DOCSLIB.ORG

Drayton, Byron, and Laureateship

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Drayton, Byron, and Laureateship “AS THUS TO VARIETIE INCLIN’D”: DRAYTON, BYRON, AND LAUREATESHIP by LISA MICHELLE ULEVICH (Under the Direction of Coburn Freer) ABSTRACT This study considers the history of laureateship and the relevance of laureate self-presentation on the poetry of Michael Drayton (in Idea) and George Gordon, Lord Byron (in Don Juan). I consider how these poets use the gestures of stable, centered laureate identity to legitimize their poetry, but rely upon strategies of unstable poetic voice and narrative progression to provoke engagement with their work. When conventions and formulae threaten to render the articulation of individual authority meaningless, Drayton and Byron both seek recourse to the advantages of rapidly unfolding variety, within the conceptual framework of self-styled stable poetic identity. INDEX WORDS: laureate, laureateship, Drayton, sonnet, Idea, Byron, Don Juan “AS THUS TO VARIETIE INCLIN’D”: DRAYTON, BYRON, AND LAUREATESHIP by LISA MICHELLE ULEVICH Bachelor of Arts, Rhodes College, 2005 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS ATHENS, GEORGIA 2007 © 2007 Lisa Michelle Ulevich All Rights Reserved “AS THUS TO VARIETIE INCLIN’D”: DRAYTON, BYRON, AND LAUREATESHIP by LISA MICHELLE ULEVICH Major Professor: Coburn Freer Committee: Anne Mallory Frances Teague Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2007 DEDICATION In memory of Cynthia Marshall iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank my parents, Mark and Cindy Ulevich, for their unwavering patience and support. Two decades after a fateful encounter with a bedtime storybook, I have undertaken to study two poets who also understood the importance of “reading it the way it’s printed.” v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS............................................................................................................ v INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER I. Laureate Context.........................................................................................................4 Stars in the Sty.........................................................................................................7 II. The “Vates Irritabilis” and the Distractible Muse................................................14 Print and a Great Audience.................................................................................15 The Dignitie of the Thing was the Motive of the Doing.................................20 Idea in Context .......................................................................................................23 III. Epic Renegade...........................................................................................................32 The Usual Method, But Not Mine......................................................................36 Following All the Antique Poets Historicall.....................................................40 The Chequered Human Lot................................................................................45 CONCLUSION............................................................................................................................52 REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................55 vi Introduction Your judiciall eye must modell forth what my penne hath layd together […]1 —and know, ‘Tis not enough to spell, or even to read, To constitute a reader […]2 *** This is a study of two poets who, in spite of their numerous dissimilarities in self- presentation—dissimilarities extreme enough to prompt the reasonable question how these poets might be comparable at all—nevertheless both persistently occupy a place in laureate history. They claim the spotlight for brief intervals, frequently under the banner of supplying synchronic context for their contemporaries’ ambitions, and the comparison is usually roundly unflattering to someone, 3 whether an official laureate or a poet setting himself up in direct opposition to the post. Both Michael Drayton and Lord Byron are particularly valuable figures by which to consider the history of 1 From Drayton’s dedication to Lucy, Countess of Bedford, printed before the epistle of Rosamond to Henry II in Englands Heroicall Epistles; 5:103. All citations from Drayton refer to the Works, eds. Hebel, Tillotson, and Newdigate; references to the sonnets will be made clear in context. 2 Don Juan, XIII.73. I cite cantos in Roman numerals and then the stanza in Arabic numerals. 3 This is especially true of the accounts from the first half of the twentieth century. The three major studies I have considered are Walter Hamilton, The Poets Laureate of England (1879); Edmund Broadus, The Laureateship: A Study of Poet Laureate in England with some account of the Poets (1921); and Kenneth Hopkins, The Poets Laureate (1955). In general, Hopkins treats the idea of laureate ambition more evenhandedly than Hamilton or Broadus, but he also confines his discussion primarily to the history of the official post. 1 laureateship, and I hope to illustrate their relevance to this tradition without recourse to any “successes” or “failures” of laureates, official or otherwise. Indeed, my aim here is specifically to avoid considering laureateship in light of categorization. Rather, I wish to suggest that, both before and after the appointment of John Dryden, the first official laureate, laureateship is most fruitfully considered as a nexus of preoccupations with self-presentation and authority—concerns that some poets more than others felt obliged to address, whether or not they held the official post. Drayton and Byron both express keen interest in those laureate concerns, and this seems to invite consideration of their works with respect to laureateship as a system of ambitions and (perceived) obligations. I propose to explore the uses Drayton and Byron make of laureate tradition and identity, and how that tradition influences one of each poet’s long-term, revised projects: Drayton’s sonnet sequence Idea, begun as Ideas Mirrour in 1594 and included after many revisions in his 1619 folio of collected works; and Byron’s Don Juan, the first two cantos of which were published in 1819 and which stops, though it hardly concludes, at Byron’s death in 1824. Perhaps the most important facet of laureate identity to which I would like to call attention here is the presentation of a stable, authoritative, and recognizable poetic identity.4 My attention, that is, centers firmly on poetic self-presentation, but not simply because doing so permits a comparison between a poet who lived half a century before the post became official and a poet who was content to call the office the 4 For this idea, and for insight into laureate self-presentation throughout this work, I am indebted to Richard Helgerson’s Self-Crowned Laureates. 2 “laureate’s sty” (X.13). Rather, I particularly wish to emphasize the “attempt to maintain an ethically normative and unchanging self” (Helgerson 9) as a means of contrast. With stability as an ideal, uncertainty and contingency become the realities (both experiential and poetic) that especially clash with laureate identity. Drayton and Byron write—and keep coming back to—poems that meditate on the subjection of poet and poetry to elements of uncontrollability and inconstancy. If these are the vulnerable, or at least touchy, points in their poetic sensibilities, the shaping of their responses is well worth a look. 3 I. Laureate Context *** The history of laureateship does not suffer from a lack of scholarly attention. A number of books from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries exclusively treat the laureate office, and many briefer studies have been made through the twentieth and into the twenty-first century. Quite recently, however, Robert J. Meyer-Lee observes that “the story of the poet laureate has not yet been fully told” (688): but to attend to that incompleteness does not require simply a more extensive taxonomy of laureate criteria. Scholars who have set out to recount only the history of the pensioned office have inevitably had to include in their discussions poets whose careers lent necessary context and contrast to the laureates (however a given study defined that elite group). Moreover, it was necessary to invent categories for poets who lived before the creation of the official post, but who still seemed to merit a laureate label, or whose careers otherwise prefigured the duties and ambitions associated with the post. The desire to tell the story of laureateship fully, especially in attending to poets in this latter category, casts a great deal of emphasis on the notion of a poetic lineage. Scholars have 4 accordingly expended a great deal of effort to discern a heritage leading up to Dryden’s appointment in 1668. In the process of reporting the history of laureateship, and consequently deciding who should occupy that heritage, scholars have offered or implied an impressive variety of criteria for the relative greatness and influence of pre- Laureate laureates. Taken together, these studies suggest a poetic lineage that resembles a scatter plot more than a tidy linear connect-the-dots.5 One would expect that the creation of the post would guarantee a neater account from that point onward. In official terms, it certainly does. Dryden’s
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Negotiating Ovidian Genealogies of Complaint in Drayton's Englands Heroicall Epistles
    Thorne, Alison (2008) 'Large Complaints in Little Letters': negotiating Ovidian genealogies of complaint in Drayton's Englands Heroicall Epistles. Renaissance Studies, 22 (3). pp. 368-384. ISSN 0269-1213 http://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/25629/ This is an author produced version of a paper published in Renaissance Studies, 22 (3). pp. 368-384. ISSN 0269-1213. This version has been peer-reviewed but does not include the final publisher proof corrections, published layout or pagination. Strathprints is designed to allow users to access the research output of the University of Strathclyde. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. You may not engage in further distribution of the material for any profitmaking activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute both the url (http://strathprints.strath.ac.uk) and the content of this paper for research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. You may freely distribute the url (http://strathprints.strath.ac.uk) of the Strathprints website. Any correspondence concerning this service should be sent to The Strathprints Administrator: [email protected] ABSTRACT Taking as its starting point Michael Drayton’s reworking of a key Heroidean topos, the heroine’s self-conscious reflection on letter-writing as an activity fraught with anxiety, this essay examines the cultural and literary factors that conspire to inhibit or facilitate the emergence of a distinctive feminine epistolary voice in Englands Heroicall Epistles. In particular it seeks to explain how Drayton’s female letter-writers manage to negotiate the impediments to self-expression they initially encounter and thus go on to articulate morally and politically incisive forms of complaint.
    [Show full text]
  • English 12AP Summer Reading Assignment
    English 12AP Summer Reading Assignment All seniors entering English 12 AP in the fall must read Edith Hamilton’s Mythology: Timeless Tales of ​ Gods and Heroes, which is a compilation of myths drawn from classical literature. Paperback editions are ​ available at local bookstores and libraries as well as through on-line merchants. E-texts can be found here and here. ​ ​ ​ As you read, keep a reading log, take notes, or annotate in a way that will help you to remember the characters and storylines of each myth. After you read, choose one poem from the list below and write a 500-word explication discussing how the allusion in the poem supports the poet’s aim/purpose and contributes to the meaning of the poem as a whole. Consider the following features of allusion: 1. An allusion is a reference to another work (e.g., mythological, classical, biblical, literary, or historical). 2. An extended allusion is more than an isolated reference but calls to the reader’s mind the entire context of its source in order to comment on the poet’s subject. 3. The reference (classical, biblical, or mythological, for example) is not itself the subject of the work ​ in which it appears. For example, it would not be an allusion if a poem reviews, retells, or revises a myth or part of a myth, as do Pope in “Argus,” Byron in “Prometheus,” Keats in “Ode to Psyche,” Tennyson in “Ulysses,” Swinburne in “The Garden of Proserpine,” Yeats in “The Fascination with What’s Difficult,” Parker in “Penelope,” and Blake in “Why Was Cupid a Boy?” You will be graded on the following: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Oxfordian Volume 21 October 2019 ISSN 1521-3641 the OXFORDIAN Volume 21 2019
    The Oxfordian Volume 21 October 2019 ISSN 1521-3641 The OXFORDIAN Volume 21 2019 The Oxfordian is the peer-reviewed journal of the Shakespeare Oxford Fellowship, a non-profit educational organization that conducts research and publication on the Early Modern period, William Shakespeare and the authorship of Shakespeare’s works. Founded in 1998, the journal offers research articles, essays and book reviews by academicians and independent scholars, and is published annually during the autumn. Writers interested in being published in The Oxfordian should review our publication guidelines at the Shakespeare Oxford Fellowship website: https://shakespeareoxfordfellowship.org/the-oxfordian/ Our postal mailing address is: The Shakespeare Oxford Fellowship PO Box 66083 Auburndale, MA 02466 USA Queries may be directed to the editor, Gary Goldstein, at [email protected] Back issues of The Oxfordian may be obtained by writing to: [email protected] 2 The OXFORDIAN Volume 21 2019 The OXFORDIAN Volume 21 2019 Acknowledgements Editorial Board Justin Borrow Ramon Jiménez Don Rubin James Boyd Vanessa Lops Richard Waugaman Charles Boynton Robert Meyers Bryan Wildenthal Lucinda S. Foulke Christopher Pannell Wally Hurst Tom Regnier Editor: Gary Goldstein Proofreading: James Boyd, Charles Boynton, Vanessa Lops, Alex McNeil and Tom Regnier. Graphics Design & Image Production: Lucinda S. Foulke Permission Acknowledgements Illustrations used in this issue are in the public domain, unless otherwise noted. The article by Gary Goldstein was first published by the online journal Critical Stages (critical-stages.org) as part of a special issue on the Shakespeare authorship question in Winter 2018 (CS 18), edited by Don Rubin. It is reprinted in The Oxfordian with the permission of Critical Stages Journal.
    [Show full text]
  • Didacticism in the Historical Poetry of Michael Drayton. Linda Anne Salathe
    Lehigh University Lehigh Preserve Theses and Dissertations 1-1-1976 Didacticism in the historical poetry of Michael Drayton. Linda Anne Salathe Follow this and additional works at: http://preserve.lehigh.edu/etd Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Salathe, Linda Anne, "Didacticism in the historical poetry of Michael Drayton." (1976). Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2089. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Lehigh Preserve. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Lehigh Preserve. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DIDACTICISM IN THE HISTORICAL POETRY OF MICHAEL DRAYTON by Linda Anne Domina Salathe A Thesis Presented to the Graduate Committee of Lehigh University in Candidacy for the Degree of Master of Arts m Department of English Lehigh University 1976 ProQuest Number: EP76362 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest EP76362 Published by ProQuest LLC (2015). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Certificate of Approval This thesis is accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts.
    [Show full text]
  • So We Are Talking Roughly About Twenty‐Five Years of Theatre. Roughly, Because the Tendencies That Characteriz
    So we are talking roughly about twenty‐five years of theatre. Roughly, because the tendencies that characterize Jacobean theatre started before James I came to the throne (1603, died 1625) around the year 1599 – the year when the Lord Chamberlain’s Men relocated their theatre from Shoreditch to Southwark (on the southern bank of the Thames) and called it “The Globe”, the year when the private theatre of Paul’s boys was reopened, and a little later the Lord Chamberlain’s Men got hold of the Blackfriars theatre. These developments brought about an unprecedented avalanche of play‐writing and dramaturgical innovation that made the Jacobean period one of the most dynamic and spectacular periods in theatre history as we know it. The period also established a new generation of playwrights: the most prominent of whom are Ben Jonson, John Marston, George Chapman, Thomas Middleton, John Webster, Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher – who worked alongside, competed with, collaborated and learned from William Shakespeare – the major figure that continued to sway the English stage from the Elizabethan well into the Jacobean period. 1 Of course, at the beginning of the period the most successful playwright in London was Shakespeare. So far, his fame rested mainly on the series of history plays: the two tetralogies (Henry VI, Parts I‐III and Richard III; and Richard II, Henry IV, Parts I‐II and Henry V) and King John; and his witty romantic comedies that Queen Elizabeth reportedly liked so much: e.g. Love’s Labour’s Lost, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It.
    [Show full text]
  • A Selection from the Poetry of Samuel Daniel
    A SELEC TION FROM TH E PO ETRY OF SAMUEL DAN IEL ’ 89 MICH A EL DR A Y T ON m W ith an Introd u tio and Notes by s g‘ v M A . Th e Re . O M L O N D O N EN . J . M . D T 8: C O 29 AND 30 BEDFORD STREET A SELEC TION FR OM TH E PO ETR Y OF SAMUE L D AN IE L ” 85 MICH A EL D RAY TON l ' W ith an Introd u tio and N ote s by g e09 ‘B M A . ev Q Y eech n . R . H C i The iE g , ’ L O N D O N M ENT C O . J . D 2 9 A ND 30 BED F ORD STREET MY O"FORD PUPILS CONTENTS IN TRODUCTION A SELECTION FROM THE POEMS OF SAMUEL DAN IEL Son n ets to Deli a From th e Compl ain t of Ros amon d From th e Trag edy of Cl eopatra From th e Ci vil W ars E i s tl e t o th e Lad Mar a et Coun te of Cum e l an d p y g r , ss b r From Mus oph il us From th e Epistl e to Si r Th omas Eg erton From th e Trag edy of Phil ota s Ulysses an d th e Siren ’ From th e Qu een s Arcad i a ’ From Tethys Fes ti val ’ From Hym en s Tri umph An Od e A SELECTION FROM THE POEMS OF MICHAEL DRAYTON ' Dafiadill From En dymi on an d Ph oebe viii Contents ’ From E n g l an d s Heroi cal Epistl es — ’ Th e Tower of Mortim er From th e B aron s W ars Id ea (Son n ets) To th e N ew Yea r To Hi s Val en ti n e Th e Heart To Master "oh n Savag e Th e Cri er To h i s Coy Lov e To hi s Ri val B all a d of Ag i n court To th e Virgi n i an Voy ag e An Od e W ri tten i n th e Peak From Poly - Olbi on (Mil ford H aven ) (Guy of W arwi ck) An El eg y — Ny mphidi a Th e Court of Fa iry ’ Th e Sh eph erd s Siren a ’ From th e Mu ses Ely si um Th e Secon d Nymph al Th e Sixth Nym ph al INTROD UCTION IF any a pology be required for brin gin g within the covers of a sin gle volume a selection from Dan a n d D a n m u Off i n both iel r yto , it st be ered a n a n t o th e circumstan ce th t occa sio ed it .
    [Show full text]
  • Michael Drayton
    PEOPLE MENTIONED IN A WEEK PEOPLE MENTIONED IN A WEEK: MICHAEL DRAYTON DRAYTON’S WORKS “NARRATIVE HISTORY” AMOUNTS TO FABULATION, THE REAL STUFF BEING MERE CHRONOLOGY “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project Michael Drayton HDT WHAT? INDEX MICHAEL DRAYTON MICHAEL DRAYTON PEOPLE MENTIONED IN A WEEK A WEEK: The world is a strange place for a playhouse to stand PEOPLE OF within it. Old Drayton thought that a man that lived here, and A WEEK would be a poet, for instance, should have in him certain “brave, translunary things,” and a “fine madness” should possess his brain. Certainly it were as well, that he might be up to the occasion. That is a superfluous wonder, which Dr. Johnson expresses at the assertion of Sir Thomas Browne that “his life has been a miracle of thirty years, which to relate, were not history but a piece of poetry, and would sound like a fable.” The wonder is, rather, that all men do not assert as much. That would be a rare praise, if it were true, which was addressed to Francis Beaumont, — “Spectators sate part in your tragedies.” Think what a mean and wretched place this world is; that half the time we have to light a lamp that we may see to live in it. This is half our life. Who would undertake the enterprise if it were all? And, pray, what more has day to offer? A lamp that burns more clear, a purer oil, say winter-strained, that so we may pursue our idleness with less obstruction.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Of Albions Glorious Ile the Wonders…I Write' How Important Is the Land
    Volume 3: 2010-2011 ISSN: 2041-6776 School of English Studies ‘Of Albions glorious Ile the Wonders…I write’1 How important is the land in early modern depictions of national identity? Eleanor Kaufman In 1536 the Act of Union physically altered the English landscape and its boundaries. With the act’s abolishment of the Welsh Marches there was no longer a hinterland between England and Wales who were unified into an multiple nation state. English rule, rights and laws were extended across into Wales making Welsh citizens equal to their English counterparts.2 When in 1603, James VI inherited the English throne bringing Scotland into the union, an expanding England created what Andrew Hadfield describes as a ‘concomitant fear3’ of a ‘disunified and fragmented’4 nation. Although the fabled Britannia was now ‘reunited’, there was no such reunification of national identity. In fact the association of being British5, which had previously been a synonym for Welsh,6 had now altered too. As the borders and boundaries were changing so was the concept of what it meant to be British. Edward I’s conquest of Wales in 1282 was believed to be so effective7 that Wales was often dismissed as a docile8 and invisible9 nation. William Camden does not distinguish Wales from England in his Britannia and neither does Raphael Holinshed in his Chronicles.10 It appeared Wales had been subsumed into England. However, to consider Wales only in this pejorative and stereotyped form found in ‘taffy’ genre poetry where Welshman roamed craggy landscapes dotted with thistles and goats,11 is to disregard the importance of British history and mythology in the evolution of national identity.
    [Show full text]
  • Michael Drayton's Poly-Olbion
    UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PADOVA Dipartimento di Lingue e Letterature Anglo-Germaniche Scuola di Dottorato di Ricerca: Scienze Linguistiche, Filologiche e Letterarie Indirizzo: Anglistica Ciclo: XXII MICHAEL DRAYTON'S POLY-OLBION: A STUDY IN PERSPECTIVE Direttore della Scuola: Ch.ma Prof.ssa Paola Benincà Supervisore: Ch.mo Prof. Mario Melchionda Dottoranda: Sara Trevisan Abstract (English) This dissertation provides a study of Michael Drayton’s Poly-Olbion (1612; 1622), a loco-descriptive poem divided into two parts consisting of eigh- teen and twelve Songs, respectively, each one being prefaced by an engraved map. The verse describes the topography of the English and Welsh counties and the historical feats that took place in the locations in question: the ”narrators” are local landscape features, such as woodlands, forests, mountains and valleys, but mainly rivers. In the first part only, each Song closes with a learned prose commentary by the antiquarian John Selden. The study’s purpose is to highlight the position Poly-Olbion held in the network of seventeenth-century and subsequent English literature and culture. It aims to bring together the fragmentary criticism and literary influence of the poem into a coherent view leading to a joint analysis of its contents and the history of its reception. It thus reveals, on the basis of a large amount of information, the interaction of synchronic and diachronic perspectives in order to discuss the poem’s matter in the light of contemporary and later criticism, and vice versa. The reasons for the many ever-shifting opinions on Poly-Olbion are related both to the times and modes of composition and to its content.
    [Show full text]
  • Translation and Community in the Work of Elizabeth Cary
    St. John Fisher College Fisher Digital Publications English Faculty/Staff Publications English 11-2014 Translation and Community in the work of Elizabeth Cary Deborah Uman St. John Fisher College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/english_facpub Part of the English Language and Literature Commons How has open access to Fisher Digital Publications benefited ou?y Publication Information Uman, Deborah (2014). "Translation and Community in the work of Elizabeth Cary." Material Cultures of Early Modern Women’s Writing: Production, Transmission, and Reception , 76-98. Please note that the Publication Information provides general citation information and may not be appropriate for your discipline. To receive help in creating a citation based on your discipline, please visit http://libguides.sjfc.edu/citations. This document is posted at https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/english_facpub/13 and is brought to you for free and open access by Fisher Digital Publications at St. John Fisher College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Translation and Community in the work of Elizabeth Cary Abstract Explores the role of female community within Elizabeth Cary's translations and her play, The Tragedy of Mariam. Keywords fsc2015 Disciplines English Language and Literature Comments Uman, Deborah, Translation and Community in the work of Elizabeth Cary, 2014, Palgrave Macmillan. Reproduced with permission of Palgrave Macmillan. This extract is taken from the author's original manuscript and has not been edited. The definitive, published, version of record is available here: http://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9781137342423 Find this book at your library. Buy this book on Amazon.
    [Show full text]
  • Shakespeare in Stratford and London: Ten Eyewitnesses Who Saw Nothing by Ramon L
    Shakespeare in Stratford and London: Ten Eyewitnesses Who Saw Nothing by Ramon L. Jiménez It is well-known that the first references in print that seemed to connect William Shakespeare of Stratford-upon-Avon to the playwright William Shakespeare appeared in the first collection of his plays—the First Folio, seven years after his death. On the other hand, we can identify at least ten people who personally knew the William Shakespeare of this Warwickshire town, or met his daughter, Susanna. At least six of them, and possibly all of them, were aware of plays and poems published under the name of one of the country’s leading playwrights, William Shakespeare. All ten left us published books, poems, letters, notebooks, or diaries, some of which referred directly to events or people in Stratford. Yet none of these nine men and one woman—it is fair to call them eyewitnesses—left any hint that they connected the playwright with the person of the same name in Stratford-upon-Avon. William Camden William Camden was the most eminent historian and antiquary of the Elizabethan age, and was deeply involved in the literary and intellectual world of his time. He knew Philip Sidney, was a valued friend of Michael Drayton, and is said to have been a teacher of Ben Jonson. His most famous work was Britannia, a history of England first published in Latin in 1586. It was translated, and frequently reprinted, and he revised it several times before his death in 1623. Another of Camden’s books was Remaines Concerning Britain, a series of essays on English history, English names and the English language that he published in 1605.
    [Show full text]
  • Michael Drayton 1 Michael Drayton
    Michael Drayton 1 Michael Drayton Michael Drayton (1563 – 23 December 1631) was an English poet who came to prominence in the Elizabethan era. Early life Drayton was born at Hartshill, near Nuneaton, Warwickshire, England. Almost nothing is known about his early life, beyond the fact that in 1580 he was in the service of Thomas Goodere of Collingham, Nottinghamshire. Nineteenth- and twentieth-century scholars, on the basis of scattered allusions in his poems and dedications, suggested that Drayton might have studied at the University of Oxford, and been intimate with the Polesworth branch of the Goodere family. More recent work has cast doubt on those speculations.[1] Literary career Drayton in 1599 1591–1602 In 1591 he produced his first book, The Harmony of the Church, a volume of spiritual poems, dedicated to Lady Devereux. It is notable for a version of the Song of Solomon, executed with considerable richness of expression. However, with the exception of forty copies, seized by the Archbishop of Canterbury, the whole edition was destroyed by public order. Nevertheless, Drayton published a vast amount within the next few years. In 1593 appeared Idea: The Shepherd's Garland, a collection of nine pastorals, in which he celebrated his own love-sorrows under the poetic name of Rowland. The basic idea was expanded in a cycle of sixty-four sonnets, published in 1594, under the title of Idea's Mirror, by which we learn that the lady lived by the river Ankor in Warwickshire. It appears that he failed to win his "Idea," and lived and died a bachelor.It has been said Drayton's sonnets possess a direct, instant, and universal appeal, by reason of their simple straightforward ring and foreshadowed the smooth style of Fairfax, Waller, and Dryden.
    [Show full text]