N Sisteemteoretiese Kartering Van Die Afrikaanse Literatuur Vir Die Tydperk 2000–2009: Kanonisering in Die Afrikaanse Literatuur

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N Sisteemteoretiese Kartering Van Die Afrikaanse Literatuur Vir Die Tydperk 2000–2009: Kanonisering in Die Afrikaanse Literatuur ’n Sisteemteoretiese kartering van die Afrikaanse literatuur vir die tydperk 2000–2009: Kanonisering in die Afrikaanse literatuur A.J.T. (LETI) KLEYN Voorgelê ter vervulling van die vereistes vir die graad Philosophiae Doctor (Uitgewerswese) in die Fakulteit Ingenieurswese, Bou-omgewing en Inligtingtegnologie Universiteit van Pretoria Pretoria Studieleiers: prof. Maritha Snyman (Departement Inligtingkunde) prof. Henning Pieterse (Kreatiewe Skryfkuns/Departement Afrikaans) Universiteit van Pretoria 20 Mei 2013 © University of Pretoria Verklaring Ek verklaar dat “’n Sisteemteoretiese kartering van die Afrikaanse literatuur vir die tydperk 2000–2009: Kanonisering in die Afrikaanse literatuur:” my eie werk is in die ontwerp en uitvoering daarvan, dat dit nie voorheen vir enige graad- of eksamendoeleindes aan hierdie, of enige ander universiteit voorgelê is nie en dat alle bronne wat gebruik is, voldoende aangedui en erken is deur volledige bibliografiese verwysings. Declaration I declare that “’n Sisteemteoretiese kartering van die Afrikaanse literatuur vir die tydperk 2000– 2009: Kanonisering in die Afrikaanse literatuur” is my own work in design and execution, that it has not been submitted for any degree or examination at this or any other university, and that all the sources used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by complete reference. A.J.T. (Leti) Kleyn Geteken/signed ___________________ Datum/date ______________________ © University of Pretoria Opsomming In hierdie studie word ondersoek ingestel na die rolspelers in die Afrikaanse literêre sisteem wat tot kanonisering aanleiding gee. Die literêre sisteem word gekarteer deur die publikasies, resepsie daarvan en openbare debatte daaroor vir die tydperk 2000–2009 te ondersoek. Daar word aandag gegee aan die uitgewersbedryf; mediapraktyke; literêre pryse; vertalings; bloemlesings; literatuurgeskiedenisse; skryfskole; verwerking van literêre werke vir film en die uitvoerende kunste; die impak wat die sensuurwetgewing op die status van skrywers en die bedryf gehad het; leeskringe en ’n aantal kleiner rolspelers soos boeksubsidies, biblioteke, literêre tydskrifte, skrywersverenigings en literêre toerisme. Daar word verder ook aandag gegee aan die wyse waarop hiërargieë in die sisteem tot stand kom, kanonisering bewerkstellig word, knelpunte in die magspel tot uiting kom in veral openbare debatte, en die wyse waarop eksterne faktore op die sisteem inspeel. Die studie wys op die fyn netwerk wat onstaan as verbande tussen verskillende rolspelers in die literêre sisteem van nader ondersoek word. Sleutelwoorde: Afrikaanse letterkunde, kanonisering, sisteemteorie, literêre debatte, literêre status, uitgewerspraktyke, resensies, literêre pryse, vertaling, bloemlesings, literatuurgeskiedenis, skryfskole, verwerking, sensuur, leeskringe Summary In this study, the role players in the Afrikaans literary system that give rise to canonisation was researched. The literary system was mapped by examining the publications, their reception and public debates about them for the period 2000–2009. Attention is given to the publishing industry; media practices; literary prizes; translations; anthologies; literature histories; writing schools; processing of literary works for film and performing arts; the impact censorship legislation had on the status of authors in the industry; reading clubs and a number of smaller role players like book subsidies, libraries, literary periodicals, writers’ associations and literary tourism. In addition, attention is also given to the manner in which hierarchies in the system are formed, canonisation is established, difficulties in the power game are expressed especially in public debates, and the manner in which external factors affect the system. The study points out the fine network that develops when connections between various role players in the literary system are examined closely. Key words: Afrikaans literature, canonisation, system theory, literary debates, literary status, publishing practice, reviews, literary prizes, translation, anthologies, literary history, creative writing, rewriting, censorship, reading groups © University of Pretoria Reading deeply in the Canon will not make one a better or a worse person, a more useful or more harmful citizen. The mind’s dialogue with itself is not primarily a social reality. All that the Western Canon can bring one is the proper use of one’s own solitude, that solitude whose final form is one’s confrontation with one’s own mortality. Harold Bloom, The Western Canon (1995:30) © University of Pretoria INHOUDSOPGAWE HOOFSTUK 1 KANONISERING IN DIE AFRIKAANSE LITERATUUR: PROBLEEMSTELLING, OORSIGSTUDIE EN WERKMETODE |10 1. Inleiding |11 2. Probleemstelling |12 3. Navorsingsmetodologie |13 4. Ontplooiing van die studie |14 4.1 Literêre evaluering en literêre waarde 14 4.2 Die literêre kanon 15 4.3 Die literêre sisteem 16 4.4 Uitgewerspraktyke 17 4.5 Mediapraktyke en resensies 18 4.6 Prystoekennings 18 4.7 Vertaling 19 4.8 Bloemlesings 20 4.9 Literatuurgeskiedenis 20 4.10 Kleiner subsisteme in die Afrikaanse literêre sisteem 21 5. Notas by die voltooiing van die studie |22 HOOFSTUK 2 TEORETIESE UITGANGSPUNTE: LITERÊRE WAARDE, KANONISERING EN DIE LITERÊRE SISTEEMTEORIE |23 1. Inleiding |24 2. Literatuur met ’n hoofletter L |25 Figuur 1: Verskille tussen lae en hoë literatuur (Brillenburg Wurth, 2006:340) |27 3. Die literêre kanon |28 Figuur 2: De Geest (2003:208) se semiotiese vierkant |31 Figuur 3: Kompartemente van die kanon (Rigney, 2006:317) |33 4. Literêre sisteme |37 Figuur 4: Even-Zohar (1990:31) se sisteemteoriemodel |38 4.1 Die Afrikaanse literêre sisteem – skematiese voorstelling 41 Figuur 5: Voorstelling van rolspelers in die Afrikaanse literêre sisteem |41 Figuur 6: Van der Waal (2006:35) se model van ’n literêre veld |42 4.2 Veranderlikes en/of faktore wat besluitneming in die Afrikaanse literêre sisteem beïnvloed 43 4.2.1 Kulturele faktore 4.2.2 Politieke faktore 4.2.3 Ekonomiese faktore 4.2.4 Tegnologiese faktore 4.2.5 Sosiologiese faktore 4.2.6 Institusionele faktore 5. Gevolgtrekking |48 © University of Pretoria HOOFSTUK 3 UITGEWERSPRAKTYKE EN DIE BOEKHANDEL |50 1. Inleiding |51 2. Die kwessie van publikasie |52 3. Hekwagters |52 Figuur 7: Die rolspelers in die publikasieproses (1990–2005) (Venter, 2006:496) |54 4. Publikasieproses en -rolspelers |55 Figuur 8: Publikasieproses (Van Rooyen, 2005:202) |55 Figuur 9: Generiese model van die uitgeesisteem (Venter, 2008:14) |56 Figuur 10: Publikasieproses (Fourie, 2009:64) |57 4.1 Uitgewershuise 57 4.2 Redakteur(sfunksies) 61 4.2.1 Uitvoerende redakteurs/uitgewers 4.2.2 Manuskripontwikkelaars 4.3 Keurders 64 4.4 Taalversorgers (copy editors): redigeerders, spookskrywers en proeflesers 66 4.5 Ontwerpers 68 4.5.1 Ontwerpers in die uitgeesisteem 4.5.2 Ontwerp in die media 4.5.3 Flaptekste 4.6 Bemarkers en bemarking 72 4.7 Handelaars/afsetpunte 73 4.8 (Literêre) agente 75 5. Gevolgtrekking |76 HOOFSTUK 4 MEDIAPRAKTYKE EN RESENSIES |78 1. Inleiding |79 2. Openbare debatte oor resensiekunde |80 2.1 Openbare debatte met betrekking tot die Afrikaanse letterkunde 82 2.2 Probleme met resensies wat in openbare debat na vore kom 82 2.3 Die groter debat 83 3. Resensiepraktyke (dag- en weekblaaie) |84 4. Die taak van die resensent |86 5. Knelpunte in die resensiebedryf |88 5.1 Bemarkingswaarde en verkope 88 5.2 Beperkte spasie 89 5.3 Negatiewe resensiekoppe 89 5.4 Literêre betrokkenheid van kritici 90 5.5 Subjektiewe resensies 91 5.6 Wie mag resenseer? 91 6. Verwagtinge van goeie resensies en billike resensente |92 7. Spreekbeurt vir die breër publiek |94 7.1 Veranderende tendense in leesbehoeftes 95 7.2 Bruikbaarheid van resensies vir die breë publiek 96 7.3 LitNet as spreekbuis vir die breë publiek 97 8. Rol en verwagtinge van boekeredakteurs |98 8.1 Probleme en oplossings betreffende beperkte ruimte 98 8.2 Keuse van resensente 99 8.3 Geldknyp en vergoeding 99 8.4 Koerante se benadering teenoor boekeredakteurs 100 9. Gevolgtrekking |100 © University of Pretoria HOOFSTUK 5 LITERÊRE PRYSE |102 1. Inleiding |103 2. Afrikaanse literêre pryse – ’n oorsig |104 3. Faktore vir prystoekennings wat magsverhoudinge in die literêre sisteem beïnvloed |107 3.1 Aanstelling van paneellede 107 3.2 Commendatio’s 108 3.3 Status van pryse 109 3.4 Knelpunte in die magspel 110 4. Resente debatte en die gevolg daarvan |113 4.1 Akademiepryse 113 4.2 Sanlam-/INSIG-Roman-wedstryd 115 5. Gevolgtrekking |116 HOOFSTUK 6 VERTALING |118 1. Inleiding |119 2. Vertaling in die groter konteks |119 3. Die plaaslike landskap – ’n oorsig |120 4. Soorte vertalings sedert 2000 |121 4.1 Klassieke tekste na Afrikaans 121 4.2 Nederlandse tekste in Afrikaans 122 4.3 Plaaslike Engelse tekste na Afrikaans en Afrikaanse tekste na Engels 124 4.4 Parallelle uitgawes 125 4.5 Plaaslike inheemse tale na Afrikaans 125 4.6 Afrikaans vir die wêreldmark (internasionale uitgewers) 126 5. Faktore en rolspelers wat vertaling bepaal |127 5.1 Status van vertaling 127 5.2 Keuse van tekste 128 5.3 Die uitgewer as rolspeler 129 5.4 Gehalte en status 131 5.5 Leesverwagtinge 131 6. Die vertaler se rol en status |132 6.1 Akademiese waarde 134 6.2 Van een sisteem na ’n ander 134 6.3 Resepsie van vertaalde werke 136 7. Pryse vir vertaling |134 7.1 Nedbank-Akademieprys vir Vertaalde Werk (Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns) 137 7.2 SAVI-prys vir Voortreflike Vertaling/SATI Award for Outstanding Translation 138 7.3 Ander vertalings 140 8 Gevolgtrekking |141 HOOFSTUK 7 BLOEMLESINGS |142 1. Inleiding |143 2. Soorte bloemlesings
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