NPS Form 10-900-b OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form This form is used for documenting property groups relating to one or several historic contexts. See instructions in National Register Bulletin How to Complete the Multiple Property Documentation Form (formerly 16B). Complete each item by entering the requested information. ___X____ New Submission ________ Amended Submission A. Name of Multiple Property Listing Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in California, 1850-1970 B. Associated Historic Contexts Migration and Community Formation Community Serving Organizations Religion and Spiritualty C. Form Prepared by: name/title: Page & Turnbull: Flora Chou, Senior Associate; Deepeaka Dhaliwal, Cultural Resources Planner; with Donna Graves, Public Historian street & number: 417 South Hill Street, Suite 211 city or town: Los Angeles state: CA zip code: 90013 e-mail: [email protected] telephone: (213) 221-1202 date: May 2019; Revised August 2019 Appendix OHP Staff, October 2019 D. Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this documentation form meets the National Register documentation standards and sets forth requirements for the listing of related properties consistent with the National Register criteria. This submission meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR 60 and the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation. _______________________________ ______________________ _________________________ Signature of certifying official Title Date _____________________________________ State or Federal Agency or Tribal government I hereby certify that this multiple property documentation form has been approved by the National Register as a basis for evaluating related properties for listing in the National Register. ________________________________ __________________________________ Signature of the Keeper Date of Action NPS Form 10-900-b OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service Table of Contents Page Numbers E. Statement of Historic Contexts Preface 3 Terms and Definitions 4 Migration and Community Formation 11 Native Hawaiian, 1850 (1847) 14 Chinese American, 1850 (1849) 20 Japanese American, 1869 32 Korean American, 1882 42 Filipina/o American, 1898 57 Chamorro, 1898 69 South Asian American, 1899 71 Samoan, 1899 79 Community Serving Organizations 83 Native Hawaiian 84 Chinese American 85 Japanese American 87 Korean American 90 Filipina/o American 92 Chamorro 97 South Asian American 98 Samoan 100 Religion and Spirituality 101 Native Hawaiian 102 Chinese American 102 Japanese American 108 Korean American 111 Filipina/o American 116 Chamorro 119 South Asian American 120 Samoan 124 F. Associated Property Types 127 G. Geographical Data 144 H. Summary of Identification and Evaluation Methods 145 Advisory Committee and Project Participants 148 I. Major Bibliographical References 149 Appendix A: Potentially Eligible Properties 189 Appendix B: Guide to Using the Multiple Property Documentation Form 202 NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Control No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior Multiple Counties, CaliforniaPut Here National Park Service County and State Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in National Register of Historic Places California, 1850-1970 Continuation Sheet Name of multiple listing (if applicable) Section number E Page 3 E. STATEMENT OF HISTORIC CONTEXTS Preface This Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in California Multiple Property Documentation Form (MPDF) is the first step in establishing the framework to identify and designate places in California associated with Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) communities. It compliments and builds upon the national theme study, Finding A Path Forward: Asian American Pacific Islander National Historic Landmarks Theme Study produced by the National Park Service.1 Even before California became a state in 1850, people from Asia and the Pacific Islands have been instrumental in its physical, social, economic, political, and cultural growth and transformation. Their contributions shaped the history of California, from gold mining and railroad building, to agriculture, urban development, and beyond. The story of Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) communities is the story of California, including the racial discrimination they encountered. Repeatedly scapegoated for social and economic ills, AAPI communities endured legal and de facto segregation, and exclusion from land ownership, voting, and other aspects of citizenship. The hostility toward Chinese immigrants ultimately led to the first federal restrictions on immigration in the late nineteenth century. Because the history and experiences of the AAPI communities in California are so varied and wide- ranging, this MPDF does not attempt to be comprehensive. Its initial focus is on those groups who had a significant presence in the state before additional federal laws and policies virtually halted migration from Asia in the 1920s and 1930s. These pioneering groups hailed in successive waves primarily from China, Japan, Korea, the Philippines, and the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent. For the Pacific Islanders, the ones discussed in this MPDF—Native Hawaiians, Chamorros from Guam in the Mariana Islands, and Samoans from American Samoa—came, like the Filipina/os, from territories controlled by the United States and were not considered immigrants subject to the restrictive laws. The experiences of these communities are unique to each group, though they also share many commonalities. The MPDF is organized by themes as a way to examine those common elements. Typically, a summary at the beginning of each context offers some general overview. The specific experiences of each community are then discussed in greater detail. Given the number of AAPI communities examined in this MPDF, the themes so far focus on their migration and community formation, community serving organizations, and religion and spirituality. Many more themes can and should be examined in the future. The lifting of national-origins quota limits in 1965 opened the doors to new immigration from Asia and the Pacific Islands. This brought many more ethnic groups, nationalities, and greater diversity among 1 The “Asians Americans and Pacific Islanders” term used in this document is based on the national theme study, as is geographic definition of Asia and the Pacific Islands. See the Terms and Definitions section for more information. NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Control No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior Multiple Counties, CaliforniaPut Here National Park Service County and State Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in National Register of Historic Places California, 1850-1970 Continuation Sheet Name of multiple listing (if applicable) Section number E Page 4 those who migrated to the United States. The 1960s was also when a growing Asian American movement started to embrace the term “Asian American” as a political identity. The experiences and contributions of the post-1965 AAPI immigrant groups deserve examination, and it is expected that their histories will be added to this MPDF over time. Future amendments to the MPDF may also include and are not limited to further contexts, later periods of significance, and additional geographic concentrations for the groups documented to date. Terms and Definitions General terms used throughout are discussed below. Terms and explanation specific to each community are provided for reference. The terms and definitions provided for each community are not comprehensive and only include the terms relevant to the statement of historic contexts. General This document uses the term “Asian” to refer to persons of Asian descent, rather than “Oriental” as was more commonly used in the early to mid-twentieth century. The geographic area considered to be Asia and the Pacific Islands is based on that defined by the National Park Service in the Finding a Path Forward: Asian American Pacific Islander National Historic Landmarks Theme Study: The region of interest in this theme study is usually defined by China to the north and Indonesia to the south, and incorporating Afghanistan and Pakistan to Japan and the Philippines. The South China Sea, the Philippine Sea, and the Indian Ocean, in addition to the mighty Pacific Ocean, are major bodies of water in this region.2 Similarly, the term Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) is the same one used by the theme study. As explained in the document: In this Theme Study we refer to the people from these diverse and geographically far-flung cultures as “Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders”—AAPI, in short. Because they share a sense of community in the United States, they often unite for political or cultural reasons under various umbrella terms, sometimes as “Asian Pacific Americans” (APA), “Asian American and Pacific Americans” (AAPA), or simply “Asian Pacific Americans” (APA). While the two groups were once unified for census purposes, they are now disaggregated. There is no common agreement that one designation is more accurate than others; we selected AAPI as a convenient acronym, but we do not consider it superior to others.3 2 Franklin Odo, “Asian Americans and Pacific Islander Americans Revisited: An introduction to the National