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Report of the Consultation on Stock Assessment for Small-Scale STOCK ASSESSMENT CONSULTATION Volume 2 THAILAND Status Paper on Coastal Fishery Resources by Udom Bhatia Somsak Chullasorn CONTENTS Page 1. Introduction 112 2. Existing knowledge on the status of coastal fisheries 112 3. Methodology for collection of catch statistics 115 4. Brief information on the basic biological characteristics 115 5. Stock assessment 115 6. Problems/constraints and requirements in the collection and processing of fishery statistics and in the assessment of coastal stocks 117 References 118 Tables 1. Annual marine fishery production of Thailand, 1960-l 977 120 2. Number of registered fishing vessels in the west coast of Thailand 120 3. Number of fishing gear units employed in the west coast of Thailand 121 4. Number of fishermen by working status 121 5. Monthly catch (tons) by species and group of demersal fishes caught by commercial trawlers along the west coast of Thailand, 1976 122 6. Monthly catch (tons) by species and group of pelagic fishes along the west coast of Thailand, 1976 123 7. Total catch (A), fishing effort (B), and catch per hour surveyed by R. V. Pramong 3 (C) along the Indian Ocean coast of Thailand, 1966-l 978 124 8. Catch rate (kg/hr) by depth ranges of the demersal fishes made by R. V. Pramong 3 along the Indian Ocean coast of Thailand 125 9. Percentage of demersal fish species (or groups) composition along the Indian Ocean coast of Thailand in 1966-1979 surveyed by R. V. Pramong 3 126 10. Percentage of catch composition by year of major group of demersal fishes in each depth range 1968-l 978 127 11. Annual catch (tons) by major fishing gear and percentage of pelagic fish caught by them along the west coast of Thailand, 1971-l 978 130 12. Summary of biological information on the major species of the west coast of Thailand 130-A 13. Annual catches, and catch per hour (estimated by grid) of the demersal fishes surveyed by R. V. Pramong 3 and estimated effort along the Indian Ocean coast of Thailand, 1966-l 977 131 14. Annual catch, fishing effort and catch per unit of effort of Rastrelliger spp. along the west coast of Thailand 131 [110] 15. Annual catch, fishing effort and catch per unit of effort of sardines along the west coast of Thailand 132 16. Annual catch, fishing effort and catch per unit of effort of anchovies along the west coast of Thailand 133 17. Summary of the estimated maximum sustainable yields (MSY) for each of the main pelagic species groups of the west coast of Thailand 133 18. Catch composition by species or group of total demersai resources caught along the west coast of Thailand compared with catch taken from small-scale fishing gear, 1976 and 7978 134 19. Catch composition (tons) by species or group of species of pelagic fishes caught along the west coast of Thailand, compared with catch taken from small-scale fishing gear, 1976 and 1978 135 Illustrations 1. Fishing areas along the Indian Ocean coast of Thailand 136 2. Comparison of the catch rate (kg/hr) by grids between 1969 and 1978 137 3. Catch and catch per unit of fishing effort related to the total standard effort of the demersal fishes in the west coast of Thailand, 1966-1977 138 4. Catch and catch per unit of effort related to the total standard effort of the Rastrelliger spp. along the west coast of Thailand, 1971-I 978 139 5. Catch and catch per unit of effort related to the total standard effort of sardines in the west coast of Thailand 140 6. Catch and catch per unit of effort related to the total standard effort of the anchovies in the west coast of Thailand 141 Publications of the Bay of Bengal Programme 142 [111] STATUS OF COASTAL FISHERIES ON THE WEST COAST OF THAILAND 1. Introduction Marine fisheries play an important role in the national economy of Thailand. It provides highly nutritious animal protein at cheap price for Thai people. Although the marine fisheries of Thailand are basically commercial rather than small-scale or artisanal oriented, the majority of the fishing vessels (about 85 per cent) are small wooden boats of less than 14 m in length operating in the coastal areas and only 15 per cent are larger than 14 m in length with modern fishing and navigation equipment. After the advent of otter board trawling in early 1960, the vast expansion of trawling fleet had spreaded out and began to fish along the west coast of Thailand since 1965. The total marine production from the west coast had rapidly increased and reached to the peak of 270,000 metric tons in 1973, which was 26 times that of 1960. After 1973, the annual production had gradually declined. This phenomenon, however, may indicate the decrease in the abundance of fish stocks due to the heavy fishing in this area. 2. Existing knowledge on the status of coastal fisheries 2.1 General characteristics of the fishing grounds The west coast or Indian Ocean coast of Thailand extends westward to Andaman and Nicobar Islands, northward to Burma waters and southward to the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra Island. The coast line which starts from Ranong to Satul Province, is about 740 kilometres long. The fishing area of the shelf from the coast to the 100 metres depth contour is about 44,000 km2. In the north off Ranong Province, or the Burma/Thai border the conti- nental shelf to 100 m depth is some 60 miles wide, narrows to about 20 miles off Phuket Island, and then widens to over 160 miles off Satul Province or the Thai/Malaysian border. In comparison with the Gulf of Thailand, the grounds on Indian Ocean side are much rougher, consisting of rocks and sea mounts, and the depth increases abruptly outward from shore. There are vast area of mangrove forests along the coast and numerous islands with hard coral in offshore areas. Nevertheless, along this coast is the good area for nursery and living grounds of marine animals. The Andaman sea has been the traditional fishing ground for the fishermen who live along the coastal area from Ranong to Satul Province. All the fishing activities how- ever were done nearshore at depths of less than 90 m. 2.2 Productivity of the area An investigation was carried out on the primary production in waters around Surin Islands off the west coast of Thailand (Wium-Andersen, 1977). The results show that the highest primary production was 23 mg C/m3/day. The photosynthesis was 3-4 times higher at the bay station than at the offshore station with values from 65-83 mg C/m3/day, the latter value being correlated with a bluegreen algae bloom which indicate upwelling. Net phytoplankton from all stations (>30µ) were dominated by bluegreen algae and diatom, in addition, dinophyceae were seen. 2.3 Census of fishing craft/gear and active fishermen During the early stages of trawling expansion along the west coast of Thailand, many boats built for other types of fishing such as seining, gillnetting and bamboo stake traps were converted to trawlers; but in recent years the numbers of trawler and seiner have decreased while the numbers of small-scale fishing gears were increasing. Table 2 shows the numbers of fishing [112] boats by size categories from 1970 to 1978 and Table 3 indicates the numbers of fishing units by types of fishing methods from 1970-l 978. The Department of Fisheries undertook a census of the marine fishing population in 1967, 1970, 1973 and 1976. During 1970 to 1976, the total fisheries population dropped from 51,177 in 1970 to 38,578 in 1976 and the number of active fishermen decreased from 16,664 in 1970 to 11,177 in 1976 as shown in Table 4. The census in 1970 showed that 73.2% of fishermen were engaged solely in fishing and the percentage has increased to 74.8% in 1976. 2.4 Fisheries development and method of exploitation In the early days, prior to 1961, the marine fisheries developed in the west coast of Thailand at a low pace, being confined to the coastal waters and carried out mostly by non-powered boats, using traditional gears and methods. Since 1961, some fishermen in the Gulf of Thailand had moved to this area and introduced the more conventional types of fishing gear like purse seines and gillnets to catch inshore pelagic fish. Later on, more effective fishing gears such as trawls and push nets to catch the demersal fish were introduced and being popularly used up to the present. Since then, the marine fisheries has experienced rapid growth mainly due to the rapid development of trawl fisheries as well as the purse seines fisheries development. With gradual mechanization of fishing boats and gear improvement, the fishing grounds have been extended further from shore. Since 1969, Thai fishermen have modified trawl nets for catching pelagic fish such as mackerels, Spanish mackerels etc. in substantial quantities. In 1973 the purse seine fishermen have developed the fishing method by employing light luring purse seines for catching pelagic fish both inshore and offshore areas. The squid fishery has greatly expanded and the jelly fish fishery has also been developed. At present, attention is being focussed on pole and line fishing for small tuna and skipjack. Pole and line fishing and experimental fishing of live bait is carried out jointly by the UNDP/FAO of the United Nations and the Thai Department of Fisheries which became operational in October 1978.
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