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Zbwleibniz-Informationszentrum A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics De Pablo, Juan Carlos Working Paper Los "Leoncavallo" de la economía Serie Documentos de Trabajo, No. 743 Provided in Cooperation with: University of CEMA, Buenos Aires Suggested Citation: De Pablo, Juan Carlos (2020) : Los "Leoncavallo" de la economía, Serie Documentos de Trabajo, No. 743, Universidad del Centro de Estudios Macroeconómicos de Argentina (UCEMA), Buenos Aires This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/238368 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu UNIVERSIDAD DEL CEMA Buenos Aires Argentina Serie DOCUMENTOS DE TRABAJO Área:Economía LOS “LEONCAVALLO” DE LA ECONOMIA Juan Carlos de Pablo Agosto 2020 Nro. 743 www.cema.edu.ar/publicaciones/doc_trabajo.html UCEMA: Av. Córdoba 374, C1054AAP Buenos Aires, Argentina ISSN 1668-4575 (impreso), ISSN 1668-4583 (en línea) Editor: Jorge M. Streb; asistente editorial: Valeria Dowding [email protected] Jul.2020 LOS “LEONCAVALLO” DE LA ECONOMIA Juan Carlos de Pablo1 Resumen: Aquí me ocupo de aquellos economistas que, habiendo vivido un buen número de años, escribieron muy poco y se inmortalizaron por una de sus obras. Por eso los califico como los “Leoncavallo” de la economía Algunos distinguidos economistas vivieron y escribieron mucho; otros vivieron y escribieron poco. Aquí me ocupo de aquellos que, habiendo vivido un buen número de años, escribieron muy poco y se inmortalizaron por una de sus obras. Por eso los califico como los “Leoncavallo” de la economía2. Ruggero Leoncavallo fue un compositor italiano que viviera entre 1857 y 1919. Autor de varias piezas musicales, es universalmente conocido por una de ellas, Los payasos, una ópera que se estrenó en 1892. Este trabajo no persigue objetivos altamente pretenciosos. No plantea una teoría de la genialidad, ni aspira a ser un aporte a la sociología de la ciencia. Es el resultado de una curiosidad, satisfecha a raíz de la cuarentena, que ojalá inspire jugosas lecturas, ulteriores investigaciones, o al menos aporte documentación útil para los colegas. 1 Titular de DEPABLOCOSULT, profesor en la UDESA y en la UCEMA. Miembro titular de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Económicas. [email protected]. “Hay que ver las tonterías que uno puede durante algún tiempo creer, cuando trabaja solo”, afirmó John Maynard Keynes en el prólogo de La teoría general. Para evitar esto, circulé la versión preliminar de los cuadros que integran este trabajo recibiendo valiosos aportes de Jorge César Ávila, Ernesto Badaraco, Martín Besfamille, Enrique Blasco Garma, Enrique Bour, Víctor Jorge Elías, Ramón Osvaldo Frediani, Jorge Galmes, Pablo León Gerchunoff, Carlos Daniel Heymann, Alfredo Mario Leone, Rodolfo Ernesto Manuelli, Alfonso José Martínez, Alfredo Martín Navarro, Julio Jorge Nogués, Carlos Alberto Pucci, Carlos Rodríguez Braun, Guillermo Sandler, Rodolfo Arturo Santángelo, Walter Erwin Schulthess, Jorge Miguel Streb, Federico Weinschelbaum y Edgardo Zablotsky. Los puntos de vista del autor no necesariamente reflejan la posición de la Universidad. 2 También podría denominarlos “Los Mármol de la economía”, ya que, según Sáenz (1971), “José Mármol es el hombre de una sola novela [Amalia]”. 1 En un mundo super especializado como el actual (a mediados de junio de 2020, Federico Sturzenegger encontró que se habían escrito 23.000 monografías sobre las implicancias económicas del coronavirus), es importante recordar lo que le escuché en Harvard a Wassily Wassilyovich Leontief. Palabra más, palabra menos, afirmó que más del 80% de todo lo que se sabe sobre una cuestión, figura en el trabajo pionero (“todo está en Adam Smith”, afirmó -exagerando algo- George Joseph Stigler3). Ergo, salvo en tu especialidad, la formación profesional recomienda prestarle al material incluido en esta monografía. El punto planteado en el párrafo anterior también resulta relevante en el diseño y el dictado de las materias que integran las carreras de economía. Enseñamos en los cursos de micro las leyes de los rendimientos marginales decrecientes, y de la utilidad marginal decreciente, pero; ¿aplicamos estas ideas fundamentales en el diseño de los programas y el dictado de las clases? Me temo que no. Desbalanceamos demasiado en favor de la denominada “corriente principal del análisis económico”, en detrimento de enfoques que, aunque tengan la pretensión de sustituirla, definitivamente constituyen un aporte como complemento. Un curso no debería dedicar más de 2/3 partes al tronco, y el resto al análisis de otros enfoques. Algunos de los escritos citados en este trabajo pueden prestar un gran servicio al respecto. Estas líneas se ocupan de los “Leoncavallo”, pero también de los “casi Leoncavallo”, porque sería una picardía dejar afuera, entre otros, a Ronald Harry Coase, John Forbes Nash y Miguel Sidrauski, cada uno de ellos autor de un par de monografías memorables (ni qué decir de Karl Heinrich Marx, David Ricardo y Adam Smith). También merece prestarle atención a aquellos colegas a quienes recordamos principalmente por su tesis doctoral. Última, antes de entrar en materia. Los cuadros están basados en mis planillas de trabajo, y por consiguiente pueden contener errores. No es una justificación, es una explicación y un pedido. Por favor, cualquier error que encuentres, no dudes en comunicármelo. Adjunto los cuadros en una versión que el lector pueda reclasificar como mejor le parezca, para “exprimir” los datos desde perspectivas que a mí no se me ocurrieron, o no me parecieron importantes. 1. TESIS MEMORABLES ¿Qué economista no distingue entre riesgo e incertidumbre; aprendió macroeconomía (más que dinero) leyendo Dinero, interés y precios; conoce los juegos no cooperativos; se familiarizó con la hipótesis del funcionamiento eficiente de los mercados financieros; y utiliza el principio de la racionalidad acotada, para pronosticar el comportamiento humano? 3 “Algo parecido podríamos decir de Economía, el libro de texto escrito por Paul Anthony Samuelson, traducido a 49 idiomas, con 19 ediciones y más de 4 millones de copias vendidas. Dice el 99% de lo que hay que saber para ser un buen economista y en lenguaje muy accesible. Lo leímos al comienzo de la carrera, vale la pena reelerlo para sacarle más jugo” (Frediani). 2 Probablemente la mayoría asocie estas ideas con Frank Hyneman Knight, Don Patinkin, John Forbes Nash, Eugene F. Fama y Herbert Alexander Simon, respectivamente. Menos probable es que sepan que todo esto fue originado en las tesis doctorales de los colegas citados. Uno de los cuadros que acompaña estas líneas lista 87 tesis doctorales, que califico de memorables. La información aparece clasificada por apellido del autor, año en que viera la luz - sobre esto, más adelante, plantearé una aclaración- y país de nacimiento del autor. En una columna, a la derecha, aparecen X y XX, para señalar su importancia relativa; porque como en Rebelión en la granja, de George Orwell, todos animales son iguales pero los chanchos son más iguales que los demás. Una tesis memorable requiere talento, pero también coraje. "Comenzaré a pensar que la economía es una ciencia cuando en la universidad Yale aprueben una tesis doctoral que demuestre la supremacía de la política monetaria, y en la de Chicago una que demuestre la supremacía de la política fiscal", afirmó irónicamente Patinkin (1972). “Cuando en la universidad de Chicago defendí mi tesis doctoral, Milton Friedman dijo que no la podían aprobar porque la teoría del portafolio no formaba parte de la teoría económica. Pensé que sólo a medias hablaba en serio, porque la aprobaron. Pero en un sentido tenía razón: en aquel momento la teoría del portafolio no integraba la teoría económica. Ahora sí” (Markowitz, 1990). “Friedman se la pasó repitiendo su punto durante una hora y media. Mis manos comenzaron a sudar” (Markowitz, en Buser, 2004). La importancia de algunas tesis fue reconocida de inmediato. La de Miguel Sidrauski fue tesis invitada a la reunión de 1967 de la American economic association. Sobre la de Rubén Darío Almonacid, Arnold Carl Harberger fue contundente. Lo recuerda claramente como el más obstinado, pero al mismo tiempo uno de los más estimulantes y gratificantes entre el centenar de alumnos cuyas tesis doctorales supervisó. En sus palabras: “Ningún otro peleó tanto cada palabra, cada oración, de su tesis. Rubén ganó la mayor parte de las discusiones. De ningún otro estudiante aprendí tanto durante la preparación de su tesis doctoral…
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