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Salmon Fishing Patterns Along the Middle Yukon River at Kaltag, Alaska

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Salmon Fishing Patterns Along the Middle Yukon River at Kaltag, Alaska SAT%IONFISHING PATTERNS ALONG THE MIDDLE YUKON RIVER AT W&TAG, ALZXA Priscilla Wheeler Technical Paper No. 156 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence Juneau, Alaska October 1987 This research was partially supported by ANILCA Federal Aid funds administered through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, Alaska, SG-1-4 and SG-l-5. The Alaska Department of Fish and Game operates all of its public programs and activities free from discrimination on the basis of race, religion, color, national origin, age, sex, or handicap. Because the department receives federal funding, any person who believes he or she has been discriminated against should write to: O.E.0 U.S. Department of Interior Washington, DC 20240 ABSTRACT This report describes historical and contemporary salmon fishing patterns in Kaltag, a community on the middle Yukon river in Interior Alaska. Kaltag had a population of 262 in August, 1985. The majority of the residents are Koyukon Athabaskan. Data concerning subsistence and commercial salmon use was collected from May to October 1985. Research methods included formal and informal interviews, participant observation, systematic household surveys, literature review. Given the nature of the study (e.g. specifically focusing on the subsistence and commercial salmon fishery) field work concentrated primarily on those individuals and households who actively engaged in fishing during the course of the 1985 salmon fishing season. Research was supported by the Division of Subsistence, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, and the University of Alaska, Vice-Chancellor for Research and Academic Affairs. The report contains an overview of the history of the Kaltag region, and a description of salmon use patterns (both subsistence and commercial) from the early 19th century up to contemporary times. In addition, an overview of the village and people of Kaltag is provided. The natural environment around the Kaltag area is reviewed. Finally, harvest levels and pounds per capita of both subsistence and commercial salmon fishing harvests are included. Report findings indicate that both subsistence and commercial fishing have been affected by state fishing regulations. More specifically, state fishing regulations have resulted in different reactions and adaptations on the part of commercial and subsistence fishermen. While certain adaptive patterns are consistent between the two fisheries, important differences exist. Analysis of these differences points to a perceived conflict between the (external) state fishing regulations and the local perception of internal control over the fishery. The same perceived conflict does not exist in terms of the commercial fishery. Research and analysis indicate that a separate value system exists for each of the two fisheries; a value system supported (directly and indirectly) by both individuals and the community as a whole. Even further, adaptive strategies (for both commercial and subsistence fishermen) evolve on the basis of these separate value systems. These strategies include social behaviors, such as different structuring of work groups; technological factors such as different use and placement of gear types; and finally, different frameworks of land use and land tenure. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT List of Tables . ..**........... iii . List of Figures . ..*.......................... 1v Acknowledgements . v CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................ 1 Research Problem and Research Focus ........................ 5 Purpose .................................................... 7 Methodology ................................................ 8 Literature Review ....................................... 8 Field Techniques ........................................ IO Sample Selection ........................................ 12 Analysis ................................................ 14 CHAPTER 2. THE VILLAGE AND PEOPLE OF KALTAG ..................... 15 Historical Background ...................................... 15 Environmental Setting ...................................... 20 Contemporary Setting ....................................... 22 CHAPTER 3. LOWER KOYUKON SALMON FISHING: HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT......................................... 34 Introduction ............................................... 34 Contact - 1910 ............................................. 37 Technology .............................................. 38 Land Tenure and Fish Camps .............................. 43 1910 - 1940 ................................................ 47 Technology .............................................. 48 Land Tenure and Fish Camps .............................. 51 Summary .................................................... 55 CHAPTER 4. DEVELOPMENTOF COMMERCIAL FISHING ON THE MIDDLE YUKON RIVER ....................................... 59 Introduction ............................................... 59 History of Management Agencies ............................. 60 ADFG Management: Upper Yukon ............................... 62 "Limited Entry" Program .................................... 63 Fishing Seasons and Periods ................................ 65 Guideline Harvest Levels ................................ 66 Gear Types .............................................. 69 The Commercial Fishery in Kaltag ........................ 71 Summary .................................................... 72 CHAPTER 5. 1985 SALMON FISHING SEASON........................... 74 Introduction ............................................... 74 Species Harvested .......................................... 74 The Commercial Fishing Season .............................. 75 The Subsistence Season ..................................... 75 Fishing Gear ............................................... 77 i Page The Organization and Production of Subsistence ............. 79 Fishing Areas .......................................... 79 Work Group Composition .................................. 81 Harvest Levels .......................................... 85 The Organization and Production of Commercial Salmon Fishing ............................................. 88 Base of Operations ...................................... 88 Fishing Areas ........................................... 90 Fish Camp and Work Group Composition .................... 90 Harvest Levels .......................................... 93 Comparison of Subsistence and Commercial Salmon Fishing ............................................. 101 . Base of Operations and Salmon Fishing Areas.............10 1 Work Groups ............................................. 102 Harvest Levels .......................................... 104 CHAPTER 6. SUMMARYAND DISCUSSION . 107 REFERENCES. 120 APPENDIX 1. 1960 - 1985 Summary of Subsistence Fishing Regulations ,........................................ 127 APPENDIX 2. 1960 - 1985 Summary of Commercial Fishing Regulations ,........................................ 133 APPENDIX 3. Summer 1985 Kaltag Subsistence Salmon Fishing Survey . ..*.................. 142 ii LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Public Services and Facilities Available in Kaltag, 1985 . 28 Table 2. Price listing for Selected Goods, Kaltag, 1985........ 29 Table 3. Wage Employment Opportunities, Kaltag, 1985........... 32 Table 4. Household Subsistence Salmon Harvests by Species Kaltag, 1985........ 88 Table 5. Levels of Household Subsistence to Commercial Salmon Harvest and Per Capita Harvest, Kaltag, 1985..... 104 iii LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. Location of Kaltag .................................. 3 Figure 2. Kaltag Population trend, 1890 - 1985 ................ 23 Figure 3. Frequency of Household Size, Population and Sample, 1985 ............................... 24 Figure 4. Population by Age and Sex, 1985 ..................... 26 Figure 5. Commercial Fishing Seasons, 1960 - 1985 ............. 67 Figure 6. Commercial Fishing Periods, 1960 - 1985 ............. 68 Figure 7. Kaltag Drifting Area, 1985 ........................... 80 Figure 8. Frequency of Household size, Subsistence Fishing Households, 1985 ....................... 83 Figure 9. Age of Primary Household Head, Subsistence Fishing Households, 1985 ....................... 84 Figure 10. Subsistence Salmon Harvest, Kaltag, 1985 ............ 86 Figure 11. Subsistence Salmon Harvest by Household, 1985 ....... 87 Figure 12. Fishcamp Composition, Kaltag, 1985 .................. 92 Figure 13. Frequency of Household Size, Commercial Fishing households, 1985 ....................... 94 Figure 14. Age of Primary Household Head, Commercial Fishing Households, 1985 ...................... 95 Figure 15. Commercial Salmon Harvest by Method, Kaltag, 1985 ................................... 96 Figure 16. Daily Commercial Roe Sales, Kaltag, 1985 ............ 98 Figure 17. Roe Sales by Commercial Fishing Period, Kaltag, 1985 ................................... 99 Figure 18. Individual Harvest and Production Levels, Kaltag, 1985 ................................... 100 Figure 19. Total Commercial and Subsistence Salmon Harvest, Kaltag, 1985 ................................... 105 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the entire community of Kaltag for their help with the project. In particular I would like to thank all salmon fishing families and individuals who helped me with the study. The project was presented to the mayor and to the Native (IRA) Council at its outset and was met with support and approval by the council members and by the members of the community
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