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Länderreport 36 China (Stand: 05/2021) Länderreport 36 China Situation der Tibeterinnen und Tibeter Stand: 05/2021 Asyl und Flüchtlingsschutz Länderanalysen Länderreport China Urheberrechtsklausel Dieses Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung, die nicht ausdrücklich vom Urheberrecht zugelassen ist, bedarf der vorherigen Zustimmung des Bundesamtes für Migration und Flüchtlinge. Dies gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Bearbeitungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. Auszugsweiser Nachdruck und Vervielfältigung auch für innerbetriebliche Zwecke ist nur mit Quellenangabe und vorheriger Genehmigung des Bundesamtes gestattet. Die Inhalte dürfen ohne gesonderte Einwilligung lediglich für den privaten, nicht kommerziellen Gebrauch sowie ausschließlich amtsinternen Gebrauch abgerufen, heruntergeladen, gespeichert und ausgedruckt werden, wenn alle urheberrechtlichen und anderen geschützten Hinweise ohne Änderung beachtet werden. Copyright statement This report/information is subject to copyright rules. Any kind of use of this report/information – in whole or in part – not expressly admitted by copyright laws requires prior approval by the Federal Office of Migration and Refugees (Bundesamt). This applies in particular to the reproduction, adaptation, translating, microfilming, or uploading of the report/information in electronic retrieval systems. Reprinting and reproduction of excerpts for internal use is only permitted with reference to the source and prior consent of the Bundesamt.. Use of the report/information may be made for private, non-commercial and internal use within an organisation without permission from the Bundesamt following copyright limitations. Disclaimer Die Information wurde gemäß der EASO COI Report Methodology (2019), den gemeinsamen EU-Leitlinien für die Bearbeitung von Informationen über Herkunftsländer (2008) sowie den Qualitätsstandards des Bundesamtes für Migration und Flüchtlinge (2020) auf Grundlage sorgfältig ausgewählter und zuverlässiger Informationen innerhalb eines begrenzten Zeitrahmens erstellt. Alle zur Verfügung gestellten Informationen wurden mit größter Sorgfalt recherchiert, bewertet und aufbereitet. Alle Quellen werden genannt und nach wissenschaftlichen Standards zitiert. Die vorliegende Ausarbeitung erhebt keinen Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit. Findet ein bestimmtes Ereignis, eine bestimmte Person oder Organisation keine Erwähnung, bedeutet dies nicht, dass ein solches Ereignis nicht stattgefunden hat oder die betreffende Person oder Organisation nicht existiert. Der Bericht/die Information erlaubt keine abschließende Bewertung darüber, ob ein individueller Antrag auf Asyl-, Flüchtlings- oder subsidiären Schutz berechtigt ist. Die benutzte Terminologie sollte nicht als Hinweis auf eine bestimmte Rechtauffassung verstanden werden. Die Prüfung des Antrags auf Schutzgewährung muss durch den für die Fallbearbeitung zuständigen Mitarbeiter erfolgen. Die Veröffentlichung stellt keine politische Stellungnahme des Bundesamtes für Migration und Flüchtlinge dar. Diese Ausarbeitung ist öffentlich. Disclaimer The information was written according to the „EASO COI Report Methodology“ (2019), the „Common EU guidelines for processing factual COI“ (2012) and the quality standards of the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (Bundesamt) (2020). It was composed on the basis of carefully selected and reliable information within a limited timeframe. All information provided has been researched, evaluated and analysed with utmost care within a limited time frame. All sources used are referenced and cited according to scientific standards. This document does not pretend to be exhaustive. If a certain event, person or organization is not mentioned, this does not mean that the event has not taken place or that the person or organization does not exist. This document is not conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to international protection or asylum. Terminology used should not be regarded as indication of a particular legal position. The examination of an application for international protection has to be carried out by the responsible case worker. The information (and views) set out in this document does/do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Bundesamt and makes/make no political statement whatsoever. This document is public. Länderreport China Abstrakt Der vorliegende Bericht gibt zunächst einen Überblick über die tibetische Geschichte von den Anfängen bis ins 20. Jahrhundert, aus deren Komplexität und uneinheitlicher Bewertung der umstrittene Status Tibets resultiert. Darauf aufbauend erfolgt eine Darstellung der von Verfolgung und Menschenrechtsverletzungen geprägten Situation der Tibeterinnen und Tibeter in der Volksrepublik China und im asiatischen Exil. Abstract The present report first gives an overview of Tibetan history from its beginnings to the 20th century, the complexity and disparate interpretation of which results in the controversial status of Tibet. Based on this, the second part presents the situation of Tibetans in the People’s Republic of China and in exile in Asia, which is characterized by persecution and human rights violations. Länderreport China 1 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Demografie und Begriffsklärung .................................................................... 2 2. Der Status Tibets .............................................................................................. 3 2.1. Tibet vor 1950 ........................................................................................... 3 2.2. Die Eingliederung Tibets in die Volksrepublik China ................................. 6 2.3. Die tibetische Exilregierung ...................................................................... 8 3. Die Tibet-Politik der VR China und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Tibeterinnen und Tibeter .............................................................................. 11 3.1. Entwicklungspolitik und Armutsbekämpfung ......................................... 11 3.2. Kontrolle und Überwachung ................................................................... 16 3.3. Einschränkungen der Meinungsfreiheit und des Informationsflusses .... 19 3.4. Sinisierung der tibetischen Kultur ........................................................... 20 3.5. Einschränkungen der Glaubensfreiheit .................................................. 21 3.6. Die Situation der Tibeterinnen und Tibeter in Nepal und Indien ........... 25 4. Literaturverzeichnis ....................................................................................... 28 Länderreport China 2 1. Demografie und Begriffsklärung Unterschiedlichen Angaben und Schätzungen zufolge gibt es weltweit über sechs bis über sieben Millionen Tibeterinnen und Tibeter.1 Die Mehrheit von ihnen lebt im Autonomen Gebiet Tibet (AGT; chin. Xizang zizhiqu) und in anderen tibetischen Siedlungsgebieten innerhalb der Volksrepublik (VR) China. Dies sind nach Angaben der tibetischen Exilregierung sechs Millionen Menschen, wovon 2,09 Millionen im AGT und 3,91 Millionen in tibetischen autonomen Bezirken (zizhizhou) und Kreisen (zizhixian) in den Provinzen Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan und Yunnan leben.2 Als Ergebnis der Volkszählung des Jahres 2010 gibt das Staatliche Amt für Statistik der VR China die Zahl der in China lebenden Tibeterinnen und Tibeter mit 6,2 Millionen an. Davon wurden 2,7 Millionen im AGT und 3,5 Millionen in den tibetischen autonomen Bezirken und Kreisen außerhalb des AGT gezählt.3 Die Nichtregierungsorganisation Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy (TCHRD) geht von 6,8 Millionen in China lebenden Tibeterinnen und Tibetern aus, die sich jeweils zur Hälfte (3,4 Millionen) auf das AGT und auf die außerhalb der AGT gelegenen tibetischen Siedlungsgebiete verteilen.4 Im AGT stellen die Tibeterinnen und Tibeter etwa 90,5 % der Bevölkerung.5 Ihr Anteil an der Gesamtbevölkerung der VR China lag 1995 bei etwa 0,4 %, ihr prozentualer Anteil an den 55 offiziell anerkannten Minderheitsnationalitäten (shaoshu minzu) Chinas bei etwa 5 %.6 Im Kontrast hierzu bedeckt der Siedlungsraum der tibetischen Bevölkerung, das Tibetische Plateau (Qinghai-Tibet-Plateau), über ein Viertel der Landmasse der VR China.7 Die Zahl der außerhalb der VR China lebenden Tibeterinnen und Tibeter liegt der tibetischen Exilregierung zufolge bei etwa 128.014, wovon 94.203 in Indien, 13.514 in Nepal, 1.298 in Bhutan und 18.999 in anderen Ländern leben.8 Bei dem international gebräuchlichen Begriff Tibet handelt es sich um eine Fremdbezeichnung. In Anlehnung an die chinesische Verwaltungsstruktur wird der Begriff oft als Synonym für das AGT verwendet. Die Tibeterinnen und Tibeter bezeichnen ihr Land als Cholka Sum (dt. die drei Provinzen) und beziehen sich damit auf die Gesamtheit der tibetischen Siedlungsgebiete.9 Der Definition der tibetischen Exilregierung nach sind dies: Das AGT, die Provinz Qinghai mit ihren sechs tibetischen autonomen Bezirken Golog (chin. Guoluo), Haibei, Hainan, Haixi,10 Huangnan und Yushu, der autonome Bezirk Gannan und der autonome Kreis Tianzhu in der Provinz Gansu, die autonomen Bezirke Ngawa (chin. Aba) und Garzê (chin. Ganzi) und der autonome Kreis Mili in der Provinz Sichuan sowie der autonome Bezirk Dechen in der Provinz Yunnan.11 Aus tibetischer Sicht ist eine Aufteilung Tibets in die drei Regionen Ü-Tsang (hervorgegangen aus den historischen Kulturprovinzen Tibets Ngari, Ü und Tsang), Kham und Amdo (ebenfalls historische Kulturprovinzen) üblich.
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