June 7, 1972 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 20121 Baird, Dale L. Dowell, Frederick L. Howard, Sylvester Mouton, Joseph INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND; INTERNA Barinea.u, Richard L. Dunbar, George H. Hunnicutt, Thomas Newman, Billy R . TIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION & DEVEL Barron, Bonie P. Eckman, George M. Hurst, Charles E. Palmquist, Charles J. OPMENT; INTERAMERICAN DEVELOPMENT Baseley, Jacque A. Egbert, Carroll F., Jr. Jackson, Albert P. Parrish, John W. BANK; AND AsiAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Belville, Arthur J., Jr. Eldredge, Frederick Jenkins, Robert Payne, Walter A., Sr. George P. Shultz, of Illinois, for appoint- Bergeron, Joseph W., R., Jr. Jiminez, Francis Scraggy, Gene A. ment to the ofllces indicated: Sr. Estey, Howard E. Johnson, John W. Seagroves, Ronald G. U.S. Governor of the International Mone Birren, James M. Faircloth, Jeris L. Johnson, Robert B. Sellers, Walter S. tary Fund for a term of 5 years and U.S. Bolles, Elmer S. Farr, Roland C. Jordan, Robert T. Sherry, Guy R. Governor of the International Bank for Re Brakowiecki, LaurenceFitzgerald, Joseph T., Justis, Forest W. Smiley, Perry construction and Development for a term of 5 years. R. J~ Kldd, Arthur J. Snodgrass, Nathan iel A Governor of the Inter-American Devel Brewington, Robert E.Flowers, Percy Kiker, Meek C. L. opment Bank for a term Of 5 years; and Broughton, Frankie D.Ford, Billy J. Kingry, Thomas E. Spangler, Tommy L. U.S. Governor of the Asian Development Bryant, Edward L. Geer, Robert W. Kistler, Ernest J. Surles, Charles T. Bank. Carr, JayS., II Giger, John R . Kolek, David L. Thompson, Leon R. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Ledford, William H. Vaughn, James Carr, William W. Griflln, Charles L. Carroll G. Brunthaver, of Ohio, to be an Carter, Wallace M. Gwinn, Robert P. Liebl, Luitpold J. Vessey, Arnold F. Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, vice Clar Cheely, Benjamin L. Halburnt, James C. Lile, Brian K. Webster, Lawrence E. ence D. Palmby, resigned. Collins, Melvin Haley, Dale A. Loy, Lloyd L. Whipple, William L. Carroll G. Brunthaver, of Ohio, to be a Condrey, Jimmy W. Hallbick, Larry J. Luchansky, George J. White, Llewellyn S. Member of the Board of Directors of the Corbett , Edward F. Harkless, James J. Lundberg, Frank c. Whitehead, Otis J. Commodity Credit Corporation, vice Clarence Critzer, Roger A. Harpe, Charles W. Lynch, John F. Widenhouse, Robert D. Palmby, resigned. Cuddy, Raymond S., Hashagen, Donald J. Ma.chado, Louis E. w. BOARD OF PAROLE Mannix, James W. Jr. Hastings, Sidney T. Williams, Robert G. Maurice H. Sigler, of Nebraska, to be Mem Curry, Carl R. Heatley, George Mattox, Chester C. Wilson, Eugene S. ber of the Board of Parole for the term ex Day, Lawrence M. Hicks, Robert McDuflle, Don C. Witham, Merton T. piring September 30, 1978. Mr. Sigler is now Dolphin, John J. Hinchliffe, Herbert C. Meagher, Gregory F., Wolf, Donald E. serving in this position under an appoint Donelow, Robert L. Hinman, Rex L. Jr. Young, Paul M., Jr. ment which expires September 30, 1972.
EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS A STUDY OF THE RUSSIAN NAVY Then in 1957 the United States intro currently lacks a worldwide marit ime capa duced the A3D aircraft on our aircraft bility. HON. MIKE GRAVEL carriers in the Eastern Mediterranean. I ask unanimous consent that the Since these planes could reach Russia's study be printed in the RECORD. OF ALASKA industrial areas the Russians felt they There being no objection, the study IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES had to counter our carriers in the Med was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Wednesday, June 7, 1972 iterranean for defensive purposes. When as follows: we later put Polaris submarines in the Mr. GRAVEL. Mr. President, I should SOVIET NAVAL CAPABILITIES AND INTENTIONS Mediterranean this gave them another (By Michael MccGwire) like to place in the RECORD a study on reason to be there. Mr. MccGwire illus the Russian NaVY by Michael MccGwire, trates this by saying: Most qualified opinion is in fact agreed a former commander in the British NaVY The greatly increased range of sea-borne on the essentially defensive requirements and naval attache in Moscow. The title strategic weapons has meant that the eastern which caused the Soviet Union to develop its of this study is "Soviet Naval Capabilities basin of the Mediterranean is now in many present naval capability, although there is a ways of greater defensive concern to the wider range of opinion as to where this may and Intentions." lead them in the future. All are also agreed I would like to summarize some of the SOviet Union than her northern seas. Mos that, irrespective of its genesis, growing So main points of this report. First, Mr. cow is equidistant between the two, but viet naval strength presents a potential MccGwire says the West has given the whereas population and industry thin out threat to Western interests, which must be Russians propaganda advantages by to the north of the capital, to its south and countered. But starting from these points east lies the greater pa~t of Russia's indus overstating the threat in the Mediter of agreement, opinion then divides into two trial strength. It seems probable that the broad groups. There are those who see the ranean. The author speculates that this 1963 announcement that Polaris submarines great est danger to the West, in a democ may have been done to create myths were taking up station in the Mediterranean, racy's reluctance to provide adequate re similar to the bomber and missile gaps caused the Soviet Navy to advance its plans sources to long-term defence in peacetime, for the purpose of expediting funds to project a naval presence in the area. and who therefore tend to formulate the through Congress. Mr. MccGwire states This is a classical case of the spiraling threat in extreme terms, both of m111tary that- arms race. capability and aggressive intentions, in or By ignoring the "most likely course of der to frighten the politicians into releas Concerning the value of our huge car ing adequate funds to naval defence. And enemy action," and by concentrating our riers, Mr. MccGwire says: attention solely on some hypothetical "worst there are others who consider that more cer case," based on a rather flattering estimate As sufllcient nuclear submarines armed tain damage to Western interests has been, of Soviet naval capabilities and an implied with horizon-range missiles become avail and will be caused by alarmist assessments absence of Western reaction, we undermine able for the task, it seems likely that West (however worthy their motives) which ex ern strike carriers will be marked wherever aggerate Russian maritime capabilities and our own maritime credibility while encour they may be. ignore the considerable constraints which aging the Soviet Union to develop a taste for limit the flexible employment of Soviet na sea power, and to fulfill our most gloomy It is the belief of many naval experts val forces. prophesies. that the aircraft carrier is now obsolete I hold unreservedly to this latter opinion, The basic strategy of the Soviet Naval due to the cruise missile. The new Rus and it is not because I under-rate the very forces is the "Young School" concept sian C class cruise missile system would real threat to Western interests which 1s adopted in the early thirties of only de be very dangerous against carriers, be implicit in Soviet naval strength nor be cause I am persuaded of their friendly in fending their maritime frontiers and not cause of its submerged launch, super tentions. My reasons are twofold. Firstly, ex ruling the waves. The first two tasks of sonic speed, and surface-skimming tra perience as a long-range planner has shown the Soviet Navy are: jectory. me the dangers of 'fiddling the factors' in 1. Countering the Polaris submarine. But once out of the Russian frontier order to produce some predetermined con 2. To neutralize the strike attack aircraft area, Mr. MccGwire feels Soviet capa clusion, and how in the long run it always carriers prior to aircraft launch. rebounds to one's disadvantage; in formu bilities fall off: lating a threat which wm persuade the pol The main defense areas are the Baltic The Soviet Navy does not have the capa iticians, we run the risk of obscuring our and Black Seas. It was from these areas city to sustain general naval operations in own perception of the real danger to West that the Western Powers intervened by a hostile maritime environment at a dis ern maritime interests, and at the same time sea in an attempt to crush the revolution. tance from Russia's shores. The Soviet Union we are likely to distort our wider foreign CXVlli--1268-Part 16 20122 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 7, 1972
policy assessments. And secondly, I have both her capability and her readiness to use were adapted to build the Moskva Class anti watched the way in which alarmist. and fre force. There is a perverse community of in submarine cruiser. These were mainly interim quently ill-informed Western comment has terest between Russia's desire to obscure measures, a.nd the final answer had to await brought Russia political benefits, which the her naval inadequacies and the West's con the third generation of nuclear submarines, Soviet Navy could never have achieved on cern to guard against overcomplacency. Nat which were projected at this time and due its own. urally enough, the Soviet Union welcomes for delivery in 1968. These would include a Over the last three years, there has teen the Western amplifier which is now plugged nuclear missile system with a self-contained a marked and substantial shift in the Soviet into her naval propaganda machine, whose horizon-range missile system for use against Union's political exploitation of her navy's authoritative voice helps to compensate for the carrier and a much improved Polaris enforced forward deployment; this stems the sometimes glaring shortfall between her style SSBN. Meanwhile the Soviet Union from the aftermath of the Arab-Israeli con words and deeds. adopted various other expedients such as filet in 1967, and the sudden and vociferous It is of course a distorted form of realism basing W -Class submarines in Albania ( 1958) public awareness in the West, that Russia which insists that we must ignore our oppo trying to set up a joint Sino-Soviet naval and had a navy which went to sea. Western com nent's intentions. While it is proper to con air defense command (1957) a.nd the station mentators delivered a substantial (and un centrate on capabilities in contingency plan ing of intelligence units off the USA (1959). deserved) propaganda success to the Rus ning or at the theatre-tactical level, such an THE INCREASED THREAT FROM POLARIS sians by insisting that the Soviet naval pres approach is wholly inappropriate as the By 1961, the Soviet Union had come to ence must paralyse Western naval initiatives, basis of policy formulation at the politico realise that the threat from Polaris was not by failing to distinguish between the widely strategic level. A country's national interests, limited to the Arctic, "'>ut that Western Rus varying combat capabilities of the Russian intentions and essential defence require sia was now threatened from 270° of arc, ex units in the Mediterranean, and by speaking ments are equally important factors in the tending from the Indian Ocean through the of illusory 'massive naval reinforcements' threat equation and to exclude these con Mediterranean to the Norwegian Sea, and during the June war (which on one occasion straints on Soviet action, must inevitably that by the middle sixties, one third of the even included a water-tanker and an ice distort Western maritime policy and inhibit USA's nuclear strike capability would be sea breaker towing a patrol-craft). They then the effective use of our naval superiority. By borne. This generated a fundamental re-as confirmed Russia's naval standing in Arab ignoring the 'most likely course of enemy sessment of naval policy which is discussed eyes, by ridiculing official Western state action', and by concentrating our attention further below, leading to the decision that ments which pointed to the exposed nature solely on some hypothetical 'worst case', of these Soviet deployments, and to the vul based on a rather flattering estimate of So some form of permanent counter must be deployed against both Polaris and the US nerability of individual units to Western at viet naval capabilities and an implied ab carriers. tack. This alarmism may have been thought sence of Western reaction, we undermine our necessary to arouse a sense of concern in own maritime credibility while encouraging In 1962, the Soviet Navy was ill-prepared NATO, or to extract funds from a reluctant the Soviet Union to develop a taste for sea for this radical reorientation of policy, both US Congress, but it none the less provided power, and to fulfill our most gloomy operationally and in terms of the necessary prophesies. ships to implement the concept. Although the Russians with a detailed course on how primary reliance was to be placed on subma to discomfort the West with the smallest I make no apologies for this digression be rines and naval air, surface ships would be diversion of resources; it has also given Soviet fore getting down to the details of the surface deployments a milltary credibility paper, because Russian intentions are a func required in support, but their only surface which is still largely spurious. It was most tion of Western political will and the extent to-air missile (SAM) armed destroyer-type (the Kashin) was programmed to build at a noticeable that, prior to June 1967, Russian to which Soviet maritime policy is shaped by the West's naval preponderance and by mere two units a year. To ameliorate the deployments were primarily a navy-to-navy situation, they undertook the major conver affair, with a relative disregard for the po the nature of our response at sea, is inade quately understood. I will come back to this sion of eight of the older Kotlin Class de tential political benefits. The strategic rea stroyers, and six of the Krupnyj Class missile sons underlying these deployments have not fundamental point, which should become clearer as we turn to consider the develop units, into SAM-armed anti-submarine ships. changed, but since that date, naval visits This gave these ships a weapons perform have been increasingly used to reinforce the ment of Soviet naval policy since the war, and gain a better idea of the changing re ance comparable to the Kashin, for delivery reputation which the West has gratuitously during the latter half of the sixties. bestowed on the Soviet Navy. quirements they have had to meet. This background knowledge is fundamental to In the longer term, they were somewhat In the late 1950s the Soviet Union derived better placed. They were already committed substantial political benefits from the !JUb analysing the present capabilities of their forces. to a three-fold increase in their nuclear sub licising by Western commentators of the marine building capacity, with the third gen mythical Bomber and Missiles Gaps, and the THE STRATEGIC THREAT FROM CARRIERS eration of submarines due to enter service in ease with which the West can still be in By 1957-58, the Soviet Navy realized that it 1968--69. Meanwhile, in the normal course of duced to credit their opponents with an ex had been geographically and technologically events, a new family of surface ships was aggerated military capability must be a outflanked. The US Navy's A3D carrier-borne scheduled to begin delivery in 1970, and the source of continuing gratification to Soviet aircraft could reach Russia's industrial areas design of the larger type could be ajusted to leaders. It conceals their technological inade from the South Norwegian Sea and the East quacies from critical world opinion, and al reflect these changed requirements. ern Mediterranean; the US Navy's nuclear THE SHIFT TO FORWARD DEPLOYMENT lows them to make retrospective claims to submarines were of much higher performance have influenced the outcome of events in than the Soviet cla.sses due to begin delivery; The last eight years has seen the Soviet situations where they have sat by helpless, as the US Navy was also establishing an anti Navy's progressive shift to forward deploy selfishly worried spectators. It is significant submarine area-defense system off its sea ment, as it attempts to counter the strategic that well into 1968, the Russians remained board which would largely neutralise the nuclear threat which can now be posed from understandably silent about their negative Soviet strategic delivery units; the US. Navy's sea-areas 2,000 miles or more from Russia's contribution to the outcome of the June war, Polaris would pose an additional strategic frontiers. Admiral Gorshkov has admitted concentrating their propaganda on linking threat. that the change has not been easy, involv the presence of the US Sixth Fleet with the The maritime threat to Russia was once ing as it did the organic restructuring of the Israeli attack; but by 1969, the Soviets were more a national rather than a single service Navy and the reorientation of traditional emboldened to play book the West's more problem and the repercussions on naval naval policy and operational habits, in order alarmist assessments, and now claimed that building were considerable. Neither the mis to meet this qualitatively new requirement. it was the Russian naval presence which sile-cruiser nor the SSG were of much use The process still has some way to go, but the saved the Arabs from imperialist interven when the encounter-zone was beyond the pattern of operations is now clear enough to tion in 1967. range of shore-based air-cover, and all these identify the underlying concept of opera As with Soviet naval capabillties, so with programmes were cancelled. The relatively tions. their intentions, and they are only too happy inferior performance of Soviet strategic deliv Posing a permanent counter. For the Soviet that the West should concentrate on the ery submarnes and the threat of nuclear Union, the implications of the USA's shift former and assume the worst of the latter. By strike by carrier airca.ft combined to cause to seaborne strategic strike systems went far causing the West to over-estimate both her the reallocation of nuclear propulsion to what beyond the intensification and diversifl.oation belligerency and her naval strength, the So was now the top-priority task of countering of an existing threat. Most serious was tha-t viet Union hopes to encourage inaction and the carrier. The second generation SSBN was naval units would largely escape the inter acquiescence when otherwise the West might cancelled and the hull/propulsion unit was continental nuclear exchange; the USA thwart her plans. She has not lacked support configured as an SSGN, making use of the would therefore have the option of holding and from the start Western Jeremiahs have J -Class weapon systems. Meanwhile the So back their seaborne systems, in order to insisted that the mere presence of Soviet viet Union misinterpreted the future scale dictate the subsequent course of a general naval units, irrespective of their real or rela and nature of the Polaris threat, and saw it war. To foreclose this option, the Soviet tive capability, must inevitably inhibit the as a complementary weapon system to close Union had to provide for the destruction o! West's reaction. The effect of these exaggera the Northern arc, where principles of area these US naval units at the outbreak of war, tions is to obscure the limited nature of the defense could apply. The main requirement irrespective of whether the e1fective reaction Soviet Union's physical commitment out was to extend the range of helicopter op time would also be able to prevent the launch side the boundaries of the Warsaw Pact, erations, to achieve which two Stalingrad of strategic weapons. Since the destruction and to induce a quite unjustified belief in class (the Sverdlov-successor) cruiser hulls of all US units could not be guaranteed, the June 7, 1972 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 20123 soviet Union would need to develop its own maritime geography. But llmited prospects_of the Baltic and Black Seas were "closed" or SSB force in order to ensure that the post success have never discouraged the SoVIet "neutral" seas, and has never accepted the exchange nuclear balance was preserved. Union from embarking on measures which right of non-riparian powers to innocent In formulating an operational concept to she sees as essential to her national secm"ity, passage in these areas, and she is now try meet these specialised requirements, Soviet and there is little doubt that the Soviet ing to extend this concept to the Mediterra nav·al leaders chose to exploit the particular Navy wlll continue to give priority to their nean. She made proposals in 1968 and 1963 characteristics of nuclear-mi.sslle war at sea; efforts to counter PoLaris; certainly, these about non-nuclear zones, but in April 1967 (it is likely that the alternative of trying provide the explanation for a large propor Kosygin demanded the withdrawal of the to match the west's maritime capa.b111ty was tion of their distant deployments. Sixth Fleet, and this signalled a policy. of dismissed as impractical for both military THE EXTENDING PATTERN OF SOVmT NAVAL deliberate harassment by Soviet naval un1ts. and economic reasons). The Soviet Navy re OPERATIONS By November 1968, Russia was claiming that quires to destroy western strike units at the since she was a Black Sea power she was by The past decade of Soviet naval operations definition a Mediterranean power, and she outbreak of war. To do this, the Soviet Navy illustrates the progressive implementation of does not need maritime superiori-ty, because declared that the area should be designated the long term operational concept. The ap a nuclear-free zone from which the Sixth their naval units deployed to this task have pointment of Kasatanow to the C.-in-C. of only to survive long enough to discharge their Fleet would be excluded. This diplomatic the Northern Fleet in February 1962, was offensive is having some effect in the area, weapons; if they are already within weapon one of several indicators of the reorientation range of their opponent, the requirement is and Jugoslavia and Algeria have separately policy which appears to have been decided suggested that both Russia and the USA limited to surviving a preemptive attack. during 1961. Prelim1nary moves were made in should take their quarrel an~ their fleets Meanwhile, the free use of the sea which has 1962, 1963-64 but it was not until that the elsewhere. It is probable that on balance, enabled the peacetime deployment of l!S shift to forward deployment became more strategic strike units within weapon range such a solution would be acceptable to the widely noticed. The inltial areas of atten Soviet Union, if she could be certain that of the Soviet Union, means that the Russians tion were those from whence both Polaris are likewise free to maintain their own naval Polaris submarines would also be excluded. submarines and aircraft carriers could launch Mission. Traditionally, the primary mission forces within weapon range of Western units. strikes against Russia; the eastern Mediter This operational concept, which can be of the Russian Navy has been "to defend the ranean, the Norwegian Sea and equivalent homeland," and although the nature of marl described as "posing a permanent counter areas in the Pacific. This was partly because under the protection of peace'', underlies the time warfare has undergone fundamental extending pattern of Russian naval deploy the Soviet Navy already had some form of changes, there is ample evidence (including counter to deploy against the carriers, but the statements of Soviet leaders) that this ments since 1962, and points the way ahead. also reflected their policy of trying to achieve The decision to by-pass the basic naval re still pertains today, although it is now set quirement to be able to survive in a hostile a de facto extension of the Soviet Union's in the context of mutual deterrence and gen maritime frontiers, by maintaining a naval eral nuclear war. It is this basic mission environment, is particularly significant, and presence in those sea areas of most immedi has allowed the Soviet Navy to base its future which, over the years, had dictated the size plans on the sustained mid-ocean support ate defensive concern to Russia. After five and composition of their fleets, and the char of units on forward deployment. It does not years of steady if slow progress in these areas, acteristics of their naval units. Before 1958, however reduce the vulnemb111ty of such op the Soviet Navy turned its attention to the the nature of the maritime threat to Russia erations to interference from the West, and sea-route between the USA and the Medi meant that (apart from strategic delivery) mllltarlly, is only tenable in the context of terranean, and then to the Arabian Sea. primary naval requirements were liinited to mutual deterrence. The Mediterranean deployment. The great operations in the four fleet areas, and these As a corollary of this concept, existing ly increased range of seaborne strategic weap would take place following the outbreak of Soviet "zones of maritime defence" (whic:t... ons has meant that the eastern basin of war. But the introduction of nuclear weap only reached 200-300 miles from Russian the Mediterranean is now in many ways of ons and long-range delivery systeiDS has rad shores) , were extended to cover the more greater defensive concern to the Soviet Union ically altered the operational scope of the vital sea areas of threat, such as the Nor than her northern seas. Moscow ls equidis Navy's traditional Inission. To defend the wegian Sea and the eastern Mediterranean. tant between the two, but whereas popula.tion Soviet Union against attack from the sea This served to contest the right of Western and industry thin out to the north of the now requires the Soviet Navy to operate strike units to use these seas unhindered, capital, to its south and east lies the greater in remote areas at a great distance from while allowing the Soviet Navy to apply some part of Russia's industrial strength. Russian shores. of their established tactical concepts of anti It seeiDS probable that the 1963 announce Tasks. In support of its mission, the Soviet Polaris submarine area defence, in their efforts to ment that submarines were taking up Navy now has to discharge five primary counter Polaris. station in the Mediterranean, caused the So tasks: Countering the carrier. Initially this in viet Navy to advance its plans to project a (a) To counter the Polaris &Ubmarine. volved the close shadowing of Western car naval presence in the area, before it was prop (b) To neutralize the strike carriers prior riers whenever they approached to within erly equipped to do so. Although there was to aircraft launch. strike range of the Soviet Union, in order a progressive naval build-up from the inltial (c) To contribute to the Soviet Union's to provide target location data to Soviet mis sorties in 1963, their afloat support was not strategic delivery capabUity. sile units, which remained permanently designed to work from open anchorages, and (d) To gain command of the four fleet within weapon range. In the Norwegian Sea they were neither able to sustain year-round area, particularly the Baltic, Black and Ba and Pacific the requirement could be met by deployments, nor substantial numbers of rents Seas. sa1ling units as the need arose, but to coun ships on station. It was not until after the (e) To pr and even if he doesn't want to use it, it will From all these films-the state docu problem here really is not so much one of be prepared in such a way that Democratic mentaries and those on problems-five implementation, but of proper planning and candidates for Senate, the House, and state minute programs and one-minute spots also having the right people ready to move when houses will be able to make use of it. could be culled. The candidate would go into they must. I am convinced that the cost of Suppose I had carte blanche to organize the campaign armed with the greatest such an operation would be far less than and implement media planning and structure assortment of television weapons any candi the value we would realize from it. for the 1972 Presidential election: What date for President anywhere has ever had. For years candidates have maintained would I do? What would this whole package cost? About newspaper clip files; sophisticated ones are First I would take the seven big states I $1-million---or something less than 8 per beginning to use computer retrieval systems feel are essential to win in 1972--0alifornia, cent of the total Republican television time simllar to the one I mentioned earlier. But New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Ohio, Mich budget in 1968, around 15 per cent of what now it is time for candidates, at least for igan, and Texas-and get some tough re the Democrats spent on television in the past Presidents, to establish data banks of video search done on how the Nixon administra election. And there would be some offsetting and audiotapes-not necessarlly or exclu tion has failed to solve the problems in those gains: Candidates for senator and governor <;ively of their opponents, but also of news states. I would deal in hard specifics, with might be induced to pick up part of the tab events. These can be used for recall, to cap problems directly related to the individual by acquiring the films they considered most italize on the information already inside states. In New York, for example, this could useful to them in their own races and adapt everyone's brain. Consciously, we tend to for include the massive problems of welfare and ing them to their personal needs. get fairly rapidly; subconsciously, we retain drug addiction; in California, the rampant The key to the success of this project is the information for much longer periods, pos unemployment in aerospace and the erosion quality of the materials produced, as it so sibly forever. The audio/videotape banks of natural resources. often is. That's why I would try to get a would permit our television and radio pro I would find out not only what the prob lock on the best film producers as early as ducers to create instant recall of major lems are and how the Republican administra possible and put them to work on these films events and to capitalize on both the emo tion has failed to solve them but also what before they get so committed in other races tionalism and the rational reactions that solutions have been presented by the Demo that they don't have time to work on the surrounded these events during the time crats. We should also note that California, Presidential election. This happened in 1968, they were taking place. For example, no one New York, Illinois, and Michigan have Re to Humphrey's detriment. who lived in New York in July 1970 is likely publican governors, and that Pennsylvania Nixon made much better use of radio in to forget the suffocating smog that smoth and Ohio had Republican governors until 1968 than Humphrey did. For 1972, a series ered the city for a few days during the the start of 1971. of low-key, factual five-minute radio pro middle of that month. Utllization of news As soon as I had assembled my research, grams on important issues can be prepared film clips and commentaries would instantly and probably concomitantly, I would en early, utilizing the best speech writers in the recall those horrendous conditions and could gage three or !our of the best television Democratic stable, and go on the air during trigger the rage and frustration New Yorkers documentary producers to make a thirty the summer. The cost is low, and the impact felt during those days. minute film on each state. These films should can be high. These electronic data banks could be be suitable for both Presidential and re I'd also make use of the losing Demo extraordinarily valuable in preparing tele gional candidates. Wherever and whenever cratic contenders in films, perhaps a series vision and radio materials for the Presiden possible, attractive local candidates should of five-minute programs not unlike the· one tial election-but the time to start assem be included in the film. made with Humphrey and Ted Kennedy in bling them is now, not after the candida,te By the late spring or early summer of 1968. These would not be used nationally but has been nominated 1n the middle of July 1972 I would have a package of half-hour shown in the states where the losing candi 1972. A candidate who goes into the cam documentaries for use in the major battle date is particularly popular. For example, if paign armed with this kind of backup mate ground states, specifically relating to their Senator Jackson doesn't make it, a five rial, and the availability of FULL-TIME PERMANENT EMPLOYMENT Estimated Estimated June 30, June 30, Major agencies June 1970 June 1971 Apri11972 19721 Major agencies June 1970 June 1971 Aprill972 19721 Agricultu re ______89,912 84,252 82,789 83,000 General Services Administration ______36, 400 38, 076 35,596 39,400 Commerce ______25,427 28,435 27,860 28, 500 National Aeronautics and Space Admin is- Defense : tration ______31 , 223 29, 478 28, 026 27, 500 Civil functions ______30,297 30, 063 30,129 30, 600 Panama Canal_ __ ------14, 635 13, 967 13, 863 14, 200 Military functions ______1, 129,642 1, 062, 741 1, 041, 849 1, Oll, 000 Selective Service System ______6, 665 5, 569 5, 790 6, 200 Health, Education, and Welfare ______102, 297 104, 283 106, 556 102, 000 Small Business Administration ______4, 015 4, 004 4, 007 4,000 Housing and Urban Develol'lment______14, 661 16,030 15, 729 15, 200 Tennessee Valley Authority ______12, 657 13, 612 13, 801 14,000 Interior ______59, 349 57,570 56,585 56, 900 U.S . Information Agency ______9, 989 9, 773 9, 462 9,400 Justice ______38,013 42, 662 44,131 45, 100 Veterans Administration ______148,497 158,635 160, 976 162,700 Labor ______10,217 ll, 352 12, 111 11 , 800 All other agencies ______29,807 31, 333 32,791 34,300 State ______23, 618 23,398 22, 768 22, 700 Contingencies ______2, 000 Agency fo r International Development_ 14,486 13, 477 12, 400 12,400 Transportation ______63, 879 68,482 66, 995 66,400 Subtotal ______1, 986, 953 1, 955, 530 1, 939, 880 1, 918, 100 Treasury ______86,020 90,135 95, 661 98, 500 U.S. Postal Service ______565,618 564, 782 593, 395 =613 , 400 Atomic Energy Commission ______7, 033 6, 920 6, 808 6, 700 Civil Service Commission ______5, 214 5, 324 5, 167 5, 600 Total• ______------2, 552, 571 2, 520,312 2, 533,275 2, 531,500 Environmental Protection Agency 2 ______------___ _ _ 5, 959 8, 030 8, 000 1 Source: As projected in 1973 budget document; figures rounded to nearest hundred. under a labor-management agreement. Reclass ification of 30,000 such employees was reported 2 Establ ished as of Dec. 2, 1970, by transfer of functions and personnel from Interior, HEW, to the Committee in January 1972. Agriculture, Federal Radiation Council and Atomic Energy Commission. t April figure excludes 3,054 disadvantaged persons in public service careers programs as 3lncludes approximately 39,000 postal employees subject to reclassification by June 30, 1972, compared with 2.947 in March (see table 3, p. 11). ITALIAN REPUBLIC DAY in their fields. The works of DaVinci, among the survivors. And the deepest Raphael, and Michelangelo testify to cruelty in Vietnam has been inflicted the genius of the nation's artists. The upon the children. They are the true in HON. ELLA T. GRASSO world of opera and classical music would nocents. The article follows: OF CONNECTICUT be far different from what we know HELPING THE VOICELESS CHILDREN IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES without the talents of Verdi, Vivaldi, and (By Thomas R. Miller) Wednesday, June 7, 1972 Toscanini. The writers Dante and Piran I recently went to Hue to see the damage dello are among the greatest authors in caused by the new fighting. Before it began Mrs. GRASSO. Mr. Speaker, on June 2 the history of literature. In the field of doctors at the hospital there estimated it the Republic of Italy celebrated the 26th science, men like Galileo, and DaVinci would take thirty years after the fighting anniversary of that date when, in 1946, made invaluable contributions to our un stopped to take care of the war's innocent its people voted by popular plebiscite to derstanding of the world around us. The victims. Now it most certainly was worse replace the monarchy with a republic. sudden rocketing followed by heavy bombing fields of philosophy and government have in populated areas. This occasion affords me the special been enriched by the writings and ac pleasure of honoring the people of Italy At the airport American G.I.'s, brought for tions of Cicero, Machiavelli, Mazzini, and combat duty in the defense of radar sites and the nation which has its own unique Garibaldi. in the rugged hills around Hue, walked slowly place in the world community. The creativity and energy which the and silently through the mud, obviously bit Following the devastation of World people of Italy have demonstrated in ter that they might be the last Americans War II, Italy began the long journey their native land have been transmitted to die. They were greeted by an equally silent which has carried it to new heights of to our country by the hundreds of thou group of South Vietnamese troops waiting, economic growth and national pride. sands of Italians who have come to these bandaged and bloodied, for air evacuation. The impressive progress of the past gen Tens of thousands of refugees had packed shores. Italian-Americans have contrib themselves into every available space, silently eration demonstrates the indomitable uted to all fields of American life. Con enduring the latest man-created test of their spirit of the Italian people. Tremendous stantino Brumidi-the Michelangelo of willingness to live. Many others were not so obstacles faced Italy. The country lacks the Capitol-and the famed physicist lucky and were caught to the north when the widespread natural resources. Yet, in Enrico Fermi are two examples. The heavy bombing began. "I saw hundreds being dustrialization has created in Italy in industry and devotion of Italian-Ameri k111ed and injured by the bombs," said a dustries known throughout the world for stunned 66-year-old man who had just es cans has made this Nation a better place caped from Cam Lo with 500 other refugees the production of automobiles, tires, tex for all our citizens. The many Italian tiles, and leather goods. Through trade after days of heavy bombing. Rockets from Americans who have been instrumental the North had taken their toll, too. and commerce, Italy has strengthened in our own country's progress insure that What about the civllian medical condi ties with the free world and has become the bonds between Italy and America tions? At first we got no clear answer. The an integral part of the Western Euro will continue to be strong and friendly. hospitals in Hue and Quantri were hesitant pean community. I extend my warmest congratulations to give out any information. It was only The economic advances have contrib when one of the hospital officials came pri to the Italian people for the 26th anni vately to a reporter friend of ours-a Viet uted to a strengthening of the Republic versary of the Republic, and wish them itself. Recently, more emphasis has been namese-speaking doctor who had a keen the continued success which is rightfully interest in civilian medical problems-that placed on providing the fruits of eco theirs. we learned the real story. nomic prosperity to the entire nation. "I needn't tell you that there have been Economic policies are being aimed at in many wounded brought to the hospitals," the creased diversification and develop HELPING THE VOICELESS CHILDREN hospital official said, "but in Quantri there ment-especially in the underindustrial was only one part-time doctor and no emer ized south. Despite the diverse nature of gency service before the fighting began. the populace, Italy proved in recent elec HON. DONALD M. FRASER Then, when the fighting began, the hospital staff, including the doctor, fled," he added. tions that the Italian people remain OF MINNESOTA Immoral for a doctor to flee his patients? committed to democracy-to social and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES I thought. It is hard for Americans to put economic change without authoritarian Wednesday, June 7, 1972 themselves in the position of the Vietnamese. discipline. Among the people, no one is loved and hon The Western World owes much to the Mr. FRASER. Mr. Speaker, an article ored more in Vietnam than the rare soul long and rich history of Italy. Roman by Thomas R. Miller, entitled, "Helping who, when the test comes, does care beyond law, which is the basis for our own legal the Voiceless Children," appeared in the himself and his family. We learned more, New York Times on June 3, 1972. It is a confirming our worst fears of the human system, was only the first of the contri destruction. butions made by the Italian nation to the poignant statement. Except for one napalm-burned child, we culture of Europe and the Americas. In We can count the lives lost and the did not have space to bring mjured. children the arts, science, and in philosophy, Ital billions of dollars wasted in Vietnam, but ba<:k-they would come later through the ians from many ages have been leaders it is not as easy to measure the suffering organized clinics. And for those lucky few cxvm:r--1268-Part 16 20130 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 7, 1972 children who did make it to the hospital, One classroom for the hard of hearing. We Rigel is a model school of special edu the painful task of putting their little bodies do not take the deaf (children with no resid cation, wtih architectural curricular and back together would begin. Tiny arms glued ual hearing), these children are taken care administrative innovations. I urge my by burn contractures to the side; skull and of by the Alaska Crippled Children Associa faces shot away or eaten away in a few days tion School. We have special equipment that colleagues and all those interested in by a disease called "noma" (it was last seen will greatly aid these children. The teacher special education to study this unique in Europe in Nazi concentration camps); will also be teaching communication skills school and all the possibilities it pre hands and legs injured and burned; eyes that and speech. sents. Rigel School is a milestone in spe could not shut. It is too much for even the There will be two classrooms-4>ne for the cial education, a school plant which will most hardened observers to bear. children interested in vocational home-ec. certainly enhance the school experiences Through clouds of smoke from napalm and the other for vocational arts a.nd craft. of our special disadvantaged, dependent fires we returned to Saigon. My next duty The other four classrooms will be for chil was to prepare an announcement to the over dren with learning disabilities with special schoolchildren, and I am proud to have worked Vietnamese staff that their already ties in Reading, Math, Lang. Arts, and had a small role in its planning and de small salaries would be cut because we were Science. velopment. running out of funds for our hospital. Dis tar, complete series in reading, math, Mr. Speaker, I am certain that I speak lang. arts, Lippinoott Reading Series, Read for all the Members of this House when er's Digest Series, Action Series, teacher's I offer congratulations and best wishes own series, anC:. many others are introduced to the Rigel School for Special Educa RIGEL SCHOOL FOR SPECIAL EDU to our students. Faa- P.E., the children will be introduced tion as they celebrate their building ded CATION: A MODEL SCHOOL IS to special :;:>erceptual exercises tha.t will aid ication and begin their first year of oper DEDICATED them in our classes. We have plans for the ation. A special salute should go to Henry best program of P.E. that the state has to Bryant, superintendent of schools, who offer. had the perseverance to see this project HON. NICK BEGICH The individual needs of each student with to completion. He deserves great thanks OF ALASKA learning disabilities dictates that the teacher from all of us. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES has available a wide range of instructional aids and methods. Teaching Resources pro Wednesday, June 7, 1972 vides in our school this variety with many different programs, and within each pro Mr. BEGICH. Mr. Speaker, during the OPERATION FACT tenure of Mr. Henry Bryant, superin gram itself. Each concept or progression in e~ery program is so structured sc- that the tendent of the Elmendorf Air Force Base teacher can use as many, 0r as few, of the schools and during my tenure as super multiple procedures and exercises suggested HON. KEITH G. SEBELIUS intendent of the Fort Richardson at each step without interfering with the OF KANSAS schools, an idea was born, an idea that continuity of the program. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES developed over 6 long years into a re We are introducing special programs ality that was officially dedicated on May such as Dubnoff, Program I, these are basic Wednesday, June 7, 1972 16 of this year. That idea was the Rigel perceptual skills that develop the child's Mr. SEBELIUS. Mr. Speaker, a unique School for Special Education, at Elmen readiness for reading and writing. approach to promoting rural-urban un Dubnoff Program I, Level 2, develops cog dorf Air Force Base, Alaska; the first nitive skills for reading and writing readi derstanding, Operation FACT-Food and special education building in Alaska de ness. Agriculture Communications Tour-was signed specifically for this purpose. Dubnoff Program I, Level 3, brings to the recently sponsored by the National Agri There are no orthopedic barriers at children a complete curriculum of writing cultural Institute. Rigel; the front doors are electric, all readiness skills. I was most impressed with this effort, halls have handrails, each room has an Dubnoff Program 2, is for visual-motor and I commend the National Associa exterior door. There are no classroom perception with pattern boards. tion of Wheat Growers, and its support For eye-hand coordination, we are using ing organizations such as the Kansas doors, but there are screen barriers with in each room the Pathway School Program. one-way r;lass for observation. The These are games and exercises to develop or Wheat Growers Association, for recog building is completely carpeted. The improve visual-motor integration, a.nd body nizing the value of meeting face to face gang lavatories have no doors and each arm-hand-eye movements in unison. Many with consumers and working to help has a special wheelchair sink. The multi children are developed in these games and them to better understand and appre purpose room is completely open with no exercises. Body awareness and relationships ciate our agricultural system. The timing hall walls. It has a hot lunch kitchen for in working in a confined space at a restricted of this activity was particularly good. It or defined activity is stressed. was launched during a period of height about 100. In fact, in a preview of the Our A.D.D. Program of auditory discrimi building the many teachers, visitors, pro nation in depth is designed to teach begin ened concern over food costs and at a fessors, architects, and professionals who ning students, or below average students of time when the public was receptive to the toured the building could not think of any age, the basic auditory per0eptua1 skills farmer's side of the story. one thing that had been left out of this they must have in order to read and spell Mr. Eugene Moos, president of the Na innovative building. correctly-the ability to decode and encode. tional Association of Wheat Growers, was Rigel School is named for the star that In Math, we have the Foundation for one of four active farmers who served Math, which is a completely new approach as farm ambassadors to the cities of makes up the heel of the constellation in four sequential units, to provide a foun Orion-Rigel, the smallest and brightest dation of basic skills and concepts from America to set the record straight re star. On May 16, 1972, Rigel School was which mathematical competency is de garding mass urban confusion over food dedicated "to all the special people who veloped. This Math program was developed prices. During the tour, the team met need an abundance of love and under by Dr. William Crueckshank, Professor of with shoppers, sought the views of con standing to meet their needs." The fol Psychology and Education, University of sumer spokesmen, talked with students, lowing description, written by Mrs. Michigan. and answered questions from radio, tele Thelma Fenner, a teacher at Rigel, shows These above programs will be added to our vision, and newspaper reporters in Wash just how well-equipped toward meeting regular programs: We are striving at all times ington, D.C., Chicago, Seattle, Houston, to bring to our children the newest and the dis those needs is the Rigel School: best approaches that have been presented Atlanta, Boston, and New York to Today, Monday, February 29, 1972, we had to us. seminate the facts regarding farmers, our first day in our new school-this also Your child will be safe and loved in our farm prices, and our Nation's No. 1 in happened to be the day President and Mrs. classrooms. We welcome your inspection. dustry-agriculture. Nixon were at Elmendorf on their way back Mr. Moos, a wheatgrower from Ed from China. Rigel School is a joint venture of the wall, Wash., has prepared the following Our facilities consist of 10 classrooms, con Air Force and Army through ALCOM to report on his participation in Operation ference rooms, testing rooms and multi-pur serve the special education students of FACT which I would like to share with pose rooms. We are very ha.ppy with our s&t the base and post. It presently accom my colleagues at this time: up. modates 85 trainable, mentally retarded At present we have 2 classrooms for the and physically handicapped youngsters. A REPORT ON "OPERATION PACT" TMR (trainable children), each well Next year there will be about 110 stu (By Eugene Moos) equipped for the Children's individual needs. The objective of the National Agricultural One class for the Multi-handicapped. We dents. There are 10 teachers, a coordi Institute's "Operation FACT" (Food and ha.ve railed supports for these children along nator, and a principal to provide the pro Agriculture Communications Tour) was to the hallways even to the stage in the multi gram for the youngsters from Elmendorf provide two-way communication between purpose room. and Fort Richardson, Alaska. farmers and consumers with a special focus June 7, 1972 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 20131 on the food price issue. We pointed to the the Governor, and were introduced to a Joint For me the purpose of the East is unshake positive aspects of agriculture's story, and Session of the Massachusetts Legislature ably clear, and it is equally clear that the sought also a more complete understanding where the team spoke briefly on the purpose Soviet Union's Western policy has not altered of consumer concerns. of its tour. The team met with the "Mini one iota in its aims since the war. That aim Each of the tour participants was a pro Consumer Board of Directors of the Stop has always been: Consolidation of military ducer of a basic agricultural commodity. They and Shop Supermarkets" and had a two conquest in Eastern Europe, Sovietization were J. S. Francis, Jr., Peoria, Arizona, cot hour exchange on food prices, farm returns, of all Germany, and hegemony over Europe. ton and alfalfa; Thurman Gaskill, Corwith, farm programs and subsidies, agricultural Iowa, corn-hog; John Barringer of Memphis, politics, etc. Operation FACT visited one of Mr. Springer points out that- Tennessee, cattle; and myself, a wheat pro the few supermarkets located in the Black An American withdrawal is ... the top ducer from Edwall, Washington. The group community anywhere in the U.S., and we priority long-term objective of Soviet policy was selected to provide broad geographic bal talked at length with black consumers tor Europe. American withdrawal is the ance, and to reflect a representative cross most of whom are on fixed incomes or of actual main objective of the repeatedly section of various commodities. low income. propagated European security conference, "Operation FACT" started in Washington, An unusual experience in the Boston area which West Germany in the Moscow treaty D.C., on April 18th with a press conference was a visit to the U.S. Army Research and has promised to support. Once the U.S. held in the hearing room of the Senate Com Development Center in Natick. Here, the De troops were to go, however, NATO would be mittee on Agriculture and Forestry. Team partment of Defense is conducting experi come a mere chimera; the decisive prereq members were joined by Secretary of Agri ments to improve food storab111ty (shelf uisites for Soviet hegemony over Europe culture Butz, Senator Carl Curtis of Ne life) through irradiation processes. They are wlll then have been created. braska and Congressman George Mahon of also developing a freeze-drying process to Texas. The team also appeared on "Pano minimize handling and distribution problems If the United States leaves Europe, rama," a local TV talk show. connected with large-scale food shipments. Mr. Springer believes: Prior to the tour start, a briefing session by In New York we met with a Consumer The Kremlin then expects . . . that not USDA personnel was held on April 17th. The Journalism class at the Columbia University even ten years would be needed to bring briefing session covered agricultural program Graduate School. We presented our story and Western Europe under Soviet control. policies, export markets, domestic marketing then asked for their critique in terms of and public information efforts of the De credibility and style of presentation. The I wish to share Mr. Springer's remarks. partment. class indicated that the team was very as they were published in The New York Before leaving Washington, D.C., team effective. They asked the same question we Times of May 16, 1972, with my col members had the opportunity to tour the heard in Boston-"Why aren't farmers doing leagues, and insert them in the RECORD meat processing and distribution center of more of this to counteract their poor image?" at this time: Safeway stores for the District of Columbia Before leaving New York we met with the THE UNrrED STATES MUST NOT LEAVE EUROPE area. Two hundred and forty-six super editorial staff of the Wall Street Journal markets are served from this meat center, and were questioned on the direction and (By Axel Springer) covering an approximate 200 mile radius of purpose of Federal farm programs. STUTTGART, GERMANY.-In the reflected Washington, D.C. Our tour ended in Washington, D.C., on glow of good feeling cast by West Berliners The first team stop was in Chicago. There April 28th with a luncheon on Capitol Hill being temporarily reunited with families and we met with Jane Byrne, consumer advisor set up by Senator Curtis and Congressman friends in the eastern part of the city behind to the Mayor of Chicago, and assistants. Mahon and attended by members of the the Wall, it is worth looking at the reasons After these meetings, we attended a press House and Senate Agriculture Committees why reunion has been permitted to happen conference in North Chicago at a Jewel Store and top-level USDA personnel. The team re after six years of isolation and to determine which was covered by three TV networks plus ported on its communications tour and pre the place Berlin occupies in today's world. radio and news reporters. Team members sented its findings to members of Congress By doing so, we may see why a city so far were filmed interviewing both men and wom attending the lunch. The report stimulated away is important to Americans. en shoppers. The shoppers all felt that food an impressive amount of interest and a To define the city's place, one need go no prices were high, but then "so was everything lengthy question and answer period. further than the statement of Willy Brandt else." No one blamed farmers, and shoppers in 1958, when he was both Mayor of Berlin always referred to the "big guys" as being and President of the Association of German responsible for high food prices. We also ap Municipalities. He said, "From all German peared on a major radio talk program in TOP SOVIET OBJECTIVE: U.S. WITH cities, factories and communities the call Chicago. must come, not to be ignored, 'We Will not The following day we were in Seattle and DRAWAL FROM EUROPE be torn asunder. Berlin is the capital of met and lectured a class at Seattle Pacific Germany.'" University. Each team member gave a 10- That place in both history and geography m.inute presentation covering all of agricul HON. PHILIP M. CRANE had been confirmed in the Convention on ture. I covered farm programs and their rela OF n.LINOIS Relations between the Three Powers and the tion to food prices. Questions from the class IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Federal Republic of Germany dated Oct. 23, were direct but not hostile. 1954. What then, one may well ask, has hap Next, I met with a group of University of Wednesday, June 7, 1972 pened that the Soviet-dominated Eastern Washington graduate students at a market Mr. CRANE. Mr. Speaker, there are part of our country woos West Berliners with ing seminar. I gave a 20-minute presentation many voices both at home and abroad the promise of easy access and the present and the class asked questions for over an leaders of the Federal Republic eagerly re hour. Class participation was very good with who urge an American withdrawal from spond to such overtures? major interest on understanding farm pro Europe. One of the bases upon which From my viewpoint there are only a few grams and farm subsidies. The students such a policy is advocated is that the So possible explanations: Either those respon seemed to have a very good understanding of viet Union has abandoned its own terri sible in Bonn believe, in spite of all their own marketing involved in the food chain. torial ambitions in Western Europe and experience and in the face of all the infor In Houston we met with consumer repre has now embarked upon a policy of con mation from secret and nonsecret services sentatives and had a 40-minute dialogue ciliation and detente. which they continuously and copiously re on a radio show. We also met with the edi Often, our own country has been vic ceive, that one can now trust the Soviets be torial board of the Houston Chronicle to dis cause they have changed. Or, those responsi cuss food prices and the farm situation; the timized by its optimistic assessment of the policies of those whose aggressive de b1e in Bonn have given up and believe there newspaper men gave an impression of under is no more chance for a free society to pre standing and interest. Two of our team sires have been made known, but have vail against the Communists, and so one members were interviewed on a local TV talk been somewhat camouflaged. Insisting must try to come to an arrangement with show while in Houston. We met consumers at upon seeing the best in others, we have the inevitable. Or, finally, those responsible supermarkets, talked with home economists, mistaken the camouflage for reality and housewives and consumer advocates and desire victory for Socialism and the elimina served on a panel responding to consumer have often overlooked the real facts. tion of a free society because they believe questioning. Hitler's aggression in Europe, the Japa in a just and workable Socialism or even a. In Atlanta the team appeared on live TV nese assault in Asia, the Communist de humane Communism. talk shows, live and taped radio programs, sire for control over Eastern Europe after For me the purpose of the East is un and met with the editors and editorial staff World War n, all were misunderstood shakably clear, and it is equally clear that of both the Atlanta Constitution and Atlanta by American observers. the Soviet Union's Western policy has not Journal. We also conducted two hours of in- altered one iota. in its aims since the war. Speaking before the German Atlantic terviews with consumers at an Atlanta shop That aim has always been: Consolidation of ping center. Society, West German Publisher Axel military conquest in Eastern Europe, Soviet We participated on radio and TV talk Springer expressed the view that Soviet lza.tlon of all Germany, and hegemony over shows in Boston. We met with the Massa goals have not changed in the least. He Europe. chusetts Commissioner of Agriculture and noted that- This is the old great Russian aim, once 20132 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 7, 1.972 documented by a competent man, a witness INDUSTRIAL NATIONS ON THE from our board of directors and from Arch N. who cannot be suspected of being a modern BRINK OF AN ECONOMICALLY Booth, our executive vice president. cold warmonger. "Russian policy is un DESTRUCTIVE TRADE WAR In our Chamber federation of 40,000 busi changeable,'' wrote this expert. "Russia's ness and 4,000 organization members, the methods, tactics, maneuvers, can change; American Chambers Abroad are far more im but the Pole Star of Russian politics-to HON. WILLIAM L. HUNGATE portant than their numbers alone would rule the world-is a fixed star. There is only suggest. You are our window on the world. one way to deal with a power like Russia, OF MISSOURI We are proud of you, and we invite an ever and that is the way of fearlessness. . . . " IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES closer working relationship as we address our Who wrote that? The London correspond Wednesday, June 7, 1972 selves to the problems and opportunities of ent of the old New York Dally Tribune in the international business community. his reports on Eastern policy. His name: Mr. HUNGATE. Mr. Speaker, the citi The economies of the nations of the world Karl Marx. zens of Missouri are privileged to have are becoming more closely interrelated every The Eastern ambition to rule is served up one of their distinguished citizens, Wil day. What affects one tends to spread rapidly to the Germans today in cheap demagogics liam S. Lowe, serving now as president to all. Problems cross international borders. as a peace policy. But for the Soviets, I be So must our search for solutions. lieve, it is a policy for preparing the con of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. In our common effort, however, we must quest of the rest of Europe. To me, therefore, This is recognized as a fine thing for take care that the solutions we offer are the ostpolitik of the present German Govern the citizens of Missouri and particularly soundly conceived. Then, we must make cer ment implies a deadly danger for our coun the city of Mexico, Mo., where Mr. Lowe tain they are wisely implemented. try and our people; and I consider it at the makes his home. As one who has known I want to discuss with you tonight some same time a menace to Europe as well as to Mr. Lowe for many years and had the of the current developments and emerging the entire free world of which America is, privilege of serving with him on the problems which are seen by the National of course, the foundation. Chamber both as cause for concern and as The immediate objective of the East Board of Trustees of William Woods challenges which offer opportunities for clearly remains one way or another to over College at Fulton, Mo., I suggest that the progress. come the "enemy," which means the West U.S. Chamber of Commerce is fortunate Underlying these developments has been Germans. Why do they want this? Because in getting his services. He is a man of the emergence of a new Europe-the near Communism can only exist unchallenged in leadership and vision. fulfillment of a remarkable concept--the East Germany once democracy is eliminated As foreign trade has become increas European Community. Concurrently there from the Federal Republic in West Ger ingly important to our economy, it has has been another important post-war phe many. Otherwise its magnetic attraction for grown correspondingly as a subject of nomenon in the world-the development of the 17 million Germans under the Red yoke the multinational enterprise. will persist. That is why it is so important controversy. We have before us numer On the first point, developments of eco for the Soviet imperial league to banish ous measures designed to further re nomic and trade relations between the from the edge of its fortifications the perma strict the fiow of goods and capital United States and an enlarging European nent temptation of freedom. That is why across our borders. In other industrial Community call for new forms of coopera Berlin is such a disturbing factor to them nations, the situation is much the same. tion. Such cooperation is bound to benefit all and so important to the West. In a perceptive and timely speech to parties involved. Let us acknowledge that the This objective is being pursued by the an audience of European businessmen, United States benefits from the success of East in various ways. One is directed to Mr. Lowe has warned that the major in the market of Six. Let us earnestly hope that political capitulation by the West. Important similarly good relations can be maintained dustrial nations are today poised on the with the Europe of Ten. landmarks in this are the treaties of Mos brink of an economically destructive There are, nonetheless, problems which cow and Warsaw. A great deal has been said trade war. The way to prevent it, he says, should have attention before they become about these in the last Bundestag debate. is for businessmen and their organiza acute. This means a keen sense of responsi But to those in the United States, I believe tions to make every effort to educate bility on the part of all countries involved one point in this East-West confrontation the peoples of the world to the benefits the United States included. has particular importance: As long as the of freer trade. THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES Americans remain engaged in Europe, the Mr. Lowe is himself an experienced Just as the economies of countries are Soviets will not attain their objective. An international businessman. He is chair interrelated, so are the elements of interna American withdrawal is, therefore, the top tional economic policy: Trade problems can priority long-term objective of Soviet policy man and chief executive officer of A. P. Green Refractories Co., which not be separated from monetary and invest for Europe. American withdrawal is the ac ment matters. There are certain broad tual main objective of the repeatedly propa manufactures firebrick and other ce principles concerning the framework of in gated European security conference, which ramic materials used to insulate against ternational trade which I believe we all agree West Germany in the Moscow treaty has ultrahigh temperatures in many indus should be recognized: promised to support. Once the U.S. troops trial processes. The company has 22 1. The importance of increasing world were to go, however, NATO would become a plants in the United States and Canada, trade; mere chimera; the decisive prerequisites for and 16 in other countries, with head 2. The gradual elimination of tariff and Soviet hegemony over Europe will then have quarters in Mexico, Mo. He is also a non-tariff barriers to trade; been created. If the Americans leave Europe, past president of the Missouri Chamber 3. The principle of comparative economic the Kremlin then expects, according to cred of Commerce, which he still serves as a advantage guiding the structure of trade; ible information, that not even ten years 4. The necessity of stable monetary ar director and member of its executive rangements for the development of trade would be needed to bring Western Europe committee. relations. under Soviet control. Mr. Lowe's speech, ''Organizing for At the same time, in supporting the prin Economic Progress," was delivered to the ciple of free trade, recognition should be biannual meeting of the Council of given to the fairness of trade. Fair trade American Chambers of Commerce must be achieved by competitive perform MAN'S INHUMANITY TO MAN Abroad in Europe and the Mediterran ance and neither impeded nor distorted by HOW LONG? artificial measures. ean, held in Amsterdam, the Nether We recognize the essential role that the lands, May 26: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade has HON. WILLIAM J. SCHERLE ORGANIZING FOR ECONOMIC PROGRESS played and must continue to play in the evolut.lon of an open trading system for the OF IOWA Chairman Kelly, President Pillero, ladies and gentlemen: Mrs. Lowe and I are delight world. In consideration of the evolution of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ed to be here in this historic city of Amster world trade in recent decades and of the emergence of new economic and monetary Wednesday, June 7, 1972 dam, and to have the privilege of meeting with all of you on the auspicious occasion organizations, we would urge that it is time Mr. SCHERLE. Mr. Speaker, a child for the GATT rules to be applied and hon of the sem.iannual meeting of the Euro-Med ored. asks: "Where is daddy?" A mother asks: Council of American Chambers of Commerce. With respect to the importance of non "How is my son?" A wife asks: "Is my I have heard that Netherlanders say, "God tariff barriers to trade, more attention must husband alive or dead?" made the world, but the Dutch made the be given to the problems of world-wide tech Communist North Vietnam is sadis Netherlands." The sturdy, innovative charac nical and environmental standards and le ter of the Dutch people is cer1iainly evidence gal and administrative controls. tically practicing spiritual and mental of that. genocide on over 1,600 American prison On the monetary side, while the Bretton It is a privilege for me to represent the Woods system has been of considerable bene ers of war and their families. Chamber of Commerce of the United States, fit to the world economy, it does require How long? and I bring you greetings and best wishes some modi:tlcation. Even so, its basic princi- June 7, 1972 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 20133 ples remain valid and should be maintained. ship or to confine it to a minority position. The President's decisive action offered our For example, every country has the respon The rationale rests on a claim that some nation, and the world, historic risks as well sibility of managing its own economy ap times a business should be operated not in as historic opportunities. The risks are that propriately, so that its actions do not have accordance with the best interest of the con the greatest bastion of free, competitive en an adverse impact on other economies. Also, cern itself but in accordance with what local terprise, in a reflex action of self-defense, may while the system of relatively fixed parity nationals or their government may deem now turn inward, in both economic and po levels is a good one, some changes are de best for some other purpose. litical philosophy. The opportunities are, sirable in order to give it greater flexibility. To forestall these irresponsible actions, through renewed constructive and coopera When a currency's parity is out of line, it international investors must always seek to tive action, to achieve another step forward should be adjusted before a crisis erupts. emulate the high standards of responsible in the slow, and sometimes painful, evolu Establishment of a European currency may corporate action that many multinational tionary process toward a more open world and face practical difficulties in the short range, enterprises have applied with success. Even greater human welfare. but may well be a desirable objective. then, there will remain an urgent need to in President Nixon had no choice but to arrest There should be early restoration of the crease public understanding of the proper the forces that were slowly but surely sap convertibility of the dollar, and full confi function played by multinational investment ping our economic vitality. The symptoms of dence in the dollar must be reestablished. in the world economy. The multinational our creeping incapacity, both at home and To this end, continued efforts must be made corporation on a world-wide scale has been abroad, have been long apparent. They in to improve the U.S. balance of payments, a most effective and successful agent for the cluded the 20-year chronic U.S. balance of including the strengthening of its trade ac production and distribution of goods and payment deficits, the resulting decline in our counts to enable the U.S. to meet its other services through all parts of the population. gold reserves from a post-war high of $25 important international obligations. You and your membership play an impor billion to less than $10 billion, the drop in one desirable step in this direction would tant role in explaining to the public the our share of world exports from 25% in be a partial funding of U.S. dollar balances- positive contribution of multinational cor 1948 to 14% in 1970, and, for the year 1971, converting into longer-term debt some por porations. Emphasis on sound public affairs the first trade deficit since 1893. Add to these tion of excess short-term dollar liabilities to programs is exceedingly well placed. unnerving statistics the fact that the pur overseas holders. Attitudes vary greatly throughout the chasing power of the dollar has declined by Progress toward convertibility would serve world and a.re influenced by many things, not 27% since 1965. Under such circumstances, to reduce the danger of a general imposition the least of which are local political consid even those who know the dangers of wage of controls over trade and capital move price controls could only applaud the Presi ments. Certainly, any world monetary erations. In certain Latin American countries changes should aim at the greatest possible at this time, the multinational enterprise dent for his recognition of the emergency fac ing our nation. Phase I had to come. freedom of trade and capital flows. is in a tenuous situation, to put it mildly. It seems likely that Special Drawing Even in Canada domestic pressures have Insofar as Phase II is concerned, the jury Rights will ultimately become the major for brought about proposals for a review of take is still out. If you want to be a pessimist, you eign reserve asset as their allocation ex overs by foreigners. Canadian firms valued can point to the fact that both wage rates pands, with a relatively lesser role for dol at more than $250,000 or with annual reve and prices have been creeping up at a faster lars, sterling and gold. nues exceeding $3 million would be effected. rate than the guidelines are supposed to one way to utilize surplus dollars more ef Meanwhile, on the brighter side, in Japan allow. And you can worry about the "time fect! vely is through more European direct there is a distinct trend towa.rd greater free bomb" inflationary potential of the govern investment in the United States. If you dom of movement of capital. ment's record deficits, when economic re know of obstacles to such investment, please In Europe, I am reliably informed, most covery is completed and the economy re tell us. They should be identified and re countries enjoy stable government and once turns to capacity. hostile governments are now re-inviting U.S. On the other hand, the optimists can point moved. investments, albeit under close scrutiny. In to the fact that inflation has slowed some INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT AND NATIONALISM spite of this, it has been pointed out that what, if not as much as we would like. The third part of the international eco protectionist trends in European-U.S. trade In the end, the greater threat to our nomic equation is international investment. relations are heavily reported and have a economy would seem to come not from eco Freedom of trade and investment are gen concentric impact larger than reality. The nomic policy, but rather, from the effect erally linked. Investment provides one of press throughout Europe has been saturated of domestic political considerations on eco the most effective vehicles for improving the with articles on the vices of multinational nomic policy. wealth of both rich and poor countries. corporations. U.S. investment is seemingly LABOR TURNS PROTECTIONIST The major impediments to investment all not needed now as it was in the past. While U.S. business supports in principle over the world, including fiscal, legal ax:d U.S. ECONOMIC AND TRADE POLICY social disparities, need removing. Doub_e the President's program, labor has been more taxation should be eliminated, and national Understandably, the United States has critical, culminating in the well-publicized treatment generally accorded all investors. grown anxious at the signs of a European walk-out from the Pay Board. Of course, international investment must Community turning inward and becoming George Meany's attacks on the wage-price more protectionist, while expanding its size. aspects of the package are being parroted on always respect national sensitivities. On the other hand, the Europeans chastise There is an insidious, narrow economic na the trade and investment policy side. tionalism rising in certain countries-and to the U.S. for complaining about the economic Mr. Meany believes that the President's dislocations caused in the States by Com program for increasing exports and curbing a degree even in the U.S. It is not to be con munity trade policy. But Europeans should fused with patriotism. Its rationale is ex imports is inadequate. He feels it wm not pressed in terms of a need for more employ remember that in the past the U.S. has ac restrain U.S. based multinational companies ment within a country, for the conservation cepted tremendous economic, political and and the international banks from practices military burdens to create a politically which, accounting to the AFL--CIO, have of foreign exchange otherwise required for strong, economically stable Atlantic Alliance. imports and, possibly, for the provision of an meant the "export" of American jobs. opportunity to earn foreign exchange In the trade field, the U.S. has initiated Therefore, organized labor in the U.S. several major trade agreements and has taken is urging Congress to enact an ominous pro through exports. the lead in removing tariff barriers to trade gram which includes: None of these objectives is in itself un expansion. The National Chamber does not worthy. The approach used, however, is con New tax measures to halt the alleged "ex believe it is the intention of the U.S. Govern port of jobs"; to remove presumed incentives trary to the trade expansionist concept and ment to renounce these precedents. However, frequently has to find its support through to establish new plants and to curb expan it is clear that a tougher trade policy is sion of existing facilities abroad. specious appeal to prejudice. The outcome is emerging from the U.S. in response to tough usually a highly protected preference for do New legislation to restrict outflows of U.S. er trade policies by its trading partners. The capital, including close controls on the na mestic goods accompanied by a virtual shut National Chamber supports this rational out of foreign goods. Quality, performance, ture of investments and on the effects of position. Eximbank loans of U.S. trade and the na price, operating costs and all the other con The fact, is the post-war era of American tional economy. siderations which go into the determination scientific and technological supremacy in Presidential authority to supervise and of value are subordinated to the nationality the world economy has come to an end. We of source. So also are the advantages derived limit the export of technology, through now face a new era of more intensive inter standards to regulate licensing and patent from effective competition. national competition. agreements. The displaced U.S. exporter is, accordingly, We cannot indulge the misconceptions that obliged either to abandon the market to International fair labor standards inserted have encouraged fiscal irresponsibility at in trade agreements. protected domestic sources or to try to hold a place by undertaking production within home and weakened the dollar abroad. Deep And quantitative restraints on imports the market. rooted and persistent inflation has become that allegedly threaten the displacement of If, indeed, this production takes the form a serious problem. Events have forced us to U.S. production and workers. of direct investment, it may be found that recognize that we can no longer safely ignore The bill itself is less of a threat than the the plague of economic nationalism passes rules of reason, prudence and self-discipline philosophy it represents. It has been gener from the goods to the investment. In what in the malllil.gement of our economy. That was ally recognized for the reactionary outrage sometimes seems to be little more than false the significance of President Nixon's dra that it is, and therefore stands little chance pride, laws a.re passed to curb foreign owner- matic moTe on August 15. of passage a.s a. unit. However, the political 20134 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 7, 1972 influence of organized labor is both potent will not be unduly disruptive or breed un afford to Alaskans an opportunity to con and enduring. Therefore, the greater danger bridled retaliation. centrate their attention on the perform Is that regressive trade legislation will make The 1970's will be a period of heightened This its way through Congress piece-by-piece, competition and accelerated adjustment to ing arts. 2-week program, including either separately or tacked on to other, un change. Hopefully, 1973 will see extended performing and visual arts ranges from related b1lls. negotiations among major trading nations native music and crafts to major or Guarding against this eventuality will re to set the monetary, trade and developmental chestral compositions and jazz, and af quire continuing vigilance and effort. policies for an era marked by the ma.t urity fords Alaskans from all over the State With labor throwing its weight into the of the European market, the continuing rise the opportunity to participate and per scale against international trade, American of Japan, and the further growth of the form. All Alaskans consider it a valuable farmers become the swing vote. An alliance multinational corporation. part of the cultural life of the State. I of farm interests, enlightened consumers Policy negotiations will be carried on in and internationally-oriented businesses has a context of increasing world concern over enclose for the attention of my col just enough political strength to hold the environmental issues, particularly as they leagues the recent proclamation of Alas protectionists at bay. We must therefore relate to foreign trade and depletion of re ka Gov. William A. Egan commemorat keep in mind the political importance and sources. The economic instability caused by ing the Alaska Festival of Music: social implications of the agricultural situ varying rates of inflation will remain a major PROCLAMATION-ALASKA FESTIVAL OF MUSIC ation on both sides of the Atlantic. In cur problem. To maintain an open society of TIME rent and forthcoming negotiations, account dyna.mlc growth and rising living standards The Alaska Festival of Music is dedicated should be taken of the necessity for main through this decade, business and govern to a threefold emphasis of studying, per taining equitable income to farmers whlle ment leaders must not only have, but take, forming, and hearing great music. enhancing their market opportunities. the opportunity to get down to basics in a The first Music Festival was held in 1956, As you can see, this is an issue ideally frank exchange of views. The National Cham and it has continued to draw its audience, suited both to the demagogue and to an age ber is sponsoring a National Conference on participants, auditors, and native scholars in which people receive their news in small International Trade Policy on December 6 from throughout Alaska. capsules and their conclusions in quick in Washington, D.C. to provide such exposure The programs of the Alaska Music Festival, jumps. of problems. including performing and visual arts rang Indeed, there are already pending in Con To lead calls for courage and enterprise. ing from native music and crafts to major gress several bills to repeal the earned in The call for enterprise falls most heavily orchestral-choral compositions and jazz, af come exemption for U.S. citizens working on we who represent business. A prominent ford Alaskans the opportunity to enjoy per abroad, to lim.it or eliminate credits allowed business statesman has wisely observed. "If formances by talented residents of our own on U.S. taxes for taxes paid abroad, to repeal we allow ourselves to be intim.idated by some great State as well as performances by lead the Asset Depreciation Range allowance, to times exaggerated reports of hostility to ing national and international artists. repeal the Domestic International Sales Cor ward us, we will not be doing our part. If we Therefore, I, W1lliam A. Egan, Governor ol poration, and to repeal the Western Hemi insist on being 'liked' before we act, we wm Alaska, in recognition of this program which sphere Trade Corporation tax provision. never enjoy the opportunity to earn the contributes to the prestige and culture of Both the labor push for protection and better right of being respected. If we aot our great State, proclaim the month of June, the populist appeals for tax reform are courageously, we shall become even greater 1972, as "Alaska Festival of Music Time" aimed directly to the very corporations which contributors to a society which can only throughout Alaska, and I urge all who are you represent, or with which you deal. Be be as great as its industry is progressive. able to do so to participate in, or attend, yond that, they are aimed, through ignorance We need more effective private decision this worthy and enjoyable event which wm or selfishness, at the entire underpinning of making." be staged in Anchorage over a two-week the economic prosperity of the Western It has been well said that history dem period beginning June 15, 1972. world. onstrates that a two-fold test of a great Dated this fourth day of May, 1972. Americans especially are just not aware of people is their abllity, first, to foresee the the importance of international trade to the impact ot world movements on the nation, h igh st andard of living we all enjoy. the economy and their personal well-being. THE TRUTH ABOUT THE MNE And, second, their ability to act bravely, NATIONAL STUDENT LOBBY EN The National Chamber, through the efforts wisely, vigorously and promptly to master DORSES EDUCATION AMEND of its International Group and its Special their own fate. MENTS OF 1972 Task Force on the Multinational Enterprise, A statement of Nicholas Murray Butler is aggressively fighting these potentially dis seems even more apt today than when it was ast rous anti-trade bills. Since good intelli written over fifty years ago: HON. WILLIAM A. STEIGER gence is the first step In a successful cam "What higher use can be made of a na paign, the Chamber undertook a survey of tion's sovereignty than to cooperate with OF WISCONSIN major U.S. international companies--now other like-minded sovereign nations in the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES common tasks of advancing civlllzation and completed-which clearly documents three Wednesday, June 7, 1972 basic facts: promoting the comforts, the satisfaction, and Contrary to labor's charge that foreign the happiness of man, in removing artificial Mr. STEIGER of Wisconsin. Mr. investment means the "export of American barriers to trade and commerce, in spreading Speaker, the conference report on the jobs," the findings show that U.S. il7terna abroad the teachings of science, in making Education Amendments of 1972 has re tional companies increased domestw em common property of the world's literature ceived the endorsement of the National ployment far beyond the national averagEi and the world's art, and in holding out the during the 1969 to 1970 period; that these hand of helpfulness and courage to those less Student Lobby representing 134 member companies increased exports far above the fortunate peoples who, backward in their so colleges and universities and 950,000 national average; and that the major reason cial organization or in their phllosophy of students in 36 States. It has been my for going overseas was that this was the only life, have not yet been able to take their place pleasure to work with the NSL during viable way of serving the market. in the council board of nations?" our consideration of this legislation. I The full repont is currently at the printer I am grateful for this opportunity to meet with you today. I feel very strongly that would like to express my personal tribute and will be available soon. It cuts through for their sophisticated and effective ef a proliferation of misinformation, and can there is a great need for more consultation go far in preventing mtsgulded action in the and cooperation among the business commu forts and share with my colleagues the u.s. against u.S. investment overseas. nities represented here. There must be more following statement: The emergence of prote~ionist sentiment cooperation, for the world has grown too STATEMENT BY LAYTON OLSON, DIRECTOR OF in the United States, as elsewhere, reflects a complex, the economic pressures are too THE NATIONAL STUDENT LoBBY strong for us to continue going our separate normal reaction to economic difficulty and ways. The Conference Report on the Higher Edu unemployment. It is always easy to point Please let us have your views at all times. cation Act (S. 659) passed the Senate last to outside competition as the prime culprit week by a substantial majority (63-15). Now when business slackens--whether or not it this legislation goes to the House for final is justified. This makes it all the more im passage. The Report represents two years of port ant that all trading nations strive to THE ALASKA FESTIVAL OF MUSIC effort by members of Congress to legislate abide by the rules of fair trading practices increased benefits for students enrolled in as restraints beget restraints on the part of instit utions of higher education and for the others in retaliatory measure. HON. NICK BEGICH colleges they attend. As reported out of Con There must be a spirit of give and take OF ALASKA ference, this Omnibus Higher Education Act so that the mutuality of objectives will not IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES (S. 659) includes new provisions and pro be obscured by narrow interests. This is not Wednesday, June 7, 1972 grams which would allow students, previ to say that disloca.tions should not be met ously prevented from attending college for on the domestic front, but the remedies to be Mr. BEGICH. Mr. Speaker, each year. financial reasons, opportunities to acquire a used should be carefully chosen so that they the Alaska Festival of Music is held to college degree. June 7, 1972 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 20135 Last year over 400,000 students who were as one method for achieving racial balance, POOR WOMEN AND THE EQUAL deemed eligible for participation in student ;;he depth of our domestic racial problems RIGHTS AMENDMENT-ERA assistance programs, both by their institu have become clearer. The emotional ques tions and the Federal Government, had the tion of the effectiveness of busing has di door to college slammed in their face. For no vided the country. The anti-busing Amend HON. DONALD M. FRASER other reason than insufficient funds, they ments on the Higher Education Act S. 659 OF MINNESOTA were barred from attending college. S. 659 are seen by students as a serious threat to takes an important step in the direction of the progressive measures this legislation out IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES solving this problem. Most importantly, lines and a weakening of the moral leader Wednesday, June 7, 1972 S. 659 begins the process of involving the ship of the Congress. However, the benefits Federal Government in guaranteeing at least of the Higher Education Act S. 659 provi Mr. FRASER. Mr. Speaker, on May some money to needy students through Basic sions stand apart in issue and merit from the 10, 1972, Mrs. Elizabeth Duncan Koontz Educational Opportunity Grants. This is an busing issue. The anti-busing provisions delivered a speech-"ERA and Upward historic step. (providing for full federal court appeals be Mobility for Women"-at the Equal With 134 member colleges and universities fore the issuance of a busing order) would Rights Amendment Ratification Assem the National Student Lobby (NSL) speaks be in effect only until January 1, 1974. The bly here in Washington. Mrs. Koontz, in for 950,000 students in institutions of higher benefits and effects of Higher Education upon her address, quickly laid to rest one of education in 36 states. With its central office society are lasting; the weight of public emo in Washington, D.C., the NSL has been ac tions and opinion of the moment are not. the perennial arguments used against the tively engaged in all phases of development Accordingly, it is the responsibil1ty of the ERA, the equal rights amendment. The of the Omnibus Higher Education Act. On House to recognize this crucial difference, ERA is not a constitutional provision March 22, 23, and 24 of this year, the NSL and to vote passage of the Conference Report aimed at giving the greatest benefits to coordinated a major lobbying effort bringing on Higher Education (S. 659). business and professional women. Its ob 350 students from 39 states to Washington, ject is to benefit all women and, in the D.C. to speak with their legislators and to larger sense, the entire Nation. lobby in support of the "Basic Grants" pro NATIONAL SCHOOL BOARDS AS As Mrs. Koontz points out, young vision (which was subsequently included in SOCIATION SUPPORTS HIGHER the Conference Report)-a.nd against anti women and girls, particularly disadvan busing amendments. In addition, these stu EDUCATION CONFERENCE RE taged young women ~:md gir1s, will benefit dents lobbied in support of the Harris PORT greatly from the ERA. Mrs. Koontz' de Amendment which would encourage stu scription of these benefits is a good one. dent representation on Boards of Trustees (a HON. CARL D. PERKINS I place it in the RECORD at this point: considerably watered down version of this ERA AND UPWARD MOBU.ITY FOR WOMEN Amendment now appears in the Conference OF KENTUCKY (By Mrs. Elizabeth Duncan Koontz) Report). IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES As provided in the final Conference Re Many people have the mistaken idea that port, the advantages of S. 659 to both uni Wednesday, June 7, 1972 the Equal Rights Amendment w1ll be of versities and students are considerable. At a Mr. PERKINS. Mr. Speaker, as we near greatest benefit to business and professional time when students and universities alike the final vote on the Higher Education women-that it might even work to the dis are under critical financial pressure, this advantage of other workers. Higher Education Act speaks substantively Conference Report still another educa Actually, young women and girls, particu to the vital financial questions of higher edu tion association has endorsed the con larly the disadvantaged, stand to gain the cation and to the changing approaches to ference report. I am pleased to share most in tangible benefits, once the Amend institutional management. Benefits inS. 659 with my colleagues the following letter ment becomes law. This is true on a number for students and universities include: I received today from the National School of counts. ( 1) The Basic Educational Opportunities Boards Association in which this major 1. EQUAL EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNrriES Grants Program providing needy college stu association representing the public Our society has, for too long, designated dents with up to $1400.00 yearly assistance schools of our Nation urge adoption of certain jobs for men and others for women, for education, minus their "family contribu the conference report. The letter follows: and for the most part, women's jobs have re tion." quired less sklll and paid less money. For this (2) Continued funding at guaranteed min NATIONAL SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION, reason girls and women have usually been ex imum levels of present student Educational cluded from vocational Pducation courses in Opportunity Grants (E.O.G.), Work-Study Washington, D.C., June 7, 1972. Hon. CARL D. PERKINS, auto and aircraft mechanics, electronics, re programs, and low-interest direct loans pro pair of appliances and office machines, jewelry grams. Chairman, Committee on Education and Labor, Rayburn House Office Building and watch repairing, and similar training. (3) extension of Work-Study programs to Most vocational training for girls is con community service jobs (with preferences Washington, D.C. ' DEAR CHAmMAN PERKINS: On behalf of the fined to fields traditionally thought of as for veterans) and to part time students. women's. More than half the women and (4) a "Harris Amendment" encouraging National School Boards Association I wish to again commend you and the members of girls in public vocational programs are being student participation (i.e., representation) trained in home economics and about one on college and university Boards of Trustees, your committee from both political parties for the outstanding way in which the confer third are studying office practice. with the student body having a voice in the As a. matter of policy, many school systems selection of such student Trustee. ence on S. 659 was concluded. This conference report, like nearly all sim have maintained separate vocational courses (5) funds to finance reforms in higher edu or even separate vocational schools for boys cation. ilar reports, is the result of a compromise of varying points of view. Therefore it is in and girls. The Amendment would require that (6) creation of a National Institute of all educational opportunities in the public Education to finance needed research at all evitable that certain decisions of the con ferees would not meet with our support schools be open to both girls and boys. levels of education. Young women from poor fa.mUies will (7) massive direct financial aid to col the final language of Title V, General Provi sions Relating to the Assignment of Trans benefit at the college level, too. Many depend leges and universities. on Scholarships for tuition and other ex Coupled with its other higher educational portation of Students being the best exam ple. Nevertheless, on balance we find this penses but often women are restricted by a provisions, this conference bUl undoubtedly quota. system or men are given preference in represents the most comprehensive and ad a. great piece of legislation and endorse its final passage. the awarding of scholarships. Under the vanced higher education achievement to have Amendment, government supported colleges ever come for a vote before Congress. The The scope of the bill is not limited to higher education, but contains substantive and universities would be required to make National Student Lobby is seriously con scholarships and other student aid programs cerned with the future welfare of higher provisions for elementary and secondary education in America, and urges the active schools. Local school districts need the re equally available to students of both sexes. support and passage of this act. The Senate search which will be provided through the 2. EQUAL OPPORTUNrrY FOR JOB TRAINING has recognized the substantial merit of S. National Institute of Education, they need Publicly funded training programs for the 659, and has voted accordingly. The time support in occupational education, and they disadvantaged would be required to provide has now come for the House to act. need financial assistance to deal with de the same opportunities for men and women Passage of the Report on Higher Educa segregation problems. The Education Amend under the Equal Rights Amendment. At tion (S. 659) in this session is placed in ments of 1972 contain provisions designed to present, some inequities do exist. doubt by the anti-busing provisions. Jeop meet these needs and much more. For instance, the law provides that the ardizing the entire Higher Education pro Again I must say that we who represent Secretary of Labor endeavor to achieve 50 gram, however, on the basis of such an emo the public schools of our nation ur2e the tionally charged and confused issue as bus final passage of the report. - percent participation of women in the Job ing would constitute an unwarranted and Sincerely, Corps. However, the present enrollment of irresponsible action by the House. AuGUST W. STEINHILBER. women is only 28.9 percent, in spite of the Ever since the Supreme Court struck down Director, Federal and Congressional fact that the Nation's highest unemployment "separate but equal" and instituted busing Relations. rate is among non-white girls, aged 16-21. 20136 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 7, 1972 Possibly, young women are not attracted to Adult women may be given harsher sen complaint, they can no longer do so. Pri the Job Corps because the kinds of training tences than men for the same offense. If she vate education in the United States is in provided follow the same old limiting pat is head of a fainily or has dependents, the tern. For instance, enclosed in the December imprisonment of a poor woman can be devas financial trouble because of the impact of assistance checks sent by a southwestern tating to those who depend upon her for a severe inflation. State to recipients of Aid to Families with the necessities of life. If we ignore private education's plight, Dependent Children was Job Corps recruit While the injustices of sex discrimination we will be ignoring its contribution to ing material. Young women were offered affect all women, poor women, particularly American society and if we wait long training in the occupations of secretary, hos non-white poor women, are at a special dis enough we can expect to spend $4 billion pital and food service workers, beauty opera advantage. Middle and upper income women a year more on .government education. tor and nurse's aide. Young men were offered can sometimes obtain through private means training as auto mechanics, heavy equipment remedies or opportunities available to poor While the costs of my bill to the Treasury operators, carpenters and electronics work women only if public policy changes. When may reach $500 million, it is a saving con ers--all better paying jobs with a future. the Equal Rights Amendment is ratified we sidering the problem. To cite another example--the recently will need to change some existing laws and I believe that the limited competition passed Public Law 92-223 amending Title II enact others to eliminate conflict between now existing between private and public of the Social Security Act, gives male heads State and local laws and practices and the education in our elementary and high of households priority over female heads of new constitutional amendment. We will have schools is good for both. Each in effect household for training and work under the to guard, too, against those forces in our so sets goals for the other as a result in com Work Incentive Program (WIN). ciety that resist the idea of giving women parison in methods, successes, and fail 3. BENEFITS FROM Mll.ITARY SERVICE equal power, forces that can be expected to raise barriers to implementation of the law, ures. Each provides a yardstick for the Women would be subject to the draft un other. This kind of competition is part der the Equal Rights Amendment but mili that will even seek to play off one disadvan tary service would make them eligible for taged group against another-minority men and parcel of the American system in my training while in service and for all the against women, for instance. opinion and I believe that my bill is a step veterans' benefits which have provided an in keeping the total American school sys exit from poverty for disadvantaged young tem alive and well. men for many years. At present, the armed forces treat men and women differently in a number of ways TAX CREDITS FOR OVERBURDENED that tend to discriminate against women: PARENTS OF CHILDREN IN PRI Young women cannot volunteer for mili VATE SCHOOLS TENANT TAX DEDUCTION 25 PER tary service unless they are high school CENT RENT graduates. This is not true of men. Women must make higher scores on the HON. ROBERT N. C. NIX educational tests than the regular scores for OF PENNSYLVANIA HON. LESTER L. WOLFF men who are drafted. Women are excluded from many occupa IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF NEW YORK tional slots that might lead to lucrative Wednesday, June 7, 1972 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES careers in civilian life. They are not, for ex Wednesday, June 7, 1972 ample, permitted to train as pilots. Mr. NIX. Mr. Speaker, I have intro 4. ANY STATE OR LOCAL LAWS LIMITING THE duced a bill, H.R. 15296, that will provide Mr. WOLFF. Mr. Speaker, much has HOURS WOMEN MAY WORK OR THE TYPES OF a tax credit to parents of children in pri been said about the need to reform ow WORK THEY MAY DO AND LAWS SETTING CER vate nonprofit elementary and secondary system of taxation so as to equalize th9 TAIN LABOR STANDARDS FOR WOMEN ONLY schools of up to half the tuition paid with burden among persons of all incomf} WOULD BE INVALIDATED a maximum ceiling of $400 a year. groups; and to eliminate the discrimina Actually, very few of these so-called "pro This bill is really not a radical depar tory features now embodied in the law. tective" laws remain. In most cases they ture from the past in that the Federal One such feature which has developed have been found to be restrictive, rather Government has without objection aided than protective, and have been ruled dis operates to the particular-disadvantage criminatory under Title VII of the Oivil those going to all schools of higher edu of those who rent rather than own their Rights Act. But we find situations such as cation, regardless of whether private or homes. A homeowner is presently per that in one State where women earn pay for Government institutions. Three GI bills mitted a tax deduction for the amount two and three-fifths fewer weeks than men bear this out. Therefore, I see no objec of his property tax as well as the interest because they are required to take lunch tion in aiding the parents of pupils in on his mortgage. Even the owner of a breaks whlle men can eat on the job. Night elementary schools in the form of a tax cooperative apartment is allowed to de work laws in some States prevent women credit, since there is no objection to the duct that portion of his rent or mainte from earning premium pay. The fact of the matter is that "protective direct aid of s~udents attending private nance which represents the property legislation" rarely covered the poorest work colleges. taxes on his building and the interest ing women in the country, those 1n service For a considerable period of time, the on the mortgage. A tenant, however, is occupations, like household employment, U.S. Government has encouraged plural permitted no such deduction, even which have been, generally, outside the cov ism in education rather than promoting a though his rent includes a proportion of erage of those laws. government monopoly of education. the property tax passed on by the land It should be noted that under the Equal Today there are over 5 million children lord. Rights Amendment, where existing laws con fer a benefit on women, such as laws requir in elementary and secondary private To eliminate this discriminatory fea ing rest periods for women workers, the bene schools. The vast majority of these chil ture, and to take an import&.nt step to fit would be extended to men. On the other dren are in parochial schools. Their 2 ward equalizing the tax burden, I am hand, where a law restricts or denies oppor million parents pay the same tax bill that today introducing a bill which would per tunities to women, the law would be ren other citizens do while voluntarily paying mit a tenant the right to deduct from his dered unconstitutional. additional sums in order to provide a pri personal income tax 25 percent of his 5. INEQUITIES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE WOULD BE vate education for their children. This annual rent. This legislation closely re CORRECTED voluntary effort results in the saving of sembles a measure proposed in the New The poor woman suffers most through in York State legislature by Assemblymen equities in criminal justice. Delinquency $4,290 million in public money since it and crime breed most frequently under con costs on a national average $858 a year to Eli Wager and Irwin Landes that would ditions of poverty and the poor are least able educate a child in the public schools. permit a 25 percent deduction from the to cope with the behavioral problems that Tax credits are allowed citizens for the New York State personal income tax. lead to crime. Statistics show that one-half payment of interest on mortgages, forfii Mr. Speaker, by so acknowledging the of a.ll girls appearing before juvenile courts substantial contribution the tenant are referred there for non-criminal be terest on car payments and sales taxes. havioral problems while that is true of only Yet, up to now, we have allowed nothing makes to the property tax on his build one-fifth of the cases involving boys. The for the payment of tuition for the educa ing, I believe this legislation will effec family of a poor girl is unable to afford psy tion of a child, a far more significant ex tively equalize tax treatment for tenant chiatric treatment or a private school in or penditure. and homeowner alike and ther ~by re der to avoid her commitment to a reforma store a long absent measure of justice tory where she is likely to serve a longer sen While it is true that up until now par tence than a boy committing a more serious ents have bome their double burden of to the millions of renters who now reap olfense. private tuition and school taxes without no benefit for the taxes they pay. June 7, 1972 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 20137 REPORT ON THE COLD WAR tremists. But if we are not extremely lucky As I read the Nixon foreign policy game it is what we may get nevertheless. plan, the wo.y it has unfolded in recent If this indeed be our predicament, the ex weeks---and days-it is still based mainly on HON. BENJAMIN S. ROSENTHAL planation lies, I think, first in President the Oold War concepts. It still seeks the same OF NEW YORK Nixon's continued commitment to Cold War ends and objectives, only now it is trying to concepts and secondly to Dr. Kissinger's use 19th century balance of power diplo IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES commitment of what I would call the "back macy, as well as military power, to obtain Wednesday~ June 7~ 1972 to Metternich syndrome." them. If the original Cold War policy failed For a. quarter of a. century, American for because world reality refused to conform to Mr. ROSENTHAL. Mr. Speaker, Dr. eign policy has been dominated by Cold War 1ihe American view of it, I think failure for Fred Warner Neal, an associate at the concepts. They originated, I think, in the the new Cold War policy is likely far the Center for the Study of Democratic In deeply-held and largely psychological-orig same reason. stitutions Santa Barbara, Calif., recent inated fear that the United States faced a The new Nixon Cold War policy reflects an ly gave a~ important address on "Amer m111tary threat from the Soviet Union. I am idea. dear to the hearts of some professors of ican Foreign Policy at the Crossroads: deeply convinced there was no basis whatso international relations, namely that the post ever for this fear, but, unlike the new revi war bi-polar world, in which the United The New Game Plan, the U.S.S.R. and sionist historians, I do think the fear existed States and the Soviet Union were the only Europe.'' His talk, before the center's and was sincerely believed in. It followed major powers, has been replaced by a multi convocation on "The United States and that those who held it in effect abandoned polar world with five rasther than two power the World After the Cold War," was giv diplomacy and focused on the use of military centers. In such a world, it is felt, wily en in New York on May 6, 1972. power to "contain" the Soviet Union, which diplomacy can achieve the upper hand by Dr. Neal, an expert on the cold war, we saw as the originator of all Communism playing off various powers against each other, testified before the Subcommittee on Eu as well as other evils. From there we went on just like Metternich in the 19th century. No to try military containment of China, of where is this system discussed with more rope last year on the subject. His latest Communism generally and finally simply rev enthusiasm than Dr. Kissinger's doctoral dis statement brings up to date his excellent olution, which we subsumed under the totally sertation, published under the title A World analysis of our difficulties in dealing with illogical term of "internal aggression." Restored. the Soviet Union. I include his speech UNITED STATES ALONE NOT RESPONSmLE A CENTURY TOO LATE below: I am not suggesting that the United States There is only one thing wrong with it as AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY AT THE CROSS alone was responsible for the Cold War. It a prescription for policy today. It is a cen ROADS: THE NEW GAME PLAN, THE U.S.S.R. takes two, or more, to make a war, even a tury too late-or, perhaps, a. century too AND EUROPE Cold War. But I am asserting that our mis early. Because the most important fact about (By Fred Warner Neal) perceptions of reality-of the world and of th~ present-day international system is that the Soviet Union in particular, were a major peace and a liveable world depend in the first The Chinese have a saying that to prophesy instance on relations between the United is dangerous, especially about the future. It if not the primary factor. In any event, in the process of t~g to States and the Soviet Union. That which should, perhaps, be amended to say, espe prevent "Communism" from dominating the contributes to a betterment of these rela cially about the future of American foreign world-the perennial American nightmare tions contributes to peace. That which policy in 1972. Until a. relatively few days a. number of characteristic Cold War atti threatens these relations threatens the peace. ago, at least, the options open to us looked tudes took a firm hold on American foreign This has nothing to do with what one thinks like this: policy thinking. Psychologically, we refused ab_out the Soviet Union. It is simply the 1. We had the possibility, for the first to accept the reality of the Soviet Union as prime, hard, cold reality of the 1970's. time, of ending the Cold War altogeth~r, of a. great power, and later of China.. We refused In future years-if we make it through this achieving a. detente with the Soviet Umon to deal with the USSR as even a potential decade--it is not inconceivable that our re a.nd with China-and putting coexistence on equal. We refused to negotiate with the Rus lations with other countries may become an assured basis which would guar.antee sians meaningfully if at all. We insisted on equally important-our relations with China peace and survival. trying to maintain military superiority and for example, with Japan, with Western Eu~ 2. We had the possibility of continuing saw Moscow's refusal to accept inferiority as rope, if it ever becomes a unified entity. I am the compamtively low-key Cold Wax sparring proof of aggressive intent. Our attempted not suggesting that these relations are not of recent years while entering into peripheral military encirclement of the Soviet Union, now important. Indeed, both we and the ad hoc agreements and understanding calcu and then of China., we saw as defensive, and Russians have to consider them more tha~ lated to tamp down those passions not al we objected to their objections to it. All re before. I am merely saying that in terms of ready eroded by ennui, economic considera sulting problems-spiraling nuclear arms the power to destroy and the power to exert tions and glimpses of thermonucleax reality. race, ever-expanding foreign bases, and con influence, the United States and the Soviet 3. We also had the possi-bility of heating tinual militaxy intervention-were justified Union remain in a unique category by them up the Cold Wax and returning to the era by the perceived Communist threat-which selves. In this sense, we still have very much of serious and possibly deadly confrontation had to be contained at all costs. a bi-polar world, however altered its nature. and conflict. The Cold War policy, aimed a.t a threat There is much talk these days about multi The omens for the first possibility, break that wasn't there, failed because it was con polarity, some of it based on wishful think ing free of the confines of the Cold War and ceived on the assumption that the United putting on.r international relations on a new ing, some of it on crystal-grazing. It may be States could maintain unto itself a dominant useful for an academic lecture on the inter footing, seemed good far a while. The disaster preponderance of military power. Once this of Vietnam brought popular discontent and national politics of the future. But to the assumption proved to be wrong, not only did extent it ignores the over-riding priority of the beginnings of a reexamination of our Cold the American Cold War policy not work but War policies. The Soviet Union, anxious for American-Soviet relations it is both wrong it became acutely dangerous. Neither Soviet and dangerous as a guide for foreign policy. a. formal settlement in Europe, indicated in influence nor revolution could be satisfac countless ways, in the diaphanous body lan Nevertheless, all the signals emanating from torily contained, at least without risking the present game-plan indicate that this is guage of diplomacy, its desire to put rehttions thermonuclear war. the course we have set. with the United States on a. new and firmer basis. And President Nixon's comparative FAILURE IN VIETNAM BACK TO METTERNICH restraint in rhetoric and policy led one to Vietnam has been the reductio ad absur The first major step in the Nixon-Kissinger hope that after all he might be a pragmatist dum, the reductio ad tragedium, of all this attempt to resurrect the Metternichian sys rather than true believer and would take ad Vietnam and the suicidal arms race. But tem was the rapprochement with China. The vantage of the situation to fulfill his promise Vietnam, for all its tragedy, could turn out very idea of the President's visit to Peking of establishing a generation of peace. to have a good effect. Up until recently, the of cours~. Lc; enormously important becaus~ It was probably too much to hope for real Cold War foreign policy was neither debated it brought about an end to twenty years of istically. After twenty-five years, the Cold nor questioned in the United States. The total unrealism about China.. But it seems impact of our egregious failure in Vietnam clear that much mo:z;e than this was involved. War mentality in our country has become in exposed by the casualty rate, the revolt of the stitutionalized, and one could hardly expect For the past three years, the Russians, youth, the television and the Pentagon Pa both here and in Moscow, have been force the President, major victim (or victimizer) pers-has now, for the first time, axoused to break free of it entirely. The second possi fully and seriously telling anybody who would critical attention to the fundamentals of listen that they were worried about Ameri bility, continued Cold War but on a less American Cold War concepts. The remark can-Chinese collusion against them. It passionate plane, thus seemed more realistic. able article by Senator Fulbright, in the Jan seemed like such a ridiculous idea that I, at The awful anomaly, however, is that our uaxy 8th issue of The New Yorker-is a case least, put it down to the well-known Soviet present policy may well be rushing pell men in point. I don't think Senator Fulbright's paranoia about the rest of the world. Several toward the third alternative, a reheating of analysis goes far enough, but until something f~ctors, however, suggest that the Russians the Cold War. Almost certainly this is not like it comes to be widely accepted, I doubt may have known what they were talking aomething Mr. Nixon wants any more than if we will get very far with new foreign pol about. anybody else, save for a. few kooks and ex- icy directions. First, the anti-Soviet orientation of Mr. 20138 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 7, 1972 Nixon's anti-Communism has shown itself more than anything else, which is at the Soviet Union-and ultimately with China repeatedly, most clearly, perhaps, in recent heart of our economic dislocation. may not be easy; we won't know that unless weeks regarding Vietnam. Second, there is VXEWS ON "ISOLATIONISM" we try. But if anything is certain, it is at the moment the Soviet Union sees its in Dr. Kissinger's well-known predeliction for Those who raise questions about all this Metternich. In his doctoral dissertation, Dr. terests enhanced by agreements with the are greeted with stern warnings from the United States. While it is obvious that there Kissinger describes in almost adulatory fash Administration-and such as Dean Rusk ion how the cunning Austrian exponent and are lengths to which Moscow will not go about the dangers of "isolationism." Such and cannot be pushed-it is equally clear practitioner of balance of power politics warnings seem to me to be aimed less at sought to play Tsar Alexander I against Na that at the moment the Soviet Union is, by isolationism than at efforts to ward off re its lights, doing its best to encourage a proc poleon and vice verse.. One cannot read it straints which Congressmen would impose Without the sudden reversal of our China ess of detente. If we can let the process to prevent a repetition of tragedies like develop, free of Cold War concepts and the policy coming to mind. Thirdly, there is the Vietnam. We must stand in no confusion recent American position on the India-Paki "back to Metternich" syndrome, we stand a about what isolationism really is. It is, I better chance now than ever before of re stan conflict. think, primarily a state of mind, a psycho In a conflict between two states, one can moving the main barriers to a stable and logical attitude, based in ignorance of the peaceful world. imagine a third state favoring one side, even realities of international politics, in a re 1! it is certain to be the loser, on the grounds fusal to accept the world as it is, in insistence TO CONTROL ARMS that there is harmony of ideals, that for on a unilateral approach to foreign affairs The end objective must be effective arms moral reasons it will lend support regardless which rejects real international cooperation. control and disarmament. But the most im of immedia.te advantage. Or one can imagine This can take the form of head-in-sand ig mediately pressing ones involve Germany supporting one side just because it was going noring of foreign affairs which characterized and mutual withdrawal of troops from Cen to win, even though its political system is our stance between the wars. Or it can take tral Europe. This is the place to start because repugnant. But prior to the American stance the form of a riding-off-in-all-directions the door is already more than half way open. in the India-Pakistan war one could not global intervention which characterized our Chancellor Brandt's West German govern imagine support of a sure loser With a re policy since World Warn. Both, in my opin ment has recognized East Germany de facto pugnant system and opposition to the sure ion, were equally isolationist-based. and moved for its own detente With Moscow. winner which carries the banner for your The pre-World War ll type of isolation That these arrangements are presently in brand of political ideals. Even granting the is, of course, impossible today. For good or such a precarious state is not due only to extreme limits of irrationality in statesmen, 111, we are too much entangled with the Brandt's opposition. Whether the United I find it difilcult to believe that President world. But the syndrome is still with us and States has actually dragged its heels on them Nixon and Dr. Kissinger-who are clever exhibited nowhere more markedly than by is not clear, but for a country professing men-would have so ostentatiously sup the Nixon Administration. The blunt uni world leadership we have demonstrated an ported Pakistan against India without some lateral economic moves of the past year, the abysmal lack of diplomatic lnltiative. The reason. The only reason likely to come to reaction to the refusal of the United Nations way is open to us, if we would but take it, mind, at least in Moscow, is one which has to follow our two-China pollcy, the high for a normalization of relations with East to do not only with support of Chinese in handed treatment of India, even the sudden, Germany, at least to the extent of having terests but support of those interests against dramatic move toward Peking itself, all both Germanies in the United Nations, are the Soviet Union. smack of a take-it-or-leave-it approach to duction of our own troops and a move to RESPONSE TO HANOI the world which rejects international coop ward elimination of both NATO and War eration as a basis for policy. Could anything saw Pacts. Finally we have the current situation in Essentially, this is what the Soviet pro regard t~ Vietnam. If Mr. Nixon's savage be more isolationist that the idea that our persistence in the Vietnam war, which is so posal for a European Security Conference is response to the renewed Hanoi offensive mainly about. The Western position is not so mustrates his commitment to Cold War con universally condemned in all but the most subservient of our client states, is necessary clear. We have raised the concept of Mutual cepts his virtual throwing down the gaunt Balanced Reduction of Forces. There is let ~ the Russians seems to lllustrate the to guarantee us prestige and world leader ship? I think even Metternich, were he not nothing wrong with this concept in princi "back to Metternich syndrome" in operation. ple, but we must be very careful, I think, If nothing else, it indicates that the Presi blinded by Cold War concepts, would see this kind of an approach to today's world that it is not used as an excuse for main dent regards preservation of an American taining NATO willy-nilly. Here an old shib dominated, anti-Communist stronghold in will not serve the true interests of the United States. boleth is always raised. This is, that since Southeast Asia more important than improv the United States would have to Withdraw ing relations with the Soviet Union. IDEOLOGICAL COEXISTENCE its forces clear across the Atlantic and the In this Metternich-like approach to Mos An alternative approach to foreign policy Soviet Union only withdraw its forces be cow there is likely to be another miscalcula is one based on consciously seeking a de hind Soviet borders, this would represent an tion. Often in the past, the Russians when tente with the Soviet Union, and for a world inequality to our side. Since we have only pushed in the East have given in in the in which peace is necessary it is the only the geography God gave us, this is little more west, and vice versa. But this pattern of rational one. This involves first accepting than an argument for a permanent Ameri events characterized a militarily weak and the idea of coexistence with competing can garrison in Europe under any and all backward Russia. The Soviet Union of to ideological systems. Second, it requires work circumstances. No one who raises this argu day, however much it may seek to avoid ing out clear mutual understandings that ment can be serious about wanting to end being engaged on two fronts, is a different we and the Russians will both honor our the Cold War. Yet this seems to be the pres story. respective core interest, that each will stay ent position of the U.S. government. Containment a la Metternich is, of course, out of those strategic areas considered vital NO EUROPEAN POLICY not confined to diplomacy. The Nixon by the other. For us these include Latin Doctrine is designed to supply muscle in The fact is that aside from NATO the America and Western Europe. For the Soviet United States has no real European policy, many 1=arts of the world. What it can mean Union they include Eastern Europe and other we have seen recently in Vietnam. It also and there is a built-in reluctance to face up areas on the periphery of the USSR, Thirdly, to the possibility of a Europe without NATO. involves urging remilitarization of Japan, we must try to work out arrangements for calling for expansion of foreign military aid In addition, there has developed in and neutralization of areas which are not the around NATO a substantial bureaucracy and continued stationing of American forces core interests of either great power, that is, in Europe. But above all it assumes we must which, like any bureaucracy anywhere, is pledging mutually that we will both stay mainly concerned with its own perpetuation have clear military superiority over the out of them militarily and pledging also USSR. Indeed, forcing the Russians to agree and aggrandizement. Not only has it helped that changes in such areas will not add to perpetuate the myth of a Soviet military to nuclear inferiority may well be one of the strength of either bloc. This last is espe the prime objectives of the new game plan. danger but it has helped perpetuate the cially significant if we are to achieve a real myth that, should such a danger exist, NATO Thus as a prelude we insured the SALT sense of security. The Soviet position is that talks would get off to an inauspicious starfi could cope With it. It took General de Gaulle, it is an equally great power and will not let with all his grandeur, to stand up and say by opting for ABM and MIRV even before such areas as the Mediterranean and the that NATO, like the king, wasn't very well the talks began. The new Cold War policy Indian Ocean be dominated by the United clad. NATO has never been the same since. may in fact be even more committed to a States alone. And it has the power to make It may well be that at one tfme NATO was big military posture than the old. With all its position effective. The Russians are say a necessary means of giving assurance to weak our t;Conomic difficulties internally, the Ad ing, in effect, if you go in we will. If you European regimes. But this consideration no ministration has cheapened the dollar, stay out, we will stay out. Can any other longer obtains. To the extent that these raised protectionist tariffs and imposed solution than neutralization, a mutual stay governments need armed forces, they them domestic controls while simultaneously pro ing out, insure against dangerous military selves are quite capable of providing them. posing a higher mllitary budget than ever. competition in these seas? Ultimately, can To the extent that NATO has kept Western It seems as though those now in power will any other solution bring peace to the Middle European governments from thinking mean do almost anything to avoid cutting military East? Or to Southeast Asia? ingfully about foreign policy, NATO has been spending, despite the fact that it is this, Working out such arrangements with the a device however, unintentional, for block- June 7, 1972 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 20139 ing East-West detente. In one way it may EAGLES, AFFLUENCE, AND As a preface to this discussion, I wish to have contributed to Western European unLty, PESTICIDES state that the members of this Association but in another way it has been an impedi want a. clean environment as much as any ment to unity. Particularly has NATO im other group of responsible citizens. It is peded closer relations between Western and HON. CLARENCE J. BROWN the policy of the American Mosquito Control Association to use pesticides properly so as Eastern Europe, and its existence ever tends OF OHIO to make the Common Market not only an to minimize any possible hazard to the en economic instrument but a Cold War instru IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES vironment, and they are used as supplements ment as well. Western European unity, es Wednesday, June 7, 1972 to water management and other methods of pecially with the addition of Britain to the mosquito control in an integrated program Market, has gone beyond being a Cold War Mr. BROWN of Ohio. Mr. Speaker, Roy of pest management. We are proud of the device. M. Kottman, dean of the College of Agri fine cooperative program of the National Mosquito Control-Fish and Wildlife Man NATO A HINDRANCE culture and Home Economics, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, re agement Coordination Committee. The pro What is true about Western European fessional wildlife scientists who are a part cooperation ls also true, I think, about At cently brought to my attention a most of that program are not included in the lantic cooperation. Without NATO, Ameri pertinent and timely statement on the anti-pesticide lobby referred to in this paper. can relations with Western Europe could be subject of pesticides and the "balance of Neither are the many responsible conserva on a firmer basis. As it is, it is primarily nature." This statement was made by tionists both in and outside various con our military relationships which have been Andrew J. Rogers, Ph. D., and with the servation organizations. destabilizing. These, more than anything, thought that it may be of interest to my The real hard core anti-pesticide lobby contributed to our estrangement from colleagues in the House of Representa appears to be a very small minority of sci France and to the long delay in Britain join entists who seem to think that their sci ing the Common Market, and they have also tives, I am pleased to submit his thought entific training in other disciplines qualifies stood in the way of other non-Communist ful comments: them to discuss pesticides authoritatively, a but neutralist-minded nations coming ln. EAGLES, AFFLUENCE, AND PESTICIDES classic example of a little learning being a There has been constant pulling and hauling (By Andrew J. Rogers, Ph. D.) dangerous thing. This group and their sup about who should contribute what, with Modern ma.n has progressed from a. point porters make it appear that pesticides are the our disproportionate share not only causing in the misty past where he was part of the major environmental pollutants. This just economic problems to everybody but also vicious animal-eat-animal system, which isn't true. The mere presence of a substance putting our European partners in a poor some now call the balance of nature, to malte in minute quantities does not prove harmful client relationship, to everybody's detriment. rial abundance and a safer, longer life. In effects, which is the logical basis of judging There has been some talk about non-mili order to accomplish this it was necessary the importance of a. polluting substance. tary cooperation within the NATO frame to upset this mythical natural balance by Harmful pollution is a result of our high work. I don't think it will work, and it eliminating the competition of his food standard of living, and all Americans con shouldn't if it could. NATO is a. military plants, a process now called cultivation, a.nd tribute their part, including the environmen organization with a Cold War orientation. by domesticating some of the more useful talists. Damaging pollution can and should Without its military component and with be corrected, but this is a job for everyone out the Cold War, it would altogether lose animals, and protecting them from their enemies. not just industry or those who farm or con its raisen e'etre. Surely an alliance whose trol insects. origin was in Cold War military considera So he moved from a. condition of hunter and gatherer to one of farmer and animal Pesticides and Food Production.-While we tions is not suitable for a. post-Cold War are an affluent people, this is not true of period. There is a need to lift our foreign husbandman. Not many generations ago al most 100 percent of the people were engaged about 75 percent of the world population. A policy thinking about Europe to new hori· visiting minister who has been converted by zons, just in case the cynics are wrong and in farming as a necessity of survival. ow ing to improved agricultural technology, the the "ecology" movement came to my church the Cold War is really ending. condition now preva.ns in some affluent coun a few months ago and in his sermon blasted SPECIAL TIES WITH EUROPE tries like the United States where one farm DDT for polluting the environment. More It is true that the United States has spe er produces enough food and fiber to sup recently a. Bishop of this church stood in cial ties with Western Europe; cooper81tlon ply himself and approximately 40 others. the same pulpit and asked the congregation between us and them should be increased, And, the only way that modern man ca.n to help feed those in developing countries not lessened. A whole variety of forms of co maintain this condition is to keep nature where 12,000 people die of starvation every operation are possible, for instance, dealing unbalanced in his favor. day. We who call ourselves Christians need with political, cultural, economic, ecological This great achievement in food production to speak with one voice on this vit al matter. and technological problems. I would assume has freed more than 95 percent of our peo Dr. Norman E. Borlaug, winner of the No there would be also some sort of military mu ple to engage in other vocations, crafts, pro bel Peace Prize in 1970, is much more quali tual assistance agreements. And as long a.s fessions and xniscellaneous activities. Some fied than I to tell the story of pesticides and we have nuclear weapons they clearly will have become so detached from the land that food production, and tell it he did in the stand as an umbrella over Western Europe, they do not look beyond the suburban super McDougall Memorial Lecture at the 1971 for whatever this is worth. But if many of market as the source of their food, and there Conference of the Food and Agricultural Or our int erests are parallel with those of West is a. small minority which seems determined ganization of the United Nations. I have ern Europe, many are different also, as we to destroy the very technology that sustains leaned heavily on this great man's lecture for may well soon see in regard to the Common us all. It is this subject which I wish to the following points on this subject. D:J,". Bor market. The world, even Europe, is bigger discuss. laug developed improved varieties of wheat than Western Europe, and one way we can Many charges have been made against pes that are the basis of the Green Revolution serve Western Europe's interests, as well a.s ticides, i.e., pesticides in the sea., pesticides in which is reducing the number of deaths by our own, is by avoiding the parochialism Antarctica., pesticides in food, pesticides caus starvation in developing countries. The con which sometimes comes too easily to the ing thin eggshells, pesticides causing cancer, tinued success of this program depends not Western Europeans. One of the objections to pesticides in mother's milk, pesticides in rain, only upon the availability of improved va NATO, indeed, is that it accentuated the and on and on ad infinitum. One obvious rieties of food plants, it also requires the division of Europe, regardless of what the ly cannot discuss each of these in a. brief ad continued availability a.nd input of agricul Russians did, and, if anything, made the So dress; therefore, I have chosen two relevant tural chemicals, including pesticides. viet bloc more closely knit. We should pro points of this controversy for examination The subject of modern agricultural tech mote organizations designed to bring the in some depth. nology as it affects available wildlife habitat Communists regimes in, not keep them out. The members of this Association are well is anoth~r very cogent point. This technology Western Europe clearly should be one of our acquainted with the absolute necessity of including pesticides, has saved 292 million main interests, but we should not over-focus using insecticides for mosquito control a.nd acres of wildlife land in the United States in on it . for protecting millions of people against such the past 30 years by increasing the yield per It is at least now possible to make a be scourges as malaria, filariasis, onchoceriasis, acre of 17 principal crops, thus making it ginning toward such a new, post-Cold war yellow fever, encephalitis, and other deadly possible to leave this much additional land grand design of foreign policy. How much for trees and wildlife. According to Dr. Bar diseases. And we know of the strong stand laugh, this is an area equal in size to the furt her than a. beginning depends, of course, of the World Health Organization for the not only on the United States. But wise and entire land area east of the Mississippi and continued use of DDT in the worldwide ma south of the Ohio Rivers. courageous American leadership, free of the laria. eradication program. Therefore, rat her old Cold War hang-ups and attuned to the On this same subject, the point is also realities of the 20th Century rather than than repeat this well-known subject, this made that within the next 30 years the large those of the 19th, is the essential ingredient. presentation will emphasize some vital points animals of East Africa and the elephant, ti Without such leadership, we are in danger recently made on the subject of pesticides ger, a.nd peacock of India. wlll a.ll be poached of lapsing back into earlier Cold War pat and food production and the effects of pesti out of existance unless agricultural food terns, or into isolationism, if not both, with cides on bird population, especially the birds production is increased sufficiently to take consequences which are indeed frightening of prey, which seem to be of most concern to the pressure oft' these animals. These star to contemplate. the anti-pesticide lobby. tling pronouncements deserve careful con- 20140 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 7, 1972 sideration by biologists and others who con Now, this is 120,645 dead eagles, an aver colony there. Moreover, in 1971 the National tinue to demand the banning of the very age of 2,116 per year during the past 57 years, Park Service refused to permit scientists to pesticides that might help prevent this. that have been accounted for by the pub hover over or land on Anacapa Island by To close this subject, a statement by Dr. lished record, and this does not include the helicopter, as they did frequently in 1969-70, Earl L. Butz, Secretary of Agriculture, seems unknown hundreds killed by poison baits, because noise and excitement are known to pertinent. He says that we can return to or electrocution by power lines, etc., that were upset the birds, causing thin eggshells and ganic farming, which was our production not recorded. But of those accounted for nest desertion. Dr. Edwards states further technology of 75 years ago; but first some only nine are reported as having succumbed that research biologists were no longer per one has to decide which 50 millions of the to pesticides, only one of which was by DDT. mitted to roam among the nests frightening American people are willing to starve, for Much is said about reproductive failures off the brooding females or shooting them this would be the result without a large pro of birds, especially birds of prey, due to pesti on the nests for analysis, as they had also duction input of chemicals. cides. These chemicals are blamed especially done earlier. Pesticides and Birds oj Prey. For the pur for causing thin eggshells that break before One final comment on bird hunting should pose of this address, the emphasis will be on hatching. This charge is based primarily on be adequate to make this point. These ex eagles with a few comments about other laboratory studies where various kinds of cerpts are from a letter published in the birds of prey. These birds appear to be the birds were fed rather large amounts of pesti Monthly American Journal of Geology and basis of most of the opposition to pesticides. cides daily for long periods. In a frequently Natural Science of 1832. Again the subject is on the subject of eagles, there is one thing cited recent paper on this subject by Hickey bird collecting and the place is the East about which there seems to be general agree and Anderson, there are data showing reduc Coast of Florida. Quote: "At sunrise the next ment; these great birds are declining in tions of average weights of eggshells of Flor morning, I and four negro servants pro numbers. But the anti-pesticide minority ida eagles of about 19 percent in the late ceeded in search of birds and advent ures. would have us believe that this unfortunate 1940's and the 1950's when compared to av The fact is, that I was anxious to kill some situation only started or became serious with erage weights of eggshells collected before 25 brown Pelicans. (Pelicanus juscus) to en the general use of persistent pesticides about that time. But the published record also able me to make a. new drawing of an adult 26 years ago and that these chemicals are shows that this difference is similar to the male bird, and to preserve the dresses of the the most important cause of the problem. normal range of egg size for Florida eagles others. I proceeded along a narrow shallow The published record reveals some interest as determined by measurements of 50 eggs bay, where the fish were truly abundant ... ing informa.tion on this subject. collected prior to 1937. As reported in U.S. I shot some rare birds, and putting along Fifty years ago (1921) a paper was pub Museum Bulletin 167, the length of the 50 the shore, passed a point, when lo, I came in lished in the scientific journal Ecology en eggs varied by 26.2 and the width by 18.4 sight of several hundred pelicans perched on titled, "Threatened Extinction of the Bald percent. It seems reasonable, therefore that the branches of mangrove trees, seated in Eagle". This paper stated in part that '.,:iJ.e difference in weights of the shells of these comfortable harmony, as near each other as the bald eagle was fast becoming a rare bird pre-DDT eggs would have varied by at least the strength of the boughs would allow. I in the United States. Again, in Science the 19 percent reported by Hickey and An ordered to back water gently: the hands News Letter of July, 1943, several years before derson, especially since their samples of re backed water. I waded to the shore under there was general use of persistent pesticides, cent eggs were only 8 and 12 in number. The cover of the rushes along it, saw the pelicans attention was called to the declining eagle authors relate their data of eggshell weight fast asleep, examined their countenances and population and the author attributed this to a declining eagle population in Florida. deportment well and leisurely, and after all, to the cutting of nesting trees and pollu There can be no debate about another fac levelled, fired my piece, dropped two of the tion of nearby streams by sewage and indus tor that has prevented thousands of birds' finest specimens I ever saw. I really believe trial wastes which destroyed the fish that eggs from hatching over the past 100 years. I would have shot one hundred of the re comprised the principal food of eagles. So, This is the practice of egg collecting by some vered sirs, had not a mistake taken place in scratch one false charge. The decline of ea ornithologists and bird protectionists for sci the reloading of my gun. A mistake, however, gles started many years before DDT or any entific or private collections. Collecting a did take place, and to my utmost disappoint other persistent pesticide was ever used. reasonable number of eggs for scientific ment, I saw each pelican, old and young, And here is more from the record about study is understandable and necessary, but leave his perch and take to wing; soaring off, what has happened to eagles in more recent the practice appears to be much more wide well pleased, I dare say, at making so good times. Of 147 eagles found dead in the spread than this. an escape from so dangerous a foe. • . . After United States and examined at the Patuxent The paper by Hickey and Anderson (ibid.) shooting more birds, and pulling our boat Wildlife Research Center in the period 1960- states that 1729 eggs from 39 museums and through many a dlfiicult channel, we reached 68, only nine, or 6.1 percent, were suspected private collections were examined in their the schooner again; and as the birds, gener of being killed by pesticides, only one of study. On page 361 of U.S. Museum Bulletin ally speaking, appeared wild and few (you which was by DDT. The other 138 were shot 167 it is reported that the measurements of must be aware that I call birds few when I or died of disease or unknown causes. But 312 American Osprey eggs in a private col shoot less than one hundred per day)-my hear this! Prior to 1951, Alaska is reported lection averaged 61 by 45.6 millimeters. In generous host proposed to return towards to have paid bounties on 100,000 eagles discussing possible causes of the osprey home again." The letter also states that in slaughtered in a 36 year period because they abandoning a nesting area of New England celebration of getting their boat afloat, the were believed to be detrimental to the sal we find this statement: "Considerable egg party set fire to the whole sa.lt-marsh just mon industry This is almost 3,000 eagles per collecting was done in certain parts of the for fun, and saw marsh rabbits, etc. scam year for 36 years. In this connection the fol area, but .no more than, if as much as, in pering from the fire by the thousands, as lowing statement from Smithsonian U.S. Na the area where the birds still breed". Also, they pulled their oars. The letter was written tional Museum Bulletin No. 167, published in there are many references to average sizes of by John J. Audubon, December 31, 1831. This 1937 is pertinent: "Where eagles are suffi eggs of several of the birds of prey based on reference is included only to emphasize how ciently abundant and are known to be doing measurements of 40 to 50 eggs from various attitudes have changed, not to discredit this serious damage to salmon fisheries, fur farm collections. There is another reference to famous man in any way. ing activities, or other human interest they robbing the nest of a pair of peregrine fal In concluding this discussion it is perti should be reduced in numbers. There is no cons repeatedly until the birds gave up in nent to cite an example from the record danger of their extermination in the vast despair. It seems evident from these and concerning pesticides and bald eagles in near uninhabited regions of Alaska. Elsewhere we many similar references that egg collectors by Everglades National Park. The Park is can afford to protect such a picturesque fea have probably prevented the hatching of a next door to two of the most intensely ture as our national emblem". much larger number of birds' eggs than any sprayed areas in the world, the Everglades And there is more! Although the practice pesticide ever has. muck farms a. few miles to the north and was banned in 1962, the record states that The record also indicates that many addi the Homestead vegetable farms on the eastern 20,000 eagles were shot from small planes, tional eggs are prevented from hatching as boundary of the Park. These farming areas presumably in the American West. But the a result of molesting birds on their nests, are cultivated almost yearlong and sprayed ban on this practice notwithstanding, a press causing them to abandon the eggs at various almost continuously with just about every report as recently as August 3, 1971 stated stages of incubation. There are many refer pesticide available, including DDT, and this that 500 Bald and Golden Eagles were shot ences to this practice in past years, but a has been going on for many years. from planes in Wyoming and Colorado for more current report also is available. In a Consider also that South Florida. is a net predator control that year. And speaking of recent paper entitled, "The Truth about the work of canals connecting the farming areaa predator control, it is well known that poi California. Brown Pelicans", Dr. J. Gordon with the drainage and water storage areas of son baits placed in the environment for con- Edwards blames "scientific persecution" dur the Everglades and that the main source or trol of other predators have inadvertently ing the 1970 breeding season for the near water for the Park is from this farming dis killed hundreds of eagles. This has been done failure of these birds to bear young that trict a. few miles to the north. Now, a. news for many years with the approval of the U.S. year off the California. coast, on Ana.ca.pa. release datelined Evergla.des Park of January, Department of Interior and was discontinued Island, rather than pesticides as claimed. 1969, reports a biologist of the National Au only about a month ago. Dr. Edwards states that the superintendent dubon Society as saying that pesticides are Another published report states that the of Channel Island National Monument, was being washed into canals, streams, lakes, etc.• Department of Interior authorized the kUl deeply concerned over the Ana.capa. Island in increasing volume where eagles hunt fish, ing of Golden Eagles in some Montana Coun disruption by biologists a.nd the widely pub their primary food. One can easily demon ties in 1967 to protect livestock. licized misinformation about the pelican strate the effect of this kind of publicity. June 7, 1972 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 20141 About a year ago my wife and I were riding cides--not their elimination. For the simple martie, and L. N. Locke. 1969. Residues in two along listening to an interview on the car truth is that people are going to see to their Bald Eagles Suspected of Pesticide Poison radio with an influential official at the Wash own survival first, and if present high yields ing. Bull. Environ. Contam. & Tax. 4(1): ington level about the fires that were then per acre of food are reduced by banning 24-30. destroying forever much of the Everglades pesticides, more Wildlife land wlll be cleared The Vanishing Eagle. 1971. Chemistry 44 muck. When asked about his thoughts on and farmed to make up this loss of produc (8) :3. this the official stated that the fires were not tion. Wildlife Research-Problems, Programs. too important because they had been occur I find no more reason to apologize for us Progress, 1968. Resource Pub. 85, U.S. Dept. ring for years in the glades. He said the real ing a legally labelled chemical pesticide than Int., Wash., D.C., 1970; Resources Pub. 94, danger was all that DDT in the water that would a physician for using penicillin, which 1971. was flowing into the Park. also is a pesticide, especially when that Now, on the basis of these pronounce chemical pesticide has saved more lives than ments, the Everglades National Park should penicillin and all of the other so-called anti VIRGINIA: PROGRESS IN THE be the perfect model for conditions which biotic drugs combined. But there is a real OCEANS the anti-pesticide people claim are respon danger that we will lose these vital tools of sible for thin eggshells and declining popula food production and public health protec tions of eagles. Therefore, any citizen who is tion through mosquito control unless more HON. THOMAS N. DOWNING not knowledgeable on the subject would have people start telling the posit! ve side of the OF VIRGINIA to conclude that if there are any eagles left pesticide story. The challenge I leave with in the Park, they must be just hanging on you is to acquaint yourselves with the scien IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES by one claw and soon wlll be gone forever, be tific facts about this matter and use these Wednesday, June 7, 1972 cause there could not possibly be any hatch facts in every possible way in defense of ing of eggs with all those pesticides building pesticides in your work. Mr. DOWNING. Mr. Speaker, last Sat up in the food chain. Let's not be members of the silent major urday afternoon the Hampton Roads But wait! According to the published rec ity of the affiuent 40 while the militant Jaycees celebrated the fourth annual ord this is not the case. The same news re minority destroys the technology that man marine festival at Huntington Park in lease quotes the biologist further as saying has developed for his own survival and that the Everglades National Park has the health, as well as for the protection of wild Newport News, Va. It was a festive oc healthiest Bald Eagle population in the life. With 2.8 billion people in the world of casion with entertainment for all and United States, outside of Alaska, and that a 1972, all having a need for housing and food, featuring every conceivable type of de Park official estimates the reproductive suc there might not be enough caves to go licious seafood. cess of the eagles there at close to 60 percent, around if we are forced to return to the The main speaker on this occasion while only a 50 percent rate is required for "balance of nature" culture of our prehis was a dear friend and former colleague maintaining a stable population. The healthy toric ancestors; and the few eagles that re in the House of Representatives, the Hon nature of the eagles in the Park also is con main would surely end up in stew pots in orable Howard W. Pollock, Deputy Ad firmed by a scientific report in the Pesticides those circumstances, anyway. Thank you. ministrator of the National Oceanic and Monitoring Journal of December, 1970. REFERENCES Atmosphertc Administration, whose topic But, the news story also points out that of Audubon, John J. 1832. Monthly American the other three eagle populations in Florida, was "Progress in the Oceans." the two coastal colonies are declining and the Journal of Geology and Natural Science. Vol. His speech, which follows, was so in 1, pp. 407-14. Letter to Editor, 1831. one between Lake Okeechobee and Orlando Bald Eagle Facing Extinction in U.S. News teresting and informative that I thought is just holding its own. Item. Panama City News. Panama City, FL, it was deserving of being placed in the Now, when you put it all together, the Jan. 27, 1969. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD for everyone to record clearly shows that the eagles that are Bent, Arthur Cleveland. Life Histories of read: getting along well in Florida are those in or North American Birds of Prey. Smithsonian near the farming areas that are heavily VIRGINIA: PROGRESS IN THE OCEANS Institution U.S. National Museum. Part I, (By Han. Howard W. Pollock) sprayed with pesticides but are also far re Bull. 167, 1937; Part 2, Bull. 170, 1938. moved from people, and the declining eagle Borlaug, Norman E. 1971. Mankind and Distinguished citizens of Newport News, colonies are those along the coasts where Civilization at Another Crossroad. McDougall visitors to the Marine Festival, vigorous and people are numerous and are intruding on Mem. Lecture. FAO, United Nations. energetic members of the Hampton Roads former eagle territory. The news release does Butz, Earl L. 1971. Man and His Environ Jaycees, ladies and gentlemen: mention shooting, habitat destruction, and ment--Crisis or Challenge? Ag Chem. 26(6): It was with the greatest of pleasure that I competition between people and eagles for 12-13. received the thoughtful invitation from my waterfront property as important factors af Coon, N.c., L. N. Locke, E. Cromartie, and very dear friend, Congressman Tom Down fecting the coastal populations of eagles. But W. L. Reichel. 1970. Causes of Bald Eagle ing to join you for this wonderful celebra the most amazing statement of the news re Mortality, 196o-65. Jour. Wildlife Diseases, tion and marine festival. lease is a quotation attributed to the Audu Vol. 6. My friends, this is an old and historic area, bon biologist which says that unless meas Edwar Companies want to get as much as they back at the hotel room, special advisers and needed to maintain our posture in the world can in any settlement. Their capital needs in privileged emissaries sip cocktails and trade are mainly inconsistent with the Christian reorganizations and new exploration strat off real estate for battalions, bombing rights social ethics we espouse. What we call virtue egies will be immense. Downstream opera tor m.llitary rights of way, tactical support in the private sector (love, brotherhood, tions have never been very profitable for for future trade agreements. peace, sacrifice, forgiveness) are international companies and some firms may be left with At least in part, I am ready to believe the liabilities in an era of conflict and disagree direct control of only this end of their busi worst about our conduct in international af ment. The now question is: Can this nation, nesses. Higher prices may make some of fairs; but at the same time, we must assume fully aware of how cruel and inhuman mod those downstream operations more profita a similarly cynical posture !or other nations. ern war can be, ever have a. just reason for ble. Higher prices are likely to come on a. I do not believe that the coldness and cal being at war? steeply rising curve. culation in our negotiations with foreign There seems to be a strong current of UNEASINESS IN WASHINGTON powers is predisposed, but is reactionary, de guilt rippling through America. because we Balance of payments effects of this trend fensive and absolutely necessary. are ashamed of the killing and maiming in on the U.S. already are a. cause for uneasi I believe this because American foreign Vietnam which we are a part of. We like to ness in some Washington offices. A greater policy is a confusing agglomeration of cher think, if only we can get out of this war, total of U.S. oil requirements must be im ished, privileged and often outmoded tenets the shame will fade. Should the people of ported at sharply higher prices. Today, oil from economic, social, religious and military South Vietnam be subsequently oveiTun, as earnings from the Middle East are a plus quarters, which are inconsistent with one an many predict, we are going to acquire a. dif factor in the U.S. balance of payments. Look other. Small wonder that national leaders ferent kind of guilt. Only a Christian could ing ahead, it's a. different story. Currently and citizens alike shift easily from one view be in such a dilemma. the U.S. imports less than 4 million barrels point to another and often seek security on How can a Christian country, with its of oil a day with less than a tenth coming the nearest bandwagon. well-known turn-the-other-cheek attitude, from the Mideast and North Africa; by 1985 America is wrongly accused of imperialism, possibly deal with a country which has no nearly 15 million barrels a. day will have to because currently we have no clear foreign moral hang-ups of this sort, no adverse press, be imported, most from North Africa. and policy to execute. At least, we have nothing no angry citizens, no moral outrage at hurt the Middle East. Some estimates place the to match in scope and detail the game plans ing one's enemy? With a. country which in cost of that oil in the $30 billion to $35 bil of China, Israel, Japan, and those emerging tends to gain its objectives through any ex lion-a-year range. Obviously it will take a. countries who are nationalizing themselves. pedient means, and has said so frequently? substantial amount of U.S. exports if this Keeping in mind that our foreign political We learn of no dissent from North Viet trade is to be balanced. So finally, the U.S. adversaries are clever and dedicated and that nam, we learn of no guilt, no demonstrations faces some balance of payments problems international politics are ruthless. I would among the people. While America seems to along with all the other problems posed by like to state that I admire, respect and sup be weakening its resolution to fight there, the Arab oil nations. In other words, there port Nixon in his role as President. the North Vietnamese, without the Christian are a good many headaches in store for Mr. Nixon is an excellent politician. He is guilt Syndrome, are fighting with as much Americans where the Middle East is con less than satisfactory as a spiritual leader; determination as ever. Perhaps more so, as cerned. his public relations crew still has some blind they read their daily reports from America. spots, and endless hours of practice have not Boy, have they got our number! America., humanized his smile. But when I voted for with unprecedented charity, guilt, fear and him, I was not trying to match him with compassion, is publicly turning the other ONE MAN'S OVERVIEW OF PRES some father image, and I did not intend to cheek. IDENT RICHARD M. NIXON evaluate his competency as President by the I hope we're ready for this conclusion. amount of charisma he was able or unable We are doomed to lose this war. After all, to generate. that is the only thing a. decent Christian HON. HOWARD W. ROBISON Nixon's job is 1) to oversee the improve can do. Because, ironically, we are the good OF NEW YORK ment and balance of the economic and social guys, after all. And you know what that IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES climate at home and 2) in the international makes ol' stick-to-his-guns Nixon. arena, to look out for the selfish interests of For Nixon's conduct of the war has not Wednesday, June 7, 1972 America. Evaluating the first depends upon put him at odds with many Americans. They Mr. ROBISON of New York. Mr. point of view, and is largely another issue. have set themselves apart from him, have Considering the second, I voted for Nixon moved out from under their original, and Speaker, President Nixon's efforts at, as my representative in the dirty sandbox of his current, position. He has already liberal alternatively, waging war and then wag international relations because, given the ized and re-liberalized this position. If he ing peace have captured the headlines rules of the game, I believed he could make gives in completely, history will remember of late, with widely varying viewpoints as better mud pies than anyone else. Nixon him as the President who betrayed the prin to the wisdom and correctness of his poli brought a professional attitude to this com ciple of honoring treaties and who shut oif cies. Such divergencies are probably in plex and corrupting job and did quite well. assistance to a. friendly ally. evitable, in a presidential election year, Very well, considering that a number of On the other hand, if the war doesn't end amateur politicians tried to disrupt his pretty soon, we will have all convinced our as the political tides in the Nation move efforts with a. campaign of oversimplifying selves that this is Nixon's war, that he started ever more swiftly. and overemotionalizing the issues. it against our wishes, that he could end it Too often, however, emotions super In short, I pay and praise Nixon for doing right away if he weren't such a stubborn sede- objectivity, and prejudices over what I and most other Americans don't have cuss, and that all future blood spilled is on shadow logic, in arriving at an overall the insight, patience, skill or stomach for his hands. assessment. This is why my attention to protect American interes.ts, just as other Just as many Americans sloughed off their presidents {premiers, prime ministers, etc.), guilt on scapegoat Calley, who didn't know was so captured by the following letter how to fight honorably against a savage and to are committed to looking out for their own. the editor of the Evening Press, of I really hope Nixon enjoys sports, patting unrestrained enemy, anyone as intransigent Binghamton, N.Y., in my district. The babies, returning fallen birds to their nests, as Nixon is about this war has got to be writer's thoughts are unusually direct, saluting the flag and other harmless things. guilty of something. and to the point, and whether one agrees But when American interests are challenged, Those who have disassociated themselves with his conclusions or not, the sub I expect him to do his job and tell the other from America's role in the Vietnam conflict stance thereof is well worth considering. party to "buzz off." I don't want him to be ought to be glad that the bloodthirsty Calley The article follows: any more understanding or tolerant or for and "stone-ears" Nixon came along. They pro giving than any other national leader. vide a convenient dumping station !or any IN RUTHLESS WORLD, NIXON DESERVES RESPECT "Americans Shocked at Calley Massacre!" type of guilt feelings you could do without. BINGHAMTON, N.Y. screamed the headlines. Don't make me Well, as I said before, Nixon is a pro. That's To the EDITOR: laugh! We knew it all the time. We knew we the way it goes in war biz. The recent run of events in Southeast Asia couldn't be holding our own against another Spiritual leaders need to give some atten has disturbed me so llttle that I !eel com skilled slaughter machine without retalia tion to this problem. There is guilt involved pelled to be outspoken. The science of brinks tion in kind. We knew deep down that you in letting a friend be victimized without our manship as practiced by all nations is either a can't fight a Nice war. lifting a finger; and there is guilt involved competitive exercise by their PR men without We knew it all tight, but lt was way over in helping him, if pain and death are the genuine consequence, or it has subtle ties there, and we were hoping to get it over with known consequences. which escape us average citizens. soon, and it was probably for a good cause There 1s only one sure way to avoid war At best there 1s a double or triple stand ard here. Citizens think of the Vietnam war and ... how dare that Calley get caught just lie down and let whoever walk over you. in terms of national uneasiness, those kllled, and make us realize how brutal and inhuman Publish your plans and they will wait in line wounded, missing, all with the shadows of America. has been! for the privilege. nuclear weapons looming in the background; I have been deliberately provocative to Even if sparks generated 1n this country meanwhile, back at the conference table, make a point. There is a moral problem here. were to result in genuine love, respect and ambassadors shout expected insults at one Nixon's dilemma-mine and yours, once we understanding, we would still have to cope another on weekly schedule; and meanwhile face it-is that the policies and techniques with threats from other countries, 1deolog1- June 7, 1972 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 20161 cally opposed, and with a thousand creative grams but also with imaginative educational A good university, he !eels, must appeal ways to let you know it. options. to all students with exciting new programs America needs Presidents with persever "The University of Massachusetts is not a and improved continuing activities. He sees ance and highly developed political skills. place for parents to send their chUdren," progress in small residential colleges within Maybe a small compromise here and a secret Dr. Bromery s111id as he recommended that the campus complex, a university year-for deal there. But we are still a long, long young people in college should be mature action program, an improved graduate stud way from resolving international disputes individuals. ies program, and better relations between hls with other nations according to the Marquis PARENTS CITED omce and other elements of the campus, in of Queensbury and Robert's Rules of Order. "A great university is not a place for chU cluding students and faculty members. Maybe the day will come. Until then, I'll dren," he explained. "The campus is a place CEILING AT 215,000 keep voting for the Nixons, bless their tricky for individuals who are young men and wom hides. The chancellor has set a ceiling of 25,- en. I often feel in working with students that 000 students for the Amherst campus. "It ROBERT J. KRETZ. parents are part of student dlmculties. Many we get too big, I will hardly know my stu students want to be talked with, not just dents nor my faculty members," he sa.ld. talked to. They want an adult father figure. One way to keep the family spirit on The agitated, frustrated student is really campus, he noted, is the residential col BLACK CHANCELLOR SETS GOALS never understood by his parents." lege concept, which provides a campus with· FOR UNIVERSITY OFJMASSACHU The chancellor feels that "we must chal in the big campus atmosphere !or students SETTS lenge students to make something of them in the same field o! study. Another is the uni selves." versity year tor action, giving juniors and Being black in a "white world" has been a seniors a work-study program with academia HON. SILVIO 0. CONTE challenge to Dr. Bromery most of his adult credit while providing community service. lite, he says. "My 20 years as a geophysicist OF MASSACHUSETTS most of them as the only black in my field, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES taught me to try to be the best there is in Wednesday, June 7, 1972 my field. Then I tried to recruit blacks, most of them untrained in the airborne geophysi SIGNIFICANCE OF CUBAN Mr. CONTE. Mr. Speaker, one of the cal discipline, as geophysicists." INDEPENDENCE DAY 13 fine institutions of higher education TO FACULTY IN 1967 in my district is the University of Mas His efforts in recruitment, he said, caused HON. J.HERBERT BURKE sachusetts at Amherst. It is indeed for him to decide to teach geophysics. He joined OF FLORIDA tunate to have as its head Dr. Randolph the University of Massachusetts faculty in W. Bromery, who was named chancel 1967 as an associate professor. He later be IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES lor this past April. came chairman of the geophysics depart Wednesday, June 7, 1972 ment, and he worked to recruit blacks to Having joined the university in 1967, study in the sciences. Mr. BURKE of Florida. Mr. Speaker, it he quickly distinguished himself in the These efforts, he said, were often thwarted is fitting and proper to recall the historic classroom, became chairman of the geo when black students were channeled into events in the independence of a nation. physics department, and won the post of other fields. "This pushed me into running May 20 marks the anniversary of Cuba's vice chancellor of student affairs before for vice-chancellor of student affairs," he independence from Spain. ultimately being r.amed chancellor of the said. He won that post, which included of Seventy years ago, in 1902, a new gov university. I am pleased to count this fine fices of admissions and financial aid, resi dence halls, dining commons, Student-Union ernment came into being in this neigh gentleman and educator as a close friend. boring country. It then became a govern The June 7, 1972, edition of the Chris Campus Center complex, and se ..:urity. CHINESE OUTNUMBERED BLACKS ment dedicated to the principles of politi tian Science Monitor includes an article cal freedom. This was a culmination of a about Dr. Bromery and the university, to To bring more blacks to the campus and establish a program to help them, Dr. four century struggle for freedom led by which I now respectfully call the Mem Bromery founded and became first president Cuba's great men, such as Maximo bers' attention: of the Committee for the Collegiate Educa Gomez, Antonio Maceo, and Jose Marti. BLACK CHANCELLOR SETS GOALS FOR tion of Black Students (CCEBS), an educa Jose Marti, called the "Apostle of UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS tional opportunities program on campus that Cuban Independence" was born in (By Luix Overbea) now includes students of all races. Havana in 1853, received his early educa AMHERST, MASS.-"It is extremely lonely As one of the first 10 black faculty mem tion there and at 15 began to understand being the only black here, one of only a few bers, Dr. Bromery said, he noticed there were the plight of his Cuban people and their there, a black among a throng working in a only 33 black undergraduates and 2 black non-black job." graduate students on campus in 1967, com need for independence and self-deter So spoke Dr. Randolph W. Bromery, a black, pared with 72 students !rom Taiwan, China. mination. A year later his political ac a scientist, a New England migrant, an edu He established CCEBS to bring more blacks tivities brought him a 6-Year prison sen cator with only !our years of full-time class to campus, to provide academic and social tence at hard labor, however, a short room experience--now head of a growing counsellng to these students, to develop a time later he was exiled to Spain by the state university of 21,000 students with a $52 program to help black students become more Governor who feared his political ac million budget. creative, and to change the environment for tivities. Marti did not, however, cease Dr. Bromery was named chancellor of the black students by encouraging the employ ment of blacks on the professional and non promoting independence for his country. University of Massachusetts at Amherst in He was a skilled orator and came to the April. He had become a full-time teacher in professional staffs of the university. SMALL INITIAL BACKLASH United States and worked ardently as a 1967 when the university hired him as asso journalist and literary critic to create ciate professor of geophysics and deputy de "There was a small white backlash at first," partmental chairman. The move to academic Dr. Bromery said, "but more openings for good will and sympathy for the Cuban quarters followed 20 years in geology, most o! black students resulted." cause and at the same time uniting other them as an exploration geophysicist with the Today the university has nearly 50 black exiles from Cuba, raising funds and sup U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Regional faculty students, and 200 graduate students. plies in a plan to win freedom for his Geophysics. The 1972 class will have 50 black graduates, people. RANGE OF IDEAS more than the total number of blacks grad Marti, 10 years before his efforts were As a neophyte chancellor, Dr. Bromery has uated in the university's history, he said. successful, founded a movement which a variety of ideas on what a "today" univer "What surprised me about CCEBS,'' he united all Cuban exiles and gave Cuba sity should be: said, "was that students on campus sup It should attract students who are adult in a formal constitution, which proclaimed mind. ported our program verbally and financially. belief in the dignity and equality of all The student government allocated $30,000 a It should not become a mammoth educa year to CCEBS. The faculty contributed from Cubans and propounded the ideal that tion factory turning out computerized their salaries $75,000 a year. the general happiness of a people rests graduates. on individual independence. A GREETING IN SPANISH Black students and other minorities must Realizing that Cuba's independence have greater opportunities !or hdgher educa Today the committee helps Spanish-speak could not be won with words, Marti and tion. ing students, American Indians, and even A chancellor must lend an ear to student some whites. Dr. Bromery welcomed 200 his followers launched an attack on the desires, needs, and trends. He must relate to Spanish-speaking students in Spanish and military colonial oppressors of his land students and alumni. English last !all. He said he expects more and landed a force near Santiago in A great university must serve the commu progress In bringing minority students to eastern Cuba, and joined with other nity, not only through special adult pro the University of Massachusetts campus. Cuban exiles from the Dominlcan Repub- CXVIII--1271-Part 16 20162 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 7, 1972 lie, Mexico and the Caribbean islands. In evaluation of the President's efforts to r have written a far better epitaph in their the battle Marti was mortally wounded, achieve peace and a "working arrangement" .. deeds and devotions to the perpetuation of with former communist eneinies. Although the Republic and its principles. but others took up the cause for Cuba's sometimes harsh in its approach, the free. All American citizens, no matter how they freedom. press permits every citizen to make an un- . choose to commemorate Memorial Day. owe The effort was a. feeble one and the varnished assessment of political ca.ndida.tes. ~. these honored dead more than just words of military power of Spain made his early It probes the motives and principles of pub-: 1praise, a volley of rifle fire, the sounding o! effort futile. Antonio Maceo was also lie figures who enjoy positions of leadership. "Taps", or even a. tear or two. We owe these killed in the battle and although he and The free press 1s the only genuine discipli-: , American dead the renewed devotion and Maximo Gomez succeeded in outmaneu nary force that can be exerted against gov- sworn adherence to the principles of freedom, vering the conquistadors, in the end the ernment. It is the articulate focal point of · equality, justice and the American Way of public opinion. • Life for which they were willing to give their Spanish Army dispersed the greatly out A free press is literally the watchdog of a. lives. numbered patriots. The population was free people. At times wrong conclusions are 1 To say, "I am an American!!! I was born rounded up and held in concentration drawn from what the press reveals, but over here! I pay Taxes! I vote! These are simple camps and the leaders tried for treason. the long pull, its batting average is good. If words and they don't require very much sa.cri News of the inhumane treatment by the every nation enjoyed the vision that is given . flee on the individual's part. It may require a Spanish of the political prisoners reached by a free press to the people of the U.S., the little effort to go to the polls and cast your the United States, and demands for U.S. cause of world peace would be immeasurably vote. It may hurt the pocketbook a. little to intervention was made throughout our brighter. The purpose of Freedom of the Press pay the taxes. These are really insignificant Day is "To celebrate and promote press free- payments for the privileges and the protec country. dom in the Americas." In observing the Day, tion of the laws that are afforded the citizens Finally, in February 1898, the Ameri we should remember that it is an occasion of this country. I personally do not feel that can naval warship, U.S.S. Maine, was sent for free men only. these actions are adequate services or pay- to Havana for the purpose of protecting ments for the rights and privile€'es of living American citizens living in Cuba. While in this free society. in Havana Harbor, the ship was blown Today America is engaged in a war that up and 266 American lives were lost. The MEMORIAL DAY 1972 seems to be unpopular with a great number 0f sinking of the battleship Maine led to Americans who have hit the vital cord and severe patrotic outbursts against Spain have gained a great deal of free publicity. To and the cry, "Remember the Maine" HON. FRED SCHWENGEL be a. patriotic individual is not in vogue. To OF IOWA support the war or the participants of that rang throughout the land. war can bring condemnation, scorn and even The rest is history. As a final result IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES threats. It now takes a little courage to speak the U.S. Congress declared war against Wednesday, June 7, 1972 out for America and our free society. Th!s Spain and ultimately was instrumental may be more courage than most of our aver in gaining for Cuba its independence, on Mr. SCHWENGEL. Mr. Speaker, the age ci.tizens possess at this time. In order to May 20, 1902, which lasted until 1959 following is the text of the Memorial perpetuate this country we must love it and when Fidel Castro, in the guise of free Day keynote speech delivered by George be willing to defend and aid in the protection ing the Cuban people from the military T. Nickolas of Davenport, Iowa, at serv of the principles in which it was founded. ices held on the lawn of the Rock Island Every man and woman in this society should dictatorship of General Batista, created endeavor to serve his country in some man the present Communist dictatorship. County Courthouse in Rock Island, ID.: ner. To salute and pay homage to the flag, to Today, over 10 percent former Cubans MEMORIAL DAY 1972 nod one's head in agreement when someone are living in exile from Fidel Castro's (Mr. Nickolas, a Contract Specialist with makes a. patriotic speech, or to do as Milton present Communist regime. Most of these the U.S. Army Command, is the immediate suggested when he wrote, ". . . others serve :fled to the United States and have con past National President of the State Com who only stand and wait," is not fulfilling the tributed much by assimilating themselves manders and Adjutants Association of the requirements of a good citizen. Since we all into the mainstream of our Nation. Most Disabled American Veterans.) cannot fight in the Armed Services of this Ladies, Gentlemen, Distinguished Guests, country, we must find other activities who :fled from Cuba were doctors, law my brother and sister Americans. There are through which we can demonstrate our sup yers, artists, teachers, and engineers and many reasons and purposes that bring us to port and loyalty. We can not "stand and wait" have accepted our land as one of op gether this morning. Some of us have come for these activities and opportunities to seek portunity and justice. to pay honor to a departed loved one, some us as individuals, we must seek these ways of Some have become leaders of Cubans of us have come to pay honor to a close friend service to our country, state, and community. in our own Government process and most or comrade in arms who died in service. Some In these times too many of the people of have proved themselves to be worthY of us have come because we are part of a vet this country have accepted the notion that of American citizenship. erans or service organization, and others just the passive way is the only way out of this to participate in a patriotic program. country's problems. Freedom as the average It is only fitting and proper that we an American enjoys and evisions was not nually set aside SENATE-Thursday, June 8, 1972 The Senate met in executive session States submitting sundry nominations, PASTORE, GOLDWATER, and FANNIN joined at 10 a.m. and was called to order by the which were referred to the Committee me as cosponsor. This legislation would President pro tempore (Mr. ELLENDER) . on Foreign Relations. authorize the Secretary of the Treasury (The nominations received today are to make a grant to the Eisenhower Col PRAYER printed at the end of Senate proceed lege in Seneca Falls, N.Y., of $1 from The Chaplain, the Reverend Edward ings.) the proceeds received from the sale of L. R. Elson, D.D., offered the following each "proof" Eisenhower silver dollar prayer: THE JOURNAL being sold for $10 to collectors. In 1963, the late President Eisenhower Almighty God, to whom all hearts are Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I ask agreed to the establishment of Eisen open, all desires known, and from whom unanimous consent that the reading of hower College as a living, permanent no secrets are hid, we thank Thee for the Journal of the proceedings of memorial to his years of service to the the cleansing of the morning hours and Wednesday, June 7, 1972, be dispensed Nation in war and in peace. In subse for the bright promise of the new day. with. quent years, the Eisenhower family and May this day begin, continue, and end The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With close friends have actively supported the in Thee that we may worthily magnify out objection, it is so ordered. establishment of the school, its develop Thy holy name. Grant to Thy servants ment, and the funds necessary for its in this place grace to hear with dis success. They have been joined by some crimination and to speak with wisdom, COMMITTEE MEETINGS DURING SENATE SESSION 12,000 donors who have contributed more so that all their actions being ordered by than $7 million to the college. Thy governance, this Nation may be ably Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I ask Among individuals who submitted served and Thy kingdom advanced. unanimous consent that all committees testimony in support of the bill were Dr. Through Him whose name is above may be authorized to meet during the Milton Eisenhower, Mrs. Mamie Eisen every name. Amen. session of the Senate today. hower, John Eisenhower of the family, The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With and such close personal friends as Gen. ORDER OF BUSINESS out objection, it is so ordered. Alfred M. Gruenther, and Gen. Lauris Norstad. Organization support came The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The from such varied sources as the Veter Senate adjourned in executive session ORDER OF BUSINESS ans of Foreign Wars and the AFL-CIO. last night, hence it is convening in exec Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I ask This testimony gives emphasis to the utive session today; but under the unan unanimous consent that the Senate pro fact that the college is the Nation's me imous-consent agreement, the following ceed to the consideration of Calendar morial to the late Dwight D. Eisenhower legislative business will be transacted as No. 802, S. 2987. and is not to be confused in any way in legislative session. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With with legislation to aid an institution First, the Senate will receive a mes out objection, it is so ordered. of higher education, which like so many sage from the President. others, is in financial need. In 1968, Congress enacted Public Law MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT EISENHOWER MEMORIAL 90-563 providing $5 million for the Eisenhower College on a matching basis. Messages in writing from the President The Senate proceeded to consider the bill