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Spatial Patterns of the Lindenmeier Folsom Site (5Lr13)

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Spatial Patterns of the Lindenmeier Folsom Site (5Lr13) THESIS LINDENMEIER REDUX: SPATIAL PATTERNS OF THE LINDENMEIER FOLSOM SITE (5LR13) Submitted by Jason Christopher Chambers Department of Anthropology In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Spring 2015 Master’s Committee: Advisor: Jason LaBelle Robin Reich James Zeidler Copyright by Jason Christopher Chambers 2015 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT LINDENMEIER REDUX: SPATIAL PATTERNS OF THE LINDENMEIER FOLSOM SITE (5LR13) The Lindenmeier Folsom Site (5LR13) was excavated from 1934-1940 by Frank H. H. Roberts, Jr. of the Smithsonian Institution. Over the course of six field seasons spent excavating the site, the spatial locations of approximately 6,000 items were mapped and recorded by Roberts, and later published as a series of maps in the appendices in the Concluding Report (Wilmsen and Roberts 1978). This thesis has digitally reproduced these maps using ArcGIS mapping software, preserving the spatial relationships between the artifacts mapped during the 1930’s excavations, and applying sophisticated spatial analyses to the Lindenmeier dataset to detect spatial patterning. Among other conclusions, this thesis finds that the spatial patterns exhibited at Lindenmeier vary across the site, reflecting different discard patterns enacted by the Folsom camp site occupants. Regarding hideworking and projectile manufacturing activities, the spatial patterns at Lindenmeier do not reflect the patterning at Stewart’s Cattle Guard which Jodry (1999) argues as evidence for gendered segregation of space. The spatial patterns at Lindenmeier suggest an integrated suite of activities undertaken across the site with logical segmentation of space and association of tools into specific toolkits. Examining spatial patterns within the distribution of discarded materials at the Lindenmeier Folsom site will contribute greatly to enhancing archaeologists’ interpretations of Paleoindian, and specifically Folsom, lifeways on the Great Plains during the Late Pleistocene. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I could not have done this thesis research without the help of others along the way. Thanks to the following folks to whom I am indebted: Jason LaBelle .................................................for his organizational and logical assistance, and for the opportunity to work with Lindenmeier Mica Glantz ...................................................... for listening Robin Reich ................................................... for his near-limitless patience, good cheer, and generous statistical assistance Jim Zeidler .....................................................for his practical wisdom and attention to detail Todd Surovell.................................................for helping to demystify complex archaeological spatial analyses Sonya LeFebre ...............................................for her cheerful yet persistent inquiries as to my thesis progress Many thanks also to the following folks for their mentorship and support: Paul Alford, Cody Anderson, Jerry Blake, Cliff & Donna Boyd, Nicole Branton, Andrew Creekmore III, Josh Duncan, Kerry Schamel-Gonzalez, and Tom Klatka. This thesis represents the most difficult and complex work I’ve undertaken to date, and I couldn’t have done it alone. Many thanks to the kind folk who helped me throughout my graduate studies with a sympathetic ear and words of encouragement throughout the process: Jess Anderson-Seeley, Bonnie Gibson-McDermott, Katie Horton, Ricky Kadlac, Andy Kruse, Annie Maggard, Raphael Ruiz, and Becca Simon. I owe many thanks also to my family: firstly to my grandmother Frankie Chambers, and also to Brenda, Dale and Kate, who made it possible for me to follow my dreams to Colorado. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER 1: RE-EXPLAINING THE PAST: LINDENMEIER FOLSOM SITE REDUX .......1 CHAPTER 2: A METHOD TO THE MADNESS: LINDENMEIER SPATIAL ANALYSIS APPROACHES..............................................................................................................................12 CHAPTER 3: WHAT ARE THE ODDS?: ASSESSING THE LINDENMEIER DATASET FOR SPATIAL RANDOMNESS ..................................................................................................23 CHAPTER 4: LOST (AND FOUND) IN SPACE: EXAMINING SPATIAL PATTERNS IN A CONSTELLATION OF FOLSOM ARTIFACTS ...............................................................28 CHAPTER 5: NEITHER HIDE NOR HAIR…BUT THAT’S BESIDE THE POINT(S): HIDEWORKING AND PROJECTILE MANUFACTURE ACTIVITIES AT THE LINDENMEIER FOLSOM SITE..................................................................................................88 CHAPTER 6: DISCUSSION AND CONTEXTUAL OBLIGATIONS ....................................139 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION AND CLOSING THOUGHTS .................................................146 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................158 APPENDICES .............................................................................................................................161 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Method Justification for Research Question 1 ............................................................................. 14 Table 2: Method Justification for Research Question 2 ............................................................................. 15 Table 3: Method Justification for Research Question 3 ............................................................................. 17 Table 4: Lindenmeier Area I & II Clark and Evan's Test for Randomness Results .................................. 24 Table 5: Lindenmeier Artifact Frequencies per Area and Unit .................................................................. 52 Table 6 : Overall Spatial Auto- & Cross- Correlation Statistics, Lindenmeier Area I Unit A................... 60 Table 7: Overall Spatial Auto- & Cross- Correlation Statistics, Lindenmeier Area I Unit B .................... 61 Table 8: Overall Spatial Auto- & Cross- Correlation Statistics, Lindenmeier Area II Unit F ................... 62 Table 9: Overall Spatial Auto- & Cross- Correlation Statistics, Lindenmeier Area II Unit G .................. 63 Table 10: Overall Auto- & Cross- Correlation Statistics, Lindenmeier Area II Unit H ............................ 64 Table 11: Lindenmeier Hideworking-related Artifact Distributions per Unit, Area I versus Area II ........ 93 Table 12: Area I Unit A Hideworking Artifact Spatial Association Results ............................................. 95 Table 13: Area I Unit B Hideworking Artifact Spatial Association Results ............................................. 96 Table 14: Lindenmeier Area I Unit A Hideworking SAC/SCC Results .................................................... 98 Table 15: Lindenmeier Area I Unit B Hideworking SAC/SCC Results .................................................. 100 Table 16: Area II Unit F Hideworking Spatial Association Results ........................................................ 105 Table 17: Area II Unit G Hideworking Artifact Spatial Association Results .......................................... 106 Table 18: Area II Unit H Hideworking Artifact Spatial Association Results .......................................... 106 Table 19: Lindenmeier Area II Unit F Hideworking SAC/SCC Results ................................................. 108 Table 20: Lindenmeier Area II Unit G Hideworking SAC/SCC Results ................................................ 109 Table 21: Lindenmeier Area II Unit H Hideworking SAC/SCC Results ................................................ 110 Table 22: Area I Projectile Manufacture Artifact Frequencies ................................................................ 116 Table 23: Unit A Projectile Manufacture Spatial Association Results .................................................... 117 Table 24: Unit B Projectile Manufacture Spatial Association Results .................................................... 118 v Table 25: Unit A Projectile Manufacture Spatial Auto- & Cross- Correlation Results ........................... 120 Table 26: Unit B Projectile Manufature Spatial Auto- & Cross- Correlation Results ............................. 122 Table 27: Area II Projectile Manufacture Artifact Frequencies ............................................................... 126 Table 28: Unit F Projectile Manufacture Spatial Association Results ..................................................... 128 Table 29: Unit G Projectile Manufacture Spatial Association Results .................................................... 129 Table 30: Unit H Projectile Manufacture Spatial Association Results .................................................... 130 Table 31: Unit F Projectile Manufacture Spatial Auto- & Cross- Correlation Results ............................ 132 Table 32: Unit G Projectile Manufacture Spatial Auto- & Cross- Correlation Results ..........................
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