provide enjoyable experiences forschoolchildren and at the same time keep them out of trouble. The purpose of this study is to examine the origin,growth, influence and contributions of the Public Schools Athletic League of NewYork City (PSAL) from its inception in 1903 until 1914 when it became anofficial branch of the Board of Education. More specifically, this study will explore themotives and rationale of its founders, particularly those of Dr.Luther Halsey Gulick, the physical educator most involved in its formation. Luther Halsey Gulick's Philosophy of Educationand Athletics Early in 1903 the New York City Public Schoolsappointed Dr. Luther Halsey Gulick as the director of physical training.(5) His philosophy of education and athletics contributed greatly to the