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The Emergence of a Medical School in Hampton Roads Old Dominion University ODU Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations in Urban Studies School of Public Service Spring 1988 The meE rgence of a Medical School in Hampton Roads John Pierce Flemming IV Old Dominion University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/urbanstudies_etds Part of the Urban Studies and Planning Commons Recommended Citation Flemming, John P.. "The meE rgence of a Medical School in Hampton Roads" (1988). Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), dissertation, , Old Dominion University, DOI: 10.25777/1f7q-4s04 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/urbanstudies_etds/18 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Public Service at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations in Urban Studies by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EMERGENCE OF A MEDICAL SCHOOL IN HAMPTON ROADS by John Pierce Flemming IV B.A. Ma y 1970, Virginia Military Institute M.A. September 1971, Old Dominion University B.S. December 1976, Old Dominion University A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Old Dominion University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY URBAN STUDIES OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY February, 1988 Approved by: Maurice R. Berube, Dissertation Chai Concentration Area Gradual Program MacDo Director Dean Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ©1989 JOHN PIERCE FLEMMING IV All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT THE EMERGENCE OF A MEDICAL SCHOOL IN HAMPTON ROADS John Pierce Flemming IV Old Dominion University Director: Dr. William Cunningham This dissertation documents the early years in the campaign by community leaders in Norfolk and adjacent cities to establish a local medical school as a means to improving the quality of medical education in the Hampton Roads area. Although attention is focused on the period 1959 to 1973, it is not strictly limited to this period of time. The methodology for this dissertation is based heavily upon oral research. As one historian pointed out, "What better way to learn about a particular time than from the mouths of those who lived it." Approximately forty individuals instrumental in the founding of the medical school were interviewed and their memorable experiences and recollections captured with the use of a tape recorder. The result is a history of the origin of the Eastern Virginia Medical School based largely on the attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions of many of its key founders and supporters. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.................................... vii LIST OF T A B L E S ........................................... viii PREFACE ..................................................... ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................. xii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION ....................................... 1 Statement of the Problem ...................... 6 Limitations of the Study ...................... 8 Methodology ....................................... 9 Significance of the P r o b l e m ................... 20 Review of Related Literature ................. 24 II. MEDICAL EDUCATION IN HAMPTON ROADS: 1700s and 1 8 0 0 s .................................. 32 Norfolk in the 1700s and 1 8 0 0 s .............. 32 Hospitals in Hampton Roads in the 1700s and 1 8 0 0 s ....................................... 36 Medical Schools in Virginia in the 1700s and 1 8 0 0 s ............................... 43 Medical School Standards in the 1800s .... 51 The Flexner R e p o r t ............................. 55 III. MEDICAL CLIMATE AND EDUCATION IN NORFOLK: 1900-1959 ......................................... "4 Population and Medical Schools .............. 74 Need for Physicians during the First Half of the Twentieth C e n t u r y .............. 76 Change in Medical School Curriculum and Academic Y e a r .................................. 78 Norfolk: Its Concern for Public Health, 1915-1918....................................... 78 Recognition of the Need for Medical Education in Norfolk, 1918-1919 ............ 81 Norfolk: Its Concern for Public Health, 1918-1940 ....................................... 83 Health Care in Norfolk, 1940-1958 ............ 94 iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Chapter IV. THE FIRST YEARS, 1959-1964 109 Innovation and Reform in Medical E d u c a t i o n .................................... 109 Recognition of the Need for a Medical School in N o r f o l k ............................. 113 Support for the Proposed Medical School E x p a n d s ......................................... 133 Planning and Development of the Medical C e n t e r ......................................... 137 Significant Studies ............................. 146 Efforts To Gain Support Accelerated .......... 155 V. THE FIRST DECADE OF THE NORFOLK AREA MEDICAL CENTER AUTHORITY ...................... 166 The Norfolk Area Medical Center Authority . 166 Financial Support ............................... 179 Medical School Sponsorship ................... 188 Land Requirement ............................... 203 Organization of the Medical Authority .... 206 Perspectives of State and National L e a d e r s ......................................... 221 S u m m a r y ........................................... 223 VI. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EASTERN VIRGINIA MEDICAL SCHOOL OF THE EASTERN VIRGINIA MEDICAL AUTHORITY ............................... 239 Opposition to the Establishment of a Medical School in Norfolk ................... 239 Studies Supporting the Need for the Eastern Virginia Medical School ............ 254 Recruitment of Faculty and the First Dean . 262 Educational and Curricular P l a n .............. 267 A School in Development ........................ 272 Regional Elements of the Eastern Virginia Academic Health Network ...................... 282 VII. THE IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION AND EMBRYO TRANSFER PROGRAM AT EASTERN VIRGINIA MEDICAL SCHOOL .................................. 301 Purpose and Procedure of In-Vitro Fertilization .................................. 301 History of In-Vitro Fertilization ............ 302 History of the In-Vitro Fertilization Program at the Eastern Virginia Medical S c h o o l ......................................... 306 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Chapter VII. Approval of the First In-Vitro Fertilization Program in the United States by the Ethics Advisory Board . 324 Opposition to the In-Vitro Fertilization P r o g r a m ...................................... 325 Major Themes of P r o t e s t ..................... 328 New Ethical Guidelines ........................ 331 Public Opinion Polls .......................... 339 VIII. A F T E R W A R D .................................... 345 CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS .................................... 348 APPENDICES 1. Need expressed for a written history of the Eastern Virginia Medical School and the Eastern Virginia Medical Authority ........... 355 2. Sample letter of introduction from the president of the Eastern Virginia Medical Authority to a prospective interviewee . 357 3. Sample letters sent to 120 U.S. medical s c h o o l s ......................................... 359 4. Reprint of Abraham Flexner’s evaluation notes on Virginia’s three medical schools. 364 5. Public Health Department: A Few Comparisons of health conditions in Norfolk from 1910 to 1920 369 6. Sanitation inspection facts for the years 1940, 1939, and 1938 .......................... 373 7. Communicable diseases for the years 1940, 1939, and 1938 ................................. 376 8. Medical education: Essentials of an acceptable college ............................. 378 9. The Joint Committee on House Staff Procurement and Training ...................... 389 10. Letters from John S. Thiemeyer, Jr., M.D. 393 11. Attendees at the meeting of the Joint Committee on House Staff Procurement and Training, 12 July 1960 ........................ 397 12. Correspondence on proposals to improve the medical education programs at area hospitals, 1960 399 13. Draft of prepared resolution concerning planning of the medical center complex . 405 14. State council’s basic considerations for the proposal of a new medical s c h o o l ....... 407 15. State council’s proposed schedule for the development of a new medical school.... 412 16. State council’s summary of conclusions on the proposal for a new medical s c h o o l ..... 414 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPENDICES 17. The Norfolk Medical Center Commission .... 416 18. The seven principle points constituting basic program objectives of the medical authority recommended by Richardson K. Noback, M.D. 418 19. List of attendees at the 15 January 1964 meeting of the Norfolk Medical Center Commission...................................... 420 20. Chapter 471, Code of Virginia, 1964 422 21. Chapter 440, Code of Virginia, 1964 428 22. Membership of the Norfolk Area Medical Center Authority’s Medical Advisory Committee, June 1964 431 23. By-Laws of the Norfolk Area Medical Center Commission.....................................
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