Street Addressing and the Management of Cities
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DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT 32923 Street Addressing Public Disclosure Authorized and the Management of Cities CATHERINE FARVACQUE-VITKOVIC, LUCIEN GODIN, HUGUES LEROUX, FLORENCE VERDET, AND ROBERTO CHAVEZ Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Street Addressing and the Management of Cities Catherine Farvacque-Vitkovic, Lucien Godin, Hugues Leroux, Florence Verdet, and Roberto Chavez WORLD BANK Washington, D.C. © 2005 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone 202-473-1000 Internet www.worldbank.org E-mail [email protected] All rights reserved. 1 2 3 4 08 07 06 05 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the gov- ernments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The World Bank encourages dissemina- tion of its work and will normally grant permission promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with com- plete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470, www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, fax 202-522-2422, e-mail [email protected]. Photo credits: Cover: ©Austrian Archives/CORBIS Page 10: V. Mihailovic. Pages 19, 127: D. Diallo, Cellule Guinée. Pages 40, 121, 128, 133, 173, 182, 198: T. Lahlou, Cellule nationale du Mozambique. Others: Groupe Huit. Drawings: Page 198 : B. Gnoumou, Cellule Burkina Faso. Others: Groupe Huit. On the cover, an astrolabe, one of the first tools of referencing, and an addressing map. ISBN 0-8213-5814-4 e-ISBN 0-8213-5816-2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been applied for. 2004043534 Contents Foreword vii Acknowledgments x About the Authors xi Abbreviations and Acronyms xiii 1. What Is Street Addressing and Why Is It Necessary? 1 What is street addressing? 2 Why is street addressing necessary? 3 2. Street Addressing Applications 19 Street addressing and civic identity 20 Street addressing and urban information 22 Street addressing and support to municipal services 24 Street addressing and tax systems 27 Street addressing and the land tenure issue 32 Street addressing and slum upgrading 37 Street addressing and concessionary services 39 Street addressing and economic development 43 3. Street Addressing Practices 47 Overview of main experiences 48 Burkina Faso 54 Cameroon 61 Guinea 65 Mali 70 Mauritania 74 Mozambique 80 Niger 85 Sénégal 90 Other projects: Benin, Rwanda, Djibouti, Togo, and Côte d’Ivoire 97 4. Street Addressing Manual 103 Basic assumptions 104 Activity 1. Designing the street addressing program 106 Activity 2. Conducting a feasibility study 114 Activity 3. Setting up the street addressing unit 121 Activity 4. Estimating costs and time frames for an addressing program 130 Activity 5. Defining the scope of the program 137 iii iv CONTENTS Activity 6. Choosing a codification system 140 Activity 7. Mapping 163 Activity 8. Surveying and numbering doorways 168 Activity 9. Recording addresses 177 Activity 10. Installing street signs 182 Activity 11. Producing the address map and street index 192 Activity 12. Conducting a media campaign 195 Activity 13. Maintaining and adapting the system 199 Annexes 203 1. Terms of reference for tax registers 204 2. Toponymy Commission—Burkina Faso 209 3. Cameroon: Naming of streets and public squares in cities 212 4. Tracking and monitoring addressing operations 214 5. Purchase of supplies and materials for street addressing 216 6. Preparing the address map: aerial photography 222 7. Preparing address and signage maps 228 8. Printing the address map and street index 232 9. Installing addressing materials 234 Glossary 239 Bibliography 249 Index 257 Boxes Chapter 1 1.1. Inscribing the names of streets in Paris 5 1.2. Changes to street names in Quebec 6 1.3. Disgruntled residents and the Toponymy Commission (Canada) 7 1.4. Belgrade: History is written on the walls 7 1.5. China: Compass-based street addressing 8 1.6. Japan: Helpless citizens 9 1.7. Numbering of houses in Crest (France) in 1766 10 1.8. A “citizen project” 10 Chapter 2 2.1. Monitoring of epidemics (Maputo, Mozambique) 23 2.2. Household waste, Conakry, Guinea 26 2.3. Inventory and valuation of built assets (Senegal and Guinea) 27 2.4. Development of tax registers (Senegal) 29 2.5. Tax department involvement in street addressing surveys (Niger) 30 CONTENTS v 2.6. Street addressing and concessionary services (Mozambique) 41 2.7. Economic database (Maputo) 45 Chapter 4 4.1. Historical curiosities 148 4.2. Memorandum of agreement between the municipality and the utility concessionaire 171 4.3. Urbadresse 180 Tables Chapter 2 2.1. Cadastre and street addressing: a comparison 36 Chapter 3 3.1. Features of addressing operations based on a sampling of 21 cities 49 3.2. Execution and financing of addressing by country and city 50 3.3. Addressing applications by country 53 3.4. Street addressing materials per city 92 3.5. Implementation of the project by city 94 3.6. Division and weighting of tasks 95 3.7. RFU costs in US$ 97 Chapter 4 4.1. Street addressing tasks by phase 112 4.2. Distribution and phasing of tasks 122 4.3. Computer equipment for the unit 128 4.4. Basic cost calculation data 131 4.5. Calculating cost of street addressing (example) 132 4.6. Cost calculation assumptions 133 4.7. Summary of costs according to the city’s population 134 4.8. Variation in cost according to materials used 135 4.9. Implementation time frame according to the size of the city 136 4.10. Decametric numbering system 150 4.11. Unit cost of materials, not including installation (in US$) 185 4.12. Comparison of sign densities by cost 185 4.13. Sample list of street signs 187 Figures Chapter 1 1.1. History is written on the walls of Belgrade... The inscriptions change in the streets in Paris 11 Chapter 2 2.1. Cadastre and street addressing 34 2.2. Addressing informal settlements 40 Chapter 3 3.1. Ouagadougou: Divided into sectors 60 vi CONTENTS 3.2. Conakry: Divided by “communes” 69 3.3. Bamako: Divided by “addressing zones.” Cities addressed in Mali 73 3.4. Cities addressed in Mauritania 79 3.5. Mozambique cities involved in addressing initiatives 84 3.6. Niamey: Divided into “districts” 89 3.7. Cities addressed in Senegal 96 3.8. San Pedro: Divided into “addressing zones” 100 Chapter 4 4.1. Flowchart for tasks 108 4.2. Planning of tasks 110 4.3. Addresses assigned to urban fixtures 121 4.4. Organizational chart for the street addressing unit 126 4.5. Street addressing unit during implementation 127 4.6. Street addressing materials 128 4.7. Training of a street addressing unit 133 4.8. Defining phases of a street addressing project 141 4.9. Addressing subdivision by address zones and by neighborhoods 144 4.10. Progression of the numbering system 147 4.11. Sequential alternating numbering systems 149 4.12. Metric alternating numbering system 150 4.13. Decametric alternating numbering system 151 4.14. Codification of cul-de-sacs and intersections 153 4.15. Codification of intersections 154 4.16. Addressing in informal settlements 155 4.17. Combined addressing system 156 4.18. Puebla Los Angeles in 1531 157 4.19. Mannheim 159 4.20. Paris: Choderlos de Laclos’ proposal 160 4.21. Street addressing system in Washington, D.C. 161 4.22. Sectors in Chandigarh 162 4.23. Stages of implementation for a street address map 165 4.24. Example of an address map (Conakry) 166 4.25. Example of survey form 170 4.26. Field surveyor and survey taker 173 4.27. Team progress chart 174 4.28. Model memo to be presented during the survey 175 4.29. Progress chart for street addressing tasks 176 4.30. Recording data 181 4.31. Stenciling materials 183 4.32. Sponsored street signs 186 4.33. Signage map 188 4.34. Street signs and signposts 191 4.35. Sample map and index 194 4.36. Conducting a media campaign through film, posters, logos 198 Foreword The most spectacular change in sub-Saharan Africa over the last few decades has been the dramatic demographic shift from rural areas to cities. Over 80% rural at independence, the region will soon be nearly 50% urbanized. As cities in the developing world have confronted this demographic explosion, urban management has become all the more challenging amid the current trend toward decentralization. With little experience in urban management, local governments have often been unable to develop the resources they need to deal with urban growth. Against this backdrop, systems for identifying streets, buildings, and plots have simply been unable to keep up with the pace of urbanization. As a result, 50% or more of the city streets in these countries have no names or addresses, and the problem is particularly acute in the poorest neighborhoods.