2018 Calendar Women in Science Ilustrated by Jess Chambers Nergis Mavalvala Nergis Mavalvala Was Born in 1968 in Pakistan

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2018 Calendar Women in Science Ilustrated by Jess Chambers Nergis Mavalvala Nergis Mavalvala was born in 1968 in Pakistan. She is an astrophysicist known for her role in the first observation of gravitational waves, ripples in the curvature of spacetime. She has also performed pioneering experiments on laser cooling of macroscopic objects and in the generation of squeezed quantum states of light. She is a professor and Associate Head of the Department of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States. In 2010 she was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship, a very prestigious American prize known as the "Genius Grant".

january 2018 M T W T F S S Marie-Louise von Franz, German-Swiss psychologist 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Elizabeth Gertrude Britton, American botanist, bryologist, and 8 educator 9 10 11 12 13 14

Sofia Dian Fossey, Joy Adamson, Sophia Jex-Blake, Kovalevskaya, American Austrian English physician Russian primatologist and naturalist mathematician conservationist and novelist 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Gertrude B. Elion, Bessie Coleman, Dame Kathleen American American aviator Lonsdale, British biochemist and crystallographer pharmacologist 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

29 30 31 Helen Dickens Helen Dickens was born on 21 February 1909, in the United States. The daughter of a former slave, she was the first African American woman admitted to the American College of Surgeons in 1950. By 1969 she was the associate dean in the Office for Minority Affairs at the University of Pennsylvania, and within five years had increased minority enrolment from three students to sixty-four. In addition to her general practice, Dr. Dickens provided obstetric and gynecologic care helping patients living in extreme poverty. She received numerous honors for her work on sexual health for young and adult women, including awards from the Girl Scouts of Greater Philadelphia and the American Cancer Society.

February 2018 M T W T F S S Elizabeth Blackwell, British physician 1 2 3 4

Mary Douglas Ruth Sager, Leakey, American cellular English archaeol- geneticist ogist and paleo- anthropologist 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22 23 24 25

26 27 28 Caroline Lucretia Herschel was Caroline Lucretia the first woman to receive full recognition in the field of Herschel astronomy. Born on 16 March 1750, she was the only girl among five children. She served as assistant to her brother Friedrich, the royal astronomer to the court at Windsor. Her own research led her to discover 8 comets in 9 years. She wrote treatises for Philosophical Transactions, discovered 14 nebulae, calculated hundreds more, and began a catalogue for star clusters and nebular patches. She was awarded numerous honours, including the gold medal of the Prussian Academy of Sciences.

March 2018 M T W T F S S

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Anna Atkins, Kalpana Chawla, English botanist American and photographer astronaut 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

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Elsie MacGill, Canadian Aeronautical engineer and human rights 26 activist 27 28 29 30 31 Rita Levi-Montalcini Rita Levi-Montalcini was born on 22 April 1909 in Italy. In 1956 she shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Stanley Cohen for their discoveries on nerve growth factors. By transferring pieces of tumours to chick embryos, Levi- Montalcini established a mass of cells that was full of nerve fibres. In the 1990s, she was one of the first scientists pointing out the importance of the mast cell in human pathology. In the same period, she identified the endogenous compound palmitoylethanolamide as an important modulator of this cell. She also served in the Italian Senate as a Senator for Life.

April 2018 M T W T F S S Marie-Sophie Germain, French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher 1

Jane Goodall, British primatologist, ethologist, and anthropologist 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Marie Maynard Daly, American biochemist 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Hertha Ayrton, British engineer, mathematician, physicist, and inventor 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

30 Chien-Shiung Wu

Chien-Shiung Wu was a Chinese American experimental physicist born on 31 May 1912. Wu worked on the Manhattan Project, which developed the process for separating uranium metal into uranium-235 and uranium-238 isotopes. The Wu experiment, which contradicted the hypothetical law of conservation of parity, allowed her colleagues Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen-Ning Yang to win the 1957 Nobel Prize in physics. 21 years later, Wo was awarded the inaugural Wolf Prize, considered the most prestigious award in Physics after the Nobel Prize.

May 2018 M T W T F S S Maryam Mirzakhani, Iranian mathematician and professor 1 2 3 4 5 6

Cecilia Payne- Gaposchkin, British–American astronomer and astrophys- 7 8 9 icist 10 11 12 13

Maria Agnesi, Italian mathematician

14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Mary Anning, Sally Ride, Maria Clara English fossil col- American physi- Eimmart lector, dealer, and cist and astronaut German paleontologist astronomer 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

28 29 30 31 Hypatia

Hypatia was a Greek mathematician, astronomer, philosopher and the last great thinker of ancient Alexandria. She was certainly not the first female astronomer and mathematician, but she was the leading one of her time – a scarce achievement to today. In the mist of violence and power disputes, Hypatia was attacked for her religion, her position and her defense of scientific knowledge. It is clear that Hypatia’s femaleness made her a special target, and she was violently murdered by Christians zealots. Hypatia’s work and life can be understood as herculean efforts to preserve the Greek knowledge heritage, to speak against dogmatism and superstition, to defend science in an era of religious and sectarian conflict. Hypatia is an inspiration for our project not only as the first famous female mathematician but most importantly as a symbol of learning and science.

june 2018 M T W T F S S

1 2 3 Lin Huiyin, Chinese architect and writer

4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Barbara McClintock, American scientist and cytoge- neticist 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Maria Goeppert- Mayer, German-born theoretical physicist 25 26 27 28 29 30 Jocelyn Bell Burnell

Jocelyn Bell Burnell is a Northern Irish astrophysicist. Born on 15 July 1943, she was not permitted to study science until her parents (and others) protested against the school’s policy. As a postgraduate student, she discovered the first radio pulsars while studying with and advised by Antony Hewish. Hewish shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Martin Ryle, while Bell Burnell was excluded. Bell Burnell was President of the Royal Astronomical Society, president of the Institute of Physics, and was interim president following the death of her successor. In 2014, she was made President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the first woman to hold that office. She has campaigned to improve the status and number of women in physics and astronomy.

july 2018 M T W T F S S

Henrietta Swan Leavitt, American astronomer 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Rosalyn Sussman Yalow, American medical physicist 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Rosalind Franklin, English chemist and X-ray crystallographer 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Francoise Barre- Stephanie Louise Sinnousi, Kwolek, French biologist American chemist and inventor 30 31 Margaret Hamilton

Margaret Hamilton is an American computer scientist systems engineer, and business owner. Born on 7 August 1936, she developed the concept of the paradigm of Development Before the Fact (DBTF) for systems and software design. She is the author, director and supervisor of software programming for Apollo and Skylab. She began to use the term “software engineering” during the early Apollo missions in order to give software the legitimacy of other fields such as hardware engineering. On 22 November 2016, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by U.S. President Barack Obama for her work leading the development of on-board flight software for NASA’s Apollo Moon missions.

august 2018 M T W T F S S Maria Mitchell, Shirley Ann American Jackson, astronomer American physicist 1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Gerty Theresa Caroline Harriet Cori, Haslett, Jewish Czech- English electrical American engineer biochemist 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Anna Mani, Indian physicist and meteorologist 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

27 28 29 30 31 Asima Chatterjee

Asima Chatterjee was an Indian organic chemist born on 23 September 1917. She is noted for her work in the fields of organic chemistry and phytomedicine, or chemicals derived from plants. Her most notable work includes research on vinca alkaloids (derived from vinca plants), the development of anti-epileptic drugs, and development of anti-malarial drugs. She also authored a considerable volume of work on medicinal plants of the Indian subcontinent. She was the first woman to receive a Doctorate of Science from an Indian university.

september 2018 M T W T F S S

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3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Irène Joliot-Curie, French chemist and physicist 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Sophia Brahe, Danish horticulturalist 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Mae Jemison

Mae Jemison is the first African American woman to travel in space. Born on 17 October 1956, Jamison is an American engineer, physician and NASA astronaut. After medical school and a brief general practice, Jemison served in the Peace Corps from 1985 until 1987, when she was selected by NASA to join the astronaut corps. She resigned from NASA in 1993 to found a company researching the application of technology to daily life. She has appeared on television several times, including as an actress in an episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation. She is a dancer and holds nine honorary doctorates in science, engineering, letters, and the humanities. She is the current principal of the 100 Year Starship organization.

october 2018 M T W T F S S

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Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, German developmental biologist 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

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Laure Maria Caterina Bassi, Italian professor of anatomy 29 30 31 Hedy Lamarr

Hedy Lamarr was born in Austria on 9 November 1914. She was a famous actress, but also a prolific inventor. She had no formal training but worked in her spare time on various hobbies and inventions, which included an improved traffic stoplight and a tablet that would dissolve in water to create a carbonated drink. At the beginning of World War II, Lamarr and composer George Antheil developed a radio guidance system for Allied torpedoes , which used spread spectrum and frequency hopping technology to defeat the threat of jamming by the Axis powers. The principles of their work are arguably incorporated into Bluetooth technology, and are similar to methods used in legacy versions of CDMA and Wi-Fi. This work led to their induction into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2014.

NOvember 2018 M T W T F S S Patricia Bath, African-American ophthalmologist 1 2 3 4

Marie Curie, Polish- Elisa Leonida French physicist and Zamfirescu, chemist Romanian engineer & Lise Meitner, Austrian-Swedish 5 6 physicist 7 8 9 10 11

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Elizabeth Helen Blackburn, Australian- American Biologist 26 27 28 29 30 Ada Lovelace

Ada Lovelace was an English mathematician and writer born on 10 December 1815. Her mother promoted Ada’s interest in mathematics and logic in an effort to prevent her from developing what she saw as the insanity of Ada’s father Lord Byron. Her notes on the Analytical Engine include the 1st algorithm intended to be carried out by a machine, making her the 1st computer programmer. Ada Lovelace’s contributions to the field of computer science were not discovered until the 1950s. Since then, Ada has received many posthumous honours for her work.

december 2018 M T W T F S S

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Émilie du Châtelet, French natural philosopher, mathematician, physicist, and author 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Mary Fairfax Tu Youyou, Somerville, Chinese Scottish science pharmaceutical writer and chemist and polymath educator 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

31 Expect Eveything Part of the Hypatia Project, Expect Everything wants to captivate teenagers’ interest in Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths. We want them to discover surprising facts about science, to meet scientists and to understand that there is a wide range of professions available in STEM. The possibilities are endless! This calendar was conceived by Jess Chambers and Anna from the Expect Everything Greek Editorial board. Illustrations by Jess Chambers. Follow articles from our editorial boards of teenagers and Jess Comix monthly column on our blog! Produced and distributed by Ecsite, the European network of science centres and museums. Hypatia project is coordinated by NEMO Science Museum. Keep in touch http://www.expecteverything.eu facebook.com/expecteverythin [email protected] @expecteverythin

מוזיאון המדע ע"ש בלומפילד ירושלים )ע.ר( متحف العلوم على اسم بلومفيلد القدس Bloomfield Science Museum Jerusalem

Hypatia project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (H2020-GERI-2014) under the grant agreement No. 665566. This calendar reflects the views of the author, and the European Union cannot held responsibility for any use which might be made of the information contained therein.