Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15598-5 — the River, the Plain, and the State Ling Zhang Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15598-5 — The River, the Plain, and the State Ling Zhang Index More Information

Index

Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to footnotes. Page numbers in italic followed by ‘illus’ refer to illustrations. Page numbers in italic followed by ‘t’ refer to tables.

Amano, Motonosuke, 226n31 Chaffee, John W., 10n13, 11n17, 11n18, An Lushan, 47, 48 46n34, 54n1, 56n4, 60n11, 62n14, An Zhongrong, 49–50, 51, 91, 245 63n17, 65n20, 88n11, 89n12, anthropogenic notion of environmental 120–121n22, 190n1, 231n42, entanglement, 14–15n24, 17n27 244n79 Chao Shuozhi, 198, 246–247, 257 Bao Zheng, 98, 246 Chen Cisheng, 211–212 baojia (Guards and Tithings system), Chen, Feng, 62n14 196–197, 203, 204 Cheng Fang, 151, 164, 166, 174, 175 Beijing Cheng Hao, 174 and economic prosperity north of Hebei, Cheng, Long, 58n7, 60n9, 60n11, 43 69–70n29 Khitan Liao control of, 39, 50, 56 Cheng, Minsheng, 221n18, 221, 222 sandstorms in, 264–265, 265n58 Chetham, Deirdre, 289n14 Bol, Peter, 89n13 Chhoe Pu, 264–265 Bray, Francesca, 226, 229, 258 Chia, Lucille, 88n11 Chi, Chao-Ting, 10n14 Cangzhou Commandery Chikusa, Masaaki, 62n14 desolation of, 200 climatic conditions ﬂooding of, 151 coldness, 41, 100, 156, 198, 225 rice cultivation, 234 dryness, 28–29, 41, 76–77, 79–80, water as a breeding ground for insects 100–101, 103–104, 131, 146, 206, and bacteria in, 168 218, 225, 256 See also He Chengju extreme weather, 41–42, 256 capitalism overview of, 41–42 buds of capitalism in the Yangzi delta, red snow, 100, 103, 108 283 sunspots, 146 proto-capitalist economy starting in the three thousand years ago on the Loess Song, 10, 10n13, 86–88 Plateau, 30

309

310 Index

commanderies and frontier pond maintenance, and the three-tiered strategic system, 169–170, 214 58–60, 62 Golden Dyke, 210–212 See also Cangzhou Commandery; instability of, 36–37, 144, 156n28, 253 Jingrong Commander; Liyang military destruction of, 134n51, 201n42, Commandery; Qianning 280–281, 281n2 Commandery; Shun’an negative consequences of, 34–35, 253 Commandery; Tongli Commandery; competing interests of districts, Yongjing Commandery 208–209, 215 core-periphery relations and Song-period empirical observations, inversion of Song state relations with 109 Hebei, 6, 8, 13–14, 53, 81–82, 186–187, 217, 244–246 earthquakes and Song state mode of production of in the 1040s, 100, 102illus9, 101–102, natural space and environmental 103, 108, 146 relations, 135–136, 287 in 1099 and 1100 in north China, 156 state formation and building by the in Hebei, 131, 195, 197, 214, 218 Northern Song, 135, 137 in Shaanxi, 101–102 Cosgrove, Denis E., 205 ecological thinking, 14–15n24 Economy, Elizabeth, 288n13 Daming prefecture Edgerton-Tarpley, Kathryn, 120–121n22, 1048 flooding in, 4, 199 202n45, 280–281 dyke building controversies, 144, Edmonds, Richard L., 265n58 145–146 Egypt, 25, 257–258, 258n30 refugees from central Hebei flooding in, Elvin, Mark, 10n13, 30n10, 54n2, 86, 104, 193 185–186, 215, 284n7 sandification, 267 notion of “technological lock-in”, Song-period prosperity of, 88 13n21 struggle for the Yellow River shore in, Emperor Gaozong, 280 211illus12, 214 Emperor Huizong, 156–159, 160, 280 Tang Jie’s dyke building efforts, 214 Emperor Qinzong, 160, 280 Deng, Xiaonan, 65n20 Emperor Renzong, 99–100 1048 flooding during reign of, 1, de Weerdt, Hilde Godelieve Dominque, 107–110 11n18, 88n11 edict of 1055 proclaiming “Hebei is the Dingzhou prefecture root of All-Under-Heaven”, 246 central Hebei flooding in, 193, 217 Qingli (Festive Era) reign, 84 famine, 218 Qingli reforms, 98–100, 104–105 military expenditure, 241 and the unsustainable growth of Hebei’s paddy rice production promoted by Xue military and the state’s corrupt Xiang, 236, 243 financial system, 98, 99–100 Song-period prosperity of, 88 Emperor Shenzong, 146–150, 152, 154 watery landscape of, 165, 168, 236 flooding during reign of, 149–153 Dizhou (Di prefecture), 37, 77n53 governance. See Wang Anshi Dodgen, Randall A., 27n5 Emperor Shizong, 112 Du Chun, 175–176 Emperor Taizong, 56 Du Mu, 47–48, 50, 245, 246–247 Emperor Taizu Dudbridge, Glen, 49n43 972 edict, 120n22, 118–121, 124, 126, dykes, 5 128, 158 “Code on illegally breaching dykes”, 70 attempt to conquer the Northern Han, cultivation of silted shores within, 260 117

Index 311

and the demilitarization of the Song, 64, and defensive tunnels, 65n20, 68, 117 68n25, 92, 256 as hydraulic leader, 114, 115, 123–124, economic impact of, 168–172 133 environmental impact of, 67–73, northward-flowing Yellow River 167–168 advocated by, 125, 133, 143, map of, 71illus8 149 and rice cultivation, 69, 234 and Tian Gao, 123–124 size of, 72 Emperor Wu, 31, 35, 128 state management of, 80–81, 161–167, Emperor Zhenzong, 58, 126, 227n32, 169–170 232–233 as a defensive system, 68–73, Emperor Zhezong, 153, 155–156, 219, 162–163, 167 276 and public access, 169–171 Empress Dowager Gao, 154 vegetation surrounding, 275–276, 278 environmental entities Fu Bi (prefect of Qingzhou), 3, 3n2, 98, 99, as actors, 6, 14, 15–16, 17–19, 205, 104, 193, 246 248–249 Yellow River as, 37–38, 107–110, Gates, Hill, 10n13 132, 145–146 Golas, Peter J., 10n15, 96n33, 182n82–83, Song state as an environmental force, 8, 183n86, 220n20, 186 14, 67–73, 114 Gong Dingchen, 198 See also climatic conditions; locust Guantao County (southern Hebei), 267 infestation; salt/salinization; sand; guojia, 90, 120–121n22 silt; trialectics among a river, a guwen movement, 90 plain, and a state; Yellow River; Yellow River-Hebei environmental Han, Peng, 259–260n34 complex Han Qi, 98, 99, 104 environmental world Hartman, Charles, 55n3, 62n14, 65n20, 82 as a concept, 16n26 Hartwell, Robert M., 10–11, 18n28, 54n2, and the role of non-human 62n14, 190n1 environmental entities, 17–19, 205, He, Chengju, 69–70, 165, 168, 234 248–249 He Tonghui and Wang Naiang, 32n14 and the Yellow River–Hebei He Zhu, 201 environmental complex, 6, 9, Hebei 14–15n24, 16n26, 19, 40–41, annual quota of vegetative materials 284–290 demanded of, 274 Europe climate. See climatic conditions Song fiscal administration compared demographics, 189–190, 190t3, 204 with later European historical dependence on wood produced on the periods, 182 Loess Plateau, 185 Song’s progress contrasted with economic prosperity Eurocentric notions of lineal before 1048 flooding, 2, 10 history, 10, 54–55 and the empire’s core-periphery power Evans, Peter B., 19n31, 120–121n22 structure, 6, 13–14 Evans, Peter, et al., 19n31, 120–121n22 Song period proto-capitalist economy starting in the Song, 10, 86–88 Fan Chunren, 154, 174, 175 ethnic hybridity and mixed social and Fan Zhen, 95 cultural practices of, 43, 48–49, Fan Zhongyan, 91, 99, 104 49n43 Frank, Andre Gunder, 16n26, 18 frontier ponds. See frontier ponds frontier ponds in Hebei geography, 38–39, 40n27, 42 1048 flooding of, 142–143 as a land “north of the river”, 36

312 Index

Hebei (cont.) Zhili region, 39, 263 early Song administrative districts, See also Daming prefecture; Dingzhou 59illus7 prefecture; Juma River; Yuhe geopolitics in the mid-eighth century, Canal 46–47 Hebei–demographics, refugees displaced by geopolitics in the tenth century, 1048 ﬂooding, 2–3, 9 39illus5 Helian Bobo iron mining and smelting, 63, 63n15, deforestation of Tongwan City 268, 275 established by, 32 as a “land of famine”, 43, 94–95, Tongwan City established in the Ordos, 202n45, 205n54, 218–219, 283 31–32 contrasted with the Tang-Song Henan transition theory of economic as a land “south of the river”, 36, 113, theory, 11, 282–283 115–117 martial characteristic of the early Hebei ﬂooding in the summer of 1077 of, people, 44–46, 205n54 151–152 militarization and the Song dynasty, 55–56 baojia (Guards and Tithings system), winter wheat cultivation, 85–86 196–197, 203, 204 “wood-grass fee” (shaocao qian) and the demilitarization of Hebei’s demanded of, 185 civil society, 62, 65–67, 204 Hong Mai, 171–172 Dingzhou’s military expenditure, 241 Ho, Ping-ti, 30n10 and its agricultural production, 62–63, Hou, Renzhi and Deng Hui, 30n9 94n26, 93–94, 95 Huang Mao, 234 and state control, 12–13, 58–61, 65 Huang Tingjian, 197 Strong Valiants and Righteous and Huang-Yun (Yellow River-Grand Canal), Brave militia, 93, 93n22, 93n23, 136, 286, 287 94n24, 94, 95, 192, 203–204 hydraulic cycle scholarship, 178–179n79 of the swampy landscape created by hydraulic mode of consumption frontier ponds, 68–69 concept of, 6 modern Hebei Province distinguished and deforestation, 6, 9, 268, 275–279, from, 39 284, 287 state management of, 64n18, 67–73, and developmental strategies in 134n51 contemporary China, 288–290 and militarization, 12–13, 45, 58–61, and Elvin’s notion of “technological 65 lock-in”, 13n21 and the restoration of a stable and the inversion of core-periphery agricultural society and economy, relations in Hebei, 6, 8, 9, 13–14, 73–79, 81 186–187, 244–246, 287 taxes and state management of frontier ponds, quotas of Summer-Autumn taxes in 166–167 1077, 231t5 Wittfogel’s productive mode contrasted quotas of Summer-Autumn taxes in with, 12n20, 12, 13, 177, 1080, 231–232, 232t6 186–187 as the “the root of All-Under-Heaven”, and the Yellow River–Hebei 6, 217, 246 environmental complex, 5–8, 9, water system, 250illus13 12–13, 141–143, 177–187, Yellow River courses in. See trialectics 244–247, 285–286, 289–290 among a river, a plain, and a state hydraulic mode of production. See Yellow River Yellow River, courses Wittfogel, Karl, hydraulic mode of 1048–1128 in Hebei Yellow production theory River–Hebei environmental complex Hymes, Robert P., 10n13, 15n25, 88n11

Index 313

Jia Changchao, 4, 93n19, 144, 193 Liang Tao, 219 Jingrong Commandery, 70 Liang Yantong, 208, 276 Juma River Liao dynasty as the de facto northern boundary of earthquakes in Shaanxi in the eleventh Song-occupied Hebei, 38–39, century in, 102 40n27, 160, 167 and Hebei and the Hebei transportation as a buffer zone, 51, 57 infrastructure, 61n13 Nanjing district of northern Hebei merging with the Yellow River, 143 controlled by, 39, 50 Jurchen and Song frontier-pond defensive defeat of the Liao, 160 tunnels, 65n20, 68, 68n25, 92, defeat of the Northern Song, 160–161, 256 280–281 and Song resistance against the Jin Dynasty of, 286–287 Khitan, 58, 84 Juma River crossed by, 167, 280–281 Juma River border with the Song state, See also Liao dynasty 38–39 Mongolian Steppe origins of, 50 Kaifeng Song dynasty peace settlement with, breaching of dykes to inflict a flood in, 56–57, 84, 92 134, 134n51 Linghu Duanfu, 207–208 everyday life depicted in the “Qingming Liu Chang, 1n1, 109, 144, 192 shanghe tu” scroll attributed to Liu, Dongsheng, 28n6 Zhang Zeduan, 88 Liu, Heping, 119n21, 120–121n22, fiscal policy, 221, 240 122n24 flooding in the summer of 1077 of, 152 Liu, James T. C., 65n19, 158, 243, Jurchen besieging of, 280 284n7 proximity to convenient water Liu Kai, 49 transportation, 115–117 Liu Xiu (founding emperor of the Eastern refugees from 1074 flooding in Hebei, Han), 45 197 Liu Yu (Leshou’s magistrate), 208–209 severe drought in, 101 Liyang Commandery, 200 Khitan. See Liao dynasty locust infestation, 76–77, 79–80, 100, 101, Kidder, Tristram R., 35 108, 131, 146, 195, 218 Loess Plateau Lamouroux, Christian, 18n28, 127, 133, and the 1048 flooding of the Yellow 134, 144n5, 274n90 River, 132 Lan Dingyuan, 265 deforestation, 31, 277n102 Late Zhou dynasty, 112 environmental conditions three thousand treatment of floods, 113–114 years ago, 30, 30n9, 35 Lau, Nap-yin and Huang K’uan-chung, wood-rich northwestern regions of 64n18, 117n18 southern part of, 185 Lefebvre, Henri, 7n11, 135 Lorge, Peter, 49n45, 50n47, 56n5, Leonard, Jane Kate, 27n5, 173n71 69–70n29 Levine, Ari Daniel, 105n55, 150n14, Lou Yao, 264 154n23, 175n73 Lu¨ Dafang, 154, 173 Li Chui, 124–128, 143, 152–153, 158, 159 Li, Jinshui, 150n14 Ma, Junya, 136, 284–286, 287 Li, Lillian M., 43n30, 202n45, 205n54, McDermott, Joseph, 10n13, 46n34, 86n7, 283 190n1, 223n21, 223n22 Li Qingchen, 194, 197 McNeill, John R., 12n19, 14–15n24 Li Zhongchang, 145–146, 175 Makita, Tairyo,¯ 264n54, 265n55 Liang, Gengyao, 221n18 Man, Zhimin, 108n1

314 Index

manorial economy of medieval China, on Hebei disasters, 101, 169, 218, 220 45–46, 86–87 Hebei population estimates of, 192 Marks, Robert B., 30n10, 67n24, 85n2, 205n54 Peng Ruli, 199 Meng Changling, 158, 160, 175 Perdue, Peter C., 121n23, 180n81, Mesopotamia, 256 205n54, 210n61, 213n64 Migdal, Joel S., 120–121n22 Pietz, David A., 18n28, 27n5, 281n3, millet 287n13 as a dietary staple, 231 Pomeranz, Kenneth, 136, 278–279, 283n4, and drought, 218 284–286, 287 and the flooding, 219 and the grain tax, 231–232 Qianning Commandery, 168, 200, and pressure on laborers to serve as 206–207, 235 hydraulic labor, 219 Qin dynasty, 30–31, 32 and salination, 170 Jing Ke’s assassination attempts, 44 and traditional dry-land farming in north Lord Shang, 44 China, 223–224, 229, 231n42, 237 “Qingming shanghe tu” scroll attributed to winter wheat as a competitor of, 230 Zhang Zeduan, 88 winter wheat compared with, 224, 225, 226t4 Radkau, Joachim, 256 winter wheat rotated with, 226n31, 226, Ren Boyu, 199, 200 227, 227n33 rice cultivation, 69, 233–239 yields during the Tang-Song transition, early-ripening variety of, 85, 223, 234, 73, 79, 223–224 238–239 Mitchell, W. J. T., 122n25, 124, 137–138, introduced to Cangzhou Commandery 138n56, 187 by He Chanegju, 234 Miyazaki, Ichisada, 10n13 in the Yangzi valley, 85, 87, 238–239 Mongolian Steppe Roumasset, James, 225n26 dust in Beijing, 265n58 Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, 19n31, and Hebei in early China, 43, 45–46 120–121n22 Ordos, 28, 29, 31–32 Morita, Akira, 178–179n79 Sakugen, 265 Mostern, Ruth, 66n22, 117n18, 119n21, salt/salinization, 262–264, 267, 279, 137n55, 200n40 284 Muscolino, Micah S., 27n5, 134n51, sand 201n42, 202n45, 205n54, 262n42, Hebei sandification, 221, 262–267, 279 280–281, 281n1–2 Mongolian steppe dust in Beijing, 265n58 Naito¯ Torajiro,¯ 10n13, 10n14, 54n1 Ordos desert, 28, 29, 31–32 Nationalist government, 134n51, 201n42, sandstorms (yutu), 32, 33, 267 280–281, 281n2 Schoppa, Keith R., 205n54 Neo-Confucianism, 89–90, 135 Scott, James C., 14, 142–143, 179–180, Ni, Jinren, 259–260n34 180n80, 187, 212, 214n65, 216n1, Nile River, 25, 257–258, 258n30 225n26, 261 Nixon, Rob, 134, 134n51 Shaanxi agricultural production in the eleventh Ordos, 28, 29, 31–32, 265n58 century, 220 Ouyang Xiu, 3n3, 90, 91, 96, 98, 99, 104, earthquakes, 101–102 109, 144, 145, 175, 221–222 ethnic diversity of, 48 gongli (state-merchant profit sharing) Qin state in, 44 recommended by, 243 trade between Chang’an and Hebei, 46

Index 315

Shapiro, Judith, 288n13 and the environmental entwinement of Shen Gua, 164–165, 168, 169, 236, 275, the Yellow River and the Hebei 279 Plain. See trialectics among a river, a Shen Li, 262–263, 265n58, 269, 270 plain, and a state trialectics among a Shi, Nianhai, 27n5, 30n9, 30n10, 32n15, river, a plain, and a state, in 33n17, 265n58 imperial China Yellow River–Hebei Shi, Nianhai, Cao Erqin, and Zhu environmental complex Shiguang, 30n10 geopolitics, 55illus6, 116illus10, Shiba, Yoshinobu, 10n14, 46n34, 67n24, 117–118: Hebei’s administrative 86n7, 190n1, 223n21, 223n22 districts, 59illus7 Shi ji, 44n31 Jurchen invasion, 134n51, 244 Shun’an Commandery, 70, 200, 220, 235 Khitan Liao: invasion, 58; territorial Sichuan, 67n24, 117, 148 disputes, 84, 92; war against, 92; silt See also Liao dynasty and the Nile River, 257–258, 258n30 self-consciousness of, 53–55, 60, “silting-ﬁeld measure” (yutian fa), 120–121n22 257–260, 265n58 Tangut Xixia: territorial disputes, 84, in the Wei River running through 92; war against, 92; See also Xixia Chang’an, 32–33 Southern Song, emperors. See Emperor Yellow River siltation Gaozong and the agricultural economy of Han the state as an environmental force Chinese farmers, 31 reshaping the land of Hebei, 7n12, during drought years, 132 8, 9, 53–57, 67–73, 131–132, 215 and ﬂows of, 25, 28n6, 27–28, 30, 34, state management of the Yellow 258n30 River–Hebei environmental silt loads of local rivers compared complex. See Yellow River–Hebei with, 29 environmental complex and southward shifting of, 250illus13, See also Hebei, militarization; trialectics 253–255 among a river, a plain, and a state; See also sand Water Conservancy (dushuijian) Sima Guang, 3, 148, 149–150, 154, 157, Song Qi, 99n41, 246 162, 167, 174, 175, 193, 218, 263 Song, Yuqin and Zhang Lixiao, 33n19 Skinner, G. William, 10–11, 17, 17n27, South-North Water Transfer, 288–289 18n28, 278 Standard History of the Song Dynasty Skocpol, Theda, 19n31, 120–121n22 (Song shi), 71–72, 132–133, 143, Smil, Vaclav, 202 238, 260–261, 262 Smith, Paul Jakov, 54n2, 64n18, 67n24, Standen, Naomi, 49n43, 112n9 87n2, 149n13, 150n14 and Hugh Clark, 49n45, 50n47 Soja, Edward W., 7n11, 7n12 Su Shi, 242 Song dynasty Su Zhe, 154, 175, 243–244 agricultural revolution during, 86 Sun Minxian (prefect of Shenzhou), cultural vibrancy, 54, 65–66, 88–90 152–153 long-distance trade, 86 Sun, Xia, 33n20 Neo-Confucianism, 89–90, 135 Northern Song Taihang Mountains emperors. See Emperor Huizong deforestation of, 271, 272, 274n90, 275, Emperor Qinzong Emperor 279, 280–281 Renzong Emperor Shenzong geographical location, 38, 39 Emperor Taizong Emperor Taizu Meng Changling’s plan to create a Emperor Zhenzong Emperor channel through, 158 Zhezong water originating from, 42, 249, 251

316 Index

Tan, Qixiang, 27n5, 30n9, 265n58 reform agenda executed by Cheng Fang. Tang dynasty, Chang’an, environmental See Cheng Fang conditions, 32–33 resumption of reforms of supported by Tang Jie, 169–170, 206, 214 the Water Conservancy, 153–154 Tang-Song transition, 190n1 Taizu’s perception of state-society millet yields, 73, 223–224 relationship compared with, 149n13 theory of economic growth, 10, 10n13, Wang, Gungwu, 127n39 54n2 Wang Jing, 35–36, 36n24 and Hebei’s counter image, 11, Wang Ju, 246 238–239 Wang, Ling and Lu Gwei-djen, 27n5 multi-dimensional thesis, 222–223 Wang, Lingling, 63n15 Tangut. See Xixia empire Wang, Tzeng-yu. See Wang Zengyu Three Gorges Dam, 270, 288–289 Wang Yansou, 154, 173, 246 Tongli Commandery, 198, 220 Wang, Yuanlin, 33n16 trialectics among a river, a plain, and a Wang, Zengyu and David Wright, 60n11, state 63n17 concept of, 7n11 Water Conservancy (dushuijian) in imperial China, 6, 51–52, 109–110, competition with regional authorities 122–123, 133–137, 286–289 across north China, 185, 208–209 in modern China, 288–289 External Executive (dushui waicheng), and the spontaneity of non-human 173–176, 208, 274 environmental entities, 17–19, and Hebei’s regional authorities, 180n80 172–176, 178 See also Song dynasty, the state as an Du Chun’s criticism of, 173–176 environmental force reshaping the and the Golden Dyke, 210–212 land of Hebei in Nanpi and Leshou, 208–209, tunnels, 65n20, 68, 68n25, 92, 256 213–214, 215 Twitchett, Denis, 47n40 Li Lizhi (chief director of), 152–153 Twitchett, Denis and Paul Jakov Smith, plantings of trees along banks and dykes, 49n45, 50n47, 56n4, 64n18, 275–278 117n18 resumption of Wang Anshi’s reforms supported by, 153–154 van Glahn, Richard, 11n17, 17n27, 54n2, “wood-grass fee” (shaocao qian), 185, 67n24, 85n2, 87n8 274 See also Cheng Fang; Li Zhongchang; Wallerstein, Immanuel, 16n26 Meng Changling; Shen Li; Wu Wang Anshi Anchi effect of reforms on Hebei population, Weber, Edward P., 19n31 191 Weilu commandery, 70 and Emperor Shenzong, 149–153 Wen Yanbo, 152, 154 government downsizing, 150n14, 200, Western Han dynasty 200n40 colonization of the North China Plain, 31 hydraulic works in Hebei, 150–151, flooding during the reign of Emperor 154 Wu, 35, 128 Guards and Tithing (baojia) system, White, Gilbert, 109–110 196–197, 203, 204 White, Richard, 177 and hydraulics under Emperor Zhezong, Will, Pierre Etienne, 118n19, 175n74, 155 178–179n79, 180, 180n81, 210n61, “measure of agricultural fields and water 213n64 benefits” policy, 173n71 winter wheat “silting-field measure” (yutian fa), and crop rotation, 85–86, 226n31, 226, 257–260, 265n58 227

Index 317

increased consumption of, 230–231 and sandification, 262–267 millet compared with, 224, 225, course shift encouraged in 972 by 226t4 Emperor Taizu, 119, 158, 208 Wittfogel, Karl, hydraulic mode of course shift in Mingzhou Prefecture, production theory 208 hydraulic leader of, 114, 135, deforestation and soil erosion in upper 178–179n79 and middle reaches of, 27–33, hydraulic mode of consumption 265n58, 268–279 compared with, 12n20, 12, 13, 177, discharge 186–187 into the Bohai Gulf, 284 and the rise of despotic states, 12n20, rate of, 30, 34 178–179n79 flooding before 1048, 34–35, 111t2, and the Yellow River–Hebei 125–126, 128 environmental complex, 135, 142 flooding between 1099 and 1102, 198 “world” as a concept. See environmental flooding from 1048 to 1067, 199 world flooding of Hebei in 1048, 1–4, 23–24, Worster, Donald, xv, 141–142 27–33, 107–110, 143–145 Wu Anchi, 153–154, 175 Great Bend, 29, 31, 32, 277n102 Wu Chuhou, 236 Henan as a land “south of the river”, 36, 113, 115–117 Xin Dynasty, 35 hydrological dynamics Xiongzhou, 61, 69, 70, 167–168, 220, as a means to transform the landscape, 236–237 205 Xixia empire, 56, 84, 101 and its muddy nature, 30 Xue Xiang, 236, 238, 243 and its tendency to flood, 27 legendary Nine Rivers of, 118–119, 152, Yang Huaimin, 163 158–159 Yangzi valley “return the river” of Emperor Shenzong, agricultural productivity, 94–95 154 early-ripening rice cultivation, 85, 87, siltation. See silt, Yellow River siltation 238–239 See also dykes; frontier ponds in Hebei; buds of capitalism in, 283 sand; silt; trialectics among a river, a developmental trajectory advocated by plain, and a state; Yellow Tang-Song transition theory, 242 River–Hebei environmental earthquakes in, 101–102 complex Yellow River Yellow River Conservancy, 27n5 anliu period of tranquility, 31, 36 Yellow River–Hebei environmental course of lower reaches complex after 1128, 282illus14, 284 creation of, 4–5, 8–9, 23–24, 27–33, before 1048, 36illus4, 128–132 172–174, 177–178 shifts in the course of, 26illus2, 25–26, as an “environmental world”, 5–9, 284 16n26, 19, 24–25, 40–41 course of middle reaches of, 29illus3, and the hydraulic mode of consumption, 27–29, 33, 265n58, 277–278 6, 11–13, 141–143, 177–180, courses 1048–1128, 147illus11, 197 244–247, 285–286, 287–288, courses 1048–1128 in Hebei, 2illus1, 289–290 1–2, 5, 8–9, 25–26, 160–161, political pressure imposed on the state by 194–195, 249–256 the river, 142–143, 186, 215 flooding in 1048, 1–5, 27, 107–110, See also Song dynasty, the state as an 132, 143–145 environmental force reshaping the land “north of the river”, 36 land of Hebei

318 Index

Yongjing Commandery, desolation of, 200 Zeng Xiaoguang, 176 Yuhe Canal (or Yongji Canal) Zhang Cun, 195, 197 abandonment of, 199, 252, 254 Zhang, De’er, 33n18, 33n19, stagnant water on the plain due to, 257 33n20 and waterbased transportation in Hebei, Zhang, De’er and Sun Xia, 33n20 46, 60–62, 68, 250illus13, 265–266 Zhang Fangping, 168–169 restoration by the Mongol Yuan, 255 Zhang, Jiayan, 205n54, 210n61, Yu the Great, 119n21 213n64 and the 1048 ﬂooding during the reign Zhang, Ling, 120–121n22, 260n35, of Emperor Renzong, 132–133, 143 260n37, 272n76, 287n10 and Emperor Taizu’s politico-hydraulic Zhanguo ce, 44n31 discourse, 118–120, 120–121n22, Zhang Xiaohua, 259–260n34 123–124, 128 Zhao kingdom, 44 and Huizong’s 1115 hydraulic project, Zhao Pu, 48 158–159, 160 Zhao Zhixi, 266 legendary Nine Rivers of, 118–119, Zhao Zi, 169 120–121n22, 152, 158–159 Zuozhuan, 44n31