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Reconquête Du Sud Par L'armée Syrienne Et Accord De Reddition

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Reconquête Du Sud Par L'armée Syrienne Et Accord De Reddition Syrie : Reconquête du Sud par l’armée syrienne et accord de reddition Dossier thématique de l’analyse-pays de l’OSAR Berne, le 21 mars 2019 Impressum Editeur Organisation suisse d’aide aux réfugiés (OSAR) Case postale, 3001 Berne Tél. 031 370 75 75 Fax 031 370 75 00 E-mail : [email protected] Internet : www.osar.ch CCP dons : 10-10000-5 Version disponible en français, allemand COPYRIGHT © 2019 Organisation suisse d’aide aux réfugiés (OSAR), Berne Copies et impressions autorisées sous réserve de la mention de la source Sommaire 1 Question ...............................................................................................................4 2 Contrôle du village de Kafr Nasij .........................................................................4 3 Évolutions observées entre 2011 et juillet 2018 ..................................................6 4 Offensives du régime syrien en juin et juillet 2018 .............................................8 5 Accord de reddition ........................................................................................... 10 5.1 Accord de reddition dans les provinces de Daraa et Quneitra ................................ 10 5.2 Accord conclu à Kafr Nasij et dans les environs .................................................... 12 6 Mise en œuvre des accords ............................................................................... 13 6.1 Complications liées à la situation humanitaire difficile ........................................... 13 6.2 Reconstitution des structures répressives ............................................................. 14 6.3 Insécurité liée à l’influence iranienne dans la région .............................................. 16 7 Annexes ............................................................................................................. 17 Ce rapport repose sur des renseignements d’expert-e-s et sur les propres recherches de l’Organisation suisse d’aide aux réfugiés (OSAR). Conformément aux standards COI, l’OSAR fonde ses recherches sur des sources accessibles publiquement. Elle fait appel à des expert-e-s lorsque les informations obtenues dans le temps imparti sont insuffisantes. L’OSAR documente ses sources de manière transparente et traçable, mais peut toutefois décider de les anonymiser, afin de garantir la protection de ses contacts. Syrie : Reconquête du Sud par l’armée syrienne et accord de reddition – 21 mars 2019 page 3 de 19 1 Question Les questions suivantes ont été tirées d’une demande adressée à l’analyse-pays de l’OSAR : 1. Qui dominait sur le plan militaire la localité de Kafr Nasij située à l’est de Quneitra avant le 16 juillet 2018 ? Le monopole de la violence à Kafr Nasij a-t-il changé de mains entre 2011 et le 16 juillet 2018 ? Si oui, quand et entre quels groupes ? 2. Les dirigeants de Kafr Nasij ont-ils conclu un accord avec le régime syrien en juillet 2018 ? Si oui, quel en était le contenu ? 3. Dans la mesure où un accord a été conclu en juillet 2018, les parties s’y sont-elles tenues et l’accord a-t-il entre-temps été appliqué ? L’Organisation suisse d’aide aux réfugiés observe les développements en Syrie depuis plu- sieurs années.[1] Sur la base de ses propres recherches ainsi que de renseignements trans- mis par des expert-e-s externes, elle apporte les réponses suivantes aux questions ci-dessus. 2 Contrôle du village de Kafr Nasij Emplacement de Kafr Nasij1. Kafr Nasij est un petit village au nord-ouest de la province de Daraa, dans le sud de la Syrie ; il appartient au district d’al-Sanamayn. Situé à une trentaine de kilomètres à l’est de Quneitra, il passait pour la porte du « triangle de la mort ». Depuis le début de la guerre, cette région vallonnée, importante sur le plan stratégique, a été le théâtre de combats entre des groupes rebelles de l’opposition et le régime syrien. Le régime syrien en occupait les points stratégiques avec ses alliés iraniens et les milices du Hezbollah. La région relie l’arrière-pays de Daraa, le chef-lieu de la province, avec Damas et Quneitra. Kafr Nasij et d’autres villages2 à l’ouest de la province de Daraa ont constitué la ligne de front entre le régime syrien et les groupes rebelles.3 Avant le 16 juillet 2018, la région de Kafr Nasij était placée sous le contrôle de plusieurs groupes rebelles. Selon les informations d’une personne de contact syrienne de l’OSAR (personne de contact A), des groupes d’opposition de l’Armée syrienne libre (ASL) ont com- mencé fin 2013 à reconquérir certaines régions à proximité de Kafr Nasij. Durant le premier trimestre de 2014, ils ont pris le contrôle de plusieurs villages de la région.4 Avant la recon- quête de la région par le régime syrien en juillet 2018, les rebelles ont occupé Kafr Nasij, Kafr [1] www.osar.ch/pays-dorigine.html. 1 Autres orthographes: Kafar/Kafr Nasej/Nasij / Kafer Nassej / Kefr Nasij. cf. carte 1 et carte 2 en annexe. 2 Kafr Shams, Aqraba, Deir al-Bakht, Al-Teeha, und Deir al-Adas. Source: Alsouria Net, The ‘Triangle of Death’: Southern Syria’s Open Front, 9 juin 2017. 3 Alsouria Net, The ‘Triangle of Death’: Southern Syria’s Open Front, 9 juin 2017: https://syrianobser- ver.com/EN/news/23088/the_triangle_death_southern_syria_open_front.html; renseignement écrit d’une per- sonne de contact syrienne(A) à l’OSAR, 11 mars 2019. Les réponses reposent sur des entretiens avec un journaliste et des militants actifs dans les environs de Daraa et Quneitra, ainsi que sur de nombreuses re- cherches dans des médias syriens et des sources Internet arabes. 4 Renseignement écrit d’une personne de contact syrienne (A) à l’OSAR, 11 mars 2019. Syrie : Reconquête du Sud par l’armée syrienne et accord de reddition – 21 mars 2019 page 4 de 19 Shams, Aqraba et Al-Teeha, tandis que le Hezbollah, les unités iraniennes et l’armée syrienne contrôlaient Deir al-Bakht et Deir al-Adas, situés respectivement à seize et huit kilomètres à l’est de Kafr Nasij. Le chef-lieu de district Al-Sanamayn se trouve à 18 kilomètres à l’est de Kafr Nasij. Depuis avril 2013, il était à nouveau sous le contrôle de la 9e brigade de l’armée syrienne.5 D’après la personne de contact A, plusieurs groupes armés de l’opposition se partageaient le contrôle de Kafr Nasij. Entre-temps, des affrontements militaires auraient éclaté entre eux. Selon les informations de la personne de contact A, les groupes rebelles armés suivants étaient actifs dans la région de Kafr Nasij :6 Les brigades Sayf al-Sham Les brigades Furqan La division 46 Jaish al-Ababil Les brigades des Horan Moudjahidine Le conseil militaire de la ville de Hara La brigade du Volkan de Horan La brigade d’Almadina Almunawara Une autre personne de contact syrienne (personne de contact B) a confirmé à l’OSAR que Kafr Nasij était sous le contrôle de l’opposition pendant des années jusqu’en juillet 2018. Elle a relevé que la région était sous le contrôle de plusieurs unités de l’ASL et non des groupes islamistes radicaux.7 Un troisième expert interrogé (personne de contact C) a corroboré le fait que Kafr Nasij se trouvait sur la ligne de front et que plusieurs unités de l’ASL étaient déployées dans cette région:8 Les brigades Sayf al-Sham Les brigades Furqan La division 46 Voici les unités de l’ASL que le site internet d’opposition Alsouria Net mentionnait comme actives dans la région de Kafr Nasij en juillet 2017 :9 Les brigades Furqan Jaish al-Ababil Farqat al-Hamza Alwiya Qasioun 5 Alsouria Net, The ‘Triangle of Death’: Southern Syria’s Open Front, 9 juin 2017: https://syri- anobserver.com/EN/news/23088/the_triangle_death_southern_syria_open_front.html; Associated Press, Syr- ian troops launch counterattack on south, 11 avril 2013: https://web.ar- chive.org/web/20130515183541/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/group -least-4300-syrians-killed-airstrikes. 6 Renseignement écrit d’une personne de contact syrienne (A) à l’OSAR, 11 mars 2019. 7 Renseignement écrit d’une personne de contact syrienne (B) à l’OSAR, 6 mars 2019. 8 Renseignement écrit d’une personne de contact syrienne (C) à l’OSAR, 6 mars 2019. 9 Alsouria Net, The ‘Triangle of Death’: Southern Syria’s Open Front, 9 juin 2017. Syrie : Reconquête du Sud par l’armée syrienne et accord de reddition – 21 mars 2019 page 5 de 19 Reconquête de Kafr Nasij par l’armée syrienne le 16 juillet 2018. Le 16 juillet 2018, la plateforme média syrienne AMN News, proche du gouvernement, a rapporté que l’armée sy- rienne avait reconquis Kafr Nasij et repris le contrôle de toute la région du « triangle de la mort ».10 3 Évolutions observées entre 2011 et juillet 2018 Attaques ponctuelles à Kafr Nasij documentées à partir de 2012. En juin 2012, le Centre de documentation syrien a relaté des opérations de combat entre les rebelles et les forces de police syriennes à Kafr Nasij. À cette occasion, cinq rebelles ont perdu la vie et treize ont été arrêtés.11 Champress, un site internet proche du gouvernement à Damas, a aussi signalé l’attaque dirigée contre la police à Kafr Nasij.12 En février 2013, l’agence de presse syrienne SANA a fait savoir que l’armée avait réussi à repousser une attaque dirigée contre un poste militaire à Kafr Nasij et à infliger de grosses pertes aux rebelles.13 Selon les informations de la personne de contact A, des unités de l’ASL ont commencé fin 2013 à reconquérir certains villages dans les environs de Kafr Nasij. Durant le premier trimestre 2014, elles contrôlaient plusieurs villages de la région.14 Des attaques éparses de groupes de l’opposition à Kafr Nasij ont été documentées déjà en 2012. Soutien international des rebelles dans le sud de la Syrie à partir de l’été 2013. Au plus tard depuis l’été 2013, des acteurs internationaux ont soutenu des rebelles appartenant à la mouvance islamiste non extrémiste dans le sud de la Syrie en orchestrant des opérations militaires à partir de la Jordanie (Military Operations Commands MOC).15 Parmi ces soutiens, il y avait les États-Unis et la Jordanie, mais aussi des États comme l’Arabie saoudite, la Turquie, le Qatar, la France et la Grande-Bretagne.
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