REFERENCES & APPENDICES 46 Nature in Carmarthenshire

PART 4 References & Appendices

May 2020

[email protected] | www.carmarthenshire.gov.wales/biodiversity 47 REFERENCES & APPENDICES

4.1 References

1. Wales Nature Recovery Action Plan. 15. Welsh Action Plan for Pollinators. https://bit.ly/2XXePJi https://bit.ly/2x0Lm6a

2. South West Wales Area Statement. 16. CCC website. https://bit.ly/3eIuzpB https://bit.ly/2Y5kEnU

3. Carmarthenshire County Council – Well‐being 17. IPBES Global Assessment Report on biodiversity and Objectives 2017/18. ecosystem services. https://bit.ly/2XXr48P https://www.ipbes.net/

4. Priority Habitats in Carmarthenshire. 18. State of Nature Report 2019 . https://bit.ly/2S2qXF5 https://bit.ly/2x29yFp

5. Hedgerows in Carmarthenshire. 19. State of Natural Resources Report 2016. https://bit.ly/2VS0taA https://bit.ly/2x4BdWc

6. Priority Species in Carmarthenshire. 20. State of Natural Resources Report 2016. Chapter 2. https://bit.ly/3axsc5I Understanding the drivers of change. https://bit.ly/3eCSK8K 7. Designated sites in Carmarthenshire. https://bit.ly/3axJJdM 21. Recorded changes in the Climate of Wales. https://bit.ly/2KuiOoF 8. Priority Habitats of Wales – a technical guide. 2003. Edited by P.S. Jones, D.P. Stevens, T.H. Blackstock, C.R. 22. Biodiversity Climate Change Impacts 2015. Burrows & E.A. Howe. Countryside Council for Wales. https://bit.ly/3eJ0F4l

9. Butterfly Conservation/NRW report ‐ report. The 23. Impacts of Agricultural Change on Farmland. Status of the Marsh Fritillary in Wales: 2018. https://bit.ly/3cHfHpK https://bit.ly/3cKzJzD 24. Welsh Government declares a climate emergency. 9A Pant‐y‐llyn turlough. https://bit.ly/2RXYwZ6 https://bit.ly/3cJwsAG 25. Carmarthenshire County Council declares a climate 10. NRW Report on the status and distribution of the emergency. Strandline Beetle. https://bit.ly/2VtrlPa https://bit.ly/2x0pisk 26. JNCC – Biodiversity and Climate Change 11. Carmarthenshire Bogs Project. http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page‐5145 https://bit.ly/2Y0CM2m 27. England Biodiversity Strategy. Climate Change 12. Wales Biodiversity Partnership ‐ INNS: Adaptation Principles ‐ Conserving biodiversity in a https://bit.ly/2xJUVXI changing climate. https://bit.ly/2zozoEk 13. Guardian newspaper article 12 March 2018 ‘What is biodiversity and why does it matter to us?: 28. State of Nature in Wales Report 2019. https://bit.ly/3eMjq6W https://nbn.org.uk/stateofnature2019/

14. Biodiversity pages on Carmarthenshire County Council 29. Mid Wales Red Squirrel Partnership. website. https://midwalesredsquirrels.org/about‐us/ https://bit.ly/2x0rJes

REFERENCES & APPENDICES 48

30. Caeau Mynydd Mawr Marsh Fritillary Project. https://bit.ly/2XZBu7Y

31. Carmarthenshire County Council Forward Plan 2017. https://bit.ly/3araf8F

32. Wales Biodiversity Partnership. https://www.biodiversitywales.org.uk/

33. Convention on Biological Diversity. https://bit.ly/2S0BGA6

34. Towards living in harmony with nature by 2050. https://bit.ly/2KtcZb6

35. Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011‐20, including the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. https://www.cbd.int/sp/

36. State of Nature in Wales. https://bit.ly/2XWqpEr 49 REFERENCES & APPENDICES

Appendix 1 ‐ Summary of Policy and Legislation

Well‐being of Future puts in place the legislation needed resources at a national and local level Generations (Wales) Act 2015 to plan and manage Wales’ natural with a general purpose linked to the The Well‐being of Future Generations resources in a more proactive, principles of Sustainable (Wales) Act 2015 is concerned with sustainable and joined‐up way. Management of Natural Resources improving the social, economic, (SMNR): ‘using natural resources* in environmental and cultural well‐being Part 1 (there are six other parts) a way, and at a rate, that maintains of Wales. The Act places a duty on focuses on the sustainable and enhances the resilience of public bodies listed in the Act to carry management of natural resources ecosystems and the benefits they out sustainable development. In (SMNR) approach and the associated provide.’ order to do this public bodies are enhanced biodiversity and ecosystem required to work towards the resilience duty. Section 4 of the Environment Act following seven well‐being goals: introduces nine principles to help • A globally responsible Wales (i) Biodiversity and Resilience of guide and underpin the way SMNR • A prosperous Wales Ecosystems Duty should be interpreted to ensure a • A resilient Wales, referring in Section 6 under Part 1 of the consistent approach for SMNR across particular to ecological resilience Environment (Wales) Act 2016 Wales: • A healthier Wales introduced an enhanced biodiversity • Adaptable – a need to plan, • A more equal Wales and resilience of ecosystems duty monitor, review and change future • A Wales of cohesive communities (Section 6 Duty) for public bodies. work in light of new evidence and • A Wales of vibrant culture and The duty requires that public bodies understanding; thriving Welsh language must seek to maintain and enhance • Scale – decisions and actions will biodiversity so far as consistent with need to be taken at national, All public bodies listed in the Act the proper exercise of their functions regional or local levels to deliver must set up and publish well‐being and in doing so promote the the best outcomes; objectives with an accompanying resilience of ecosystems. This is a • Working together – everyone in statement and take all reasonable profound shift that considers not only Wales is a stakeholder in the steps to meet those objectives. The species and habitats but how natural environment and hence, to Act has also established Public ecosystems function. It reinforces the ensure best management of natural Services Boards (PSBs) for each local message that helping nature to thrive resources, all views need to be authority area in Wales. Their role is will require concerted action by a considered; to improve the economic, social, range of organisations in Wales, • Engaging with the public – ensure environmental and cultural well‐being including Welsh Government, Natural that the public has opportunity to in its area by strengthening joint Resources Wales and other give its opinion on how natural working across all public services in government agencies, as well as resources are managed, at all Wales. This legislation applies to regulated businesses. stages of the decision‐making several members of the process; Carmarthenshire Local Nature (ii) Sustainable Management of • Evidence – an improved evidence Partnership, but not all of them. Natural Resources (SMNR) base is needed to understand However, the principles of the Act, Framework Wales’ natural resources to allow apply to all that we are trying to http://www.assembly.wales/ for better management; achieve through a local plan for research%20documents/19‐002%20‐ • Understanding all of the benefits action. %20smnr/19‐002%20‐%20web%20‐% received from natural resources – 20english.pdf the whole of Wales needs to Environment (Wales) Act 2016 understand the economic, social, The Environment (Wales) Act 2016 This sets out Wales' approach to cultural and environmental value of planning and managing natural natural resources, including how

[*‘includes (but not limited to) – animals, plants and other organisms; air, water and soil; minerals; geological features and processes; physiographical features; climatic features and processes.’] REFERENCES & APPENDICES 50

they can benefit future generations; The focus of the NRP is the sustainable Area Statements will translate the high • Long term – impacts of decisions management of Wales’ natural level strategic priorities while taking need to be considered not only in resources, to maximise their account of local need, opportunities the short term but also in the long contribution to achieving goals within and pressures. An area profile will term; the Well‐being of Future Generations identify potential opportunities and • Prevention – take steps to prevent Act. The policy sets out the following priorities at a local level and possible damage to Welsh ecosystems; and three National Priorities: collaboration opportunities for • Resilience – to be able to deal with • delivering nature‐based solutions, different bodies to work. increased demands and pressures, • increasing renewable energy and such as climate change, Welsh resource efficiency, NRW have identified health ecosystems need to be healthy. • taking a place‐based approach. inequalities, rural land management, Decisions need to be considered in declining biodiversity and a changing terms of providing long term Part 3: Area Statements climate as the issues of particular benefits. https://naturalresources.wales/ concern in the south west area. about‐us/area‐statements/?lang=en There are three main components to Carmarthenshire is within the South the associated SMNR framework: The Environment (Wales) Act 2016 West Wales Area Statement along with made it a duty for Natural Resources Pembrokeshire, Swansea and Neath Part 1: The State of Natural Resources Wales to produce Area statements. Port Talbot. Any plan for biodiversity Report (SoNaRR) 2016 action for Carmarthenshire should https://naturalresources.wales/eviden Area statements will help coordinate inform and be informed by the local ce‐and‐data/research‐and‐reports/ NRW’s work and the work of others, to Area Statement. the‐state‐of‐natural‐resources‐report‐ build the resilience of our ecosystems assessment‐of‐the‐sustainable‐manage and enhance the benefits they provide ment‐of‐natural‐resources/?lang=en us.

The Report (produced by Natural They will bring together data, Resources Wales, NRW) sets out the information and ways of engaging Area Statements in Wales: state of Wales’ natural resources. It others to help better understand the assesses the extent to which natural state and trends of natural resources in Ardal Morol resources in Wales are being an area, the pressures on them and Marine Area sustainably managed, and their benefits. recommends a proactive approach to building resilience. For the first time Area Statements will set out evidence GogleddGogledd DdwyrainDdwyrain NorthNorth EastEast the Report links the resilience of Welsh on the natural resources in a place, the GogleddGogledd OrllewinOrllewin NorthNorth WestWest natural resources to the well‐being of benefits they can provide, and from the people of Wales. this, identify the opportunities for Ardal Morol implementing the Natural Resources Marine Area Part 2: WG Natural Resources Policy Policy, so they can continue to deliver (NRP) 2017 benefits now and in the future. https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/ CanolbarthCanolbarth publications/2019‐06/ They are an opportunity to MidMid natural‐resources‐policy.pdf rethink the way we manage and use our Produced by Welsh Government, it natural resources, DDee GorllewinGorllewin SouthSouth WestWest sets out the priorities, risks and and collaboratively Ardal Morol Marine Area DeDe DdwyrainDdwyrain opportunities for managing natural design new SouthSouth EastEast resources sustainably. The Policy takes solutions to the big DeDe CCanoliganolig into account the findings of the State societal and environmental SouthSouth CentralCentral of Natural Resources Report. challenges we face.

51 REFERENCES & APPENDICES

Appendix 2 ‐ Section 7 priority habitats and species recorded in Carmarthenshire BROAD HABITAT PRIORITY HABITAT • Coastal vegetated shingle • Coastal saltmarsh Coastal • Coastal sand dunes • Maritime cliff and slope • Open mosaic habitats on previously developed land (brownfield) Brownfield, Gardens and Urban open spaces • Gardens and allotments • Urban open space • Hedgerows Farmland habitats • Arable field margins • Traditional orchards • Rivers • Oligotrophic and dystrophic lakes Freshwater habitats • Mesotrophic lakes • Aquifer‐fed naturally fluctuating water bodies • Ponds • Lowland heathland • Lowland meadows • Purple moor‐grass and rush pasture Lowland grassland and heathland • Lowland dry acid grassland • Roadside verges* • Church and chapel burial grounds and cemeteries*

• Upland heathland • Blanket bog Uplands • Inland rock outcrop and scree habitats • Upland flushes, fens and swamps • Lowland raised bog Wetlands • Coastal and floodplain grazing marsh • Reedbeds • Wood‐pasture and parkland • Upland oakwood Woodlands • Upland mixed ash woodland • Wet woodland • Lowland mixed deciduous woodlands • Intertidal mudflats • Seagrass beds • Coastal saltmarsh • Peat and clay exposures Marine • Subtidal sands and gravels • Saline lagoons • Blue mussel beds? • Intertidal boulder communities? • Sheltered muddy gravels?

* Local priority habitat REFERENCES & APPENDICES 52

Section 7 species in Carmarthenshire NB. This is a list based upon species records for Carmarthenshire (post 1990) cross‐referenced to the Section 7 list. Absence of records does not necessarily indicate absence of the species in the county (It was produced with the help of the West Wales Biodiversity Information Centre and local county recorders). Full lists of species and habitats listed under S7 of the Environment (Wales) Act (2016) can be accessed here: https://www.biodiversitywales.org.uk/Environment‐Wales‐Bill

Amphibian Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca Common Toad Bufo bufo Reed Bunting Emberiza schoeniclus Birds Ring Ouzel Turdus torquatus Bar‐tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula Bewick's Swan Cygnus columbianus Roseate Tern Sterna dougallii Bittern Botaurus stellaris Skylark Alauda arvensis Chroicocephalus Black‐headed Gull Song Thrush Turdus philomelos ridibundus Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata Bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula Starling Sturnus vulgaris Chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis Common Scoter Melanitta nigra Tree Sparrow Passer montanus Cuckoo Cuculus canorus Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur Curlew Numenius arquata Willow Tit Poecile montana Branta bernicla subsp. Dark‐bellied Brent Goose Wood Warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix bernicla Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava Dunnock Prunella modularis Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria Grasshopper Warbler Locustella naevia Barn owl* Tyto alba Little‐ringed plover* Charadrius dubius Coccothraustes Hawfinch coccothraustes Plants Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus Annual Knawel Scleranthus annuus Herring Gull Larus argentatus Bastard Balm Melittis melissophyllum House Sparrow Passer domesticus Deptford Pink Dianthus armeria Kestrel Falco tinnunculus Gentianella amarella ssp. Dune Gentian Lapwing Vanellus vanellus occidentalis (uliginosa) Lesser Redpoll Carduelis cabaret Eyebright Euphrasia rivularis Lesser Spotted Frog Orchid Coeloglossum viride Dendrocopos minor Woodpecker Globeflower Trollius europaeus Linnet Linaria cannabina Heath Fragrant‐orchid Gymnadenia borealis Marsh Tit Poecile palustris Lesser Butterfly‐orchid Platanthera bifolia Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus * Local priority species 53 REFERENCES & APPENDICES

Marsh Fragrant‐orchid Gymnadenia densiflora Wall Lasiommata megera Pennyroyal Mentha pulegium White‐letter Hairstreak Satyrium w‐album Prickly Saltwort Salsola kali subsp. kali Insect ‐ hymenopteran Sea Stock Matthiola sinuata Brown‐banded Carder‐bee Bombus humilis Small‐flowered Catchfly Silene gallica Long‐horned bee Eucera longicornis Stag's‐horn Clubmoss Lycopodium clavatum Moss Carder‐bee Bombus muscorum Tubular Water‐dropwort Oenanthe fistulosa Red‐shanked Carder‐bee Bombus ruderarius Wood Bitter‐vetch Vicia orobus Ruby‐tailed wasp Chrysis fulgida Yellow Bird's‐nest Monotropa hypopitys Shrill Carder‐bee Bombus sylvarum Fungus Insect ‐ mayfly (Ephemeroptera) Golden Gilled Bolete Phylloporus pelletieri Iron Blue Baetis niger Hazel Gloves Hypocreopsis rhododendri Insect ‐ moth Marram Oyster Hohenbuehelia culmicola Anomalous Stilbia anomala Marsh Honey Fungus Armillaria ectypa August Thorn Ennomos quercinaria Autumnal Rustic Eugnorisma glareosa Olive Earth Tongue Microglossum olivaceum Beaded Chestnut Agrochola lychnidis Violet Coral fungus Clavaria zollingeri Blood‐Vein Timandra comae Woolly tooth Phellodon tomentosus Brindled Beauty Lycia hirtaria Insect ‐ beetle (Coleoptera) Broom Moth Ceramica pisi Cliff Tiger Beetle Cylindera germanica Brown‐spot Pinion Agrochola litura Crucifix Ground Beetle Panagaeus cruxmajor Buff Ermine Spilosoma lutea Minutest Diving Beetle Bidessus minutissimus Centre‐barred Sallow Atethmia centrago Newbery's Rove Beetle Thinobius newberyi Cinnabar Tyria jacobaeae Oxbow Diving Beetle Hydroporus rufifrons Crescent Celaena leucostigma Scarce Four‐dot Pin‐palp Bembidion Dark Brocade Mniotype adusta Violet Oil‐beetle Meloe violaceus Dark Spinach Pelurga comitata Strandline beetle* Eurynebria complanata Dark‐barred Twin‐spot Xanthorhoe ferrugata Insect ‐ butterfly Carpet Brown Hairstreak Thecla betulae Dot Moth Melanchra persicariae Dingy Skipper Erynnis tages Double Dart Graphiphora augur Grayling Hipparchia semele Dusky Brocade Apamea remissa Grizzled Skipper Pyrgus malvae Dusky Thorn Ennomos fuscantaria Marsh Fritillary Euphydryas aurinia Ear Moth Amphipoea oculea Small Blue Cupido minimus Feathered Gothic Tholera decimalis Small Heath Coenonympha pamphilus Flounced Chestnut Agrochola helvola Small Pearl‐bordered Boloria selene Forester Adscita statices REFERENCES & APPENDICES 54

Galium Carpet Epirrhoe galiata Streak Chesias legatella Garden Tiger Arctia caja V‐moth Macaria wauaria Ghost Moth Hepialus humuli White Ermine Spilosoma lubricipeda Grass Rivulet Perizoma albulata White‐spotted Sable Anania funebris Green‐brindled Crescent Allophyes oxyacanthae Insect ‐ true fly (Diptera) Grey Dagger Acronicta psi Hornet Robberfly Asilus crabroniformis Grey Mountain Carpet Entephria caesiata Northern Silver‐stiletto fly Spiriverpa lunulata Heath Rustic Xestia agathina Southern Yellow Splinter Lipsothrix nervosa Hedge Rustic Tholera cespitis Spider (Araneae) Knot Grass Acronicta rumicis Silky Gallows‐spider Phycosoma inornatum Lackey Malacosoma neustria Lichen Large Wainscot Rhizedra lutosa Bacidia incompta Bacidia incompta Latticed Heath Chiasmia clathrata Buellia hyperbolica Buellia hyperbolica Minor Shoulder‐knot Brachylomia viminalis Caloplaca herbidella Caloplaca herbidella Mottled Rustic Caradrina morpheus Collema fragile Collema fragile Mouse Moth Amphipyra tragopoginis Collema fragrans Collema fragrans Mullein Wave Scopula marginepunctata Graphina pauciloculata Graphina pauciloculata Narrow‐bordered Bee Lecanographa amylacea Lecanographa amylacea Hemaris tityus Hawk‐moth Lecanora sublivescens Lecanora sublivescens Neglected Rustic Xestia castanea Lobarian assemblages Lobaria Oak Hook‐tip Watsonalla binaria Metallophyte assemblages Oak Lutestring Cymatophorina diluta Parmelinopsis horrescens Parmelinopsis horrescens Oblique Carpet Orthonama vittata Rinodina isidioides Rinodina isidioides Pale Eggar Trichiura crataegi Schismatomma Speckled script‐lichen Powdered Quaker Orthosia gracilis graphidioides Pretty Chalk Carpet Melanthia procellata Usnea articulata Usnea articulata Rosy Minor Litoligia literosa Witches' Whiskers Lichen Usnea florida Rosy Rustic Hydraecia micacea Liverwort Rustic Hoplodrina blanda Petalwort Petalophyllum ralfsii Sallow Cirrhia icteritia Veilwort Pallavicinia lyellii September Thorn Ennomos erosaria Marine mammal Shaded Broad‐bar Scotopteryx chenopodiata Bottle‐Nosed Dolphin Tursiops truncatus Shoulder‐striped Wainscot Leucania comma Small Phoenix Ecliptopera silaceata Common Dolphin Delphinus delphis Small Square‐spot Diarsia rubi Harbour Porpoise Phocoena phocoena Sprawler Asteroscopus sphinx Risso`s dolphin Grampus griseus 55 REFERENCES & APPENDICES

Globicephala melas Pipistrelle Pipistrellus pipistrellus Long‐finned pilot whale (melaena) Polecat Mustela putorius Mollusc Soprano Pipistrelle Pipistrellus pygmaeus Margaritifera West European Hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus Freshwater Pearl Mussel margaritifera Western Barbastelle Barbastella barbastellus Narrow‐mouthed Whorl Vertigo angustior Fish Snail Allis Shad Alosa alosa Moss (Bryophytes) Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar Awl‐leaved Ditrichum Ditrichum subulatum Brown/Sea Trout Salmo trutta Baltic Bryum Bryum marratii European Eel Anguilla anguilla Irish Daltonia Daltonia splachnoides River Lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis Lead‐moss Ditrichum plumbicola Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus Lesser Squirrel‐tail Moss Habrodon perpusillus Marine species Multi‐fruited river moss Cryphaea lamyana Basking shark? Cetorhinus maximus Portuguese Pocket‐moss Fissidens curvatus Cod Gadus morhua Spreading‐leaved Weissia squarrosa European Hake Merluccius merluccius Beardless‐moss Fan Mussel Atrina fragilis Tongue‐leaf Copper‐moss Scopelophila cataractae Herring Clupea harengus Reptile Horse Mackerel Trachurus trachurus Adder Vipera berus Leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea Common Lizard Zootoca vivipara Lesser sandeel Ammodytes marinus Grass Snake Natrix natrix Ling Molva molva Slow‐worm Anguis fragilis Loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta Terrestrial mammal Mackerel Scomber scombrus Brown Hare Lepus europaeus Plaice Pleuronectes platessa Brown Long‐eared Bat Plecotus auritus Porbeagle shark Lamna nasus Eurasian Red Squirrel Sciurus vulgaris Sea monkfish Lophius piscatorius European Otter Lutra lutra Tope shark Galeorhinus galeus European Water Vole Arvicola amphibius Whiting Merlangius merlangus Rhinolophus Greater Horseshoe Bat ferrumequinum Harvest Mouse Micromys minutus Hazel Dormouse Muscardinus avellanarius Lesser Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus hipposideros Noctule Bat Nyctalus noctula Pine Marten Martes martes REFERENCES & APPENDICES 56

Appendix 3 ‐ Partner projects (2020)

Project Funder Lead Organisation Habitat / Species Focus

Millennium DC/WW Improve sustainable habitat management. Wetlands Biodiversity Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust INNS control ‐ Crassula helmsii using microscopic Biodiversity Fund mite called Acculus Crassulae Project

Connecting the Amphibian and Reptile Restoring reptile and amphibianpopulations HLF Dragons: Conservation Trust) and habitats in South Wales

Healthy Reds HLF WTSWW Red squirrels in mid Wales

Snowdonia NPA Celtic Rainforests EU LIFE fund. (RSPB and NT in Upland oak woodlands. Project Carmarthenshire)

Dynamic EU LIFE and Plantlife, NRW Sand dunes including Carmarthen Bay dunes Dunescapes HLF funding

Sands of LIFE EU LIFE NRW Sand dunes ‐ includes Carmarthen Bay dunes project funding

New LIFE for EU LIFE Lowland raised bogs Welsh Raised NRW funding Carmel NNR in Carmarthenshire. Bogs

WG Welsh Peatland Sustainable Lowland raised bogs Sustainable Management Snowdonia NPA Llyn Llech Owain country park/Carms Bogs Management Scheme (EU Project Scheme funding) WG Sustainable Local LAND Local improving habitat management and Management Talley Community Association project biodiversity Scheme (EU funding)

Working together to WG/EU Butterfly Conservation Marsh fritillary butterfly and marshy grassland create resilient funded rhôs pastures

Green Health WG/EU Partnership project to investigate greenspace‘ and Access West Smallwoods Association funded provision Wales 57 REFERENCES & APPENDICES

Project Funder Lead Organisation Habitat / Species Focus

Magnificent WG/Plantlife/ Partnership and community engagement Meadows/Gweir Plantlife Cymru NT funded project to restore meadows gloddiau Gwych Voice of the Forging new links between woodland groups Woodlands/Llais WG/EU funded Llais y Goedwig and landowners in public and private sectors y Goedwig across Wales whilst consolidating existing links

Local Nature Partnership project which aims to make a long‐ Partnerships WG/EU funded WCVA term, sustainable difference to nature recovery Cymru through co‐ordinated and collaborative action

This aims to develop new projects and Pollinators and partnerships to deliver two strategic themes in WG/EU funded Buglife Cymru Freshwaters Wales: pollinators and freshwater invertebrates

A project to establish and develop a partnership Back from the led by Plantlife on behalf of a WG/EU funded project to recover a number of threatened Brink Cymru partnership of species NGOs species across Wales.

Wales Resilient Looking at the management of Invasive Non‐ Ecological WG/EU funded WTSWW Native Species across Wales Network

Pan‐Wales project using public engagement to help people connect to their natural Biophilic Wales WG/EU funded NBGW environment, improving ‘green infrastructure’ where people can benefit from it most. Connecting Partnership project to deliver ‘green Green led by NPT but includes CCS WG/EU funded infrastructure’ for the benefit of local Infrastructure – and CCC and Cwmaman communities and their natural environment South West

pan Wales project to look at local environmental Caru Cymru WG/EU funded KWT quality, engaging local people to enhance their local environment and help wildlife

WG/EU and The Great Landfill Tax Meadow, includes improved management of its 9 acres funded Tywi Gateway Trust Bishop’s Park, of Tywi valley floodplain meadow habitat Landfill Tax Abergwili funding

To enhance and make more resilient Carmel Conserving National Nature Reserve. To improve habitat Carmel’s WTSWW condition, enabling wildlife communities to Communities thrive, whilst allowing local communities opportunities for enjoyment and participation GLOSSARY 58

Glossary Abundance: Number of individuals in a given area. Habitat connectivity: How patches of habitat are linked together to form a connected habitat network that allows Biodiversity: The variety of life found on Earth. It includes the movement of species. all species of plants and animals, their abundance and genetic diversity. Habitat fragmentation: Habitats are separated into smaller patches as a result of land use change and Distribution: Geographic area where individuals of a development. species occur. Intrinsic value: Value of natural resources e.g. ecosystems, Ecosystem: A functioning unit made up of our living habitats and species, for their own sake. organisms (plants, animals and micro‐organisms) in conjunction with their non‐living environment (air, water, Invasive Non‐native Species (INNS): An organism (plant, minerals and soil) and all the diverse and complex animal, fungus, or bacterium) that is not native and has interactions that take place between them. They can negative effects on our economy, environment, or health. function at many different scales. Natural resources: All living organisms (excluding people) Ecosystem services/benefits: The benefits that people and the non‐living components and materials of the obtain from ecosystems. They can be divided into 4 natural environment; our geological resources, air, water, categories: soil, tide, wind and solar. • Supporting services necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services, such as soil formation, Nature: Our species and their habitats, its variety and nutrients cycling and primary production. abundance. • Provisioning services such as crops; fish; timber and genetic material. Nature‐based solutions: solutions that are inspired or • Regulating services such as water purification; flood supported by nature, which are cost‐effective, control; carbon sequestration and pollination. simultaneously provide environmental, social and • Cultural services providing a source of aesthetic, economic benefits and help build resilience. spiritual, religious, recreational or scientific enrichment. Population: Group of interacting individuals of the same Genetic material: Any material of plant, animal, microbial species living in a particular area. or other origin containing functional units of heredity. Resilient ecosystem/ecosystem resilience: An ecosystem Genetic diversity: The variety of genetic material within a that is healthy and functions in a way that is able to species. Greater genetic diversity allows a species to be address pressures and demands placed on it, and is able more adaptable to environmental change and therefore to deliver benefits over the long term to meet current have a greater chance of survival. social, economic and environmental needs. There are four attributes of resilience: increasing diversity; increasing Green infrastructure: A network of green space in both ecosystem extent through reducing fragmentation; urban and rural areas such as private gardens, allotments, increasing connectivity within and between ecosystems; street trees, road verges and hedgerows that provide improved condition. Biodiversity underpins this resilience. ecosystem benefits and contribute to the well‐being of people. Species: A group of organisms that can successfully breed with each other producing healthy offspring which are Habitat: The place or type of site where an organism or capable of interbreeding. population naturally occurs.

[email protected] | www.carmarthenshire.gov.wales/biodiversity