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Issue 80, 2019 1 Director’s Message 22 Making Good Use of Bad Weather: Jennifer Lotz Finding Metal-poor Stars Through 4 The First Repeating Fast Radio Burst the Clouds in a Spiral Galaxy Vinicius Placco Benito Marcote, Kenzie Nimmo, and 27 Science Highlights Shriharsh Tendulkar John Blakeslee 9 NGC 2071-IR: A Who-dunnit 45 The Legend of Zorro Begins Mystery Ricardo Salinas and Steve B. Howell Tom Geballe 48 A Galactic Dance 12 Speckle Imaging Takes Gemini to Gemini Press Release Its Diffraction Limit 50 On the Horizon Rachel Matson and Andy Stephens Gemini staff contributions 15 Exoplanets Can’t Hide Their Secrets 61 News for Users from Innovative New Instrument Gemini staff contributions Gemini Press Release 69 Gemini Outreach Programs Sparkle 18 Neptune’s Moon Triton Fosters in Both Hemispheres Rare Icy Union Manuel Paredes and Alyssa Grace Jennifer Hanley 73 Papa ‘Ōlelo Hawai‘i Kilohōkū ON THE COVER: Alison Peck Gemini North Multi- Object Spectrograph GeminiFocus January 2020 image of NGC 5394/5, otherwise known as the and 2019 Year in Review Heron Galaxy. This four- GeminiFocus is a quarterly publication color composite captures of the Gemini Observatory an intimate moment in 670 N. A‘ohoku Place an elegant dance by two Hilo, Hawai‘i 96720, USA interacting galaxies some Phone: (808) 974-2500 / Fax: (808) 974-2589 160 million light years Online viewing address: distant. To read more http://www.gemini.edu/node/27 about this compelling Editor: Peter Michaud interacting pair, turn to page 48. Associate Editor: Stephen James O’Meara Designer: Eve Furchgott/Blue Heron Multimedia Credit: Gemini Observatory/NSF’s Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or National Optical-Infrared recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily Astronomy Research reflect the views of the National Science Laboratory/AURA Foundation or the Gemini Partnership. ii GeminiFocus January 2020 / 2019 Year in Review Jennifer Lotz Director’s Message A New Decade for Gemini Observatory Begins Happy New Year to everyone in the Gemini Observatory community! The past year has en- compassed a number of “firsts” and milestones for me, personally, as Gemini Director: I host- ed my first Gemini Observatory Open House at the 2019 winter American Astronomical So- ciety meeting; visited Korea and Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI) for the first time (and got some very important lessons on how to use sujeo, the super-skinny metal Korean chopsticks); met with Argentinian astronomers for the first time in their country at Reunión annual de la Asociación Argentina de Astronomía and at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata; worked on the basics of Chilean Spanish (but still have a long way to go); got a crash course on the nuances of Hawaiian politics and history; and, last but not least, kicked- off the October launch of the National Science Foundation’s (NSF’s) National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory. The best parts of the year were my interactions with Gemini’s global community, and learn- ing about the fantastic scientific discoveries led by our users: observations from the Gemini Near-InfraRed Spectrometer (GNIRS) pinned down the mass of the supermassive black hole of a gravitationally-lensed quasar at the edge of the Universe (Fan et al., 2019); ultra- sharp near-infrared images from Gemini’s multi-conjugate adaptive optics (MCAO) imager GeMS/GSAOI uncovered the age of one of the oldest star clusters in our Galaxy (Kerber et al., 2019); the visiting high-resolution spectrograph IGRINS discovered an extremely rare molecular composition of carbon monoxide and nitrogen in the ices of Triton, Neptune’s largest moon (Tegler et al., 2019); the Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey (GPIES) of over 500 stars concluded its five-year run and revealed very different pathways for the formation of Jupiter-like planets and the smallest brown-dwarf stars (Nielsen et al., 2019); January 2020 / 2019 Year in Review GeminiFocus 1 ultra-high-resolution speckle imaging with Texas at Austin) will use the GNIRS to search visiting ‘Alopeke at Gemini North traced the for and characterize the expected reversal orbit of a Jupiter-sized exoplanet in a close of the 20-year long-term downtrend of the binary star system and conclusively dem- temperature of Uranus’ thermosphere. Let- onstrated, for the first time, which star the ters of Intent for the 2020 LLPs are due Febru- planet orbits (Steve B. Howell et al., 2019); ary 4th; these include new opportunities to and over the past few months, Gemini North use the multi-object spectroscopy mode on and South have joined the chase of our first FLAMINGOS-2 and to apply for Subaru Inten- known interstellar comet, 2I/Borisov (Guzik sive Programs as an extension of our Subaru et al., 2019). Telescope time exchange program. Gemini Observatory had its most scientifi- Gemini Observatory’s staff and collaborators cally productive year ever in 2019! We closed have also achieved significant milestones in out the year with a record number of Gemini development, operations, and user support publications — over 250, a sharp increase over the past year that we expect to pave the from the previous year. Some of this rise in way for Gemini’s science in the next decade. publications can be attributed to the increas- We released the first phase of DRAGONS ingly popular and productive Fast-Turn- (Data Reduction for Astronomy from Gemini around proposal program, with over 10% of Observatory North and South) to support 2019 publications and an average oversub- all of the Gemini facility instrument’s imag- scription rate of ~ 2.2. We have also seen in- ing modes with a modern, Python-based creasing demand for Gemini’s Director’s Dis- software package. The Gemini South MCAO cretionary Time, accounting for an average GeMS upgraded natural guide star sensor is of 12% of the refereed papers over the past performing well, and will enable more effi- several years, compared to a nominal 5% of cient observations over three times the pre- the allocated time. vious available sky area. The Large and Long Program (LLP), started in A number of ongoing facility and visiting in- 2014 to support more ambitious and longer- strument development projects made signif- term projects, also had a banner year, with icant progress: the Gemini High-resolution the largest number of LLP publications. This Optical SpecTrograph (GHOST) is undergo- year we started three new LLPs: ZF2K: The First ing final testing at National Research Coun- Exploration of the K-Band Window and a Com- cil Canada’s Herzberg Astronomy and Astro- plete Census of Massive Galaxies at 4 < z < 6, physics before shipping to Gemini South; the led by Casey Papovich at Texas A&M Universi- new visiting high-resolution spectrograph ty, will obtain medium-band K imaging over MAROON-X (Principal Investigator (PI) Jacob 0.5 square degrees to detect 4 < z < 6 and Bean) is in commissioning at Gemini North; higher-redshift emission-line objects; Obser- SCORPIO, the facility 8-channel imager/ vational Characterization of Recurrently Active spectrograph, passed its Critical Design Re- Main-Belt Comets and Near-Earth Main-Belt view; and a state-of-the-art MCAO system Comet Candidates, led by Henry Hsieh (Plan- at Gemini North, integral field unit upgrades etary Science Institute), will characterize the for GNIRS, and the visiting Gemini InfraRed activity and nuclei of a number of known Multi-Object Spectrograph (PI Suresh Siva- main-belt comets (MBCs) and near-Earth nandam), all held successful Conceptual MBC (NEMBC) candidates; and Monitoring Design Reviews. Finally, the GPI instrument Seasonal Reversal in Uranus' Upper Atmo- team has secured independent funding from sphere, led by Laurence Trafton (University of Heising-Simons Foundation (PI Quinn Ko- 2 GeminiFocus January 2020 / 2019 Year in Review nopacky, University of California San Diego) in the Astro2020 white paper will signifi- and the NSF (PI Jeffrey Chilcote, University of cantly increase Gemini’s photon-collecting Notre Dame) to upgrade GPI and move it to power by the end of the decade, enabling Gemini North. unknown discoveries to come. In these early days of 2020, I was happy to see What the Future Holds so many in the US community at what was my second Gemini Observatory Open House The next year — and the next decade — are during the AAS winter meeting in Honolulu, shaping up to be transformative for Gemini Hawai‘i. Looking ahead, one of the highlights Observatory and astronomy as a whole. We of 2020 will undoubtedly be the next Gemini cannot yet know how new discoveries and Science Meeting: “20th Anniversary and Be- facilities will disrupt the way we do and think yond,” in Seoul, Korea, from June 21-25, 2019. about astronomy. Therefore, Gemini Obser- Registration is now open, and I can’t wait to vatory’s strengths of flexibility, diversity, and see you all there. agility will continue to serve us well as we prepare for the decade of discovery to come. Although the unrest in Chile and protests at Maunakea have provided challenges for our Over the next several years, we will enhance staff and to doing science over the past year, I our ability to provide efficient and rapid am grateful for the privilege to be part of our observations through the development of journey of discovery about the Universe and updated user interfaces and proposal tools, for everyone in the Gemini community that automated dynamic scheduling, and the makes that journey possible. Clear skies and spectroscopic DRAGONS pipelines. We will happy new year! deliver the first MCAO system to Maunakea by the middle of the next decade, with night- Jennifer Lotz is the Gemini Observatory Director.
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