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Immagini Urbane: Interpretazioni Religiose Della Città Antica

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Immagini Urbane: Interpretazioni Religiose Della Città Antica Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2002 Immagini urbane: Interpretazioni religiose della città antica Pezzoli-Olgiati, Daria Abstract: The present study analyzes religious concepts of the city in antiquity. A selection of texts from the Ancient Near East, from Jewish and Christian traditions and an example from Greece are examined and compared. Based on analytical categories defined by the author and applied to an otherwise heterogenous corpus of documents, the comparison serves to systematize recurring motifs which point to salient features and particular tendencies in the interpretation of urban space within ancient religious symbol systems. The study stresses the great variety of ancient approaches to and religious interpretations of urban space: praises of the city as a space of absolute cosmic order contrast with images of the city as a dimension of chaos and death; descriptions of the city as a space for human life are opposed to representations of transcendent worlds conceived in the form of cities. Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-156872 Monograph Published Version Originally published at: Pezzoli-Olgiati, Daria (2002). Immagini urbane: Interpretazioni religiose della città antica. Freiburg, Switzerland / Göttingen, Germany: Universitätsverlag / Vandenhoeck Ruprecht. Pezzoli. .. Qlgiati lmmagini urbane ORBIS BIBLICUS ET ORIENTALIS Im Auftrag des Departements für Biblische Studien der Universität Freiburg Schweiz, des Ägyptologischen Seminars der Universität Basel, des Instituts für Vorderasiatische Archäologie und Altorientalische Sprachen der Universität Bern und der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Orientalische Altertumswissenschaft herausgegeben von Othmar Keel und Christoph Uehlinger Zur Autorin: PD Dr. Daria Pezzoli-Olgiati, 1966, studierte Theologie in Freiburg,'CH und Zürich. Seit 2002 ist sie Oberassistentin für allgemeine Religionsgeschichte und Religionswissenschaft an der Universität Zürich. Forschungsschwerpunkte: Johannesapokalypse und Apokalyptik, Religionen der Antike, Religionsgeschichtlicher Vergleich, Sakrale Ordnung des Raums. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis Daria Pezzoli-Olgiati lmmagini urbane 1nterpretazion i rel igiose del la citta anti ca Universitätsverlag Freiburg Schweiz Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Göttingen Die Deutsche Bibliothek- CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Pezzoli-Olgiati, Daria: lmmagini urbane: interpretazioni religiose della citta antica/Daria Pezzoli-Olgiati. - Freiburg, Schweiz: Univ.-Verl.; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 2002. (Orbis biblicus et orientalis) ISBN 3-7278-1392-X ISBN 3-525-53041-2 Umschlagbild: Relief BM 124919, © Copyright The British Museum. Veröffentlicht mit Unterstützung der Divisione della cultura Cantone del Ticino Die Druckvorlagen wurden von der Autorin als reprofertige Dokumente zur Verfügung gestellt. © 2002 by Universitätsverlag Freiburg Schweiz Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Göttingen Herstellung: Paulusdruckerei Freiburg Schweiz ISBN 3-7278-1392-X (Universitätsverlag) ISBN 3-525-53041-2 (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht) Digitalisat erstellt durch Florian Lippke, Departement für Biblische Studien, Universität Freiburg Schweiz Al eentro di Fedora, metropoli di pietra grigia, sta un palazzo di metallo eon una sfera di vetro in ogni stanza. Guardando dentro ogni sfera si vede una citta azzurra ehe eil modello d'un'altra Fedora. Sono leforme ehe la citta avrebbe potuto prendere se non fasse, per una ragione o per l'altra, diventata eome oggi la vediamo. In ogni epoea qual­ euno, guardando Fedora qual era, aveva immaginato il modo di farne la citta ideale, ma mentre eostruiva il suo modello in miniatura gia Fedora non era piu la stessa di prima, e quello ehe fino a ieri era stato un suo possibile futuro ormai era solo un gioeattolo in una sfera di vetro. Fedora ha adesso nel palazzo delle sfere il suo museo: ogni abitante lo visita, seeglie la eitta ehe eorrisponde ai suoi desideri, la eontempla immaginando di speeehiarsi nella pe­ sehiera delle meduse ehe doveva raeeogliere le aeque de/ eanale (se non fosse stato pro­ sciugato), di pereorrere dall'alto de[ baldaeehino il viale riservato agli elefanti (ora ban­ diti dalla citta), di scivolare lungo la spirale del minareto a ehioeciola (ehe non trovo piu la base su eui sorgere). Nella mappa del tuo impero, o grande Kan, devono trovar posto sia la grande Fedora di pietra sia le pieeole Fedore nelle sfere di vetro. Non perehe tutte ugualmente reali, ma perehe tutte solo presunte. L'una raeehiude cio ehe e aeeettato eome neeessario mentre non lo eaneora; le altre eio ehe e immaginato come possibile e un minuto dopo non lo epiu. Italo Calvino, Le citta invisibili Nel vivo ricordo di Fritz Stolz Indice Premessa XV 1 Interpretazioni religiose della citta antica 1 1.1 Le citta e la citta: approcci al fenomeno urbano 1 1.1.1 Problemi di definizione della «citta» 3 1.1.2 Emergenza dell' approccio storico-sociologico 8 1.2 La citta antica 10 1.2.1 Definizioni della citta antica 11 1.2.2 Denominazioni antiche di citta 15 1.2.3 Dialettica tra prospettive interne e esterne 17 1.3 Citta antica e sistemi simbolici religiosi 18 1.3.1 Citta come «spazio sacro» 19 1.3.2 Interdipendenza tra sistema simbolico religioso e citta 21 1.4 Immagini di citta antiche 23 1.4.1 Singolarita delle fonti e approccio generalizzante 25 1.4.2 Classificazioni: spazio strutturato - spazio non strutturato, centro - periferia, cosmo - caos 26 1.4.3 Criteri di scelta e di analisi dei testi 29 2 Rappresentazioni 31 2.1 Le citta nell'Inno di Inanna 31 2.1.1 Testo 32 2.1.2 Inanna padrona di cielo e terra (11. 8-12) 33 2.1.3 Attributi di Inanna (11. 13-16) 34 2.1.4 Posizione rispetto agli altri dei (11. 21-28) 34 2.1.5 Rilevanza universale di Inanna (11. 29-39) 35 X Immagini urbane 2.1.6 Sfondo storico 36 2.1.7 La dea, i templi e le citta 37 2.2 Nippur nell'Inno a Enlil 37 2.2.1 Testo: 11. 1-70 38 2.2.2 Enlil (11. 1-13) 41 2.2.3 Nippur (11. 14-38) 42 2.2.4 Ekur (11. 39-64) 43 2.2.5 Nippur e Ekur al centro del cosmo (11. 65-70) 44 2.2.6 Sfondo storico 45 2.2.7 La citta centro del cosmo 46 2.3 Uruk nell'Epos di Gilgames 47 2.3.1 Testo: I,1-26 47 2.3.2 Gilgames e le sue gesta (I,1-10) 49 2.3.3 Uruk dalle mura straordinarie (I,11-21) 49 2.3.4 Le mura e la memoria (I,22-26) 51 2.3.5 Aspetti di Uruk nell'epos 51 2.3.6 Aspetti di Uruk in Gilgames e Agga, re di Kis 54 2.3.7 Sfondo storico 56 2.3.8 La citta, il re e le sue mura 57 2.4 La citta nell'Inno a Arbela 57 2.4.1 Testo 57 2.4.2 Citta di magnificenza 59 2.4.3 Citta «cielo» 60 2.4.4 Citta tra cielo e terra 60 2.4.5 Citta tempio 61 2.4.6 Citta delle feste e della gioia 62 2.4.7 Sfondo storico 62 2.4.8 La citta della gioia 64 2.5 Dur-Sarrukin in un'iscrizione su cilindro 65 2.5.1 Testo: 11. 34-77 65 2.5.2 Re come ideatore della citta (11. 34-43) 69 2.5.3 Re come pianificatore della citta (11. 44-60) 71 2.5.4 Re come costruttore della citta (11. 61-74) 72 2.5.5 Favore degli dei e maledizione (11. 75-77) 73 2.5.6 Sfondo storico 74 2.5.7 Re come conquistatore e fondatore 77 2.5.8 La citta fondata dal re 81 2.6 Babilonia nella Mappa del mondo babilonese 82 2.6.1 Disegno e testo 82 2.6.2 La terraferma 85 lndice XI 2.6.3 L'oceano 86 2.6.4 Le zone d'oltremare 86 2.6.5 Relazione tra immagine e testi 88 2.6.6 Accenni alla centralita di Babilonia in TINTIR = Babilonia 90 2.6.7 Accenni alla centralita di Babilonia in Enüma elis 93 2.6.8 Sfondo storico 95 2.6.9 La citta al centro del mondo 96 2.7 La citta come cosmo 96 2.7.1 La citta come creazione dall'origine divina 97 2.7.2 ldentificazione tra divinita e citta 97 2.7.3 Identificazione tra re e citta 98 2.7.4 La citta al centro del cosmo 98 2.7.5 La citta al centro dei paesi 98 2.7.6 La citta al centro dell'asse temporale 99 2.7.7 La citta come dimensione di realizzazione della vita 99 3 Modelli 101 3.1 La citta in un mito della creazione bilingue 101 3.1.1 Testo 102 3.1.2 Prima della creazione (11. 1-9) 104 3.1.3 Creazione di citta e templi primordiali (11. 10-16) 105 3.1.4 Creazione del mondo (11. 17-40) 109 3.1.5 Sfondo storico 110 3.1.6 La citta primordiale come modello 111 3.2 Le citta in Arie, acque, luoghi 112 3.2.1 Testo: cap. 1-2 112 3.2.2 Fattori determinanti 114 3.2.3 Tipi di citta 115 3.2.4 Strategie di classificazione e connotazioni 118 3.2.5 Sfondo storico 119 3.2.6 Tipologie di citta come modelli per la salute degli abitanti 121 3.3 La citta tendente al cosmo 121 3.3.1 La citta come dimensione di vita 121 3.3.2 Accenni agli aspetti deficitari della citta 123 4 Crisi 125 4.1 La citta nel Lamento su Eridu 125 4.1.1 Testo 126 XII Immagini urbane 4.1.2 Distruzione 131 4.1.3 Dolore e abbandono 133 4.1.4 Ritorno e ricostruzione 135 4.1.5 Sfondo storico 136 4.1.6 La citta effimera 138 4.2 Le citta in lamenti balag e ersemma 139 4.2.1 Testo: il lamento balag Colpisce la terra come una tempesta 139 4.2.2 La parola potente degli dei 146 4.2.3 Potere di Enlil 146 4.2.4 Scenario di distruzione 147 4.2.5 Testo: lamento ersemma a Baba 147 4.2.6 La citta nel passato 149 4.2.7 La citta nel presente 150 4.2.8 Sfondo storico 150 4.2.9 Riti per il restauro di un tempio 151 4.2.10 Riti per scongiurare una disgrazia annunciata 152 4.2.11 Riti legati al calendario 153 4.2.12 La citta vulnerabile 154 4.3 Gerusalemme in Ezechiele 4 s.
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