Great Basin National Park Courtesy of Dave Rock/Istockphoto
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® 9 00 March 2 GREAT BASIN NATIONAL PARK A Resource Assessment ® Center for State of the Parks ® More than a century ago, Congress established Yellowstone as the CONTENTS world’s first national park. That single act was the beginning of a remarkable and ongoing effort to protect this nation’s natural, historical, and cultural heritage. Today, Americans are learning that national park designation REPORT SUMMARY 1 alone cannot provide full resource protection. Many parks are compromised by development of adjacent lands, air and water pollu- RATINGS 4 tion, invasive plants and animals, and rapid increases in motorized recreation. Park officials often lack adequate information on the RESOURCE MANAGEMENT status of and trends in conditions of critical resources. HIGHLIGHTS 6 The National Parks Conservation Association initiated the State of the Parks program in 2000 to assess the condition of natural and cultural resources in the parks, and determine how well equipped the GREAT BASIN NATIONAL National Park Service is to protect the parks—its stewardship capac- PARK AT A GLANCE 7 ity. The goal is to provide information that will help policymakers, the public, and the National Park Service improve conditions in KEY FINDINGS 8 national parks, celebrate successes as models for other parks, and ensure a lasting legacy for future generations. THE GREAT BASIN For more information about the methodology and research used in preparing this report and to learn more about the Center for State ASSESSMENT of the Parks, visit www.npca.org/stateoftheparks or contact: NPCA, NATURAL RESOURCES 12 Center for State of the Parks, P.O. Box 737, Fort Collins, CO 80522; CULTURAL RESOURCES 23 phone: 970.493.2545; email: [email protected]. STEWARDSHIP CAPACITY 32 Since 1919, the National Parks Conservation Association has been APPENDIX: METHODOLOGY 36 the leading voice of the American people in protecting and enhanc- ing our National Park System. NPCA, its members, and partners work together to protect the park system and preserve our nation’s natural, historical, and cultural heritage for generations to come. * More than 325,000 members * Twenty-five regional and field offices * More than 120,000 activists A special note of appreciation goes to those whose generous grants and donations made this report possible: Tiffany & Co., Dorothy Canter, Ben and Ruth Hammett, Marty and Lee Talbot, and anony- mous donors. Cover photo of a bristlecone pine in Great Basin National Park courtesy of Dave Rock/istockphoto. REPORT SUMMARY LOREN REINHOLD 1 ark Great Basin National P The state of Nevada is seen by some as a never- no place is this truer than in Great Basin Nevada is home to ending desert; these observers overlook the fact National Park. more mountain ranges than any that the state is home to more mountain ranges Great Basin National Park is one of the other state. Shown than any other. It is a place that has been country’s youngest (established in 1986), but it here are Wheeler described in rugged terms—brutal, raucous, serves as a refuge for representatives of the Peak (the park’s extreme. But where some see the inhospitable, world’s oldest living tree species, the bristle- tallest at 13,063 feet) others find beauty, both subtle and bold. For cone pine. Some specimens of these ancient and Jeff Davis Peak within Great Basin the inquisitive traveler who takes time to timberline dwellers share birth years with National Park. explore, the reward here is great—a surprising Egyptian pyramids, being 4,000 to 4,500 years variety of landscapes, plants, and animals. In old. ity and expansive views of Spring and Snake Valleys. But clear skies and air quality are in jeopardy at the park. Large, new coal-fired KELLY COURKAMP power plants have been proposed within 186 miles of Great Basin. Four coal-fired plants already operate within 200 miles of the park. Because the area is currently a Class 2 airshed, some degree of degradation from current and planned power plants would be allowed; the amount of degradation could be estimated but not actually known until the new power plants 2 come online. Regional groundwater withdrawal threatens ark water sources in the park. Groundwater rights were granted in 2007 to the Southern Nevada Water Authority to pump 60,000 acre-feet per year from Spring Valley, on the west side of the park, to provide for the growing needs of Las Vegas and other communities in southern Nevada. An application has been filed to with- Great Basin National P draw water from Snake Valley for the same Great Basin National Despite the name Great Basin—which refers purposes. Loss of groundwater threatens Park preserves a to the area that extends from the Sierra Nevada streams, wetlands, springs, and cave systems. portion of the South Range in California to the Wasatch Range in Other issues affecting park resources include Snake Range. Utah, and from southern Oregon to southern the spread of non-native plant species and a Nevada, where water drains inland rather than history of fire suppression and grazing, all of to the sea—this is a mountainous park. Located which have impacted natural habitats. in one of the most remote regions of the Human beings have traveled through and contiguous United States, it preserves a portion lived in the Great Basin region for at least of the South Snake Range. Wheeler Peak, the 12,000 years. Rock art panels at Grey Cliffs are park’s tallest at 13,063 feet, guards three verified evidence of some of these ancient inhabitants. rock glaciers: Lehman, Teresa, and North Fork Native peoples subsisted here until the 1870s, Baker. Because of the park’s elevation gradient, when white settlers took over the land to ranch, water sources, underground caves, and distance farm, and mine. Aspen trees in the park bear from urban centers (the nearest major cities of the marks of Basque, Peruvian, and Salt Lake City and Las Vegas are 250 and 300 Scandinavian sheepherders who carved miles away, respectively), it serves as a sanctuary symbols in the bark in the late 1800s. The park for an extensive variety of ecosystems and also protects the Johnson Lake Mine Historic wildlife. In addition, the Park Service adminis- District, the remnants of an early 1900s tung- ters all of the lands within the park’s borders, sten mining operation. which further ensures their future protection. Cultural resources, such as tree carvings Great Basin National Park has some of the (dendroglyphs), pictographs, and historic darkest night skies in the country, attracting structures, face multiple threats at Great Basin. stargazers as well as adventure travelers. In The harsh natural elements take their toll on daytime, visitors are treated to excellent visibil- cave paintings and historic buildings, while CATHY NORRIS NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Great Basin National Park 3 Note: When interpreting the scores for resource conditions, recognize that critical information upon which the ratings are based is not always available. This limits data interpretation to some extent. For Great Basin, 64 percent of the natural resources information was available and 98 percent of the cultural resources information was available. RESOURCE CATEGORY CURRENT NATURAL RESOURCES Overall conditions 81 GOOD Environmental and Biotic Measures 84 4 Biotic Impacts and Stressors 80 Air 83 ark Water 93 Soils 67 Ecosystems Measures 77 Species Composition and Condition 73 Ecosystem Extent and Function 79 RATINGS SCALE 0–35 36–60 61–80 81–90 91–100 CRITICAL POOR FAIR GOOD EXCELLENT Great Basin National P CULTURAL RESOURCES Overall conditions 66 FAIR Archaeology 79 Cultural Landscapes 59 Ethnography (Peoples and Cultures) 42 Historic Structures 72 History 61 Museum Collection and Archives 68 RATINGS SCALE 0–35 36–60 61–80 81–90 91–100 CRITICAL POOR FAIR GOOD EXCELLENT The findings in this report do not necessarily reflect past or current park management. Many factors that affect resource conditions are a result of both human and natural influences over long periods of time, in many cases before a park was established. The intent of the Center for State of the Parks is not to evaluate Park Service staff performance, but to document the present status of park resources and determine which actions can be taken to protect them into the future. Proposed power plants, transmission lines, energy farms, LOREN REINHOLD and groundwater withdrawals could potentially threaten Great Basin’s natural resources. All require thoughtful evaluation. 5 ark Great Basin National P some visitors may threaten rock art, trespass in park research and monitoring data using the sensitive areas, and damage delicate cave center’s comprehensive assessment methodol- formations. In addition, while the park works ogy (see “Appendix”). The park currently has with traditionally associated groups as neces- “good” air quality and “excellent” water sary, there are no ethnographic studies in place quality, but they are threatened by power plants for Great Basin, and more planning is needed and groundwater withdrawals, respectively, and in order to effectively protect ethnographic past grazing practices and fire suppression have resources. The park did not have a formal degraded park habitats. Staff are working to cultural resources program until a cultural restore some areas. resources manager was hired in 2003. Since Overall conditions of Great Basin National then, the park has made progress documenting Park’s known cultural resources rated 66 out Great Basin National resources and planning for their protection of a possible 100, indicating “fair” conditions. Park Statistics into the future, though additional support is The scores for cultural resources are based on needed to expand these efforts. the results of indicator questions that reflect the Park location: National Park Service’s own Cultural Resource East-central Nevada RATINGS Management Guideline and other policies The National Parks Conservation Association’s related to cultural and historical resources.