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“Finding Home”: Understanding How Music Supports Listeners’ Mental Health Through a Case Study of Bts

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“Finding Home”: Understanding How Music Supports Listeners’ Mental Health Through a Case Study of Bts “FINDING HOME”: UNDERSTANDING HOW MUSIC SUPPORTS LISTENERS’ MENTAL HEALTH THROUGH A CASE STUDY OF BTS Jin Ha Lee1, Arpita Bhattacharya2, Ria Antony3, Nicole Santero4, Anh Le5 University of Washington1,3,5; University of California, Irvine2; University of Nevada, Las Vegas4 [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT listening to music [8, 17]. In particular, the complex con- text of being a music fan involves online communities and The positive impact of music on people’s mental health social media, as well as the fan’s perceived relationship and wellbeing has been well researched in music psychol- with the artists [18] which will inevitably influence the im- ogy, but there is a dearth of research exploring the impli- pact of music on listeners’ mental health. Yet, there is a cations of these benefits for the design of commercial mu- dearth of research exploring the holistic context of the lis- sic services (CMS). In this paper, we investigate how pop- tener, including external factors related to music such as ular music can support the listener’s mental health through the social relationship of listeners to artists and other fans. a case study of fans of the music group BTS, with a goal We aim to address this gap by investigating how popu- of understanding how they perceive and describe the way lar music can support music listeners’ mental health and music is influencing their mental health. We aim to derive wellbeing through a case study of the ARMY fandom. The specific design implications for CMS to facilitate such ARMY fandom supports BTS, a seven-person music support for fans’ mental health and wellbeing. Through an group from South Korea, and is one of the biggest music online survey of 1190 responses, we identify and discuss fandoms in 2021 [18]. There are several reasons for focus- the patterns of seven different mood regulations along with ing on music fans as a user group in this study, and specif- major themes on fans’ lived experiences of how BTS’s ically the fans of BTS. First, we wanted to explore the im- music (1) provides comfort, (2) catalyzes self-growth, and pact of not only the music itself but also the context in (3) facilitates coping. We conclude the study with a dis- which users engage with music on their mental health and cussion of four specific suggestions for CMS features in- wellbeing, including the context of music creation (e.g., corporating (1) visual elements, (2) non-music media, (3) information about the artist) and other social context (e.g., user-generated content for collective sense-making, and relationship with other fans). Of the possible fandoms to (4) metadata related to mood and lyrical content that can study, we chose the ARMY fandom due to (1) its size and facilitate the mental health support provided by popular diversity demonstrated by the recent census data of over music. 400K responses from ARMYs [19], (2) fan’s active en- gagement with each other demonstrated by the social me- 1. INTRODUCTION dia activities [20-21], and (3) prior literature indicating the The positive physiological and psychological effects of music of BTS being specifically helpful in supporting their music on health and wellbeing are well researched in the fan’s mental health as they relate to the messages in the field of music psychology [1-4]. Music can positively im- songs [22-23]. pact people’s mental health by supporting mood regulation We conducted an empirical study employing an online [5-6], social relationships [7-8], and increasing positive survey to better understand the impact of BTS’s music on emotions and self-esteem [9]. However, in the field of mu- their fans’ mental health. We aimed to answer the follow- sic information retrieval (MIR), there is limited research ing research questions: exploring the connections between music and the mental RQ1: How is BTS’s music helping to support fans’ health of the listener. While there is substantial research on mental health and well-being? music mood in the MIR field [10], the primary focus is on RQ2: What are the implications for designing commer- identifying the mood of the music with the goal of support- cial music services to facilitate such support for fans’ men- ing better organization, browsing, or recommendation ra- tal health and wellbeing? ther than influencing the emotions of the listeners to sup- port their health and wellbeing (e.g., [11-16]). Researchers 2. RELATED WORK have only recently started to investigate more deeply into 2.1 Music and Mental Health the impact of music on mental health in the MIR field, es- pecially on how such insights inform the design of music A significant body of literature in the field of music psy- services and systems (e.g., [9]). Multiple recent MIR user chology examines different positive influences music can studies also point out the importance of the social aspect in have on people’s mood, memory, learning, and identity as well as the use of music in various forms of therapy [24]. © J. H. Lee, A. Bhattacharya, R. Antony, N., Santero, and A. Regout conducted a literature review to understand why Le. Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Li- cense (CC BY 4.0). Attribution: J. H. Lee, A. Bhattacharya, R. Antony, music has a positive influence on mental wellbeing and N., Santero, and A. Le, “Finding Home”: Understanding how music sup- how music could be properly used in therapy, and showed ports listeners’ mental health through a case study of BTS, in Proc. of the that music can have an effect on people’s emotion, 22nd Int. Society for Music Information Retrieval Conf., Online, 2021. memory, and the experience of pleasure [24]. For instance, meaning in life [32]. Previous analyses on sports fans have Knight and Rickard [25] suggested that music can lessen shown that identification with sports teams have resulted anxiety by measuring physiological signals such as heart- in fans developing greater self-esteem and feeling less beat, cortisol level, blood glucose, etc. Thayer et al. [26] lonely [33] and many of these fans have noted that they also identified listening to music as one of the most suc- identify strongly with their teams [34]. Though the posi- cessful strategies for changing a bad mood, raising energy tive benefits of fan comradery are widely accepted in and reduce tension. Using music in therapy helps reduce sports, the value of fans’ social and emotional experience cortisol levels which can help decrease the perception of is often stigmatized and diminished for fans of boy bands, anxiety and depression [28-29]. Nilsson [27] conducted a particularly female fans [18, 20-21]. systematic review on 42 randomized controlled trials of A sense of belonging has been strongly associated with the effects of music interventions and found that music in- the in-group identification among different fan communi- tervention can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. Woelfer ties [35]. In a study examining whether this type of social and Lee [7] found that young people experiencing home- connection uniquely mediates the relationship between lessness used music for mood regulation and coping as it fandom identification and wellbeing, Reysen et al. [36] allowed them to “calm down or relieve tension”, “help get noted that some fandoms provide additional aid for its through difficult times”, or “relieve boredom”. They also members in the form of social support, advice, and re- discussed how participants listened to songs for a cathartic sources for coping, and showed how these social connec- experience and for reducing the sense of isolation. tions can result in adequate wellbeing of both stigmatized Several studies specifically researched how emotion in and non-stigmatized fan groups. All fans have the potential music plays a role in mood regulation, “a process of satis- to benefit from social connection as these communities, re- fying personal mood-related needs by musical activities” gardless of their particular interests, are similar with re- [5]. To better understand and measure the emotional func- spect to such psychological processes [36]. Laffan [32] re- tions of music, Saarikallio and Erkkilä [5] presented a ports similar findings regarding K-pop fans showing in- model of mood regulation which provides a useful frame- creased happiness, self-esteem, and social connectedness. work for studying how this regulatory process can be ap- With the rise of social media and fandoms growing in a plied in various contexts of music listeners. In this model, digital environment, there is an opportunity for more re- seven types of regulatory strategies are used for different search on how the wellbeing of fans are impacted online. changes in mood: entertainment, revival, strong sensation, There are both positive and negative aspects of social me- diversion, discharge, mental work, and solace [5]. We used dia, and research has shown that the effect of fandom ac- this model to inform a part of our codebook under the cat- tivities and mental health can be different depending on the egory of “Mood regulation”, and the mapping can be seen user characteristics, such as gender [37], warranting more in the Findings section. research on different types of user groups. McInroy [38] Some studies looked into the influence of popular music studied how online fan communities serve as a source of in particular. For instance, Kresovich [30] investigated social support for sexual and gender minority youth and how college students’ exposure to pop songs referencing found that participation in these communities can support mental health difficulties affect them. The study found that the sense of connection, empowerment, and temporary es- participants’ increased perceived personal connection with cape from stress, decrease isolation, and offer opportuni- the songs and parasocial relationships with their perform- ties for mentorship.
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