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Macro and Microplastics Abundance on Beaches of Selected Islands in Peninsular Malaysia

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MACRO AND MICROPLASTICS ABUNDANCE ON BEACHES OF SELECTED ISLANDS IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA NURUL NADIA BINTI AMINUDDIN FACULTY OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR University of Malaya 2019 MACRO AND MICROPLASTICS ABUNDANCE ON BEACHES OF SELECTED ISLANDS IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA NURUL NADIA BINTI AMINUDDIN DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY (ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT) INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES FACULTY OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR University of Malaya 2019 UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA ORIGINAL LITERARY WORK DECLARATION Name of Candidate: Nurul Nadia Binti Aminuddin Matric No: SGH 150009 Name of Degree: Master of Technology (Environmental Management) Title of Project Paper/Research Report/Dissertation/Thesis (“this Work”): “Macro and Microplastics Abundance on Beaches of Selected Islands in Peninsular Malaysia” Field of Study: Waste Management I do solemnly and sincerely declare that: (1) I am the sole author/writer of this Work; (2) This Work is original; (3) Any use of any work in which copyright exists was done by way of fair dealing and for permitted purposes and any excerpt or extract from, or reference to or reproduction of any copyright work has been disclosed expressly and sufficiently and the title of the Work and its authorship have been acknowledged in this Work; (4) I do not have any actual knowledge nor do I ought reasonably to know that the making of this work constitutes an infringement of any copyright work; (5) I hereby assign all and every rights in the copyright to this Work to the University of Malaya (“UM”), who henceforth shall be owner of the copyright in this Work and that any reproduction or use in any form or by any means whatsoever is prohibited without the written consent of UM having been first had and obtained; (6) I am fully aware that if in the course of making this Work I have infringed any copyright whether intentionally or otherwise, I may be subject to legal action or any other action as may be determined by UM. Candidate‟s Signature Date: University of Malaya Subscribed and solemnly declared before, Witness‟s Signature Date: Name: Designation: ii MACRO AND MICROPLASTICS ABUNDANCE ON BEACHES OF SELECTED ISLANDS IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA ABSTRACT The rapid development and heavy anthropogenic activities near the beach are believed to contribute to the abundance of plastic debris, which results in an array of negative effects to marine biota. This study discussed the macro and microplastics abundance on beaches of Malaysian islands namely, Pulau Besar, Langkawi Island, Sibu Island and Perhentian Island. The objectives of this study are to determine the current waste management and evaluate the cleanliness index (BCI) of the beach. It is also aimed to determine the composition of marine waste and abundance distributions of macro and microplastic as well as to determine their correlations. The BCI scores on each beach sites was evaluated by using a five point Likert scale ranged from 0 (very negative responses) to 4 (very positive responses). For the waste composition studies, debris on each beach sites were collected, weighed and counted after the segregation into 27 predetermined types. As for the microplastic quantification, a triplicate of 12.5 L of sediment samples was collected using 50 x 50 cm quadrat to a depth of approximately 5cm, at different tidal zones. The sediment samples were sieved to group them according to their respective sizes. Results indicated that, beach of Pulau Besar that faces the open sea was the cleanest with the highest BCI value (3). Recreational, fishing andUniversity shipping activities are the anthropogenic of activities Malaya conducted on all the beaches studied. Marine waste found on these beaches includes hard plastic, film, polystyrene, paper, aluminium cans, and drinking packs. The distributions of macro and microplastic debris in this study are dependent of the economic activities of the respective beaches. The quantity of macroplastics was highest in Pinang Seribu Beach (103 items/m2), followed by beach of Sibu Island that faces the mainland (76 items/m2) and Tanjung iii Butong Beach (60 items/m2). The highest quantity of microplastics were collected at Pinang Seribu Beach with 2517 items/m2 and followed by beach of Sibu Island that faces the open sea with 401 items/m2. While fishing beaches have abundant quantities of plastic line, foam and film, recreational beaches accumulated more plastic film, fragment and foamed plastic. Remote beaches on Perhentian Island had the highest quantity of plastic foam, fragment and line. In general, a positive correlation (0.917) with R2 = 0.841 was found between the abundance of macro and microplastics on the selected beaches of Malaysian islands. This demonstrates that continued cleaning efforts are crucial to reduce the plastic debris pollution on beaches of Malaysian islands. Keywords: anthropogenic, cleanliness index, marine waste, macroplastic, microplastic University of Malaya iv TABURAN MAKRO DAN MIKROPLASTIK DI PANTAI-PANTAI PULAU TERPILIH DI SEMENANJUNG MALAYSIA ABSTRAK Pembangunan yang pesat dan aktiviti antropogenik berdekatan kawasan pantai dipercayai menyumbang kepada timbunan sisa plastik, yang turut memberi kesan negatif kepada ekosistem marin. Kajian ini membincangkan mengenai taburan makro dan mikroplastik di pantai- pantai pulau terpilih di Malaysia iaitu Pulau Besar, Pulau Langkawi, Pulau Sibu dan Pulau Perhentian. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan pengurusan sisa di kawasan pantai dan untuk menilai indeks kebersihan pantai. Kajian ini juga bertujuan untuk menentukan komposisi sisa-sisa marin dan taburan serta jumlah makro dan mikroplastik yang terdapat di pantai-pantai tersebut selain menentukan korelasi di antara taburan makro dan mikroplastik. Indeks kebersihan di setiap pantai dinilai dengan menggunakan skala Likert lima titik bermula dari skor 0 (tindak balas yang sangat negatif) kepada skor 4 (tindak balas yang sangat positif). Kesemua sisa di setiap pantai dikumpul, ditimbang dan dikira selepas diasingkan kepada 27 jenis sisa yang telah ditetapkan. Bagi kajian mikroplastik, triplikasi sampel pasir sebanyak 12.5 L diambil menggunakan kuadrat bersaiz 50 x 50 cm dengan kedalaman kira-kira 5 cm di kawasan pasang surut yang berbeza. Sampel-sampel pasir ini diayak untuk mengasingkan sisa mikroplastik mengikut saiz. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa, kawasanUniversity pantai yang menghadap laut terbuka of di PulauMalaya Besar merupakan pantai yang paling bersih dengan nilai indeks kebersihan pantai yang paling tinggi (3). Aktiviti rekreasi, perikanan dan perkapalan merupakan aktiviti antropogenik yang terdapat di pantai-pantai kajian. Antara sisa-sisa marin yang terdapat di pantai kajian ialah plastik HDPE, filem, polistirena, kertas, tin aluminium dan kotak minuman. Taburan sisa makro dan mikroplastik dalam kajian ini bergantung kepada aktiviti ekonomi di pantai- v pantai kajian. Pantai Pinang Seribu mencatatkan jumlah makroplastik tertinggi (103 item/m2), diikuti oleh kawasan Pantai Pulau Sibu yang menghadap tanah besar (76 item/m2) dan Pantai Tanjung Butong (60 item/m2). Pantai Pinang Seribu juga mencatatkan jumlah mikroplastik yang paling tinggi (2517 item/m2) dan diikuti oleh kawasan pantai Pulau Sibu yang menghadap laut terbuka (401 item/m2). Kawasan pantai yang terkenal dengan aktiviti memancing dan petempatan nelayan mencatatkan jenis-jenis mikroplastik seperti tali, buih dan filem, manakala pantai rekreasi mencatatkan lebih banyak mikroplastik filem, pecahan dan buih. Pantai terpencil di Pulau Perhentian memperolehi jumlah buih, pecahan dan tali yang tinggi. Secara umumnya, terdapat korelasi positif (0.917) dengan R2 = 0.841 di antara taburan makro dan mikroplastik di pantai-pantai pulau terpilih di Malaysia. Hal ini menunjukkan bahawa usaha pembersihan pantai yang berterusan adalah sangat penting untuk mengurangkan pencemaran sisa plastik di pantai-pantai pulau di Malaysia. Kata kunci: antropogenik, indeks kebersihan, sisa marin, makroplastik, mikroplastik University of Malaya vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Alhamdulillah praise to Allah SWT, the Most Merciful and the Most Gracious for giving me the strength, patience and health in completing this work. First of all, I would like to express my infinite appreciation and gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Fauziah Shahul Hamid for her guidance, critical idea and encouragement throughout my research journey and writing of this thesis. I could not have imagined having a better advisor and mentor for my master study. I would like to thank my beloved parents, Aminuddin bin Abdul Hamid and Lelawati binti Mohamad Jawani for their nonstop prayers and encouragement until this thesis is complete. I am very grateful to have parents who always supported me in finishing my study. To my best friends, Faiz Ruzali and Iffa Syamimi, thank you for being there for me and keep me on track whenever I feel demotivated. Not to mention, my beloved siblings: Asyraf, Fiza, Nadhirah and Amsyar for their endless love. My appreciation also extends to all UM staffs for their kind help throughout my research. Never forget, I owe my deepest gratitude to all my friends in Environmental Microbiology Lab especially Lim Ying Wei, Kak Farah and Kak Li Hun for their great values, precious time and mental support during the completion of my study. Last but not least, I would like to thanks to Ministry of High Education Malaysia for theUniversity financial support under MyBrain 15 (MyMaster) of Malaya Programme
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