DOCSLIB.ORG

A Social History of Collective Farm Privatization in Russia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Social History of Collective Farm Privatization in Russia MANY PERESTROIKAS: A SOCIAL HISTORY OF COLLECTIVE FARM PRIVATIZATION IN RUSSIA BY ELISA R. GOLLUB B.A., UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA CRUZ, 1998 A.M., BROWN UNIVERSITY, 2001 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AT BROWN UNIVERSITY PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND MAY 2011 © Copyright 2011 by Elisa R. Gollub This dissertation by Elisa R. Gollub is accepted in its present form by the Department of History as satisfying the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date______________ ______________________________________ (Abbott Gleason), Advisor Recommended to the Graduate Council Date______________ ______________________________________ (Patricia Herlihy), Reader Date______________ ______________________________________ (Ethan Pollock), Reader Approved by the Graduate Council Date______________ ______________________________________ (Peter M. Weber), Dean of the Graduate School iii CURRICULUM VITAE Elisa R. Gollub was born in Sacramento, California on July 31, 1975. She attended U.C. Santa Cruz, earning a B.A. in European History with Honors in the Major and graduating Phi Beta Kappa. She entered the Ph.D. program in History at Brown University in 2000, earning her M.A. in Modern Russian History in 2001. She took a leave of absence in 2002, teaching high school and then working at an international nonprofit focused on business development in Russia. She returned to Brown in 2006 to complete her dissertation on the social history of collective farm privatization. She has served as teaching assistant for six history courses at Brown. Her dissertation research and writing has been funded by Brown University, Fulbright-Hays and the American Association of University Women. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It takes a village to write a dissertation about Russian villages. My debts of gratitude run deep and span several continents. My heartfelt thanks go to Tom Gleason, who tirelessly advised me throughout my graduate study, providing intellectual mentorship, personal encouragement and consistent good humor at every step. He is a true role model as a scholar and a human being, and this dissertation would not have been possible without him. I also count my lucky stars to have been able to work with Patricia Herlihy, whose intelligence, kindness and humor could always make things better when they were difficult. Ethan Pollock brought teaching mentorship, practical and intellectual guidance, and helped me see the big picture. I would also like to thank Lynne deBenedette, not only for the expert Russian language training, but also for her friendly support through the stages of my graduate career. Karen Mota, Mary Beth Bryson, Cherrie Guerzon and Julissa Bautista made the History Department at Brown a warm and welcoming place. I am very grateful to the organizations that supported me and to the scholars, archivists and other individuals who moved my research forward. They are too numerous to mention so this is just a beginning. Margaret Paxson and Liesl Gambold provided invaluable contacts and tips that helped jumpstart my fieldwork. In Russia, Igor Morozov, Tatyana Prokopyeva, Eugene Dolbyshev, and Pavel Serin took me on very memorable and instructive trips to villages in my early stages of research. My colleagues from the Center for Citizen Initiatives Olga Kriakova and Natasha Ivanova were particularly helpful in setting up farm visits for me, and I thank Sharon Tennison from CCI for the contacts. Teodor Shanin and Alexander Nikulin opened the conferences, library, and archives of the Moscow School of Social and Economic Sciences to me and provided friendly encouragement. Liubov Denisova kindly offered her expertise and very sound advice on conducting oral histories with villagers. Jacob Kolker helped me set up my v research and home base in Riazan’. I would have been lost in Krasnodar without Nona and Margo Shahnazarian, and would not have enjoyed my stay nearly as much if I couldn’t relax at Karina’s beauty salon when I returned from village stays. Alexander and Alexandra Manuylov were of immeasurable assistance, helping me find my Krasnodar farm site and sharing their own field experiences and interview transcripts with me. Great colleagues and friends who supported me through the process, read chapter drafts and otherwise helped my project grow include Alexis Peri, Paula Goldman, Elta Smith, Krista Goff, Nicole Eaton, Sara Leone, Naomi Baer, Rebecca Wangh, Sabrina Reese, James Meyer, Andrea Mazzarino, Susan Zaraysky and Trille Loft. Oane Visser deserves special thanks for joining me on part of the journey. Scott Neft has walked by my side through some of the most harrowing passages and I’ll always be grateful. Then there is my amazing family. I owe my parents a million thanks, including for giving me incredible siblings. Sara and Mike have generously opened their home to me during my last year writing, for which I am so thankful. Jeremy has stepped in with key writing edits, and he and Rachel also offered their living room on standby anytime I wanted, not to mention providing pumpkin dinners and cookie nights when I’m in town. Yosef has an uncanny ability to get in touch from afar exactly when I can use a big brother, such as when he called a split-second after electricity went out in my new Nizhnii apartment. Cousins Mike and Sophia prepared helpful chapter comments while Jennifer and Katia offered moral support. Jodi, Jeff, Caleb and Alexa gave me a fabulous home away from home and a family in Rhode Island that I never knew I had. You are all the best. Finally, while their names must be confidential, I am forever indebted to everyone who agreed to be interviewed by me, and even more to the individuals and families who hosted me in the countryside with unfailing generosity and warmth. They truly made this dissertation possible. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Thank You, Comrade Brezhnev, 21 For Our Normal Lives? Chapter 2: Many Perestroikas 61 Chapter 3: Utopian Transitology 90 Chapter 4: Privatization Process At My Farm 114 Sites Chapter 5: Perspectives on Privatization 148 Chapter 6: Women at the Top 191 Conclusion 237 Bibliography 243 vii LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS Page Map of Russia 3 Births and Deaths Among Rural Population 142 of Shilovo District, 1980 to 2007 Marriages and Divorces Among Rural 143 Population of Shilovo District, 1980 to 2003 In-migration and Out-migration in Rural 144 Areas of Shilovo District, 1990 to 2007 Women’s and Men’s Work at Farms 210 Women’s and Men’s Work at Home 208 viii Introduction This dissertation sprang from my interest in doing oral history research in post-Soviet Russia. On a business trip to Russia in the summer of 2005, I interviewed entrepreneurs about the growth of their businesses after the massive economic and political transformations occasioned by the collapse of the Soviet Union. I was fascinated by their stories of what the collapse meant to them, personally as well as professionally. Our conversations sometimes veered away from prosaic business matters as we philosophized about how their mentalities and lifestyles shifted in response to these nationwide changes. Intrigued, I wanted to further travel throughout Russia and ask people about how they experienced and understood the fall of the Soviet Union and how their lives changed in result. I decided to focus on voices from the countryside when a colleague sent me a dramatic newspaper article profiling one of our clients, who successfully built a private farm “on the ruins of a failed Soviet collective.”1 Histories of post-Soviet transformations generally focus on metropolitan areas and industries, while rural history remains largely unwritten. It became clear that oral history is absolutely necessary for investigating the experiences, thoughts and feelings of farm workers, which are rarely recorded for posterity. The simple research question driving my study became: how do villagers understand collective farm privatization, and what do they say about their recent history? At the outset, I thought this would be a study of regional and local differences. I expected to return from the field having heard a wide range of experiences and perspectives. To my surprise, my history became a study of commonalities, even despite local differences. I was struck by how incredibly similar people’s outlooks were across my quite different research sites. 1 In the interests of confidentiality I do not cite this source. At the time I worked for the Center for Citizen Initiatives (CCI) a San Francisco non-profit focused on business management training for Russian entrepreneurs. 1 Everywhere I went, people told the same basic stories about their past. To some extent this reflects the struggles that they all shared in common during the difficult 1990s. But I argue the historical visions broadly popular among farm workers also take on a life of their own. They need to be understood as narratives that are not simply the sum of individual or collective experience, but much more. The narratives start to inform people’s perceptions and recollections and shape their retellings. In this dissertation I interpret this narrative phenomenon, even as I find that including villagers’ perspectives poses challenges to traditional historical accounts. The Brezhnev years, General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev’s perestroika, even the “transition to capitalism” (if one can be said to have occurred) appear quite differently when seen through villagers’ eyes. Accepted historical narratives in the U.S. do not include the information I gathered. The stories we tell about the 1970s, perestroika, power shifts during post-Soviet transformations, or women in the post-Soviet era, fail to consider the countryside or people’s own experiences, beliefs, attitudes, memories or feelings. But it’s not just that this story has not been written. Considering people’s experiences in the countryside forces us to rethink our periodization and the way we characterize key moments and eras in Russian history, taking into account additional and contradictory versions.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Annual Report JSC CONCERN ROSENERGOATOM for 2009
    Annual Report JSC CONCERN ROSENERGOATOM FOR 2009 Safety Effi ciency Responsibility Safety Effi ciency Responsibility JSC Concern Rosenergoatom Annual report for 2009 Content I. GENERAL INFORMATION 1. Preamble 7 1.1. On the Annual Report 7 2. Statements of top management of Rosenergoatom 8 2.1. Statement of the Chairman of the Board of Directors of Rosenergoatom 8 2.2. Statement of the General Director of Rosenergoatom 9 3. General information on Rosenergoatom 10 4. Key corporate events in 2009 11 5. Mission of Rosenergoatom 13 6. Management 13 6.1. Management structure 13 6.2. Management methods and corporate policy 24 II. CORE BUSINESS 7. Strategy 29 7.1. Positions of Rosenergoatom within the industry 29 7.2. Strategy of Rosenergoatom 30 7.3. Rosenergoatom’s medium-term development objectives and tasks (2009–2011) 30 7.4. Key performance indicators of Rosenergoatom 31 7.5. Key risks associated with Rosenergoatom’s operations 31 8. Rosenergoatom. Facts and fi gures 32 8.1. Generating capacities of Rosenergoatom 34 8.2. Electricity generation at Russian NPPs 44 8.3. Maintenance and repairs 45 8.4. Lifetime extension of NPP units 46 8.5. Production growth program 46 8.6. Construction of new power units 47 9. Priority areas of operations of Rosenergoatom 49 9.1. Production and marketing activities of Rosenergoatom 49 9.2. Investments 50 9.3. Innovation and competitive growth 50 III. CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY 10. Safety 53 10.1. Safety indicators 53 10.2. Ensuring nuclear and radiation safety and non-proliferation of nuclear materials 55 4 JSC Concern Rosenergoatom 10.3.
    [Show full text]
  • Newell, J. 2004. the Russian Far East
    Industrial pollution in the Komsomolsky, Solnechny, and Amursky regions, and in the city of Khabarovsk and its Table 3.1 suburbs, is excessive. Atmospheric pollution has been increas- Protected areas in Khabarovsk Krai ing for decades, with large quantities of methyl mercaptan in Amursk, formaldehyde, sulfur dioxide, phenols, lead, and Type and name Size (ha) Raion Established benzopyrene in Khabarovsk and Komsomolsk-on-Amur, and Zapovedniks dust prevalent in Solnechny, Urgal, Chegdomyn, Komso- molsk-on-Amur, and Khabarovsk. Dzhugdzhursky 860,000 Ayano-Maysky 1990 Between 1990 and 1999, industries in Komsomolsky and Bureinsky 359,000 Verkhne-Bureinsky 1987 Amursky Raions were the worst polluters of the Amur River. Botchinsky 267,400 Sovetsko-Gavansky 1994 High concentrations of heavy metals, copper (38–49 mpc), Bolonsky 103,600 Amursky, Nanaisky 1997 KHABAROVSK zinc (22 mpc), and chloroprene (2 mpc) were found. Indus- trial and agricultural facilities that treat 40 percent or less of Komsomolsky 61,200 Komsomolsky 1963 their wastewater (some treat none) create a water defi cit for Bolshekhekhtsirsky 44,900 Khabarovsky 1963 people and industry, despite the seeming abundance of water. The problem is exacerbated because of: Federal Zakazniks Ⅲ Pollution and low water levels in smaller rivers, particular- Badzhalsky 275,000 Solnechny 1973 ly near industrial centers (e.g., Solnechny and the Silinka River, where heavy metal levels exceed 130 mpc). Oldzhikhansky 159,700 Poliny Osipenko 1969 Ⅲ A loss of soil fertility. Tumninsky 143,100 Vaninsky 1967 Ⅲ Fires and logging, which impair the forests. Udylsky 100,400 Ulchsky 1988 Ⅲ Intensive development and quarrying of mineral resourc- Khekhtsirsky 56,000 Khabarovsky 1959 es, primarily construction materials.
    [Show full text]
  • Siberian Expectations: an Overview of Regional Forest Policy and Sustainable Forest Management
    Siberian Expectations: An Overview of Regional Forest Policy and Sustainable Forest Management July 2003 World Forest Institute Portland, Oregon, USA Authors: V.A. Sokolov, I.M. Danilin, I.V. Semetchkin, S.K. Farber,V.V. Bel'kov,T.A. Burenina, O.P.Vtyurina,A.A. Onuchin, K.I. Raspopin, N.V. Sokolova, and A.S. Shishikin Editors: A. DiSalvo, P.Owston, and S.Wu ABSTRACT Developing effective forest management brings universal challenges to all countries, regardless of political system or economic state. The Russian Federation is an example of how economic, social, and political issues impact development and enactment of forest legislation. The current Forest Code of the Russian Federation (1997) has many problems and does not provide for needed progress in the forestry sector. It is necessary to integrate economic, ecological and social forestry needs, and this is not taken into account in the Forest Code. Additionally, excessive centralization in forest management and the forestry economy occurs. This manuscript discusses the problems facing the forestry sector of Siberia and recommends solutions for some of the major ones. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Research for this book was supported by a grant from the International Research and Exchanges Board with funds provided by the Bureau of Education and Cultural Affairs, a division of the United States Department of State. Neither of these organizations are responsible for the views expressed herein. The authors would particularly like to recognize the very careful and considerate reviews, including many detailed editorial and language suggestions, made by the editors – Angela DiSalvo, Peyton Owston, and Sara Wu. They helped to significantly improve the organization and content of this book.
    [Show full text]
  • Association of Indigenous Minority Peoples of the North of Khabarovsk Krai for the Protection of Indigenous Peoples' Rights
    Russia Country Report 2002/2003 102~108 Association of Indigenous Minority Peoples of the North of Khabarovsk Krai For the Protection of Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Galina M. VOLKOVA President, Regional Public Organization, Association of Indigenous Minority Peoples of the North of Khabarovsk Krai, Russian Far East* Contents: Introduction. 1. Challenges Faced by Indigenous Peoples in Utilizing Forest Resources. 2. Activities of the Association Directed Towards Improvement of the Position of Indigenous Peoples With Respect to Traditional Wildlife Management Practices. Conclusion. Introduction rights of indigenous peoples with respect to traditional The regional public organization ‘Association of the wildlife management practices is weak and imperious in Indigenous Peoples of the North of Khabarovsk Krai’ nature. Third, the patriarchal/dominant nature of State (hereafter referred to as the Association) was formed by policy in relation to local people has resulted in local the Constituent Conference convened on 26th March communities adopting a dependent mind-set and the re- 1990 in Khabarovsk1. Since this time, the presidency of pression of indigenous rights. Fourth, the indigenous the Association has been held successively by three dif- peoples do not observe State rights regarding participa- ferent persons. The Association was set up to address the tion of the public in forest management. Fifth, there is a following issues: the preservation and revival of the tra- lack of information on the condition of forest resources ditional mode of life of the indigenous minority peoples and the likelihood of industrial exploitation, which to- who inhabit the primordial territories of the North of gether limit the opportunities for local people to partici- Khabarovsk Krai (hereafter referred to as the indigenous pate in inclusive management processes.
    [Show full text]
  • Plants of the Genus Saxifraga L
    RHODORA, Vol. 116, No. 965, pp. 25–40, 2014 E Copyright 2014 by the New England Botanical Club DOI: 10:3119/13-09; first published online April 9, 2014. INTRODUCING THE SPOTTED SAXIFRAGES: SAXIFRAGA SECT. BRONCHIALES, SECT. NOV. (SAXIFRAGACEAE) ERIC G. DECHAINE Western Washington University, Biology Department, 516 High St., Bellingham, WA 98225 e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses have revealed that Saxifraga sect. Trachyphyllum as currently circumscribed is polyphyletic, with the designated type, S. aspera, falling outside of the more speciose clade. Several other lines of morphological, geographic, and ecological evidence also distinguish the two distantly related groups from one another. In combination, these data necessitate the circumscription of a new section, S. sect. Bronchiales, which is described herein. The section is hypothesized to have arisen in the southern Rocky Mountains of North America, followed by northwestward expansion across Beringia and diversification among refugia. Key Words: arctic-alpine, Asia, Beringia, endemism, Haida Gwaii, Japan, Pacific Northwest, Rocky Mountains, Saxifraga sect. Bronch- iales, S. sect. Trachyphyllum, Saxifragaceae, Siberia Plants of the genus Saxifraga L. (Saxifragaceae Juss.) are found primarily in the arctic, montane, and temperate environments of the northern hemisphere, but also in South America and northern Africa. The approximately 400 plus species of saxifrages are defined by a more or less consistent floral structure of five sepals, five petals, ten stamens in two whorls (outer opposite sepals and inner opposite petals), two carpels that are united at least in part, and an absence of a free hypanthium, though vegetative characters vary considerably (Brouillet and Elvander 2009; Gornall 1987; McGregor 2008; Webb and Gornall 1989).
    [Show full text]
  • Country Compendium
    Country Compendium A companion to the English Style Guide July 2021 Translation © European Union, 2011, 2021. The reproduction and reuse of this document is authorised, provided the sources and authors are acknowledged and the original meaning or message of the texts are not distorted. The right holders and authors shall not be liable for any consequences stemming from the reuse. CONTENTS Introduction ...............................................................................1 Austria ......................................................................................3 Geography ................................................................................................................... 3 Judicial bodies ............................................................................................................ 4 Legal instruments ........................................................................................................ 5 Government bodies and administrative divisions ....................................................... 6 Law gazettes, official gazettes and official journals ................................................... 6 Belgium .....................................................................................9 Geography ................................................................................................................... 9 Judicial bodies .......................................................................................................... 10 Legal instruments .....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Illusion of Power: Russia After the South Caucasus Battle
    Illusion of Power: Russia after the South Caucasus Battle CEPS Working Document No. 311/February 2009 Stanislav Secrieru Abstract The war in the South Caucasus sent shockwaves throughout the post-Soviet world, European capitals and across the Atlantic, making more urgent the demand for a re- evaluation of policies towards Russia. The projection of hard power in Georgia generated a number of unintended consequences for the Russian state. The crisis and war unveiled many of Russia’s weaknesses and vulnerabilities across four crucial dimensions: the military, the ‘power vertical’ and federalism, the economy and Russia’s international position. This paper aims at reassessing Russia’s military, political, economic and diplomatic might after the battle in the South Caucasus. The research concludes with proposals for a new Western strategy on Russia and the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood which would ensure an undivided and sustainable European order. CEPS Working Documents are intended to give an indication of work being conducted within CEPS research programmes and to stimulate reactions from other experts in the field. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed are attributable only to the authors in a personal capacity and not to any institution with which they are associated. ISBN 978-92-9079-855-2 Available for free downloading from the CEPS website (http://www.ceps.eu) © Centre for European Policy Studies, 2009 Contents 1. The weakness of power .......................................................................................................... 1 2. The test of war: how reassuring is the military victory?......................................................... 1 2.1 “Hard power” in action ................................................................................................. 1 2.2 Military modernization and reform agenda reloaded.................................................... 4 3. The domestic front: sovereign democracy in action and its perils.........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Floods in Krasnodar Krai
    Emergency Plan of Action Operation Update Russia: Floods in Krasnodar Krai DREF Operation n° MDRRU025 GLIDE n° 2018-000360-RUS EPoA update n° 2 Date of issue: 10 April 2019 Timeframe covered by this update: 11 November 2018 – 10 April 2019 Operation start date: 11 November 2018 Operation timeframe: 5.5 months Operation end date: 25 April 2019 (following a one and half month extension) Overall operation budget: CHF 185,622 N° of people being assisted: 2,600 Red Cross Red Crescent Movement partners currently actively involved in the operation: Russian Red Cross Society (RRC), IFRC Other partner organizations actively involved in the operation: Ministry of Emergency Situations (EMERCOM), Regional government Summary of major revisions made to emergency plan of action: The post-distribution monitoring of the Krasnodar DREF operation to be conducted by the RDRT member and by the IFRC Regional Office for Europe, followed by a Lessons Learned Workshop have been moved to 18 April 2019 and 23 April 2019, respectively. The timeframe of the DREF operation is therefore extended by three weeks to accommodate the changing dates for the lessons learned workshop and post-distribution monitoring mission. The operation is fully implemented. No other activities will be affected by this extension. The RRC regional branch distributed 35 blankets, 150 sets of bed linen, 500 cans of water, 300 candles, 80 tilts (canvas) and 60 dining sets from their stocks. The Russian Red Cross, from the locally raised funds, also procured and distributed heavy duty detergents, cleaning tools and sacks to help households clear the mud and debris out of their houses.
    [Show full text]
  • Eschatological Expectations in a Changing World: Narratives About the End of the World in Present Day Russian Folk Culture Aleksandr Panchenko
    10 Eschatological Expectations in a Changing World: Narratives About the End of the World in Present Day Russian Folk Culture Aleksandr Panchenko. Institute of Russian Literature, St. Petersburg It is not necessary to prove that eschatological teachings and beliefs play an important role in all Christian confessions. It is just as obvious that the form these beliefs take depends on the cultural and historical context. On the one hand, ideas about the end of the world and about the fate of humanity serve as an object of professional interpretations of the Bible, ecclesiastical works, and apocryphal literature. On the other hand, eschatological ideas and beliefs actively function in an unspecialized folklore context, at times exerting significant influence on everyday communication. I will discuss this latter aspect of eschatology and will use it to arrive at a deeper understanding of the social and cultural functions of the “last days” in the Orthodox tradition. The material for this study consists of ethnological data referring mainly to Russian peasant culture from the end of the nineteenth century into the twentieth. Available data permits speaking about a special type of eschatological narrative that was characteristic for the Russian peasantry of this time. Such texts cannot be understood outside the features of their performance. Therefore, analysis of adequately recorded and well documented stories, in particular present day field materials, receive special significance.(1) Some preliminary remarks are necessary. The material can be grouped into two generalized, traditional types of “Eschatological” behavior. The first is represented by eschatological expectations which do not exert a fundament influence on the way of life or the behavior models of their bearers.
    [Show full text]
  • Southern Russia: the Heartland Or Russia's Soft Underbelly?
    Southern Russia: The Heartland or Russia's Soft Underbelly? Ivan Kurilla April 2000 PONARS Policy Memo 120 Volgograd State University The Heartland Southern Russia is undoubtedly of strategic importance. Its figures are not too impressive: with about 13% of Russia's total population, the region produces 15.5% of the country's agriculture and just slightly over 5% of its industry. Looking at a map (see below), however, we see that the two southernmost oblasts--Rostov and Volgograd-- shape the southern Russian "bottle neck." It is conveniently situated on the shortest possible transport route between Kazakhstan and Ukraine, which bypasses the unstable Caucasus. The Caspian Pipeline Consortium has designated that route for construction of an oil pipeline from Kazakhstan's Tengiz field. Furthermore, all routes from Russia to the Caucasus go through these regions. So, all traffic of weapons and drugs and possibly explosives carried to or from the North Caucasus must traverse either the Rostov or the Volgograd region. Incidentally, this geographic fact supports the argument that the fall 1999 explosions are of Caucasus origin. The last of those bombings took place in Volgodonsk, a city on the border of Rostov and Volgograd oblasts, and was probably precipitated by the fact that increased vigilance of the Russian population provided an obstacle to further northward transportation of explosives. Astrakhan, Volgograd, and Rostov also control all the waterways from the Caspian to the Black Sea, and from Caspian oilfields and Iran northward to Central Russia. Besides the oil traffic from foreign oilfields, Russia in late March 2000 started its own oil extraction at the north Caspian oil field Khvalynskoe.
    [Show full text]
  • Concerns in Europe
    CONCERNS IN EUROPE July - December 1998 FOREWORD This bulletin contains information about Amnesty International’s main concerns in Europe between July and December 1998. Not every country in Europe is reported on: only those where there were significant developments in the period covered by the bulletin. The five Central Asian republics of Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan are included in the Europe Region because of their membership of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). Reflecting the priority Amnesty International is giving to investigating and campaigning against human rights violations against women and children, the bulletin contains special sections on Women in Europe (p.66) and Children in Europe (p.70). A number of individual country reports have been issued on the concerns featured in this bulletin. References to these are made under the relevant country entry. In addition, more detailed information about particular incidents or concerns may be found in Urgent Actions and News Service Items issued by Amnesty International. This bulletin is published by Amnesty International every six months. References to previous bulletins in the text are: AI Index: EUR 01/02/98 Concerns in Europe: January - June 1998 AI Index: EUR 01/01/98 Concerns in Europe: July - December 1997 AI Index: EUR 01/06/97 Concerns in Europe: January - June 1997 AI Index: EUR 01/01/97 Concerns in Europe: July - December 1996 AI Index: EUR 01/02/96 Concerns in Europe: January - June 1996 Amnesty International March 1999 AI Index: EUR 01/01/99 2 Concerns in Europe: July - December 1998 ALBANIA Arrest and detention of former ministers and officials On 22 August police arrested six men in Tirana.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cotton Sector in Central Asia Economic Policy and Development Challenges
    The Cotton Sector in Central Asia Economic Policy and Development Challenges Proceedings of a Conference held at SOAS University of London 3–4 November 2005 Edited by Deniz Kandiyoti Published in 2007 by The School of Oriental and African Studies University of London Thornhaugh Street Russell Square London WC1H 0XG United Kingdom Copyright © 2007 All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part there- of, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmit- ted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN 10: 0 7286 0378 0 ISBN 13: 978 0 7286 0378 3 Printed and bound in Great Britain by the School of Oriental and African Studies Print Room Cover illustration: Photograph by Thomas Grabka (www.grabka-fotografie.de) Contents Acknowledgements v Contributors vi Introduction 1 Deniz Kandiyoti 1 A Caste of Helot Labourers: Special Settlers and the Cultivation 12 of Cotton in Soviet Central Asia: 1944–1956 J. Otto Pohl 2 Cotton-Dependent Countries in the Global Context 29 John Baffes 3 Cotton in Central Asia “Curse” or “Foundation for Development” 54 Max Spoor 4 Legal Regulation of Cotton Exports in Uzbekistan 75 Mavlyuda Kulikova 5 Indirect Taxation of the Uzbek Cotton Sector: 90 Estimation and Policy Consequences Sandjar Djalalov 6 Cotton in Uzbekistan: Water and Welfare 102 Iskandar Abdullaev, Mark Giordano and Aziz Rasulov 7 Abandoned by the State: Cotton Production in
    [Show full text]