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Diptera: Sarcophagidae) CARINA MARA DE SOUZA DIVERSIDADE DE ESPÉCIES E ABORDAGEM FILOGENÉTICA DO GÊNERO Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (DIPTERA: SARCOPHAGIDAE) CAMPINAS 2014 ii UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE BIOLOGIA CARINA MARA DE SOUZA DIVERSIDADE DE ESPÉCIES E ABORDAGEM FILOGENÉTICA DO GÊNERO Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (DIPTERA: SARCOPHAGIDAE) Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Patrícia Jacqueline Thyssen CAMPINAS 2014 iii iv v vi Aos meus pais, razão de tudo. "O que sabemos é uma gota, o que ignoramos é um oceano" Isaac Newton vii viii AGRADECIMENTOS À minha família (especialmente papai Ariozano (in memorian), mamãe Maria José, e irmãos Cassiano e Carolina) por compartilharem comigo esta etapa, por todo o apoio moral, amoroso e financeiro durante este período e em todas as minhas decisões. Meu pai, apesar de não estar mais presente neste final, foi de essencial à execução deste trabalho, além de um “ajudante” muito especial durante parte das coletas. Sem o apoio e incentivo da minha mãe eu não teria o alicerce e força necessários para concluir essa caminhada. Obrigada por serem meus exemplos, acreditarem em mim, pela compreensão nos momentos de ausência (que foram muitos...), pelos conselhos e por todas as palavras motivadoras que me consolaram e deram força nos momentos mais difíceis. À inestimável Dra. Patricia J. Thyssen, grande amiga e mestre, pela orientação, oportunidade de crescimento profissional e pessoal, apoio incondicional em todas as empreitadas dessa jornada, um “anjo- da-guarda” na minha vida, tanto acadêmica quanto pessoal. Ao Dr. Arício X. Linhares pelo apoio na execução desse projeto, pela convivência e singular oportunidade de aprendizado, além das contribuições durante a qualificação, exame prévio e defesa. Ao Dr. Thomas Pape pela oportunidade de estágio em seu laboratório e aprendizado no mundo dos sarcofagídeos. À Dra. Roseli Tuan pelos ensinamentos na área de biologia molecular. À Dra. Cátia A. Mello-Patiu pela imensurável contribuição durante o estudo das Oxysarcodexia, a afetuosa receptividade nas várias trocas de e-mails, em minha visita ao Museu Nacional e nos encontros acadêmicos, além das relevantes contribuições na avaliação da tese. Aos Drs. Marlene T. Ueta, Silmara Allegretti, Júlio Mendes, Carolina Reigada, Cláudio J. Von Zuben, Paulo R. Bunde, Sérgio F. dos Reis e José Roberto Pujol-Luz pela disponibilidade em compor as bancas dos exames de qualificação, prévio e defesa e por suas contribuições nestas etapas. Aos amigos do Laboratório de Entomologia L2B, André Savino, Carolina Palanch, Cauê Mira, Daniel Brancoli (Carioca), Danilo Ferraz, Fábio Rezende (Frango), Jandui Amorim, Maicon Grella (Maicola), Marina Klemm (Nina), Marcela Alonso (Qualy), Mariana Nassu (Dori), Maria Lígia Paseto (Armaria), Rafael Cedro, Thamiris Smania pelo ótimo ambiente de trabalho, pelas discussões científicas, momentos de descontração e imensurável ajuda em coletas, criações de moscas, edição de imagens, dicas na redação, dentre outras atividades, sem os quais parte do trabalho não seria possível. Prezadas amizades. Aos queridos amigos feitos em Copenhagen, Eliana Buenaventura, Dave Cheung, Daniel Whitmore, Ken Puliafico e Nesrine Akkari pelas aventuras no exterior e o apoio numa fase difícil. Aos estimados colegas Karine Vairo, pelo material de Manaus; Matheus Camargo, pelo auxílio na edição das imagens; Taís Madeira e Thamiris Barbosa, pela colaboração nos experimentos moleculares. Aos prezados amigos da Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia e do departamento, em especial Luciana Franceschi, Aline Rimoldi, Laura Gisloti, Rodrigo Labello e Raquel Palasio. Aos amigos distantes, porém sempre presentes, que conviveram com minha ausência em vários momentos e nunca se afastaram ou deixaram de me apoiar. Aos demais professores e técnicos do departamento, em especial Tacilda S. Nalon (Tata), João Batista e Letícia Duart, pelas contribuições durante as disciplinas e na realização deste trabalho. À Universidade Estadual de Campinas por prover condições para minha formação acadêmico- profissional e pelos subsídios fornecidos a esta pesquisa. À CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) pela concessão da bolsa de estudos (doutorado regular e programa sanduíche no exterior processo #0906/12-3). ix x RESUMO Um conspecto taxonômico com base nos machos de 85 espécies válidas pertencentes ao gênero Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1919 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) é apresentado. Uma diagnose do gênero e de cada espécie constituinte, distribuição geográfica, dados biológicos – quando disponíveis –, e um apêndice pictórico são também inclusos nesse conspecto. Além do exame de espécimes de Oxysarcodexia, uma ampla e minuciosa busca na literatura foi realizada para abranger toda a informação disponível para esse gênero. Além disso, foram descritas seis espécies novas de distribuição neotropical. Foi também realizada uma análise filogenética baseada em caracteres morfológicos provenientes do exame de machos de 54 espécies pertencentes ao gênero Oxysarcodexia a fim de investigar a assimetria fálica vista em algumas espécies e a ocorrência de possíveis agrupamentos interespecíficos dentro do gênero. A assimetria também foi estudada por meio de espécies modelo, com o auxílio da técnica de microscopia eletrônica de varredura rotacional. A assimetria detectada foi do tipo direcional sinistral, presente em oito espécies, restringindo-se aos lobos terminais da vésica e sendo considerada uma homoplasia. Quanto aos agrupamentos de espécies, a topologia encontrada nas árvores mais parcimoniosas obtidas mostrou certa similaridade com o proposto na literatura, embora sem completa correspondência. Espera-se, com esse estudo, auxiliar no processo de identificação dessas espécies, assim como contribuir para o melhor conhecimento desse gênero de moscas. Palavras-chave: Sarcofagídeo; Díptero – Morfologia; Inseto – Identificação; Microscopia eletrônica de varredura. xi xii ABSTRACT A taxonomic conspectus based on male specimens of 85 valid species of the genus Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1919 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) is presented. A diagnosis for the genus and for each species, the geographical distribution, the biological information – when available –, and a pictorial appendix are included in this conspectus. Besides the species examination, a thorough and wide search on the literature was performed in order to gather all information available for this genus. Additionally, six new species of Neotropical distribution were described. It was also performed a phylogenetic analysis based on males morphological characters of 54 species belonging to Oxysarcodexia genus, in order to study the phallic asymmetry present on some species and the occurrence of possible interspecific grouping within the genus. The asymmetry was also investigated through model species, with the help of rotational scanning electron microscopy technique. The asymmetry detected was of sinistral directed type, present in eight species, restricted to the terminal lobes of the vesica, and considered a homoplasy. About the species grouping, the topology found on the most parsimonious trees obtained showed certain similarity with the propositions of the literature, although without complete correspondence. We expected with this study contribute with the species identification process and with the best knowledge of this flesh fly genus. Key-words: Sarcophagidae; Diptera – Morphology; Insects – Identification; Scanning electron microscopy. xiii SUMÁRIO 1. INTRODUÇÃO ........................................................................................................................... 1 2. REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA ....................................................................................................... 3 3. OBJETIVOS .............................................................................................................................. 9 4. METODOLOGIA ...................................................................................................................... 11 5. CAPÍTULO I ........................................................................................................................... 13 Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 13 Resumo ...................................................................................................................................... 14 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 15 Material and Methods ................................................................................................................ 16 Generic Definition ..................................................................................................................... 18 Remarks ..................................................................................................................................... 19 Genus Diagnosis ........................................................................................................................ 20 Species awaiting status confirmation ........................................................................................ 23 Taxonomy .................................................................................................................................. 23 Final considerations ................................................................................................................
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