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Impact of Water Quality on Seagrass Meadow at Tanjung Kupang

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Impact of Water Quality on Seagrass Meadow at Tanjung Kupang IMPACT OF WATER QUALITY ON SEAGRASS MEADOW AT TANJUNG KUPANG SHAIKHAH BINTI SABRI A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award the degree of the Master of Engineering (Civil-Environmental Management) Faculty of Civil Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia November, 2009 iii To my beloved family and friends Thank you for everything “Today we are nobody but tomorrow we will be somebody” iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, a very grateful to Allah gives me the ability to finish up my final master project. I would like to express my deep gratitude to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Ismid Mohd Said as final project’s supervisor for his valuable time, guidance, advice and critics in fulfill the study. Also a million thanks to my co-supervisor Dr. Shamila Azman for her encouragement, guidance and friendship throughout the course of this study. Not forgetful my friends and colleagues for their patience and cooperation during the entire study making process. I am also would like to thank to staffs and technicians of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia’s Environmental Laboratory who provided assistance and shared the information that I needed. Last but not least, my appreciative to all my family members for their support and encouraging me to finish up my study. v ABSTRACT Seagrasses which colonize near shore ecosystem may be used as indicator of environmental health since it is vulnerable to the changes of water and environmental quality. Six species of seagrasses were found at Tanjung Kupang, Johor which are identified as Halophila ovalis, Halophila minor, Halophila spinulosa, Enhalus acoroides, Halodule pinifolia and Thalassia hemprichii. Meanwhile three species were found at Teluk Buih, Mersing identified as Enhalus acoroides, Halodule pinifolia and Cymodocea rotundata. Heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Hg) were analyzed using ICPMS and Halophila minor have the highest accumulation of heavy metal among the species. Thalassia hemprichii turned out to be strongest accumulator for Cd (0.016 mg/g dry weight) and Halophila ovalis for Hg (0.044 mg/g dry weight). The results obtained for water quality analysis exceeded the Interim Marine Water Quality Standard except for Pb (0.0014 to 0.0066 mg/L) and Total Cr (0.1486 to 0.105 mg/L). Dredging activities for land reclamation could be a possible release of heavy metals to the seawater since the concentration of heavy metal decrease in the following order: sediment > water > seagrass leaves. Therefore, Halophila minor has the potential to be used as bioindicator since it accumulates higher concentration of heavy metal compared to other species. Two rivers, Sungai Pok Besar and Sungai Pok Kecil, situated near the seagrass bed is classified as Class III based on Water Quality Index. vi ABSTRAK Rumput laut yang tumbuh di kawasan perairan di pesisir pantai boleh digunakan sebagai petunjuk kepada tahap pencemaran kerana hidupan ini sangat sensitif terhadap perubahan kualiti air dan persekitaran. Enam spesies rumput laut yang dijumpai di Tanjung Kupang, Johor dikenalpasti sebagai Halophila ovalis, Halophila minor, Halophila spinulosa, Enhalus acoroides, Halodule pinifolia dan Thalassia hemprichii. Sementara itu, tiga spesies yang dijumpai di Teluk Buih, Mersing direkodkan sebagai Enhalus acoroides, Halodule pinifolia dan Cymodocea rotundata. As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb dan Hg dianalisis menggunakan ICPMS dan Halophila minor menunjukkan bacaan kandungan logam berat paling tinggi berbanding spesies lain, Thalassia hemprichii pula mengumpulkan kandungan logam berat bagi Cd (0.016 mg/g berat kering) dan Halophila ovalis untuk Hg (0.044 mg/g berat kering). Keputusan yang didapati untuk analisis kualiti air melebihi Piawaian Interim Kualiti Air Laut kecuali plumbum (0.0014 – 0.0066 mg/L) and Jumlah Kromium (0.1486 – 0.105 mg/L). Aktiviti pengorekkan untuk tebusguna tanah dikenalpasti sebagai penyumbang kehadiran logam berat di dalam air laut kerana kandungan logam berat berkurang mengikut aturan berikut: tanah > air > rumput laut. Oleh itu, Halophila minor mempunyai potensi untuk digunakan sebagai penunjuk biologi kerana mengumpul kandungan logam berat paling tinggi berbanding spesies rumput laut lain. Dua buah sungai, Sungai Pok Besar dan Sungai Pok Kecil yang terletak berhampiran dengan hamparan rumput laut dikenalpasti berada dalam Kelas III berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE TITLE i DECLARATION ii DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv ABSTRACT v ABSTRAK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS vii LIST OF TABLES x LIST OF FIGURES xii LIST OF SYMBOL xiv 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Preface 1 1.2 Seagrass Distribution 2 1.3 Problem Statement 3 1.4 Objective of Study 4 1.5 Study Area 5 1.6 Scope of Study 7 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 8 2.1 Overview 8 2.2 Characteristics of Seagrass 9 2.2.1 Seaweeds 12 viii 2.3 Growth Requirements 12 2.4 The Significance of Seagrass 13 2.4.1 Marine Life Associated with Seagrass 14 2.5 Threats to Seagrass 17 2.5.1 Natural Threats 17 2.5.2 Eutrophication 17 2.5.3 Dredging 18 2.5.4 Boating 19 2.6 Physical Water Quality Parameter 19 2.6.1 Total Suspended Solid 19 2.6.2 Turbidity 20 2.6.2 Temperature 21 2.7 Chemical Water Quality Parameter 21 2.7.1 Dissolved Oxygen 22 2.7.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand 22 2.7.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand 23 2.7.4 pH 23 2.7.5 Nutrients 24 2.7.5.1 Phosphorus 24 2.7.5.2 Ammoniacal Nitrogen 25 2.7.6 Heavy Metal 25 2.7.6.1 Arsenic (As) 26 2.7.6.2 Cadmium (Cd) 27 2.7.6.3 Total chromium 27 2.7.6.4 Copper (Cu) 28 2.7.6.5 Lead (Pb) 28 2.7.6.6 Mercury (Hg) 29 2.7.7 Oil and Grease 30 2.8 Marine Water Quality Standards 31 2.8.1 Malaysia Interim Marine Water Quality 32 Standards 2.8.2 Marine Water Quality Criteria for the 32 ASEAN Region ix 2.8.3 Singapore Marine Water Quality Criteria 33 2.9 United Kingdom Interim Marine Sediment Quality 33 Guidelines (ISQG) 3 METHODOLOGY 35 3.1 Study Area 35 3.2 Sample Preparation 37 3.2.1 Water Sample 38 3.2.2 Seagrass Specimens and Sediment 40 3.3 Analysis of Samples 41 3.4 Chemical Analysis 42 4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS 43 4.1 Introduction 43 4.2 Specimen Identification 43 4.3 Marine Life at Tanjung Kupang 52 4.4 Water Quality Analysis 53 4.4.1 Oil and Grease 56 4.4.2 Total Suspended Solid 56 4.4.3 Ammoniacal Nitrogen and Phosphorus 57 4.5 Heavy Metals in Water 59 4.6 Heavy Metals in Sediment 63 4.7 Heavy Metals in Seagrass 64 4.8 Development Adjacent to the Seagrass Meadow 67 4.9 Overall Discussion 72 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 75 5.1 Introduction 75 5.2 Recommendation 76 REFERENCES 77 x LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE 2.1 The common seagrass species in Malaysia and their 11 identification features (Save Our Seahorse Handbook, 2006) 2.2 The differences between seagrass and marine algae 12 (Seagrass-Watch, 2008) 2.3 List of marine life supported by a seagrass bed 15 2.4 Malaysia Interim Marine Water Quality Standard 31 (Department of Environment (DOE) Malaysia, 2004) 2.5 Marine Water Quality Criterion for ASEAN region (Association of Southeast Asian Nation, 2009) 32 2.6 Summary of criteria for site selection for floating netcage farming (Singapore Fisheries and Aquaculture 33 Department, 2009) 2.7 Interim Marine Sediment Quality Guidelines (UK Marine Special Areas of Conservation) 34 3.1 (a) Schedule of sampling at Tanjung Kupang 38 (b) Schedule of sampling at Teluk Buih, Mersing 3.2 Analytical procedures (Standard Method American Public Health Association, 2005) 42 4.1 Specimen identification based on acknowledged species by previous study at seagrass meadow Tanjung Kupang 45 and Teluk Buih, Mersing 4.2 List of marine life found during survey at seagrass meadow 52 4.3 Water quality result of Sungai Pok Kecil and Sungai Pok 53 Besar xi 4.4 Result of water quality parameter based on IMWQS and AMWQC at Teluk Buih 54 4.5 Result of water quality parameter based on IMWQS and AMWQC at Tanjung Kupang 55 4.6 Heavy metal concentration at Sungai Pok Kecil and Sungai Pok Besar 59 4.7 Heavy metal concentration and Teluk Buih 61 4.8 Heavy metal concentration at Tanjung Kupang 62 4.9 Concentration of metals (mg g-1 dry weight) in the sediment which evaluate to United Kingdom interim 63 marine sediment quality guidelines (ISQG) 4.10 Concentration of metals (mg g-1 dry weight) in the different species of seagrass 66 4.11 Land use in Tanjung Pelepas Zone (MBJBT, 2008) 68 xii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE Seagrass distribution at Malaysia (The Encyclopedia of 1.1 Malaysia, The Seas, 2001) 3 The position of study area that is near to Pulai River 1.2 estuary, Second Link Bridge and Singapore 5 Location of seagrass field and sampling location 1.3 6 Station 1 for water quality at Sungai Pok estuary. The 3.1 land is fully covered with riverbank vegetation especially 35 mangrove Second station for water quality measurement at seagrass 3.2 bed 36 Merambong Island as the third sampling station; inhabits 3.3 a lot of unique species. 36 (a) Upstream of Sungai Pok Besar used as boat parking 3.4 bay by local fisherman and (b) is downstream of the 37 river. (a) Upstream of Sungai Pok Kecil and (b) is downstream 3.5 of the river. The river is surrounding by palm oil 37 plantation. Multi-Parameter Analyzer-Consort 535 that has used to 3.6: measure the pH level on surface water 39 YSI probe to determine concentration of dissolved 3.7 oxygen 39 Secchi disk used to measure the depth of turbidity in the 3.8 water column at Merambong Island 40 Seagrass leaves ((a) Halophila ovalis and (b) Halophila 3.9 spinulosa) that have been preserved in formalin and 41 placed in glass bottles xiii Digestion process using open beaker technique on hot 3.10 plate 41 (a) Current condition of coastal line near seagrass 4.1 meadow while (b) is the future development which under 69 Tanjung Pelepas industrial region Existing and future development of Port Tanjung Pelepas 4.2 with potential expansion up to 95 berths 71 Several creatures that can found from seagrass area where (a) is Holothuria leucospilota, (b) is Stichodactyla gigantean meanwhile (c) Sabella spallanzanii, (d) is 4.3 74 Protoreastar nodosus, (e) Purple Climber Crab and (f) Hippocampus kuda.
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