Removal of Paraquat and Atrazine from Water by Montmorillonite

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Removal of Paraquat and Atrazine from Water by Montmorillonite Pest Management Science Pest Manag Sci 56:565±570 (2000) Removal of paraquat and atrazine from water by montmorillonite-(Ce or Zr) phosphate cross-linked compounds E Gonza´lez-Pradas,1* M Villafranca-Sa´nchez,1 F Del Rey-Bueno,2 MD Uren˜a-Amate1 and M Ferna´ndez-Pe´rez1 1Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Almerı´a, La Can˜ada San Urbano s/n, 04120 Almerı´a, Spain 2Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, Avda Severo Ochoa, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain Abstract: The adsorption of paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridilium dichloride) and atrazine (6- chloro-N 2-ethyl-N 4-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) from aqueous solution onto two mont- morillonite-(Ce or Zr) phosphate cross-linked compounds at different temperatures (288K and 308 K) has been studied using batch experiments. The adsorption isotherms obtained for paraquat on both adsorbents may be classi®ed as H-type of the Giles classi®cation, which suggests that paraquat molecules are strongly adsorbed on the samples. For the adsorption of atrazine, L-type isotherms were obtained for both montmorillonite-(Ce or Zr) phosphate compounds, which suggests that these compounds have a medium af®nity for this herbicide. The increase in temperature from 288K to 308K did not have any clear effect on the adsorption process of paraquat on either adsorbent whereas atrazine adsorption decreased slightly as temperature increased, possibly due to a mainly physical process. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic studies revealed that at the pH generated by the adsorbents, the cationic herbicide interacted to a greater extent with the negatively charged surface of the adsorbents than did atrazine. For both herbicides, the Ce-montmorillonite adsorbent showed a higher adsorption capacity than the Zr-montmorillonite adsorbent. # 2000 Society of Chemical Industry Keywords: atrazine: paraquat; montmorillonite; phosphate; adsorption 1 INTRODUCTION solids of controllable porosity for possible use as The vast agricultural use of pesticides in Southern adsorbents.2 Phosphates of tetravalent metals are Spain has important implications on the contamina- another type of inorganic layered compound that has tion of ground water systems which are used both for been widely studied because of their catalytic and ion- human consumption and for crop irrigation. Areas exchange properties. These compounds have been such as AlmerõÂa (southeastern AndalucõÂa) have low compared with some smectites due to their structural rainfall and an intensive horticultural production similarities.3 So the use of cross-linked compounds based on plastic greenhouses, so this contamination obtained using montmorillonite (a layered silicate of aquifer systems is an increasingly serious problem. belonging to the group of smectites) and phosphates Water analyses have shown pesticide residues at of tetravalent metals has gained widespread accep- concentrations of 0.01±0.5mg litre1 in the AlmerõÂa tance as a technique to eliminate contaminants in wells.1 One of the main reasons that removal and natural waters, as a result of the improvement of their disposal of these potentially hazardous waste chemi- surface properties (speci®c surface areas and porosity), cals is such a complex problem arises from the wide with regard to those exhibited by each compound range of chemical compounds which are used as independently. This allows the new compounds to be pesticides. This makes it extremely dif®cult to produce used as better adsorbents in aqueous media. The a single method for pesticide disposal that applies association between montmorillonite and phosphates universally. Therefore, several speci®c methods for the of tetravalent metals yields a material which does not removal and disposal of these chemicals may be disperse in water and undergoes only a very low degree required to solve the problem. of hydrolysis of its phosphate groups.4 The use of these There is a growing interest in the application and compounds in preference to others such as anionic study of clays as precursors of cross-linked com- exchangers and some types of clay (natural or pounds, especially since with these one can now obtain modi®ed), can be justi®ed by the superior results * Correspondence to: E Gonza´lez-Pradas, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Almerı´a, La Can˜ada San Urbano s/n, 04120 Almerı´a, Spain E-mail: [email protected] (Received 26 January 1999; revised version received 15 October 1999; accepted 14 February 2000) # 2000 Society of Chemical Industry. Pest Manag Sci 1526±498X/2000/$17.50 565 E GonzaÂlez-Pradas et al obtained in the removal of contaminants from Analytical grade atrazine (99%) and paraquat water.5,6 (99%) were purchased from Riedel-De HaeÈn, (the As adsorption on solid substrates is one of the latter obtained as the dichloride salt) and used without methods which has been used for removing pesticides further treatment or puri®cation. from water,7 we considered it useful to study the Atrazine and paraquat adsorption experiments were sorption processes of two herbicides, atrazine and performed by using the batch-equilibration method. paraquat, as a function of temperature on two Duplicate samples of each adsorbent (0.1g) were montmorillonite-(Ce or Zr) phosphate cross-linked equilibrated in 100ml conical ¯asks with 50ml of compounds. aqueous solution of the herbicides with varying initial 2 4 4 2 Atrazine (6-chloro-N -ethyl-N -isopropyl-1,3,5- concentrations, ranging from 1Â10 to 7.5Â10 cM 4 2 triazine-2,4-diamine) is a systemic herbicide which for the 5C sample and from 1Â10 to 6.7Â 10 cM inhibits photosynthesis and is applied for general weed for the 5Z sample. The experiments were carried out control.8 Paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium in a thermostatic shaker bath at 288K and 308K. ion), normally applied in the form of the dichloride Preliminary experiments were conducted for various salt, is an extremely effective, non-selective herbicide time intervals to determine when sorption equilibrium which also interferes with the redox reactions related was reached. The time required for atrazine was 48h to photosynthesis.9 Its persistence and polar character and 168h for paraquat. Following the equilibration mean that this compound may be present as residues period, the adsorption systems were centrifuged at in surface water.10,11 Both herbicides are extensively 19000 rev min1 for 10min and the concentration of used in the AlmerõÂa region. the herbicide in the supernatant solutions (Ce) Taking into account the above, this study was determined by high performance liquid chromatogra- initiated to determine the effectiveness of the new phy (HPLC) using a Beckman liquid chromatographic cross-linked compounds in removing atrazine and the system equipped with diode-array detector and data cationic pesticide paraquat from aqueous solutions. station. This evaluation was carried out by studying the The HPLC operating conditions were as follows: sorption of the two pesticides in batch experiments, separation by isocratic elution was performed on a in order to obtain the corresponding sorption iso- 150Â3.9mm Nova-Pack LC-18 bonded-phase col- therms and sorption capacities, as well as to study the umn (Waters, Millipore Corporation); sample vo- effect of temperature on the adsorption process. lume, 20ml; ¯ow rate, 1.0ml min1; and the mobile phase, HPLC grade acetonitrile (Riedel-De HaÈen) demineralized water (milli-Q quality, Millipore Corp) 2 EXPERIMENTAL (6040 by volume) for atrazine measurements. For The materials used as adsorbents in this study were paraquat measurements, the mobile phase was pre- two samples of montmorillonite-Ce(IV) phosphate pared as follows: a solution containing the speci®c and montmorillonite-Zr(IV) phosphate cross-linked equivalent of 7.5mM sodium heptanesulphonate compounds (labelled as 5C and 5Z, respectively), (Sigma Chemical Co) and 0.10 M orthophosphoric which have been characterized by the present authors acid (85%, Panreac) was made up in 0.45mm ®ltered in a previous paper.4 Tetravalent metal phosphate-clay doubly distilled water. The pH was adjusted to 3.00 compounds were obtained by using a method adapted with triethylamine (99.6%, Merck), and the organic from the one proposed by Sterte,12 to obtain titanium modi®er, acetonitrile, was added to yield a 10% (v/v) oxide±montmorillonite compounds. The starting ma- proportion. Atrazine was analysed at 222nm and terial was a bentonite from `Los Trancos' deposit, paraquat at 257nm, their wavelengths of maximum Minas de Gador SA, Cabo de Gata, Almeria, Spain. absorption. The amount of pesticide adsorbed on the Samples of montmorillonite, the <2-mm fraction, 5C and 5Z samples, (X), was calculated from the (5g), were dispersed in 50ml of the corresponding difference between the initial (C0) and equilibrium tetravalent cation (Ce(IV) or Zr(IV)) solution at an herbicide solution concentrations (Ce). The pH of the appropriate concentration that exceeded by ®ve times adsorbent solutions was also measured before and the exchange capacity of the clay (90meq 100g1). after the adsorption experiments to determine if the The suspensions obtained were continuously stirred at pH was stable during the experiment. Blanks contain- room temperature for 9h and then allowed to stand for ing no pesticide were used for each series of experi- 12h. Next, they were re¯uxed under constant stirring ments. No degradation products of any herbicide were with a volume of 50ml of phosphoric acid at a found in the supernatant. concentration double that of the tetravalent cation The FTIR spectra were recorded on an ATI used to saturate the clay. The mixture was re¯uxed for Mattson spectrometer. An aqueous pesticide solution a further 7h and allowed to stand at room temperature (0.05 litre) with a concentration corresponding to the for 12h. The samples obtained were then washed with maximum used in the adsorption experiments was distilled water until sulphate (Ce sample) or chloride added under continuous stirring to 0.25g of each (Zr sample) was completely removed in the washing adsorbent in 100ml conical ¯asks.
Recommended publications
  • 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
    2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid IUPAC (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid name 2,4-D Other hedonal names trinoxol Identifiers CAS [94-75-7] number SMILES OC(COC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl)=O ChemSpider 1441 ID Properties Molecular C H Cl O formula 8 6 2 3 Molar mass 221.04 g mol−1 Appearance white to yellow powder Melting point 140.5 °C (413.5 K) Boiling 160 °C (0.4 mm Hg) point Solubility in 900 mg/L (25 °C) water Related compounds Related 2,4,5-T, Dichlorprop compounds Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a common systemic herbicide used in the control of broadleaf weeds. It is the most widely used herbicide in the world, and the third most commonly used in North America.[1] 2,4-D is also an important synthetic auxin, often used in laboratories for plant research and as a supplement in plant cell culture media such as MS medium. History 2,4-D was developed during World War II by a British team at Rothamsted Experimental Station, under the leadership of Judah Hirsch Quastel, aiming to increase crop yields for a nation at war.[citation needed] When it was commercially released in 1946, it became the first successful selective herbicide and allowed for greatly enhanced weed control in wheat, maize (corn), rice, and similar cereal grass crop, because it only kills dicots, leaving behind monocots. Mechanism of herbicide action 2,4-D is a synthetic auxin, which is a class of plant growth regulators.
    [Show full text]
  • INDEX to PESTICIDE TYPES and FAMILIES and PART 180 TOLERANCE INFORMATION of PESTICIDE CHEMICALS in FOOD and FEED COMMODITIES
    US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs INDEX to PESTICIDE TYPES and FAMILIES and PART 180 TOLERANCE INFORMATION of PESTICIDE CHEMICALS in FOOD and FEED COMMODITIES Note: Pesticide tolerance information is updated in the Code of Federal Regulations on a weekly basis. EPA plans to update these indexes biannually. These indexes are current as of the date indicated in the pdf file. For the latest information on pesticide tolerances, please check the electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR) at http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfrv23_07.html 1 40 CFR Type Family Common name CAS Number PC code 180.163 Acaricide bridged diphenyl Dicofol (1,1-Bis(chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethanol) 115-32-2 10501 180.198 Acaricide phosphonate Trichlorfon 52-68-6 57901 180.259 Acaricide sulfite ester Propargite 2312-35-8 97601 180.446 Acaricide tetrazine Clofentezine 74115-24-5 125501 180.448 Acaricide thiazolidine Hexythiazox 78587-05-0 128849 180.517 Acaricide phenylpyrazole Fipronil 120068-37-3 129121 180.566 Acaricide pyrazole Fenpyroximate 134098-61-6 129131 180.572 Acaricide carbazate Bifenazate 149877-41-8 586 180.593 Acaricide unclassified Etoxazole 153233-91-1 107091 180.599 Acaricide unclassified Acequinocyl 57960-19-7 6329 180.341 Acaricide, fungicide dinitrophenol Dinocap (2, 4-Dinitro-6-octylphenyl crotonate and 2,6-dinitro-4- 39300-45-3 36001 octylphenyl crotonate} 180.111 Acaricide, insecticide organophosphorus Malathion 121-75-5 57701 180.182 Acaricide, insecticide cyclodiene Endosulfan 115-29-7 79401
    [Show full text]
  • Delayed Fluorescence Imaging of Photosynthesis Inhibitor and Heavy Metal Induced Stress in Potato
    Cent. Eur. J. Biol. • 7(3) • 2012 • 531-541 DOI: 10.2478/s11535-012-0038-z Central European Journal of Biology Delayed fluorescence imaging of photosynthesis inhibitor and heavy metal induced stress in potato Research Article Jaka Razinger1,*, Luka Drinovec2, Maja Berden-Zrimec3 1Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2Aerosol d.o.o., 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 3Institute of Physical Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Received 09 November 2011; Accepted 13 March 2012 Abstract: Early chemical-induced stress in Solanum tuberosum leaves was visualized using delayed fluorescence (DF) imaging. The ability to detect spatially heterogeneous responses of plant leaves exposed to several toxicants using delayed fluorescence was compared to prompt fluorescence (PF) imaging and the standard maximum fluorescence yield of PSII measurements (Fv/Fm). The toxicants used in the study were two photosynthesis inhibitors (herbicides), 100 μM methyl viologen (MV) and 140 μM diuron (DCMU), and two heavy metals, 100 μM cadmium and 100 μM copper. The exposure times were 5 and 72 h. Significant photosynthesis-inhibitor effects were already visualized after 5 h. In addition, a significant reduction in the DF/PF index was measured in DCMU- and MV-treated leaves after 5 h. In contrast, only DCMU-treated leaves exhibited a significant decrease in Fv/Fm after 5 h. All treatments resulted in a significant decrease in the DF/PF parameter after 72 h of exposure, when only MV and Cd treatment resulted in visible symptoms. Our study highlights the power of delayed fluorescence imaging. Abundant quantifiable spatial information was obtained with the instrumental setup. Delayed fluorescence imaging has been confirmed as a very responsive and useful technique for detecting stress induced by photosynthesis inhibitors or heavy metals.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Health Criteria 39 PARAQUAT and DIQUAT
    Environmental Health Criteria 39 PARAQUAT AND DIQUAT Please note that the layout and pagination of this web version are not identical with the printed version. Paraquat and diquat (EHC 39, 1984) INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA 39 PARAQUAT AND DIQUAT This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization. Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization World Health Orgnization Geneva, 1984 The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) is a joint venture of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization. The main objective of the IPCS is to carry out and disseminate evaluations of the effects of chemicals on human health and the quality of the environment. Supporting activities include the development of epidemiological, experimental laboratory, and risk-assessment methods that could produce internationally comparable results, and the development of manpower in the field of toxicology. Other activities carried out by the IPCS include the development of know-how for coping with chemical accidents, coordination of laboratory testing and epidemiological studies, and promotion of research on the mechanisms of the biological action of chemicals. ISBN 92 4 154099 4 The World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Applications and enquiries should be addressed to the Office of Publications, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, which will be glad to provide the latest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints and translations already available.
    [Show full text]
  • Classification of Herbicides
    Title of the course : Weed Management Credit: 3(2+1) Class : 3rd Year IInd Semester Title of the topic : Principles of weed management College : Krishi vigyan Kendra,College of Agriculture, Rewa, JNKVV, Jabalpur Name of Teacher : Dr. (Mrs.) Smita Singh Classification of Herbicides Herbicides: Chemical method of weed control is very effective in certain cases and have great scope provided the herbicides are cheap, efficient and easily available. The chemicals used for killing the weeds or inhibiting growth of weeds are called herbicides (Weedicides). Classification of Herbicides: Herbicides are classified in different ways: A) First Group Chemical Herbicides: I) Classification of herbicides according to chemical composition. II) Classification of herbicides according to their use. III) Classification of herbicides based on time of application. IV) Classification of herbicides according to Formulation. V) Classification of herbicides according to residual effect. B) Second Group – Bio herbicides C) Third Group herbicidal mixtures. Classification of herbicide I) Classification of Herbicide Based on Chemical Nature or Composition Compounds having chemical affinities are grouped together. This is useful in liting and characterising herbicides. i) Inorganic Herbicides:Contain no carbon actions in their molecules. These were the first chemicals used for weed control before the introduction of the organic compounds, example are: a) Acids:Arsenic acid, arsenious acid, arsenic trioxide sulphuric acid. b) Salts:Borax, copper sulphate, ammonium sulphate, Na chlorate , Na arsenite , copper nitrate. ii) Organic Herbicides:Oils and non oils contain carbon and hydrogen in their molecules. a) Oils: Diesel oil, standard solvent, xylene-type, aromatic oils, polycyclic , aromatic oils etc. b) Aliphatics:Dalapon, TCA, Acrolein, Glyphosphate methyl bromide.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Paraquat and Alachlor on Soil Microorganisms in Peat Soil
    Pertanika 15(2),121-125 (1992) Effects of Paraquat and Alachlor on Soil Microorganisms in Peat Soil ISMAIL SAHID, AINON HAMZAH and PARIDAH M. ARIS Faculty of Life Sciences Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia Keywords: AlacWor, paraquat, microbes, peat soil. ABSTRAK Satu kajian telah dijalankan untuk melihat kesan alachlor dan paraquat ke atas aktiviti mikrob dalam tanah gambut. Kesan racun rumpai ke atas pembebasan CO2 dan aktiviti phosphatase dimonitor selama 12 minggu. Hasil yang diperolehi menunjukkan paraquat dan alachlor yang disembur kepada tanah menyebabkan peningkatan pembebasan CO di peringkat awal pengeraman tetapi berkurangan selepas 53 han. Lebih banyak CO dibebaskan 2 2 dari tanah yang dirawat dengan alachlor berbanding dengan tanah yang dirawat dengan paraquat. Aktiviti phosphatase meningkat di peringkat awal pengeraman bagi tanah yang diperlakukan dengan sama ada alachlor atau paraquat. Aktiviti phosphatase meningkat di peringkat awal pengeraman bagi tanah yang diperlakukan dengan sama ada alachlor atau paraquat tetapi aktiviti phosphatase berkurangan seiepas 12 han eraman. Populasi kulat dan bakteria dipengaruhi oleh kedua-dua racun rumpai yang diuji. Pada kepekatan 250 ppm, alachlor dan paraquat, masing-masing menyebabkan pengurangan populasi bakteria kira-kira 78 dan 95%. Alachlor didapati lebih toksik terhadap kulat berbanding paraquat. ABSTRACT A study was carried out to investigate the effects ofalachlor and paraquat on microbial activities in peat soil. Effects ofthe herbicides on CO2 evolution and phosphatase activity were monitored for 12 weeks in ambient conditions. The results showed that paraquat and alachlor caused an initial increase in CO2 released and subsequently decreased after 53 days of incubation. Comparatively, more CO2 was released from the soil treated with alachlor than that treated with paraquat.
    [Show full text]
  • Pesticides EPA-738-F-96-018 Environmental Protection and Toxic Substances August 1997 Agency (7508W) R.E.D
    United States Prevention, Pesticides EPA-738-F-96-018 Environmental Protection And Toxic Substances August 1997 Agency (7508W) R.E.D. FACTS Paraquat Dichloride Pesticide All pesticides sold or distributed in the United States must be Reregistration registered by EPA, based on scientific studies showing that they can be used without posing unreasonable risks to people or the environment. Because of advances in scientific knowledge, the law requires that pesticides which were first registered before November 1, 1984, be reregistered to ensure that they meet today's more stringent standards. Under the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996, EPA must consider the increased susceptibility of infants and children to pesticide residues in food, as well as aggregate exposure of the public to pesticide residues from all sources, and the cumulative effects of pesticides and other compounds with a common mechanism of toxicity in establishing and reassessing tolerances. In evaluating pesticides for reregistration, EPA obtains and reviews a complete set of studies from pesticide producers, describing the human health and environmental effects of each pesticide. The Agency develops any mitigation measures or regulatory controls needed to effectively reduce each pesticide's risks. EPA then reregisters pesticides that can be used without posing unreasonable risks to human health or the environment. When a pesticide is eligible for reregistration, EPA explains the basis for its decision in a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document. This fact sheet summarizes the information in the RED document for reregistration case 0262, paraquat dichloride (commonly referred to as paraquat). Use Profile Paraquat dichloride is a herbicide currently registered to control weeds and grasses in many agricultural and non-agricultural areas.
    [Show full text]
  • HPPD) Inhibitor Herbicide Resistance in Waterhemp (Amaranthus Tuberculatus
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska 5-6-2019 Using RNA-seq to characterize responses to 4 hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitor herbicide resistance in waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) Daniel R. Kohlhase Iowa State University Jamie A. O’Rourke (USDA)–Agricultural Research Service Micheal D. K. Owen Iowa State University, [email protected] Michelle A. Graham (USDA)–Agricultural Research Service, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub Kohlhase, Daniel R.; O’Rourke, Jamie A.; Owen, Micheal D. K.; and Graham, Michelle A., "Using RNA-seq to characterize responses to 4 hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitor herbicide resistance in waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus)" (2019). Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty. 2163. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub/2163 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Kohlhase et al. BMC Plant Biology (2019) 19:182 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-019-1795-x RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Using RNA-seq to characterize responses to 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitor herbicide resistance in waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) Daniel R. Kohlhase1, Jamie A. O’Rourke2, Micheal D. K. Owen1* and Michelle A. Graham2* Abstract Background: Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) J.D. Sauer) is a problem weed commonly found in the Midwestern United States that can cause crippling yield losses for both maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.
    [Show full text]
  • Atrazine 4L Herbicide
    RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE (Ground and Surface Water Concerns) For retail sale to and use only by certified applicators or persons under their direct supervision and only for those uses covered by the certified applicator’s certification. This product is a restricted use herbicide due to ground and surface water concerns. Users must read and follow all precautionary statements and instructions for use in order to minimize potential for Atrazine to reach ground and surface water. GROUP 5 HERBICIDE Atrazine 4L Herbicide For season-long weed control in Chemical fallow, Conifers, PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS Corn, Fallowland, Guava, Lawns, Macadamia nuts, Sorghum, Hazards to Humans and Domestic Animals Sugarcane, and Turf. CAUTION: Harmful if swallowed or absorbed through skin. Causes ACTIVE INGREDIENTS: moderate eye irritation. Avoid contact with skin, eyes or clothing. Atrazine ................................................................ 42.2% Avoid breathing spray mist. Related compounds ............................................. 0.8% PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) OTHER INGREDIENTS: ......................................... 57.0% Some materials that are chemical-resistant to this product are poly- TOTAL: ............................................................ 100.0% ethylene or polyvinyl chloride. If you want more options, follow the This product contains 4 pounds of active ingredients per gallon. instructions for Category A on the EPA chemical-resistance cate- gory selection chart. KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN Applicators
    [Show full text]
  • Using Countless Tons of Arsenic As a Non-Selective Contact and Soil Sterilant
    87 In addition to requiring the user to obtain a permit from, the agricultural commissioner, t4e regulations prescribe certain conditions to be met by those who possess or use sodium arsenite as follows: (a) No pesticide containing sodium arsenite shall be applied on exposed vegetation (other than dormant grapeviries) unless the vegetation to be treated is enclosed within a good and su£ficient fence or otherwis.e made inaccessible to grazing animals, pets, and children. (b) No pesticide containing sodium arsenite sha,11 be applied on soil or vegetation (other than dormant grapevines) in any area penetrated by roots of any plant of value, without the written consent of the owner of such plant. ( c) No pesticide containing sodium arsenite shall be kept or placed in drinking cups, pop bottles, or other containers of a type commonly used for food or drink. (d) No pesticide containing sodium arsenite, whether in concentrated or dilute form, shall be stored, placed, or transported in any container or receptacle which does not bear on the outside a conspicuous poison label which conforms to the label required to be placed on all packages of arsenic compounds and pre:parations sold or delivered within the State. These are only procedures that any careful person would observe in the use of a poisonous material like sodium arsenite. It is just over one year since the regulations became effective. In that time we have heard of no accidental deaths involving sodium arsenite in California and the regulations appear to be serving a good purpose. SUBSTITUTE HERBICIDES FOR SODIUM ARSENITE W.
    [Show full text]
  • Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet
    Right to Know Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet Common Name: PARAQUAT Synonyms: Dimethyl Viologen; Pathclear; Sweep CAS Number: 4685-14-7 Chemical Name: 4,4'-Bipyridinium, 1,1’-Dimethyl- RTK Substance Number: 1458 Date: September 1999 Revision: August 2008 DOT Number: UN 2781 Description and Use EMERGENCY RESPONDERS >>>> SEE BACK PAGE Paraquat is a colorless to yellow, odorless solid. It is used as Hazard Summary a quick-acting herbicide and a plant dessicant. Hazard Rating NJDOH NFPA HEALTH 3 - FLAMMABILITY 0 - REACTIVITY 0 - CARCINOGEN POISONOUS GASES ARE PRODUCED IN FIRE CONTAINERS MAY EXPLODE IN FIRE Reasons for Citation DOES NOT BURN f Paraquat is on the Right to Know Hazardous Substance List Hazard Rating Key: 0=minimal; 1=slight; 2=moderate; 3=serious; because it is cited by OSHA, ACGIH, DOT, NIOSH, DEP, 4=severe IRIS and EPA. f This chemical is on the Special Health Hazard Substance f Paraquat can affect you when inhaled. List. f Paraquat should be handled as a CARCINOGEN--WITH EXTREME CAUTION. f Contact can severely irritate and burn the skin and eyes with possible eye damage. f Inhaling Paraquat can irritate the nose and throat. f Paraquat can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and SEE GLOSSARY ON PAGE 5. abdominal pain. f Inhaling Paraquat can irritate the lungs. Higher exposures FIRST AID may cause a build-up of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema), a medical emergency. Eye Contact f Repeated exposure to Paraquat may cause scarring of the f Immediately flush with large amounts of cool water for at lungs (fibrosis) and reduce lung function with symptoms of least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower lids.
    [Show full text]
  • California Turfgrass Culture
    California Turfgrass Culture FORMERLY, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA TURFGRASS CULTURE OCTOBER 1963 VOLUME 13 - NUMBER 4 Regulation of Sodium Arsenite as an Injurious Material John C. Hillis California Department of Agriculture Sacramento Effective January 1, 1962, sodium arsenite was placed pest or vegetation which it is intended to destroy. Thus under regulation as an injurious material. Since then, an injurious material sold for weed control or control of a persons intending to use it in California have been re- plant disease or of a micro-organism is subject to the quired to obtain a permit from the county agricultural requirement of a permit. On the other hand, if sodium commissioner. In addition, it is illegal to sell or deliver arsenite is sold for a non-agricultural and non-pesticidal it to persons who do not have the required permit. use, for example, in metallurgy, or in drilling to facilitate the operation mechanically, the use would not be subject The regulation was adopted after public hearing and to the requirement of a permit. consideration of the history of accidental deaths over the years as well as injury to property. All sizes of sodium arsenite pesticide containers are subject to the requirement of a permit; however, there is Section 1080 of the Agricultural Code provides that an exemption in that no permit is required to use products “after investigation and hearing the Director shall adopt sold as dilute ready-to-use syrups or dry baits, registered rules and regulations governing the application, in pest and labeled for use as poison baits for the control of control or other agricultural operations, of any material he insects and other arthropods, snails and slugs, or rodents.
    [Show full text]