United States Department of Agriculture The Enchantment of

Forest Service Intermountain Region Ranger Life in the Hills UINTA NATIONAL FOREST

JULY 2016 Administrative Facilities of the Uinta National Forest, 1905-1965

Historic Context & Evaluations Forest Service Report No. UWC-16-1328

Cover: Lake Creek Ranger Station, 1949 Pleasant Grove Ranger Station, 1965

“I had a carpenter hired and boarded up the house around the foundation. It was from 6 in. to 2 feet off the ground and skunks and animals frequently got under the house, which detracted some of the enchantment of Ranger Life in the Hills.”

Aaron Parley Christiansen, April 26, 1919

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The Enchantment of Ranger Life in the Hills

Administrative Facilities of the Uinta National Forest, 1905-1965

Historic Context and Evaluations Forest Service Report No. UWC-16-1328

By Richa Wilson Regional Architectural Historian USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Region 324 25th Street Ogden, UT 84401

July 2016

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE ...... V ACRONYMS ...... VI CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW ...... 1 SPATIAL BOUNDARIES ...... 1 TEMPORAL BOUNDARIES ...... 1 HISTORICAL SETTING ...... 1 Uintah Indian Reservation ...... 1 Early Settlement ...... 2 Resource Use ...... 2 Timber ...... 2 Grazing...... 4 Mining ...... 5 Recreation ...... 6 Water Management ...... 7 CHAPTER 2: EVOLUTIONS OF THE FORESTS ...... 9 THE FIRST FOREST RESERVES ...... 9 UINTAH FOREST RESERVE, 1897-1907...... 10 PAYSON NATIONAL FOREST, 1901-1908 ...... 15 VERNON NATIONAL FOREST, 1906-1908 ...... 15 NEBO NATIONAL FOREST, 1908-1915 ...... 16 WASATCH FOREST RESERVE, 1906-1973 ...... 17 UINTA NATIONAL FOREST, 1907-2008 ...... 18 Early Configurations ...... 18 A Shift in Inter-Forest Boundaries, 1915 ...... 20 C. N. Woods’ Inspection of 1923 ...... 22 Grandaddy Lakes Transfer ...... 23 New Deal Additions...... 24 Wartime Changes ...... 25 1954 Inter-Forest Transfer ...... 26 Size of District Studies & Standard Regions ...... 28 Strawberry Valley Management Area ...... 29 UWC Consolidation ...... 29 PERSONNEL ...... 30 CHAPTER 3: NEW DEAL PROGRAMS ...... 33 OVERVIEW ...... 33 CCC CAMP HISTORIES ...... 34 Hobble Creek Camp SE-206 ...... 34 American Fork Canyon (Deer Creek) Camp F-5 ...... 35 Diamond Fork Camp F-8 ...... 36 Mt. Nebo Camp F-9 ...... 36 Hobble Creek Camp F-30 & Rock Canyon (Provo) Camp F-40 ...... 38 Pleasant Grove Camp F-43 ...... 40 Provo Camp PE-220 ...... 41 CHAPTER 4: ADMINISTRATIVE FACILITIES ...... 42 EARLY IMPROVEMENTS ...... 42 NEW DEAL FACILITIES ...... 42

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MID-CENTURY DESIGNS ...... 43 CHAPTER 5: SUPERVISOR’S OFFICE ...... 47 HEADQUARTERS ...... 47 ADMINISTRATIVE SITES ...... 48 Provo Warehouse Site ...... 48 Rock Canyon Fire Station Site ...... 49 CHAPTER 6: PLEASANT GROVE RANGER DISTRICT...... 50 NAMES, CONFIGURATIONS, & HEADQUARTERS ...... 50 ADMINISTRATIVE SITES ...... 52 Dutchman Ranger Station ...... 52 Pleasant Grove Ranger Station No. 1 ...... 53 Pleasant Grove Ranger Station No. 2 ...... 53 South Fork Work Center ...... 55 Timpooneke Guard Station ...... 59 Other Administrative Sites ...... 61 Cascade Administrative Site ...... 61 Deer Creek Administrative Site ...... 61 Pleasant Grove Pasture Site ...... 61 Silver Fork Administrative Site ...... 61 South Fork Administrative Site ...... 62 CHAPTER 7: HEBER RANGER DISTRICT ...... 63 NAMES, CONFIGURATIONS, & HEADQUARTERS ...... 63 ADMINISTRATIVE SITES ...... 66 Bryants Fork Ranger Station ...... 66 Currant Creek Guard Station ...... 68 Heber Dwelling Site ...... 69 Heber Ranger Station No. 1 ...... 69 Hub Guard Station ...... 71 Lake Creek Ranger Station ...... 73 Mill Hollow Guard Station ...... 75 Mill Lane Work Center ...... 76 Noblett’s Creek Administrative Site ...... 76 Streeper Creek Ranger Station ...... 77 Willow Creek Guard Station ...... 78 Wolf Creek Lookout Site & Ranger Station ...... 79 Other Administrative Sites ...... 80 Harvey Meadow Pasture ...... 80 Iron Mountain Administrative Site ...... 80 Little Valley Administrative Site ...... 80 Mud Creek Administrative Site ...... 80 North Star Administrative Site ...... 80 Race Track Administrative Site...... 80 Silver Meadow Ranger Station...... 81 Soldier Creek Administrative Site ...... 81 Strawberry Administrative Site ...... 81 West Fork Administrative Sites No. 1 and No. 2 ...... 81 West Portal Ranger Station ...... 82 Wolf Creek Ranger Station 2 ...... 82 CHAPTER 8: SPANISH FORK RANGER DISTRICT ...... 83 NAMES, CONFIGURATIONS, & HEADQUARTERS ...... 83

ii The Enchantment of Ranger Life Vernon Division ...... 83 Nebo Division ...... 83 Main Division ...... 84 ADMINISTRATIVE SITES ...... 86 Benmore Guard Station ...... 86 Cherry Guard Station ...... 88 Diamond Creek Ranger Station ...... 88 Diamond Fork Administrative Site ...... 89 Diamond Fork Guard Station ...... 89 Hobble Creek Guard Station ...... 91 Nebo Ranger Station ...... 92 Nephi Dwelling Site ...... 94 Nephi Ranger Station ...... 96 Payson Lakes Guard Station ...... 97 Salt Creek Ranger Station ...... 99 Spanish Fork Administrative Site ...... 99 Spanish Fork Ranger Station ...... 100 Wimmer Ranch Ranger Station ...... 101 Other Administrative Sites ...... 101 Ballard Springs Administrative Site ...... 101 Black Rock Administrative Site ...... 101 Center Trail Ranger Station ...... 101 Cut Off Administrative Site ...... 101 Fifth Water Administrative Site ...... 101 Holman Canyon Tool Cache ...... 101 Johnson's Fork Administrative Site ...... 102 Last Water Pasture Site ...... 102 McCune Pasture Site ...... 102 Payson Canyon Ranger Station ...... 102 Payson Creek Ranger Station ...... 102 Pole Creek Administrative Site ...... 102 Red Pine Lookout Site ...... 103 Red Rock Administrative Site ...... 103 Santaquin Meadows Administrative Site ...... 103 Shingle Mill Administrative Site ...... 103 Tie Fork Administrative Site ...... 103 Tinney Flat Administrative Site ...... 104 White River Ranger Station ...... 104 Willow Creek Administrative Site ...... 104 CHAPTER 10: EVALUATIONS ...... 105 ANALYSIS...... 105 Geographic Distribution ...... 105 Temporal Distribution ...... 105 Statements of Significance ...... 106 Eligibility of Sites & Facilities ...... 108 EVALUATION SUMMARIES ...... 109 PLEASANT GROVE RANGER DISTRICT ...... 110 Pleasant Grove Ranger Station ...... 110 South Fork Ranger Station...... 111 Timpooneke Guard Station ...... 113 HEBER RANGER DISTRICT ...... 114 Hub Guard Station ...... 114

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Mill Hollow Guard Station ...... 116 Willow Creek Guard Station ...... 117 SPANISH FORK RANGER DISTRICT ...... 118 Diamond Fork Guard Station ...... 118 Nephi Ranger Station ...... 119 Payson Lakes Guard Station ...... 120 Spanish Fork Ranger Station ...... 121 APPENDIX A: EVALUATION SUMMARY LIST ...... 123 APPENDIX B: TIMELINE ...... 125 APPENDIX C: HISTORIC ADMINISTRATIVE SITES ...... 133 BY NAME ...... 133 BY LOCATION ...... 135 APPENDIX D: PERSONNEL ...... 137 FOREST SUPERVISORS ...... 137 Payson National Forest ...... 137 Nebo National Forest ...... 137 Uinta National Forest ...... 137 Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forests ...... 137 DISTRICT RANGERS ...... 138 APPENDIX E: PERSONNEL BIOGRAPHIES ...... 141 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 171

iv The Enchantment of Ranger Life Preface

Federal law requires the U.S. Forest Service to identify, evaluate, and protect cultural resources on public lands under its jurisdiction. These and related requirements are mandated by the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966, as amended, the Archeological and Historic Preservation Act of 1974, the National Forest Management Act of 1976, the Antiquities Act of 1906, the Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979, and Executive Order 11593.

The Forest Service Intermountain Region (Region 4) is evaluating its historic administrative facilities for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on a forest-by-forest basis. Administrative facilities include ranger stations, guard stations, dwellings, warehouse, lookouts, and other buildings designated for use by Forest Service personnel. Most are located on administrative sites, which are lands approved or withdrawn for administration purposes. This project does not include cultural resources such as prehistoric sites, mining cabins, ranches, or other historic resources that are not administrative facilities.

The purpose of this report is to evaluate existing administrative facilities for historic significance. It provides an overview of the Uinta National Forest from its establishment in 1897 to its consolidation with the Wasatch-Cache National Forest in 2008. The document traces the administrative organization – particularly ranger districts – that affected the development and location of administrative sites. It supplements Within a Day’s Ride: Forest Service Administrative Sites in Region 4, 1891-1960, a historic and architectural context written in 2004. That report provides a historical overview of the Forest Service’s Intermountain Region, with a focus on administrative site planning, architectural design, and construction. It also discusses methodology of the historic research, field surveys, and evaluations.

The last chapter of this document summarizes the eligibility of existing administrative buildings for listing on the National Register. The historic context statements for Region 4 and the Uinta National Forest support the determinations of historic significance. The findings, completed in accordance with Section 110 of the NHPA, will be incorporated into facilities management and planning.

NOTE: This document attempts to identify sites and buildings by their historic names, as well as their current names as listed in the Forest Service infrastructure database (“Infra”). However, Infra does not identify certain residential structures as dwellings, houses, or bunkhouses. Instead, it lists them as “guard stations.” For clarity, this document will identify them as dwellings or bunkhouses to avoid confusion with the term “guard station” as applied to an entire site. The names of other structures may be slightly modified and/or appended with the terms “building” or shed.” For example, “Storage Willow Creek GS” (as identified in Infra) is “Willow Creek Storage Building” in this document.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life v

Acronyms

ANF Ashley NF APW Accelerated Public Works AS Administrative Site BLM Bureau of Land Management BOR Bureau of Reclamation CCC Civilian Conservation Corps CUP Central Utah Project DOI United States Department of the Interior ECW Emergency Conservation Work ERA Emergency Relief Appropriations Act FERA Federal Emergency Relief Administration FY Fiscal Year GLO General Land Office GS Guard Station HABS Historic American Building Survey HRD Heber Ranger District IF&RES Intermountain Forest & Range Experiment Station LDS Latter-day Saints LEM Local Experienced Men MOA Memorandum of Agreement NEPA National Environmental Policy Act NF National Forest NHPA National Historic Preservation Act NIRA National Industrial Recovery Act NPS National Park Service NRHP National Register of Historic Places NYA National Youth Administration PGRD Pleasant Grove Ranger District RD Ranger District RO Regional Office (headquarters of a Forest Service region) RS Ranger Station SCS Soil Conservation Service SFRD Spanish Fork Ranger District SHPO State Historic Preservation Office SO Supervisor’s Office (headquarters of a National Forest) SUP Special Use Permit USDA United States Department of Agriculture USFS United States Forest Service UWCSO Uinta-Wasatch-Cache Supervisor’s Office WO Washington Office WPA Works Progress Administration

vi The Enchantment of Ranger Life Chapter 1: Overview

SPATIAL BOUNDARIES A 2005 Forest Service heritage report (Report No. WS-05-731) provided a historic context statement and evaluations of administrative facilities on the Wasatch-Cache National Forest (NF). This document supplements that report by focusing on the Uinta NF’s administrative facilities. For reasons of clarity, it treats the Uinta NF as a separate entity even though the two forests merged in 2008. It also addresses only the three districts formerly on the Uinta NF: Pleasant Grove Ranger District, Heber Ranger District, and Spanish Fork Ranger District.

The spatial boundaries for this report extend over the Uinta NF’s three divisions. The largest is a U-shaped area wrapping around Heber Valley. It covers the Wasatch Mountains from the Utah County line southward to Spanish Fork Canyon and stretches in a northeasterly direction into Wasatch County over Duchesne Ridge. The Wasatch Mountains is a north- south range that forms the eastern rim of the Great Basin. Deep canyons incised on the western slopes funnel water down the Provo River, American Fork River, Rock Creek, Hobble Creek, and other drainages to Utah Valley on the east. The Uinta’s other two divisions are the Nebo Division south of Payson and the Vernon Division southwest of Utah Lake.

Most administrative facilities are within the Uinta NF’s boundaries but some are located outside, usually on property acquired by purchase or donation. They include the Pleasant Grove Ranger Station, Spanish Fork Ranger Station, and Nephi Administrative Site, which reflect the towns in which they are located.

TEMPORAL BOUNDARIES This historic context statement covers a period beginning in 1905 when the newly formed Forest Service took over management of the Uinta NF. It ends in 1965 after the conclusion of significant construction activity associated with the Accelerated Public Works program. The Uinta NF acquired few facilities between 1965 and the 1980s when the Bureau of Reclamation began transferring buildings associated with the Central Utah Project to the Forest Service. This report provides information beyond 1965 to document the alterations to administrative boundaries, sites, and buildings since then.

HISTORICAL SETTING

Uintah Indian Reservation The history of the Uinta NF is linked to the Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation, which originated as the Uintah Valley Indian Reservation. President Lincoln signed an executive order setting aside the 2 million- acre area in northeast Utah on October 3, 1861, and Congress confirmed the reservation’s establishment on May 5, 1864. The federal government forced the Uintah band of Utes to relocate from Provo Valley to the reservation, and the White River band from Colorado eventually joined them. Members of the latter group began arriving in 1881 after the Meeker Massacre of 1879 provided Coloradans with an excuse to

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 1

remove them from land coveted for mining and settlement. Soon thereafter, on January 5, 1882, President Chester A. Arthur issued an executive order creating a reservation for another Colorado band of Utes, the Uncompahgre, east and south of the Uintah Reservation. Known originally as the Uncompahgre and then the Ouray Reservation, the 1.9 million-acre tract merged in 1897 with the Uintah Reservation.1

The Dawes Act of 1887 called for an end to reservations by parceling out homesteads to Tribal members and opening the rest to white settlers. Despite the Ute’s resistance to this policy, which shifted them from a communal society to one of individual ownership, significant changes to the Uintah and Ouray reservations occurred by 1905. Yielding to pressure from white miners and settlers, the federal government had assigned allotments to the Utes and set aside 250,000 acres as a tribal grazing reserve. After the President transferred an additional 1,010,000 million acres to the Uinta Forest Reserve, the remainder of the reservation was opened to whites for settlement by lottery in 1905. For $1.25 per acre, 5,772 lucky individuals (out of more than 37,000 who applied) began homesteading, with many arriving in 1907. Over a third left within a year of settling due in part to drought conditions, misleading information about the land’s fertility, crop failures, and other challenges presented by the Uinta Basin.2

Today, the three Ute bands known collectively as the Northern Ute Tribe maintain their connection with the Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation. About half of the Tribe’s 3,157 members live on the reservation that, at 4.5 million acres, is the second largest Indian reservation in the United States.3

Early Settlement Several sources document Native American use of the land that became the Uinta NF, as well as European and American exploration of the area. It was Mormon settlement, however, that led to extensive utilization of natural resources and set the scene for federal designation of Utah’s first forest reserve.

Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) arrived in Salt Lake Valley in 1847. Within a short time, they established settlements near watercourses that flowed from the Wasatch Mountains. New towns such as Provo, Heber, and Nephi required construction material so the newcomers turned toward the mountains for timber and stone. The mountains also provided grazing areas for livestock that provided meat, dairy products, transportation, and clothing.4

The competition for resources led to conflicts between the settlers and Native Americans—specifically Utes and Gosiutes. Raids and counter-raids led to bloodshed as early as 1849, as did subsequent violence during the Walker War of 1853-54 and the Black Hawk War of 1865-1872.

Resource Use

Timber By the time the Uintah Forest Reserve was created in 1897, accessible timber was scarce as construction, mining, and the need for fuel had taken its toll. Such was the case even on the northeastern part of the

1 Utah Travel Industry Website, “Ute Nation,” http://www.utah.com/tribes/ute_main.htm, accessed November 5, 2013; Deon C. Greer, et. al., Atlas of Utah ([Ogden, Utah]: Weber State College, 1981), 105. 2 Byron Loosle, “South Unit Cultural History Overview, Ashley National Forest,” September 28, 2007, 45-46, 57, not accessioned, USFS Region 4 History Collection, Ogden, Utah. Location cited hereinafter as R4 History Collection. 3 “Ute Indian Tribe,” http://www.utetribe.com/, accessed November 5, 2013. 4 Shaun R. Nelson, editor, History of the Uinta National Forest: A Century of Stewardship (Provo, Utah: USDA Forest Service, Uinta National Forest, 1997), 9-13.

2 The Enchantment of Ranger Life forest that was more heavily forested than other parts. A Forest Service inspector observed in 1914 “that most of the timbered areas in District 6 [Hanna/Stockmore Ranger District] were cutover either previous or since the creation of the forest, and at the present time the timber business is confined to the removal of material under the free use regulations. Practically the entire amount of timber thus taken is used in Heber and vicinity.” Seeking to quantify existing timber resources, J. W. Stokes of the Forest Service led a multi-season timber survey of the Upper Duchesne River and the head of Rock Creek beginning in 1915.5

The Forest Supervisor described the Wasatch Front in 1921 as extensively cutover by small operators and large-scale railroad tie contractors. This “promiscuous cutting” left large, burned-over areas and denuded slopes. A similar problem existed on the Uinta NF’s south end. Settlers in the Utah, Juab, Sanpete, and Thistle valleys had over- harvested timber on the Nebo-San Pitch Division for building construction and demand was ongoing.6

Timber resources also suffered from bark beetle outbreaks. During the New Deal era, Civilian Conservation Crews (CCC) crews sought to control the problem by destroying infected trees in American Fork Canyon and in the Tabby Mountain, Soapstone, “Destruction of forest by excessive cutting and fire, White River basin.” Caption and Wolf Creek areas. A and photo from Albert Potter’s 1903 Report on the Wasatch Forest Reserve. R4- 1680-2009-0001, Part 1. significant beetle infestation affected timber in the Duchesne River area by 1958. The Forest Service responded by establishing “bug camps” to accommodate insect control crews at Cold Springs, Wolf Creek Summit, and the Stockmore Ranger Station.7

5 Ibid., 28 and 31; Charles DeMoisy, Jr., “Some Early History of the Uinta National Forest,” July 8, 1963, Accession No. R4-1680-1995-0001-01, R4 History Collection (cited hereinafter as DeMoisy, “Some Early History of the Uinta”); Homer E. Fenn, Assistant District Forester, to District Forester, October 6, 1914, File: “L-Boundaries, Uinta, Proposed Southern Addition, 1920-1925,” Accession No. R4-1680-2009-0232-002,” R4 History Collection. 6 W. W. Blakeslee, Forest Supervisor, to District Forester, April 1, 1921, 2-3, File: “1658-Historical Data, 8-Timber Management,” History Files, basement of Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest Supervisor’s Office, South Jordan, Utah. Location cited hereinafter as UWCSO. 7 A. [Andrew] R. McConkie, “Historical Information, Ashley N. F. (1958-1973),” May 22, 1973, 3, not accessioned, R4 History Collection.

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World War II and the building boom immediately thereafter counteracted previous strides to renew forested areas. During this period, about six million board-feet, most used for construction of homes locally, were harvested annually on the Uinta NF. By 1949, eleven commercial operators cut 3,849,000 board-feet while 67 individuals harvest another 630,000 board-feet.8

Grazing Unregulated grazing was another activity contributing to the degradation of Utah’s mountain slopes. Watersheds deteriorated, flooding increased, and water quality suffered, prompting citizens and community leaders to petition for the addition of certain lands to the Uinta NF. For example, a 1909 petition led to the addition of most of the Hobble Creek drainage in 1910.

The Uinta NF’s early rangers encountered challenges as they sought to implement a permitting system, assess fees, and establish allowable grazing dates. The conflict between cattle and sheep associations often put rangers in the middle “and getting lumps from both sides.” Both groups pushed back when rangers tried to shorten the grazing seasons, some of which started before much snow had melted.9 Merrill Nielson, the Currant Creek ranger said, “It made me sick to see the cattle tramping in the wet ground on this high range long before the vegetation was ready for grazing.”10

Mark Anderson, D. A. Shoemaker, and other Forest Service personnel conducted grazing studies beginning around 1915. They found cattle ranges were more heavily grazed than sheep ranges and that the latter had considerable grass that could be used by cattle. This led to an extension of “common use,” that is, allowing cattle and sheep to use the same grazing area. World War I undermined any progress made in rangeland restoration as livestock numbers increased. Charles DeMoisy recalled, “From 1917 to mid 1920’s there was pressure from government sources to encourage production of food and meat to assist the war effort. Increases in permitted numbers were allowed in some cases and temporary permits were issued.”11 With the war’s conclusion, Region 4 initiated another round of grazing studies that included a 1919 examination of grazing on the Uinta NF. In 1925, Arnold Standing led a multi-year grazing survey that resulted in “some pretty intensive grazing plans.”12

The 1920s and 1930s saw growing populations of deer and elk, which competed with livestock on rangeland and contributed to overgrazing of watersheds. The situation grew dire with multiple floods and debris flows above Utah Valley affecting the towns and farmland below. City and county officials again sought to address the problem by acquiring private lands in the watershed and extending the national forest boundary. They also took advantage of New Deal funds and labor to restore areas vulnerable to erosion.13

The quantity of livestock grazing on the Uinta NF gradually dropped and by 1940, it approximated the 1906 numbers. The reductions, combined with reseeding and resting some allotments, helped but did not solve the watershed problems. Soon after James Jacobs arrived as supervisor in 1950, he cut the grazing

8 Edward W. Holmes, “The Uinta National Forest: An Environmental Study” (Master’s thesis, Brigham Young University, 1990), 145. 9 George C. Larson to Forest Supervisor, November 15, 1971, Binder: “Diamond Jubilee newspaper clippings, letters, speeches, etc.,” History Files, UWCSO Basement. 10 Merrill Nielson, “My Forest Service Career,” July 26, 1960, 3, not accessioned, R4 History Collection. 11 DeMoisy, “Some Early History of the Uinta.” 12 Nelson, 34; Charles DeMoisy, Jr., interview by Arnold R. Standing, April 19, 1965, 8, Accession No. R4-1680-1992- 0024-028, R4 History Collection. 13 Nelson, 34-35, 37.

4 The Enchantment of Ranger Life season from six months to five months. By the late 1950s, the Uinta NF had initiated watershed restoration projects above Utah Valley, closed some grazing allotments, and eliminated common use. Most significantly, forest officers drastically reduced allowable livestock numbers. Many livestock men agreed to voluntary reductions but the Hobble Creek Cattle Association appealed the Uinta NF’s decision to reduce livestock grazing on the Spanish Fork Ranger District. After the Regional Forester and then the Chief upheld the decision, the issue went to a ten-day hearing in Orem. Upset permittees petitioned for Ranger Merrill Nielson’s removal.14

Nielson’s successor, Reed Christensen, arrived in 1960 just before several days of hearings about the proposed cuts of 84%. As a landmark case, the matter drew attention from the community, the university, politicians, media, and other Forest Service personnel. Permittees on the adjacent Diamond Fork allotment were also concerned. As Christensen saw it, the allotment was severely damaged with only 2,000 acres out of 26,000 acres suitable for grazing. He said, “It was just a badly abused piece of range that was used too early and too late for too many years by too many cows.”

The technical data about the allotment’s condition stood up through the hearings, the appeal process, and the review of Ezra Taft Benson, the Secretary of Agriculture. The Hobble Creek case set a precedent for the Uinta NF and other forests for resolving grazing without going through appeals. When the time came to address the Diamond Fork allotment about two years later, Christensen and the permittees negotiated to reduce grazing by 70% and initiate a large program of range improvement including reseeding, fences, and water developments.15

Mining Leaders of the LDS Church discouraged mining during the first decades of Mormon settlement in Utah. Non-Mormons, starting with US Army troops who arrived in 1857 to enforce federal law, were the first to show interest in extraction of mineral resources. Colonel Patrick E. Connor supported the development of the mining industry as a means of drawing non-Mormons to counter the influence of LDS leaders. Under his direction, the first mining claim in the Utah Territory was filed and soldiers began prospecting in Uinta Basin.16

Mining did not become a profitable venture until after the 1869 completion of the Transcontinental Railroad and the North-South Railroad lines. Mining claims surged along the Wasatch Range with activity on Mt. Nebo and in Santaquin, Spanish Fork, Provo, Rock, and American Fork canyons. The American Fork Mining District, formed in 1870, was a network of claims that created a complex pattern of public and private ownership. Mining-related development included roads, rail lines, and towns such as Deer Creek City and Forest City.17 Such infrastructure required timber from the mountains and grazing land for livestock to feed and clothe the burgeoning population. Ten large kilns at Deer Creek produced charcoal to fuel trains running on the American Fork Railroad Company’s line that terminated nearby.

14 Ibid., 52-54; DeMoisy, “Some Early History of the Uinta”; James L. Jacobs, interview by Thomas G. Alexander, February 6 and 15, 1984, 41, Accession No. R4-1680-1992-0024-060, R4 History Collection; USDA Forest Service, Utah's First Forest's First 75 Years ([Ogden, Utah]: 1972), 45; Merrill Nielson, interview by Arnold R. Standing, April 30, 1965, 21, Accession No. R4-1680-1992-0024-081, R4 History Collection. 15 Reed C. Christensen, interview by Thomas G. Alexander, March 12, 1984, 3-6, Accession No. R4-1680-1992-0024- 020, R4 History Collection. 16 Nelson, 12, 18-19 17 Ibid., 20-21.

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The Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 addressed hydrocarbons (petroleum, natural gas, coal, etc.), phosphates, sodium, sulfur, and potassium, which previously fell under the 1872 Mining Law and had been subject to mining claims. It established a leasing system that requires companies to pay up- front fees and royalties to the federal government. The government turns over half of the royalties to the states. The 1872 law continued to allow extraction of hard rock minerals for a low fee and outright ownership of the land and minerals but the 1920 Leasing Act was a game-changer for some Western states, which realized significant financial benefits.

By 1925, the Mineral Leasing Act had prompted significant activity on many of the 1,100 oil shale claims in the upper tributaries of Spanish Fork Canyon, White River, Timber Canyon, Avintaquin Canyon, and some nearby drainages. Little development had occurred on most of them but the claimants sought patents upon realizing the law prevented the filing of Miners in the American Fork area (no date) more claims. Forest staff, many of whom were on details from other forests, took on the “enormous job” of examining claims to determine if adequate development had occurred. Assistant Regional Forester R. E. Gery and Assistant Forest Supervisor Walt Campbell led the effort, which was completed during the 1925 field season. Their work resulted in the patents of about 60 claims in 1929 and the elimination of 10,000 acres from the Uinta NF, some of which included sheep grazing land.18

Recreation The Wasatch Range was popular as a recreation destination long before the Uinta NF’s establishment. The mountains offered opportunities for rest and relaxation to hard-working settlers. By 1850, area residents traveled up the canyons to picnic and camp, often escaping the summer heat of the valleys below. Increasing numbers of people took advantage of the area’s offerings, which led to the discovery of Timpanogos Cave, the annual Timpanogos Hike, and multiple developments such as campgrounds, summer home tracts, amphitheaters, and guard stations for recreation staff.

Easy access for three-quarters of the state’s population contributed to growing recreational use on the Uinta NF. In 1966, the Forest recorded two million visitor days. By that time, recreational facilities included

18 DeMoisy, “Some Early History of the Uinta.”

6 The Enchantment of Ranger Life 51 developed campgrounds and picnic sites on 650 acres. Group sites accommodated from 10 to 500 people. Six summer home tracts with 143 lots provided additional opportunities, and the Forest was still accepting applications for 30 lots at Silver Lake Flat in American Fork Canyon. Construction of the Granite School District’s summer camp in Mill Hollow was planned to supplement three LDS organization camps (KoHoLoWo in Santaquin Canyon, Mutual Dell in American Fork Canyon, and Piuta on the upper Provo River).19

Water Management The success of agriculture and settlement in Utah Valley depended on the availability of water—more water than was available on the west side of the Wasatch Mountains. 20 Settlers began diverting water illegally from the Strawberry Valley, which was on the east side and part of the Uintah Valley Indian Reservation. Recognizing the valley’s potential, the newly established Reclamation Service withdrew it as a reservoir site (200,633 acres) when the reservation opened in 1905.

The Strawberry Valley Project was Reclamation’s first project in Utah. Construction activities began in 1906 and led to the completion of a dam in 1913 and the filling of the Strawberry Reservoir in 1917. The Strawberry Tunnel, finished in 1912, diverted water to Utah Valley beginning in 1915. Reclamation declared the Strawberry Valley Project completed in 1922 but growth in the state’s population and development would lead the agency to expand it decades later.

Reclamation began a second development, the Provo River Project, in May 1938 to supply irrigation water to Utah, Salt Lake, and Wasatch counties and domestic water to Salt Lake City, Provo, Orem, Pleasant Grove, Lindon, American Fork, and Lehi. Its key feature is the Deer Creek Dam, which was finished in 1941. Progress on other associated structures such as the Salt Lake Aqueduct and the Duchesne Tunnel slowed and sometimes stopped during World War II as labor, material, and funds diminished but resumed at a normal pace in 1947.

In the 1940s, Utahns pushed to expand these projects to bring water from sparsely populated areas of the state to more urban areas, which culminated in the Central Utah Project (CUP). Clarence Thornock, supervisor of the Uinta NF from 1956 to 1973, first heard about the proposed CUP at a Rotary meeting. A Reclamation representative distributed documents and maps, none of which mentioned or even showed the national forests. Thornock had experience with Reclamation projects in Colorado and understood the significant impact the CUP would have on the Forest Service. Alarmed, he immediately called Regional Forester Floyd Iverson. A day or two later, Iverson met with Thornock, who said:

I am not staffed to handle this. I didn’t do it justice when I was in the Denver Office in responding to the Colorado River [Project]. This thing is going to be a major impact on the forests. The project is going to be all over the forests. There are going to be dams,

19 “A Short History of the Forest Service,” [1967?], 14-15, File: “1658-Historical Date, 4-Early Administration,” History Files, UWCSO Basement. 20 See Bureau of Reclamation, “Facilities In State: Utah,” http://www.usbr.gov/projects/FacilitiesByState.jsp, accessed April 25, 2016; Thomas G. Alexander, “An Investment in Progress: Utah’s First Federal Reclamation Project, The Strawberry Valley Project,” Utah Historical Quarterly, v. 39, no. 3 (Fall 1971), 286-304; Garn LeBaron, Jr., “The Strawberry Valley Project: A History,” https://garnlebaron.wordpress.com/the-strawberry-valley-project-a-history/, accessed April 22, 2016.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 7

tunnels, canals, power plants, power lines, roads, and major impacts. I think we ought to get some help down here.21

Iverson agreed to fund a position for a CUP Coordinator, and ranger Elmer Boyle transferred from the Sawtooth’s Ketchum Ranger District to fill it. Although it was a regional position, Boyle worked from the Uinta NFs Supervisor’s Office in Provo.22

After eleven years of investigation, Congress authorized the Central Utah Project by passing the Colorado River Storage Project Act in 1956. The act allows the transportation of unused water from the streams in the Uinta Mountains with the implementation of four CUP units: the Bonneville, the Vernal, the Jensen, and the Upalco units. The Bonneville Unit, initiated in 1967 as the largest and most complex CUP unit, augmented the Strawberry Valley and Provo River projects. Its many features include the Soldier Creek Dam that, after its 1974 completion, raised the level of Strawberry Reservoir by 45 feet. The Jordanelle Reservoir, built upstream of the Provo River Project, increased water storage capacity on the Provo River. The Currant Creek Reservoir, located entirely on the national forest, collects water from Currant Creek and five of its tributaries.

21 Clarence S. Thornock, interview by Thomas G. Alexander, March 30, 1984, 19, Accession No. R4-1680-1992-0024- 103, R4 History Collection. 22 Ibid, 18-20.

8 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Chapter 2: Evolutions of the Forests

THE FIRST FOREST RESERVES Congress passed the Forest Reserve Act on March 3, 1891. Also known as the Creative Act, it allowed the President to designate areas as forest reserves but did not provide for active management of forested land. The General Land Office (GLO) in the Department of the Interior (DOI) was in charge of their administration but authority for this task was limited. Less than a month after the act passed, President Benjamin Harrison established the country’s first federal forest reserve, the Yellowstone Timberland Reserve, on March 30, 1891. His proclamation followed a decade of debate over the fate of the nation’s forested areas, marking one milestone in the beginning of America’s conservation movement and the need for effective land management.

Harrison soon created other reserves, often in response to petitions presented by individuals or groups seeking protection of timber, range, and watersheds from certain activities that were consuming natural resources at an alarming rate. President Grover Cleveland followed Harrison's lead and in 1893 created two forest reserves in Oregon. He waited four years, when Congress was ready to pass legislation on managing the reserves, before repeating his action. Only ten days before completing his term, President Cleveland created thirteen forests on February 22, 1897, thus doubling the amount of reserve area. Known as the "Washington's Birthday Reserves" or “President’s Day Reserves,” they included the Teton Forest Reserve in Wyoming and the Uintah Forest Reserve in Utah.

Cleveland, acting on the recommendations of a forestry commission chartered by the National Academy of Sciences, did not consider local or congressional views. Consequently, the designation of 21 million acres as forest reserves created a public outcry in the West. The lack of a proper investigation of the reserves and of any administrative procedures left the reserves closed to use and exacerbated the furor. Congress responded by passing the Sundry Civil Appropriations bill on June 4, 1897. In addition to clarifying administrative policies, this “Organic Act” opened the reserves to use and provided for their thorough examination. It also postponed the designation of the Washington's Birthday Reserves for nine months.

The pace of forest reserve establishment accelerated when Theodore Roosevelt assumed the presidency in 1901. Roosevelt, clothing his actions with the terminology of the progressive interests, set aside several forest reserves and supported administration of forestry matters by the Department of Agriculture (USDA). Congress concurred and on February 1, 1905 passed an act authorizing the transfer of forest reserve administration from the DOI’s Bureau of Forestry to the Forest Service, a new agency in the USDA, effective July 1, 1905.

By 1907, controversy over the use of executive proclamations to create forest reserves reached its zenith. On January 7, President Roosevelt temporarily withdrew an area of timber from the public domain in Washington State. Although Roosevelt restored the land to public domain after political pressure and intense lobbying, Congress passed a bill prohibiting presidential creation of national forests in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado. This effectively transferred to Congress the President’s authority to create forest reserves in much of the West. Just before the bill was signed into law, Roosevelt created new reserves and enlarged existing ones for a total of 16 million additional acres. The law, passed on March 4, changed the term “Forest Reserve” to “National Forest” in an effort to shed the perception that the forests were closed to use.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 9

UINTAH FOREST RESERVE, 1897-1907 When President Cleveland established the Uintah Forest Reserve on February 22, 1897, it covered 842,000 acres mostly on the North Slope of the High Uintas. Despite the controversy of the Washington’s Birthday Reserves, Utah petitioners proposed additional designations including the Salt Lake, Hobble Creek (Springville), and Spanish Fork forest reserves.23

Proclamation map for Uintah Forest Reserve, 1897

In late 1901 and early 1902, the GLO considered an addition to the Uintah Forest Reserve and the establishment of eleven new reserves along the Wasatch Mountains and the high plateaus in southern Utah. The GLO temporarily withdrew these areas from public entry in 1902 pending further investigation and a final recommendation. To avoid disputes like those encountered with the Washington's Birthday reserves, the GLO began to work closely with local people and other agencies to carry out intensive surveys before proclaiming reserves. The agency also relied on the USDA for assistance under a cooperative agreement signed in 1901.

Giffort Pinchot, appointed Chief of the USDA’s Division of Forestry in 1898, sent Albert F. Potter to investigate potential reserves in Utah. Potter played a significant role in the establishment of the state’s forests and later developed a sound grazing policy for the Forest Service. He was with the Arizona Wool Growers Association when he joined Gifford Pinchot and others in 1900 as a stockmen's representative on an examination of grazing in Arizona. Pinchot was so impressed that he hired Potter the following year to be head of the grazing branch.

Potter began surveying the potential Wasatch Range reserves in July 1902 and finished the following November. His 1903 report documented natural conditions and land uses, as well as the support and opposition of various groups. He provided recommendations on several reserves including those encompassing land that later became part of the Uinta NF. His report addressed notable drainages and areas such as American Fork Canyon, Provo Canyon, Daniels Canyon, Hobble Creek, Diamond Creek, and Soldier’s Creek. Potter examined the Gunnison Forest Reserve, which included land in and around the

23 Albert F. Potter, “Proposed Reserves in the State of Utah, Part II,” 1903, 112, Accession No. R4-1680-2009-0001, R4 History Collection.

10 The Enchantment of Ranger Life modern-day Nebo Division and the San Pitch Division. The citizens of Fountain Green, Wales, and Freedom had petitioned for its creation.

Potter’s work did not cause the first adjustment to the Uintah Forest Reserve’s boundary. Rather, it occurred when the US Government opened the Uintah Valley Indian Reservation in 1905. With that action, the Uintah Forest Reserve gained 1,010,000 acres in the Uinta Basin, nearly all of which came from the reserve. The addition included the division known now as the South Unit of the Ashley NF’s Duchesne Ranger District and a mountainous area of the Duchesne River drainage. Another addition in early 1906 expanded the forest reserve to nearly 2.3 million acres and formally changed its spelling from Uintah to Uinta.

By 1906, the Uinta was divided into twenty districts, which likely were delineated grazing areas rather than ranger districts as we know them today.24 Soon after his appointment as Inspector of Grazing on June 16, 1906, Diagram from Potter’s report, part 3, between pp. 152 and 153. William C. Clos prepared a comprehensive report on the districts. This, along with a ca. 1907 marked-up map and other documents, suggests Districts 1-3 were on the far northeastern end of the Uinta. Districts 4-8 were on the High Uintas’ North Slope while Districts 11-16 were on the south slope. Districts 17-20 formed an L that began just north of Strawberry Peak, extending south then east to include Indian and Sowers Canyon on what would later be the Duchesne Ranger District.25 Clos’ discussion of each district provides more clues about their geography and users.

District 1: Clos recommended allotments should go to sheepmen in Sweetwater County, Wyoming and Uinta County, Utah. He mentions a spring in Green Draw. Permittees in 1907 had addresses in Vernal and Bridgeport.

24 In his 1903 report, Albert Potter recommended the division of forest reserves into districts, using natural boundaries when possible. Grazing within each district would be “regulated both according to its pasturing capacity and the local interests involved.” Potter, 102. 25 William C. Clos, “Report of Grazing on the Uinta Forest Reserve,” [1906?], C. S. Thornock, Forest Supervisor, to Regional Forester, July 18, 1969, and “List of Sheep Grazers on Uinta NF in 1907,” untitled folder with “1658-Historical Data, 7-Range Management” files, History Files, UWCSO Basement. The 1907 map is in File: “LP-Boundaries-Uinta – 1907-1910,” Accession No. R4-1680-2009-0231-007, R4 History Collection.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 11

District 2: Clos thought one ranger could administer Districts 2 and 3 and that permits should go to applicants from Uinta County, Utah. He mentioned range improvements at Colton Spring, Iron Spring, Bassett Spring, Point Spring, and Little Spring (across the ridge south of Willow Springs). Clos also recommended construction of a counting corral near a road crossing on Diamond Gulch, about one mile south of Limestone Spring. It was necessary for counting sheep going to Districts 1-5 from the east. He and the forest supervisor recommended construction of a headquarters near Griffin Mill to accommodate rangers of Districts 1 and 2. In 1907, the sheep permittees on District 2 were from the Vernal area, with the exception of W. E. Pack who had a Kamas address.

District 3: Allotments should be confined to sheepmen in Uinta County, Utah according to Clos. As of 1907, the permittees had addresses in Vernal, Maeser, and Dry Fork. Clos wrote that sheep should be excluded from the Lake Mountain Region in the district’s southwest corner. He proposed range improvements at Davis Spring, Merkley Spring, and Three Trough Spring.

District 4: The District 1 ranger, suggested Clos, should handle this district. Sheep allotments should go to residents of Uinta County, Utah but permits for cattle and horses could go to applicants from adjoining settlements in Uinta County, Utah and Sweetwater County, Wyoming. He recommended developing the Dowds Horse Ranch Spring and noted the useful sheep driveway that followed the old Ft. Thornburg Road. The 1907 sheep permittees were from Vernal and Heber.

District 5: Acknowledging violence of cattlemen toward sheepherders nearby, Clos recommended a division line between cattle and sheep range on this district. Sheep allotments could go to Uinta County, Utah residents while cattle and horse permits should be restricted to applicants from settlements in Uinta County, Utah and Sweetwater and Uinta counties in Wyoming. The 1907 sheep permittees had addresses in Vernal and Heber, as well as Evanston and Mountain View, Wyoming.

District 6: Clos proposed altering the district’s boundary with District 7 to the ridge east of the East Fork Black’s Fork. This would put the Mill Creek waters in District 6 and the East Fork Blacks Fork watershed in District 7. At the same time, District 7’s west boundary should be pushed to the ridge west of Cataract Creek, which would place that watershed in District 7. As the supervisor had recommended, a ranger’s headquarters was necessary at the Mill Creek location. As of 1907, the sheep permittees had addresses in Draper, Utah and Evanston and Lyman, Wyoming.

District 7: One ranger could manage Districts 7 and 8, which would facilitate better movement of sheep between seasonal ranges. Allotments would go to sheep owners in Wasatch, Summit and Salt Lake counties, as well as Uinta County, Wyoming. Clos recommended a ranger’s cabin and pasture fence be built on Cataract Creek near Deadman’s Trail. The 1907 sheep permittees were in Provo, Salt Lake City, and Heber.

District 8: Clos proposed changing the boundary to include the area west of the ridge between Cataract Creek and East Fork Bear River. Allotments should go to graziers from Summit, Wasatch, and Salt Lake counties. He recommended construction of a counting coral for sheep coming from Chalk Creek and West Fork Bear River and a ranger’s pasture and cabin in Mill City on Hayden’s Fork. Clos described the Hayden’s Fork sheep drive that led over an easy pass to the

12 The Enchantment of Ranger Life head of the North Fork Duchesne River in District 13. Men from Midway, Henefer, Hoytsville, Upton, Coalville, Salt Lake, and Oak Creek held sheep permits on this district in 1907.

District 9: Clos discussed conflict and trespass on this district, particularly the Heber Bennion case that was “long standing and a typical instance of the trouble in this district.” The area included Smith and Morehouse Canyon, his proposed location for a counting corral. No driveway was needed as sheep used the county road up Weber Canyon and its branches. The northwest part of the district embraced the plateau west of the ridge that was west of Smith and Morehouse Canyon as far as the South Fork of Weber River. Clos recommended allotments should go to permittees from Summit, Wasatch, and Salt Lake counties. The 1907 permittees had addresses in Murray, Upton, Oakley, Woodland, Peoa, Coalville, Rockport, Henefer, and Wanship.

District 10: This unit included the heads of Shingle Mill and Boulder creeks. Clos strongly recommended opening a trail up the Provo River to Stewart’s Ranch, onward to the mouth of the North Fork Provo River towards Washington Lake. Certain areas of the district should be closed to sheep as demanded by cattle interests and water users of Kamas Creek and Provo River. He proposed a ranger’s cabin and pasture near the mouth of Soapstone. All but one of the 1907 sheep permittees had Heber addresses.

District 11: This district included the “Bench Creek country.” Clos determined District 10’s ranger cabin and pasture near the mouth of Soapstone could serve District 11 also. As of 1907, the sheep permittees were mostly from the Heber area. Nearly all of the sheep permittees in 1907 were from the Heber area.

District 12: Clos believed District 12 would become more important as more people settled Duchesne Valley. He recommended restricting horse and cattle allotments to those from adjoining new settlements on the former Indian Reservation. Sheep allotments should go first to applicants from the west end of Wasatch County who had been continuous users. In discussing sheep driveways, Clos described a route up Currant Creek and along the road from Currant Creek to Center Creek, and proposed sheep from District 13, or Stockmore, be trailed up Wolf Creek to the ridge between Districts 11 and 12. He also mentioned a dipping corral owned by the Heber Land and Live Stock Company in West Fork Duchesne River. In 1907, the sheep permittees were from Heber, Charleston, and Woodland.

District 13: This District had two parts: a high park region south of the “main chain” of Uinta Mountains and a lower part on North Fork and east across the benches to the exit of Rock Creek. This division led Clos to recommend the heads of North Fork and Rock Creek be placed under the ranger in charge of Districts 7 and 8, and that it be allotted to herds coming from the north. A second ranger would handle the lower area, which should be allotted to cattle and horses belong to settlers of Duchesne Valley above Theodore. Sheep range in the south part of the district could be opened to owners from Wasatch County, Utah as well as Indians or Indian Service lessees. A ranger’s cabin and pasture on the North Fork Duchesne River were proposed. Nearly all of the 1907 sheep permittees were from Heber and Charleston.

District 14: This unit included Brown Duck Lakes and Lake Fork (a tributary of Yellowstone River). Like District 13, it could be handled and accessed best from the north. With that in mind, Clos recommended its placement under the rangers handling District 6, 7, or 8. Another ranger

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 13

could administer the lower regions of Districts 14, 15, and 16. A ranger’s cabin and pasture should be built on the flat near Lower Brown Duck Lake. In 1907, most of the sheep permittees were from Heber and Charleston.

District 15: Clos recommended this district, which included wet meadows along the Yellowstone, Dry Fork and Uinta rivers, be managed like District 14. A ranger in charge of Districts 5 and 6 could manage the high park region on the north while a second ranger administered the lower regions of Districts 14, 15, and 16. A ranger cabin and pasture should be built near Lybbert’s Mill on Dry Gulch. The 1907 sheep permittees had addresses in Lehi, Price, Colton, Thistle, and Spanish Fork.

District 16: This District stretched eastward from the Uinta River. Clos proposed administration of the high north end in conjunction with Districts 3 and 4 to the north. A second ranger headquartered at a proposed cabin and pasture on the Uinta River would administer the lower regions of Districts 14, 15, and 16. In 1907, District 16 had three permittees from the Vernal area and a fourth with a Mt. Pleasant address.

District 17: Overgrazing was apparent in some areas of District 17, which was on the west side of the Uinta Reserve and included the Upper Strawberry River slopes in Daniels Canyon. Clos proposed to change the district’s south boundary line to place the entire Daniels Creek watershed in District 17 “as before” and to shift the Hobble Creek watershed in District 18. A pasture should be fenced in connection with a ranger’s cabin in NE ¼ NE ¼ Section 28, T2S, R12W, USM. In 1907, the district had three sheep permittees: two from Heber and one from Lehi.

District 18: Clos reported on overgrazing of District 18, which was west of Strawberry Valley and south of District 17. Conditions were worse on the west side of the mountains, especially in Ray’s Valley from First to Sixth Water, and in Sheep Creek. Cattlemen and water users from Spanish Fork and Springville expressed concern over the effects of overgrazing by sheep. The ranger also complained about Reclamation Service personnel from the Strawberry Camp who apparently gave orders to permittees rather than going to the Forest Service for resolution. Clos proposed to exclude sheep from the District’s west and south sides (Hobble Creek and Spanish Fork River watersheds) and he gave advice on handling the east side to prevent additional trouble with the Reclamation Service. Clos also addressed problems along Hobble Creek where large ranchers fenced their lands across canyons to block access to public rangeland. As discussed above, he proposed adjusting the district’s boundary with District 17 to the north. Clos also suggested changing the boundary with District 19 to a ridge so all of Sheep Creek and Indian Creek would be in District 18. When assigning permits, he wrote, it would be important to coordinate with supervisors of the Payson and Manti forest reserves to avoid duplication. Finally, Clos recommended construction of a 160-acre pasture and ranger cabin in Strawberry Valley (SE¼ of Section 31, T7S, R7E, SLM). This central location could serve as headquarters for several rangers and occasional inspectors.

District 19: This district was north of Spanish Fork Canyon. Its north part consisted of slopes above Strawberry Valley while its south slope included Sheep Creek, Tie Fork, and White River. Clos recommended shifting its east boundary line to take in the entire Avintaquin watershed. He also proposed to exclude sheep from the overgrazed Sheep Creek area as requested by Spanish Fork cattlemen and water users. As with District 18, coordination with the Payson

14 The Enchantment of Ranger Life and Manti supervisors would be necessary on range allotments. Clos recommended construction of a pasture in connection with a ranger cabin in White River.

District 20: The far eastern end of the Uinta Forest Reserve’s lower leg formed District 20. It consisted of north-facing slopes and included the Indian Canyon and Sowers Canyon drainages. Clos mentioned complaints against cattle baron Preston Nutter who claimed to own all the water on the range and grazed his cattle without a permit. He recommended allotting the sheep range to residents of Carbon and Utah counties while the cattle range should go to applicants from Duchesne Valley.

Gifford Pinchot and his staff continued to refine the Forest Service’s administrative structure, adjusting boundaries by consolidating small forests and breaking up large ones. As officials looked at the Uinta Forest Reserve, they recommended splitting it into two forests with headquarters at Provo and Vernal. Uinta Forest Supervisor Willard I. Pack received a letter about this proposal in early 1907 with the explanation that, “The object is to give each officer in charge the administration of those lands only which, from their location, topography and business interests, can be most effectively and cheaply managed from headquarters.” Pack protested the suggestion, claiming Vernal was poorly located for business transactions with locals and the Washington Office.26 As discussed later in this chapter, the split occurred the following year despite his reservations.

PAYSON NATIONAL FOREST, 1901-1908 Proclamation 9 established the Payson Forest Reserve—Utah’s third—on August 3, 1901. It covered the center of what is now the Nebo Division of the Uinta-Wasatch-Cache NF. On Albert Potter’s recommendation, a 1903 addition of 25,200 acres expanded its boundaries. A proclamation dated July 21, 1905 added the San Pitch Division, a 55,680-acre mountainous area southwest of Nephi.

After a seven-year existence, the 167,280-acre Payson NF ceased to exist when Executive Order 827 combined it with the Vernon NF and the Fillmore NF’s North Division to form the Nebo NF. The consolidation was effective July 1, 1908.

VERNON NATIONAL FOREST, 1906-1908 The Vernon Division is about 40 miles due west of Spanish Fork, about 40 miles northwest of Nephi, and 1½ miles south of Vernon. Its western portion covers the Sheeprock Mountains including Bennion Peak (9,274 feet). Other features associated with the division include the Vernon Reservoir, the Benmore Experiment Station, and some private inholdings.

Residents of the Vernon area began petitioning for a forest reserve in 1904 and the GLO withdrew land from public entry that year. Forest assistant Clyde Leavitt examined and reported on the proposed Vernon Forest Reserve in 1906. He recommended part of the withdrawn area be designated a forest reserve to protect the water supplies of settlers in Rush, Skull, and west Tintic valleys. He also wrote that a Logan company, “composed mostly of professors and school teachers,” had bought land for the purposes of dry farming on a large scale.27

26 USDA Forest Service, Utah's First Forest's First 75 Years, 30-31. 27 Clyde Leavitt, “Report on the Proposed Vernon Forest Reserve Utah, 1906,” Accession No. R4-1680-2009-0248-004, R4 History Collection.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 15

R. B. Wilson’s 1906 report determined the 97,920-acre area was similar to the Grantsville Forest Reserve in that it was “purely a grazing proposition with the attendant water questions.” He briefly discussed the effects of the drought on water supply (although settlers tended to blame transient sheep), harvesting of timber for the Mercur mine, the population decrease attributed to harsh conditions of living in a desert, unsuccessful attempts at mineral prospecting, and an increasing interest in dry farming. Wilson concluded by recommending the creation of the Vernon Forest Reserve, with administration carried out by the Grantsville Forest Supervisor and a ranger headquartered in Vernon.28

The Rush Valley settlers were successful when, on April 24, 1906, the Vernon Forest Reserve was created with 54,240 acres. It was a short-lived entity. In 1908, Executive Order 827 consolidated it with the Payson NF and part of the Fillmore NF to form the Nebo NF.

The administration of small, outlying divisions often bounces around and the Vernon Division was no exception. It transferred from the Nebo to the Wasatch NF in 1910. It remained with the Wasatch in 1954 when the majority of that district transferred to the Uinta NF to form the new Pleasant Grove Ranger District. The Uinta NF’s Spanish Fork Ranger District began managing the Vernon Division in 1974, even though it officially remained part of the newly consolidated Wasatch-Cache NF. 29

NEBO NATIONAL FOREST, 1908-1915 By the end of the twentieth century, two distinct divisions formed the Uinta NF: the main Uinta Division and the Nebo Division.30 The latter is due south of Spanish Fork and northwest of Nephi. It includes Mt. Nebo, the Mt. Nebo Scenic Byway, Devils Kitchen, Santaquin Canyon, and the Mt. Nebo Wilderness, which covers much of the western slope.

The Nebo Division—now part of the Spanish Fork Ranger District—originated as the Payson Forest Reserve (1901). In 1908, the Forest Service sought to improve administration by consolidating small forests into larger ones. On June 18, 1908, Executive Order 827 created the Nebo NF by combining the Vernon NF (68,800 acres), the Payson NF (167,280 acres covering the Nebo and San Pitch Divisions), and the Fillmore NF’s North Division (107,840 acres). Prior to the consolidation, someone—likely Gifford Pinchot—wrote, “I recommend that for the present the headquarters remain at Payson since its removal to Nephi will make travel to the Vernon difficult.” 31 Supervisor Dan Pack remained in Payson as advised.

Within months of the Nebo NF’s creation, the acting forest supervisor of the Wasatch NF wrote that one full-time ranger could administer the Wasatch’s Grantsville Division and the Nebo’s Vernon Division. He

28 R. B. Wilson, “A Favorable Report on the Proposed Vernon Forest Reserve Utah, 1906,” Accession No. R4-1680- 2009-0248-003, R4 History Collection. 29 Vern Hamre, Memo to Fishlake, Manti-La Sal, Uinta, and Wasatch Forest Supervisors, December 6, 1973, File: “1658-Historical Data, 4-Early Administration,” History Files, UWCSO Basement; Charles S. Peterson and Linda E. Speth, A History of the Wasatch-Cache National Forest (Logan, UT: Utah State University, 1980), 72; Albert C. T. Antrei and Ruth D. Scow, The Other Forty-Niners: A Topical History of Sanpete County, Utah, 1849-1983 (Salt Lake City: Western Epics, 1982), 213; "A Brief Summary of Significant Events in the History, Creation and Administration of the Manti-La Sal National Forest Especially related to the Management of Vegetation," File: “1680 The History of the Manti-La Sal N.F.” Sanpete Ranger District Office, Ephraim, Utah. 30 As noted above, the Vernon Division was technically part of the Wasatch NF. 31 “Changes in Administrative Units in District 4,” 1908, attached to memo from Robert L. Safran, Director of Recreation, to Forest Supervisors, December 8, 1977, with other documents labelled “Records of the Forest Service, Division of Operation, Correspondence and Related Records, 1901-09,” Regional Architectural Historian’s Files, Ogden, Utah. Location cited hereinafter as R4 Architectural Historian’s Files.

16 The Enchantment of Ranger Life recommended either Clover Creek or St. John (settlements two miles apart from each other) as district headquarters since both were centrally located with daily mail service. St. John also had a telephone line.32

Efforts to shift the Vernon Division to the Wasatch NF stalled, and there was even some discussion about eliminating the unit altogether. Forest examiner C. E. Dunston’s 1910 report on the proposed elimination provided a historic overview of early Euro-American settlement and grazing activities. He wrote that since its establishment as a forest reserve in 1906, sheep had been excluded from the Vernon Division and, consequently, the range and streamflow were improving. Dunston recommended retention of the Vernon Division, and it transferred from the Nebo NF to the Wasatch NF on July 1, 1910.33

The 1910 transfer left the Nebo NF with three divisions: the Nebo, the San Pitch, and the Oak Creek Division. The latter, referred to in early records as the North Division or the Fillmore Division, is northwest of Scipio, Utah and covers the Canyon Range, mountains that stretch across the boundary between Juab and Millard counties. Known locally as the Oak Creek Range, it became part of the national forest system in 1906 when the Fillmore NF was established. As of 1912, the Oak Creek Division was District 5 of the Nebo NF and Ranger Bert L. Robins was in charge.34 Districts 1 through 4 covered the Nebo and San Pitch divisions, each of which had two districts.

The Nebo NF continued to evolve in 1913 beginning with the formal transfer of the Oak Creek Division back to the Fillmore NF on September 4. The following month, Uinta Forest Supervisor W. I. Pack received word that the Nebo NF would be subdivided effective October 26, and its headquarters at Nephi closed. The Nebo Division, referred to as the northern division, would go to the Uinta NF. Rangers W. F. Brough and Joseph Barnett were instructed to report to Supervisor Pack. The Manti would take over the San Pitch Division with assistant ranger Seth H. Ollerton reporting to Supervisor Jensen.35 This informal arrangement became official on July 1, 1915 when President Wilson issued an executive order that also discontinued the name of the Nebo NF.

WASATCH FOREST RESERVE, 1906-1973 The Wasatch Forest Reserve was established on August 16, 1906 with 85,440 acres. It extended from approximately the Provo River and American Fork area north to the southern boundary of the Salt Lake Forest Reserve. The Wasatch NF grew in 1908 when it absorbed the Salt Lake and Grantsville national forests.

In 1907, graziers and residents of Pleasant Grove petitioned the Secretary of Interior to add land east of their city to the Wasatch NF. Their primary motivation was to protect cattle grazing privileges. The Forest Service rejected this open grazing land as unsuitable for forest purposes. In response, the Pleasant Grove party submitted a second petition that declared their purpose was to protect the town’s water supply from Grove Creek, Battle Creek, and a portion of American Fork River. The Regional Forester supported

32 Acting Forest Supervisor C.F. Cooley to District Forester Clyde Leavitt, January 7, 1909, Accession No. R4-1680- 2009-0249-001, R4 History Collection. 33 C. E. Dunston, “Report on the Proposed Elimination of the Vernon Division of the Nebo NF, April 1910,” Accession No. R4-1680-2009-0250-002, R4 History Collection. 34 John C. Brown, “Boundary Reconnaissance Report on Nebo NF,” September 1912, 1, File: “LP-Boundaries, Manti- Nebo Division, 1903-1928,” R4-1680-2009-0139-002, R4 History Collection. 35 Homer E. Fenn, Acting District Forester, to Forest Supervisor Jensen, October 25, 1913, File: “1658-Historical Data, 4-Early Administration,” History Files, UWCSO Basement.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 17

the addition, describing it as an important watershed. Opposition to extensions of the national forests in Utah delayed the addition until 1910.36

UINTA NATIONAL FOREST, 1907-2008

Early Configurations The Uinta Forest Reserve, renamed the Uinta NF in 1907, saw significant adjustments to its area in the early twentieth century. As noted above, it began with 842,000 acres and grew in 1905 with over a million acres in the Uinta Basin, nearly all of which came from the Uintah Valley Indian Reservation.

As Chief of the Forest Service, Gifford Pinchot implemented several changes within the agency’s first years to improve management. He altered the administrative structure in 1908 be creating six “inspection districts,” the precursor to what are now called “regions.” Another change involved the shifting of forest and district boundaries from drainages up to the divides between drainages, which facilitated management of the land as watersheds. Pinchot’s decision to restructure the agency and administrative boundaries substantially altered the Uinta NF. On July 1, 1908, the eastern portion—42% of the Uinta’s area—became the Ashley NF with headquarters in Vernal, Utah. The rest remained as the Uinta NF with its Supervisor’s Office in Provo. The initial proposal directed the east side to be called the Uinta NF while the west side was to be the Duchesne NF.37

The newly configured Uinta NF consisted of nearly 1.3 million acres. The eastern border followed the Lake Fork River south of the Uinta Mountains divide and the East Fork Smith’s Fork north of the divide. In 1909, forest officials altered the demarcation to hydrologic divides to better facilitate watershed management. On the south side of the Uinta Mountains, the boundary moved westward from Lake Fork River to the divide between the Lake Fork and Rock Creek watersheds. On the north, it shifted eastward to the divide above East Fork Smith’s Fork. Proclamation 1093 of October 7, 1910 made the 1909 adjustments official. It formally transferred 16,960 acres from the Ashley to the Uinta and 49,920 acres from the Uinta to the Ashley. It also added 16,960 acres, mostly in the Hobble Creek watershed, to the Uinta NF.38

The 1908 land transfer reduced the number of districts on the Uinta NF from twenty to eleven—if not immediately, then by 1912.

Table 1. Uinta NF District Headquarters and Rangers, 1912-191339

No. Headquarters Ranger 1 Duchesne Fred O. Johnson

36 Petitions, February 26, 1907, File: “LP-Boundaries - Wasatch, 1903-1907,” Accession No. R4-1680-2009-0248-001, R4 History Collection; Petition, December 10, 1908, Overton Price, Associate Forester, to H. B. Warnick, January 22, 1908, Clyde Leavitt, District Forester, to The Forester, January 25, 1909, and James B. Adams, Assistant Forester, to District Forester, February 19, 1909, File: “LP-Boundaries - Wasatch, 1908-1909,” Accession No. R4-1680-2009-0249- 001; R4 History Collection. 37 “Changes in Administrative Units in District 4,” 1908. 38 Untitled document, September 19, 1910, File: “LP-Boundaries-Ashley, 1902-1950,” Accession No. R4-1680-2009- 0016-001, R4 History Collection. 39 Main sources for this table are “Improvement Map Fiscal Year 1913,” March 1, 1912, Atlas: “Forest Improvement Plans,” UWCSO Basement; A. C. McCain, memo to District Forester, November 19, 1913, File: “1658-Historical Data, 16-Appendix, h. Memoirs or other statements of former forest officers or former residents,” History Files, UWCSO Basement.

18 The Enchantment of Ranger Life No. Headquarters Ranger 2 Springville Frank W. Thomas 3 Spanish Fork W. Jones Bowen 4 & 5 Heber George A. Fisher 6 Kamas John A. Pack 7 Kamas Thomas Woolstenhulme 8-10 Kamas Morgan Parke and Robert Pack 11 Kamas John A. Pack

As seen in this 1912 markup of a 1910 map, the Uinta National Forest had eleven districts.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 19

A Shift in Inter-Forest Boundaries, 1915 Geography, recreation, costs, transportation, and politics contributed to multiple boundary adjustments between the Uinta, Wasatch, and Ashley national forests. By 1913, the Forest Service was planning to transfer the north end of the Uinta to the Wasatch. Before this occurred, Assistant District Forester A. C. McCain conducted a “Supervision Inspection” of the Uinta NF to investigate grazing issues and to assess the administrative structure. In his scathing report, he documented reasons why he was “not very favorably impressed” with the four rangers in Kamas, all of whom were relatives of Forest Supervisor W. I. Pack. They were inefficient, unprepared, and spent less than 25% of their time in the field. He questioned the need for four rangers:

Summing the whole Kamas situation up, it is apparent that the work of one Ranger with an assistant during the summer has been divided up among four Rangers in order that they may live in Kamas. The work in districts No. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 is inefficiently performed – that within a radius of ten miles or so of Kamas, because of so many men improperly organized and with no system to their work, and that at a greater distance because of neglect caused by improper organization, poor administration and inefficiency of the Rangers.

McCain proposed to reduce the number of rangers and to cut the Uinta NF’s eleven districts to six. The new Districts 1-3 would remain on the Uinta NF but Districts 4-6, the area north of the West Fork of the Duchesne River, would go to the Wasatch NF as already proposed.40

McCain’s recommendation, though not implemented as he outlined, laid the groundwork for major changes to the area and administration of the Uinta NF. The first occurred in 1915 after thoughtful consideration and even some conflict between the Uinta and Wasatch supervisors. By then, Supervisor Pack had resigned rather than take a demotion and the Wasatch NF handled much of the Uinta NF’s District 6.41 The distribution of duties on District 6 was unusual. The Wasatch ranger in charge of the Beaver Creek and Weber River watersheds took care of all but grazing business. Uinta personnel handled grazing permittees after stockmen in the Heber area protested, most likely about having to deal with somebody in Kamas.42

Homer E. Fenn, Assistant District Forester from the Ogden office, investigated this arrangement during two inspection trips in 1914. After meeting with staff and grazing interests, he recommended placing the inter-forest boundary on the Provo River with District 6 remaining part of the Uinta NF. There was no cost advantage to attaching District 6 to either the Uinta or the Wasatch. 43

Fenn also discussed District 11, which consisted of the Rock Creek and North Fork of the Duchesne watersheds and was under the Wasatch NF’s jurisdiction. Specifically, he addressed the question of whether or not it should be permanently transferred to the Wasatch “in accordance with the present administrative plan.” A high divide between the Green River and Great Basin drainage isolated the District from the rest of the Wasatch NF. This District’s isolation limited interaction between the Wasatch

40 McCain, 1913, 19-20 and map. 41 Homer E. Fenn, Assistant District Forester, to District Forester, October 6, 1914, File: “L-Boundaries, Uinta, Proposed Southern Addition, 1920-1925,” Accession No. R4-1680-2009-0232-002,” R4 History Collection. 42 J. F. Bruins, “Memorandum Location of Wasatch Uinta Interforest Boundary, December 10, 1914,” Accession No. R4-1680-2009-0250-001, R4 History Collection. 43 Homer E. Fenn, Assistant District Forester, to District Forester, October 6, 1914, File: “L-Boundaries, Uinta, Proposed Southern Addition, 1920-1925,” Accession No. R4-1680-2009-0232-002,” R4 History Collection.

20 The Enchantment of Ranger Life supervisor and the District’s users, who were primarily settlers on the Duchesne River. Ranger Woolstenhulme, by then permanently located at the Stockmore Ranger Station, focused all of his time on District 11. Settlers on the Upper Duchesne River used the Uinta about as much as they used District 11, and Fenn questioned the efficiency of requiring users to deal with two forest supervisors. Since it was “out of the question to place the entire Duchesne watershed within the Wasatch,” he recommended the Uinta NF take over administration of District 11. Fenn acknowledged that the Wasatch Forest Supervisor would likely argue that District 11 should remain with the Wasatch, in part because of a telephone line on the main divide between the Green River and Great Basin drainage “at the extreme north end of District 11.” This, Fenn stated, was not as important as other factors such as efficient administration and benefits to forest users. 44

The supervisors of the Wasatch (J. Frank Bruins) and Uinta (Adolph Jensen) national forests met with Regional Office staff at the end of 1914 to discuss the permanent inter-forest boundary but could not reach an agreement. Bruins outlined the benefits to most users, especially the timber industry, for the Wasatch NF to take over Districts 6 and 11 permanently. He argued that the Heber area grazing permittees, who wanted to work with the Uinta NF only rather than with both forests, represented the wishes of a few and was not in the best interest of resource protection. Regarding the Heber sheep owners, Bruins stated they were outsiders “whose grazing status in the country is open to question.”45

Six months later, on June 23, 1915, Presidential Proclamation No. 1299 transferred a 355,405-acre area from the Uinta NF to the Wasatch NF, thus doubling the size of the latter. The addition covered the North Slope of the Uinta Mountains, beginning east of Kamas and stretching northeasterly toward the former Fort Bridger Military Reservation. It encompassed Districts 7, 8, 9 and 10 but did not include Districts 6 and 11. A concurrent proclamation formalized the 1913 administrative setup of the Nebo NF. It transferred the Nebo Division to the Uinta NF and the San Pitch Division to the Manti NF, and discontinued the Nebo NF name.

These significant shifts in boundaries caused the Uinta NF to renumber its districts. Districts 1-6 and 11 apparently were condensed to Districts 1-6 while the Nebo Division was split into Districts 7 and 8.

Table 2. Uinta NF District Headquarters and Rangers, 1915

No. Headquarters Ranger 1 Duchesne Fred O. Johnson 2 Springville Frank W. Thomas 3 Spanish Fork W. Jones Bowen 4 Heber George Fisher 5 Heber George Fisher? 6 Hanna/Stockmore Thomas E. Woolstenhulme 7 Payson Joseph Barnett 8 Nephi Aaron P. Christiansen

44 Ibid. 45 J. F. Bruins, “Memorandum Location of Wasatch Uinta Interforest Boundary, 10 December 1915.”

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 21

C. N. Woods’ Inspection of 1923 Ten years after McCain completed his supervision inspection, Assistant Regional Forester C. N. Woods conducted another.46 By then, the Nephi Ranger had been administering the Manti NF’s San Pitch Division (Districts 9 and 10) since 191847 and the Districts were set up as follows:

Table 3. Uinta NF District Headquarters and Rangers, 1923

No. Name Division Headquarters Summer Station Ranger 1 Duchesne Uinta Duchesne Indian Canyon RS William L. Huff 2 Soldier Summit Uinta Springville Streeper Creek RS Charles H. Allred 3 Springville Uinta Springville Bryants Fork RS Parley C. Madsen 4 Currant Creek Uinta Heber Hub RS George C. Larson 5 Red Creek Uinta Heber Lake Creek RS Edison J. Adair 6 Hanna Uinta Hanna/Stockmore RS James R. Ostler 7 Payson Nebo Payson Wimmer Ranch RS Fred O. Johnson 8 Nebo Nebo Nephi Salt Creek RS Aaron P. Christiansen 9 ? San Pitch Nephi Salt Creek RS Aaron P. Christiansen 10 ? San Pitch Nephi Salt Creek RS Aaron P. Christiansen

Just as McCain did a decade before, Woods assessed the work of personnel. Most were doing good work but he noted some individuals should be replaced before the end of the year. This would give the new rangers time to prepare for the 1924 field season. Woods also proposed to improve administration by adjusting the districts. His recommendations included:

• The Red Creek area of District 6 had been shifted between districts in past years. Transfer it to either District 4 or 5.

• The extreme northwest part of District 4 was a narrow strip far from the ranger’s headquarters. Transfer it to District 3.

• Each summer, Rangers Allred and Madsen moved from Springville to the Streeper Creek and Bryants Fork ranger stations, which left permittees at Hobble Creek, Diamond Fork, and on the west side without a ranger. Place a year-round ranger in Springville to administer the west side of the divide of Districts 2 and 3. Place the second ranger at Bryants Fork Ranger Station to take care of the east side (“the Strawberry side”).

• If Districts 2 and 3 were modified as proposed, the District 2 ranger could work from Spanish Fork during winters. This would allow him to assist the Nebo ranger in winter (see below) and the Springville Ranger (District 3) in spring.

46 C. N. Woods, Memorandum for the District Forester, October 18, 1923, File: “1380 Reports (2200 Grazing), Valuable Records 1917 thru 1950,” History Files, UWCSO Basement. 47 Aaron Parley Christiansen, Daybooks, 1915-1921, MSS 94, Utah State University, Special Collections and Archives Department.

22 The Enchantment of Ranger Life • Formally transfer the San Pitch Division (Districts 9 and 10) from the Manti NF to the Uinta NF by proclamation.

• Two rangers administered the Nebo and San Pitch Divisions. Place both divisions under one ranger, and possibly an assistant, at Nephi. This consolidated district would still be smaller than the Uinta NF’s other districts.

Woods’ report resulted in several actions. Executive Order 3922 transferred the San Pitch Division from the Manti NF to the Uinta NF on November 6, 1923. The Soldier Summit ranger received authorization on March 1, 1924 to change his winter headquarters from Springville to Spanish Fork.48 Presumably, he took charge of the Strawberry side of the divide as District 2, while Parley Madsen’s Springville District (District 3) changed to encompass the west side. One ranger took over the newly formed Nebo Ranger District, which consolidated Districts 7 through 10.49

Table 4. Uinta NF District Headquarters and Rangers, 1924-2550

No. Name Division Headquarters Summer Station Ranger 1 Duchesne Uinta Duchesne Indian Canyon RS A. F. Richards 2 Soldier Summit Uinta Spanish Fork Bryants Fork RS George C. Larson 3 Springville Uinta Springville Springville Parley C. Madsen Charles H. Allred 4 Currant Creek Uinta Heber Hub RS (1924), Merrill Nielson (1925) 5 Lake Creek Uinta Heber Lake Creek RS Edison J. Adair 6 Hanna Uinta Hanna/Stockmore RS Richard A. Beauchamp Nebo, 7-10 Nebo Nephi Salt Creek RS Aaron P. Christiansen San Pitch

Grandaddy Lakes Transfer Recreation and the growing population of Salt Lake City were driving forces behind the transfer of the Grandaddy Lakes area to the Wasatch NF. In late 1926, forest officials assigned management responsibilities to the Wasatch, a move that effectively shifted most of the Uinta NF’s Hanna District (District 6). The goal was to improve administration of the area, which was more accessible from Salt Lake City than the Uinta NF’s headquarters in Provo. The change was effective January 1, 1927 “for administrative purposes.”51 Presidential Proclamation 1887 formally transferred the Grandaddy Lakes area on July 30, 1929. Soon thereafter, the Uinta NF renamed three of its districts: Soldier Summit became the South Strawberry District, Springville became the Utah Valley District, and Currant Creek became the

48 Victor K. Isbell, Historical Development of the Spanish Fork Ranger District ([Spanish Fork, Utah]: Uinta National Forest, 1972), 33-34. 49 Christiansen Daybooks. 50 Forest Service Organizational Directories, 1920 through 2008, USFS Region 4 History Collection; Uinta National Forest Financial Plans, Atlas Collection, Heritage Files, UWCSO Basement. Latter source cited hereinafter as Uinta NF Financial Plans. 51 Peterson and Speth, 61-62; “Granddaddy Lakes Area Transferred,” Roosevelt Standard, November 10, 1926, 1; Map in File: “L-Boundaries, Uinta, Proposed Southern Addition, 1920-1925,” Accession No. R4-1680-2009-0232-002,” R4 History Collection.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 23

North Strawberry District.52 In 1930, the Uinta NF experienced yet another shift in its number of ranger districts. Arthur J. Wagstaff, the South Strawberry District Ranger since 1929, recalled:

Supervisor DeMoisy called me into the Office in May or June 1930, and advised that the District Forester requested him to consolidate the Uinta Forest and eliminate one Ranger District. This was reported to be an economy move. In as much as I was the youngest and least established Ranger, on the Forest, I was asked to agree to accept the transfer to another Forest.53

Wagstaff transferred to the La Sal NF effective July 1, 1930 and his office in Spanish Fork closed. Much of his district transferred to the Utah Valley Ranger District. The remainder went to the Duchesne Ranger District.54

New Deal Additions New Deal funds contributed to the purchase and restoration of private land on the Wasatch Front, largely in response to petitions of local people and groups. These requests represented an about-face from public sentiment in 1904 when Chief Pinchot reported, “There is a good deal of opposition to the establishment of a forest reserve on the area between the existing Salt Lake and Manti Reserves; that is, in the region drained by American Fork, Provo, Spring, Spanish, Diamond and Soldier Creeks.”55 In 1933, the Provo Kiwanis Club and others asked for an extension of the Uinta NF boundary to include the mountains east of Provo and Springville between Provo River and Hobble Creek. Most was private, overgrazed land that was subject to debris flows and flash floods in Rock, Slate, and Little Rock canyons. These events affected the water supply for the Ironton Steel Plant and the two fish hatcheries in Springville. Forest officers inspected the land but the Regional Forester saw little value in it due to its poor condition. He was reluctant to take on another “headache,” and the County Commissioners opposed the loss of taxable land that would occur with forest designation. Locals prevailed, however, and U.S. Representative J. Will Robinson of Provo was instrumental in the 1934 addition of 17,741 acres (“the Provo Addition”).56 Arthur Wagstaff, who returned to the Uinta NF in 1935, described it:

The old boundary east of Provo was on the ridge sloping into the South Fork of the Provo River and Hobble Creek. The new boundary was extended west to the foothills east of Provo at approx. the Provo level of old Lake Bonneville.57

In 1935, Congressman Robinson succeeded in passing legislation that allowed diversion of national forest receipts for purchase of watershed land in the Uinta and Wasatch NFs. Using this authority, the Uinta NF acquired approximately 18,000 acres from the Knight Investment Company. It grew with the 1936 Nephi Addition (1,360 acres) and the 1937 Spanish Fork Canyon Addition (42,365 acres).

Regional officer Lester Moncrief prepared a 1940 report that noted efforts to acquire small parcels within the forest boundary, particularly on the Utah Valley (Spanish Fork) Ranger District. They included the

52 Forest Service Organizational Directories. 53 Arthur J. Wagstaff, “Uinta N.F. Notes,” n.d., File: “1658-Historical Data, 16-Appendix, h. Memoirs,” History Files, UWCSO Basement. 54 Ibid; Isbell, 34; Uinta NF Financial Plans. 55 Gifford Pinchot, Forester, to George L. Swendsen, Engineer, USGS Reclamation Service, December 15, 1904, File: “LP-Boundaries-Uinta-Spanish Fork Project, 1904-1913,” Accession No. R4 -1680-2009-0241, R4 History Collection. 56 DeMoisy, “Some Early History of the Uinta.” 57 Wagstaff.

24 The Enchantment of Ranger Life proposed Heber and Spanish Fork additions, which were important for range restoration. The Strawberry River addition was a lower priority and was only desirable if it could be acquired without Indian grazing right. The City of Provo was willing to donate the Provo Canyon Addition that would be used primarily for recreation purposes. When the latter came to fruition, Moncrief stated, the canyon “undoubtedly should be added to the Uinta rather than to the Wasatch.” It would require a recreation guard and construction of a “suitable simple headquarters.”58

The renaming and renumbering of the Uinta NF’s five ranger districts around 1939 likely resulted from the forest expansion and adjustments to district boundaries. It also involved the transfer of District 3’s headquarters from Springville to Spanish Fork, because the large cattlemen’s association there was the largest in Utah. 59

Table 5. Uinta NF District Headquarters and Rangers, 1939

No. Name Headquarters Ranger 1 Nebo Nephi Edward P. Cox 2 Duchesne Duchesne A. F. Richards 3 Spanish Fork Spanish Fork Merrill Nielson 4 Currant Creek Heber Parley C. Madsen 5 Lake Creek Heber Edison J. Adair

Wartime Changes Throughout the 1940s, the Forest Service entertained several ideas of consolidating the La Sal NF in southeast Utah with other forests to improve administration and decrease waste. As Supervisor Heywood noted, these discussions were "in line with desire to do everything possible which will contribute to the war effort [and] reduce expenditures for overhead." In 1943, the Forest Service proposed to combine the La Sal and Uinta forests. This, the agency claimed, would "reduce overhead and supervision costs and result in more efficient and wise use of manpower and funds so badly needed on the war front and the home front." Under this proposal, an assistant forest supervisor would maintain offices at Moab and the Baker Ranger Station in Monticello. The majority of forest business would continue to be handled locally, and forest officials would continue to solicit advice from local ranchers.60

Moab residents were displeased with this proposal, especially since the city had donated land for the forest’s headquarters, which they wanted to remain in Moab. In August 1943, Forest Service and local officials met to discuss the proposed merger, as well as another idea to consolidate the forest with the Uncompahgre (now the Grand Mesa) or Montezuma (now the San Juan) national forests in Colorado. Assistant Regional Forester C. J. Olsen explained how war efforts were depleting forest personnel and workload, thus inducing the Forest Service to make changes. The La Sal NF was a prime target because it was one of the smaller forests in Utah and did not require all of the forest supervisor's time for its administration. If the combination with the Uinta NF occurred, it would free two individuals to work on other forests while also saving $5,000 annually. Local residents voiced their objections, stating that

58 Lester Moncrief, Personnel Officer, to Regional Forester, August 26, 1940, 4, File: “1380 Reports, Valuable Records, 1917 thru 1950, (2200) Grazing,” History Files, UWCSO Basement. 59 Nielson, “My Forest Service Career,” 5; Isbell, 45. 60 L. D. Heywood, Forest Supervisor, to Forest Cooperator, August 25, 1943, File: “Monticello Ranger District, 1940– 1949,” 1680 History Files, Monticello Ranger District Office.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 25

administration of their area would suffer, smaller grazing permittees would have no one to fight their battles, and the proposed savings was too little to justify such a drastic move. By the end of the meeting, local officials seemed resigned to the move, and stated that if a consolidation occurred, they wanted it to be with the Uinta NF and not with a Colorado forest.61

A few weeks later, Moab’s mayor, together with the county commission chairman and the Moab Lions Club president, wrote to Regional Forester C. N. Woods that anyone claiming the move was to combat wartime shortages in manpower and resources was insulting "any intelligent person who thinks, reads, sees and hears." They believed it was a bureaucratic maneuver "decided on for reasons of political expediency" and that it would kill "the good will the people of southeastern Utah have always held for the Forest Service." Likewise, the three declared that when the City of Moab had donated land to the Forest Service for the supervisor's building, it had received a promise that the office would always remain there. Woods did not believe that such an assurance had occurred but he asked Forest Supervisor L. D. Heywood to investigate the claim anyway.62

Meanwhile, forest officials began examining more closely the possibility of combining the La Sal NF with a Region 2 forest in Colorado. Regional Forester W. B. Rice reported that Monticello businessmen preferred consolidation with the Montezuma NF rather than the Uinta NF but permittees wanted forest administration to remain in Utah. Rice thought it inadvisable to split the two divisions of the La Sal forest between states and regions but could see the validity of the proposal. If the opposition to that suggestion was too much, Rice recommended adding the La Sal to the Uinta temporarily. However, he also suggested that if the headquarters of the Manti NF moved from Ephraim to Price, the Manti and La Sal forests could combine. "It would be my idea therefore," Rice informed the Forest Service Chief, "if your decision is against transferring the La Sal to the Colorado, that the administrative transfer to the Uinta would be a stop-gap pending moving the Manti headquarters to Price." The Forest Service announced the consolidation of the Uinta and La Sal national forests on November 15, 1944 with an effective date of December 1, 1944.63

Five years later, the Uinta NF staff contracted with the transfer of the La Sal NF to the Manti NF in 1949. That same year, Duchesne Ranger Walter Astle left and the Currant Creek Ranger, Earl C. Roberts, took his place. Although the war was over, the Forest Service had yet to recover from the wartime reduction of personnel and funds. Instead of hiring someone to replace Roberts, the Uinta NF assigned management of the Currant Creek District to Andrew McConkie, the ranger in charge of the Lake Creek District. Bill Worf, a recent graduate of Utah State University, arrived in 1950 to assist him.

1954 Inter-Forest Transfer The 1950s significantly altered the Uintas NF’s land area and administrative structure. In February 1951, Forest Supervisor William D. Hurst met with the supervisors of the Uinta and Wasatch national forests about adjusting boundaries between the three forests “with the objective of improving management

61 Memorandum for the Files, August 22, 1943, File: “Manti-LaSal Consolidation (Organization),” 1680 History Files, Manti-La Sal National Forest Supervisor’s Office, Price, Utah. Location cited hereinafter as MLNF SO. 62 Grand County, City of Moab, Moab Lions Club to Mr. C. N. Woods, Regional Forester, September 8, 1943, File: “Manti-LaSal Consolidation (Organization),” and C. N. Woods, Regional Forester, to Supervisor Heywood, September 22, 1943, File: “Manti-LaSal Consolidation (Organization),” 1680 History Files, MLNF SO. 63 W. B. Rice, Regional Forester, to Chief, Forest Service, June 23, 1944, File: “Manti-LaSal Consolidation (Organization),” 1680 History Files, MLNF SO; L. D. Heywood, Forest Supervisor, to Regional Forester, “History of the La Sal N.F. January 1 to November 15, 1944,” File: “History–LaSal,” History Files, MLNF SO.

26 The Enchantment of Ranger Life efficiency and making Forest Officers more accessible to the Forest users.”64 Uinta Supervisor James Jacobs was supportive because he felt a certain ownership of Mt. Timpanogos. He later recalled:

Timpanogos was on the Pleasant Grove district of the Wasatch right in my backyard— one of the best known mountains in Utah. . . . This went against the grain because my wife and her family had been so closely tied up with the Timpanogos area on the Wasatch Forest. I was concerned about this because it was a hundred miles out to Duchesne for me to go and still right in my backyard, there was Timpanogos.65

After some discussion, the three forest supervisors reached a consensus on intra-forest transfers of land. The Forest Service administratively implemented the changes on April 1, 1953 and PLO 950 of March 30, 1954 formally authorized the action effective July 1, 1954. In the exchange, the Fort Bridger Ranger District went from the Ashley NF to the Wasatch NF. The Ashley gained the Wasatch NF’s Grandaddy Lakes District and the Uinta NF’s Duchesne District. Supervisor Jacobs was pleased when most of the Wasatch NF’s American Fork District, including American Fork Canyon and Mt. Timpanogos, transferred to the Uinta.66

The Uinta NF took its share of the American Fork Ranger District and combined it with part of the Spanish Fork Ranger District to form the Pleasant Grove Ranger District. It replaced the Duchesne Ranger District as District 2. A few years later, after realizing the Currant Creek-Lake Creek Districts were too large for one ranger, the Uinta NF divided them in 1960 between two rangers based in Heber. At the same time, the names were changed to the Strawberry and Heber districts.67

Table 6. Uinta NF Districts and Headquarters, 1960

No. Name Headquarters 1 Nebo Nephi 2 Pleasant Grove Pleasant Grove 3 Spanish Fork Spanish Fork 4 Strawberry Heber 5 Heber Heber

Peterson and Speth, in their history of the Wasatch-Cache NF, noted the irony of the multiple exchanges between the three forests:

Through a process of addition, elimination and transfer, the Wasatch Forest had come to encompass most of the original Uintah Forest Reserve. The Uinta Forest still bore the name of Utah’s first national forest, but through what may be called a process of administrative creep, it had been moved first from the North Slope and west end, then from various portions of the south slope and now touches only one corner of the Uinta Range from which its name comes.68

64 William Daly Hurst, A Life Recalled: Memoirs of William Daly Hurst (1999), 130. 65 Jacobs, interview. 66 “Change Announced in Three Forest Boundaries,” Springville Herald, March 5, 1953, 7; Hurst, 130. 67 “History of the Uinta NF,” ca. 1967, File: “1658-Historical Data, 4-Early Administration,” History Files, UWCSO Basement; Isbell, 36; Holmes, 149. 68 Peterson and Speth, 63.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 27

Size of District Studies & Standard Regions The reorganization and consolidation of ranger districts is ongoing as policies evolve, staffs expand and contract and needs change. In the 1970s, another factor came into play: President Nixon’s directive to administer geographic areas through one Federal office rather than a variety of agency offices. His “Standard Regional Boundary Concept” would have eliminated some Forest Service regional offices. Andrew McConkie explained the situation:

Funds and personnel limitations have been very severe during this spring of 1973. A number of Forest Service consolidations has [sic] been made in the Intermountain Region to cut down overhead costs. The same is true with Ranger District consolidations. Approximately one-third of the Ranger Districts in the Region have been eliminated by consolidating with other units. On April 24, 1973, announcement was made by the Secretary of Agriculture that the Intermountain Regional Headquarters at Ogden would be eliminated. The Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station headquarters at that location would also be moved. These actions, taken together with shortage of funds since the Forest Service will receive in Fiscal Year 1974 an estimated 35% to 30% less funding than in the previous fiscal year, have brought about rather severe crises with many Forest Service employees.69

Several factors halted the initiative: the difficulties of setting regional boundaries without regard for agency missions, the opposition of certain Congressmen, and Nixon’s resignation after the Watergate scandal. As McConkie mentioned, however, district consolidations had already taken place thanks to a 1968 “Size of Ranger District Policy” that required forests to examine public services, resource management, organization management, costs, and projected workload. For the Uinta NF, consolidation of the Strawberry and Heber Districts was a high priority, even though they had been split apart less than a decade before after the two districts proved too large an area for one ranger.70

Region 4 proposed in late 1972 to consolidate the Uinta NF’s five ranger districts into three with headquarters at Heber, Pleasant Grove, and Spanish Fork. In addition, the Wasatch NF’s Tooele Ranger District would transfer to the Uinta.71 A year later, after further consideration, Regional Forester Vern Hamre announced the two forests would share administration of the Tooele Ranger District, with the northern Stansbury Division remaining on the Wasatch (by then the Wasatch-Cache NF). Although the Vernon Division would officially remain part of the Wasatch-Cache, the Uinta NF’s Spanish Fork Ranger District began managing it in 1974. At the same time, the Nephi Ranger District was eliminated. Its Nebo Division also became part of the Spanish Fork Ranger District, and the Manti-La Sal NF took over the San Pitch Division.

The Regional Forester described other changes to the Uinta. The White River drainage, “previously approved to be assigned to the Heber Ranger District,” would be reassigned to the Spanish Fork Ranger District, which would move the district boundary to the road on top of Willow Creek Ridge. This left all of the Strawberry River drainage in the Heber Ranger District. The boundary between the Pleasant Grove and Spanish Fork districts would shift from the Left Fork of Hobble Creek northward “to the hydrologic

69 McConkie, 6. 70 Floyd Iverson, Regional Forester, to Assistant Regional Foresters and Forest Supervisors, April 24, 1968, R4 Architectural Historian’s Files. 71 “Forest Consolidation Proposal; Cache, Caribou, Uinta, and Wasatch NFs, Intermountain Region,” 1972, R4 Architectural Historian’s Files.

28 The Enchantment of Ranger Life divide on a line from Bald Knoll southwest to Provo Peak, down Corral Mountain to Camel Pass, hence to the Forest boundary between Twin Ridges and Spring Creek.” Although ranger district studies proposed to transfer the South Fork of the Provo River to the Wasatch-Cache’s Kamas District, Hamre stated it would remain on the Uinta’s Heber District.72

Strawberry Valley Management Area As discussed in the previous chapter, the Bureau of Reclamation Initiated the Strawberry Valley Project in 1906. The agency signed a contract with the Strawberry Water Users Association to manage the project lands although title to the land remained with the Ute Tribe. The Indian Appropriations Act for FY 1911 extinguished the Tribe’s title and provided for control to shift to the Association, an action that occurred in 1926. In subsequent decades, the Association collected revenues from sheep and cattlemen who grazed stock on the land.

The Bonneville Unit, initiated in 1967 as part of the CUP, augmented the Strawberry Valley Project by enlarging the Strawberry Reservoir. Forest Supervisor Thornock and others consulted with Reclamation, the National Park Service, and state agencies about the expansion, and they agreed the Forest Service would manage the recreational activities around the reservoir even though the land was outside the forest boundary. After the 1974 completion of the Soldier Creek Dam, the enlarged Strawberry Reservoir proved to be a popular spot for recreationists, especially as anglers took advantage of the State’s successful efforts to stock the reservoir with trout and salmon. Reclamation signed an agreement transferring the operation of the recreational facilities at Currant Creek to the Forest Service on August 21, 1984.73

Conflicts between users inevitably ensued as overgrazing and a reliance on herbicides affected stream habitat and fishing activities. Congress addressed the problem by transferring the Strawberry Project Lands, consisting of 56,775 acres and renamed the Strawberry Valley Management Area, from the Association to the Forest Service on October 16, 1988. PL 100-563 formally adds the land to the Uinta NF on October 31. Congress compensated the Association for the grazing rights and provided $3 million for restoration efforts.74

UWC Consolidation The Forest Service’s decades-old trend of merging administrative units, often in the name of cost savings, marked the end of the Uinta NF. On March 14, 2008, the Washington Office notified the Regional Forester that his request to reorganize, consolidate, and rename the Uinta and Wasatch-Cache national forests was approved. The action reduced the two forests’ ten ranger districts to seven.75

72 Hamre; Peterson and Speth, 72; Antrei and Scow, 213; "A Brief Summary of Significant Events." 73 Thornock, interview, 20-21; Adam R. Eastman, “The Central Utah Project, Bonneville Unit,” 42, http://www.usbr.gov/projects//ImageServer?imgName=Doc_1223653172056.pdf, accessed April 25, 2016. 74 See Nelson 73-81 and John Frandsen, Restoring Strawberry, the Pure Valley: Report on Five Years of Mitigation and Enhancement in the Strawberry Valley (Heber City, Utah: USDA Forest Service, Uinta and Wasatch-Cache National Forest, Heber Ranger District, 1995), 1-5. 75 Hank Kashdan, Deputy Chief for Business Operations, to Regional Forester, March 14, 2008, R4 Architectural Historian’s Files; “National forests combined,” Daily Herald, May 5, 2008.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 29

Table 7. 2008 Ranger District Consolidations

New Forest No. Name Action New Name No. Combined with Kamas Uinta 1 Heber 3 Heber-Kamas Ranger District Uinta 2 Pleasant Grove Renumbered 2 Pleasant Grove Uinta 3 Spanish Fork Renumbered 8 Spanish Fork W-C 1 Salt Lake None 1 Salt Lake Tooele (adm. by Absorbed by Salt Lake W-C 2 1 Salt Lake Salt Lake RD) Ranger District Combined with Heber W-C 3 Kamas 3 Heber-Kamas Ranger District Combined with Mountain W-C 4 Evanston 4 Evanston-Mountain View View Ranger District Combined with Evanston W-C 5 Mountain View 4 Evanston-Mountain View Ranger District W-C 6 Ogden None 6 Ogden W-C 7 Logan None 7 Logan Note: There is no District 5 in the new organizational structure.

PERSONNEL Effective administration of the early forest reserves was lacking due to an unclear organizational system and no specific authority from Congress. In 1891, Bernhard Fernow recommended a system of administration based on Prussian models that included forest supervisors, rangers on small districts, and centrally directed inspectors. Congress clarified administration in the 1897 Organic Act by defining the Secretary of the Interior’s authority and the purposes of the reserves.

The DOI administered the reserves, first through its GLO (1891-1901) and then through Division R, the forestry division (1901-1905). The DOI set up a system of 1) superintendents who oversaw a state or group of states, 2) supervisors in charge of individual reserves, and 3) rangers located on districts within the reserves. Forest inspectors visited the reserves to deal with specific issues.

In the summer of 1898, the GLO employed the first forest officers, most of whom were political appointees. The typical ranger was a male of northern European extraction with practical experience from working or growing up on a farm or ranch. He carried out his ranger duties as a secondary job secondary to ranching or operating a business. Many were illiterate and relied on fellow rangers to write reports and letters. The ranger was required to provide his own equipment, horse, saddle, food, tent, and other items needed for the job.

The DOI’s Division R evolved toward the Prussian model proposed by Fernow and supported by Gifford Pinchot. Initially it was a centralized system with all approvals coming from the Washington Office and with an emphasis on inspections and reports. Starting in 1901, forest supervisors received more responsibility that not only compensated for minimal funding, but also contributed to a sense of proprietorship and an esprit de corps. This move toward decentralization also changed the ratio of administrators from eleven superintendents and a few supervisors in 1898 to five superintendents and fifty supervisors in 1904.

30 The Enchantment of Ranger Life In the winter, rangers were usually laid off and forest supervisors were demoted to rangers although they too were sometimes furloughed. As the workload increased, several rangers received upgrades from temporary employees to year-round staff in 1904. As of 1899, all rangers were furloughed by October 15, but by 1904 over 40% were year-round employees. Forest guards were temporary employees hired for the summer season.

At the turn of the century, both the DOI and the USDA had forestry divisions and the two were sharing forestry duties. While the DOI was in charge of administering the forest reserves, the USDA’s Bureau of Forestry focused on gathering data about forests and forestry. Gifford Pinchot, Chief of the USDA’s Bureau of Forestry, advocated the transfer of all forest administration and management to the USDA. He argued that such a move would correct the inefficiency experienced by forest users when dealing with the GLO. Gifford also believed that the unqualified GLO force of politically appointed forest officials should be replaced with trained and experienced men. He got his wish in 1905 when the USDA took over the forest reserves and its Bureau of Forestry became the Forest Service with Pinchot as Chief.

Pinchot and his staff struggled to find the right administrative structure during the first years of the Forest Service, especially as forests were added or expanded. This was especially true on the Uinta Forest Reserve. When it doubled in size in 1905, the Regional Forester instructed Dan Marshall—the supervisor since 1902—to hire two forest guards to help. This proved ineffectual so the Forest Service hired W. Jones Bowen in March 1906 as supervisor of the Uintah’s southern portion. Position titles changed on July 1, 1906, when Marshall and Bowen became deputy supervisors and W. I. Pack received a promotion from ranger to forest supervisor. At the same time, the Uinta’s headquarters moved from Kamas to Provo.

To be hired, forest officers had to pass the ranger exam, a civil service test of abilities that ranged from horsemanship to surveying to estimating timber. Ranger George C. Larson recalled the use of these skills:

Each ranger was alone on his district and if anything was done he would do it. He would maintain his station, tel. line, fences, trail and other improvements, as well as mark and scale what timber he sold. Grazing was of course our greatest activity. No roads to mention on the forest and he would travel over his district all week with his packhorse carrying not only his camp but what tools he needed.76

Many of the Forest’s first officers were local men who tended to have hands-on skills rather than formal training. Not being a local had its problems. When Larson moved to Heber as ranger in 1919, his reception was cool because the “old timers” believed there were plenty of local men who could handle the job. However, as Larson noted, “They overlooked the fact that Dan Marshall, George Fisher and Paddy Clyde had tried it unsuccessfully. Too many relatives among the users.”77

Many rangers resigned in 1915 after the Forest Service issued an order prohibiting employees from holding range permits. George Fisher quit, as did two rangers from Spanish Fork, two from Payson, and one from Nephi. A local newspaper speculated that Ranger Fred Johnson of Duchesne “was likewise discontented.”78

Retaining quality staff could be challenging. A supervisor on another forest summarized the measly salary situation of rangers. Although they received $900 a year, winter furloughs and the cost of boarding saddle

76 Larson to Forest Supervisor, November 15, 1971. 77 Ibid. 78 “George Fisher Resigns,” Wasatch Wave, January 14, 1916, 4.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 31

horses presented financial hardships. An educated and skilled ranger could make more money outside of the Forest Service. Given that they had to cover many of their own work expenses, most were spending an average of $250 per year on lodging and subsistence, horses, feed and shoeing, and field equipment.79

The skills of Forest Service personnel improved as more men attended forestry courses at the Utah State Agricultural College and other places. Merrill Nielson, hired as a Manti NF ranger in 1922, credited a short course for forest rangers at the University of Montana for preparing him to pass the ranger exam.80 Others completed correspondence courses offered by Region 4 during World War I. Some men gained work experience and education as enrollees or staff of CCC camps. Ranger George Fisher was a local man who brought hands-on skills to his job.

79 William Weld Clark, “Report on Personnel, Bear River NF, November 24, 1907,” 2, Cache National Forest History Binders, Logan Ranger District Office. 80 Nielson, “My Forest Service Career,” 1.

32 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Chapter 3: New Deal Programs

OVERVIEW The 1930s brought difficult times to the United States. When the stock market crashed in October 1929, it plunged the nation into the worst economic depression in its history. By 1933, over 25 percent of Americans were unemployed as of 1933 with the figure approaching 36 percent in Utah. As unemployment rates rose during the Great Depression, federal and state agencies implemented innovative programs to provide temporary work. In the Intermountain West, work camps for transients were set up in Salt Lake City and Ogden, Utah, as well as Pocatello, Idaho. By early 1933, Region 4 had leveraged improvement appropriations and unemployment relief funds to hire local men on twenty-five national forests. To assist as many families as possible, forest supervisors rotated work crews even when it proved to be inefficient for the project. As part of a transient relief program, work camps were set up to employ homeless youths and adults who were “roaming the country.” Men from the Utah Transient Relief Camp worked in American Fork Canyon under Ranger Vivian West in 1935.81

When the Works Progress Administration (WPA) was created in 1935, transients were encouraged to apply for WPA employment in their state of legal residence. The transient camps continued for “unattached” men. Their pay ranged from $15 for unskilled labor to $25 for skilled labor. The WPA utilized over 8.5 million people on 1.4 million projects. Many of the projects, intended to improve and expand the nation’s infrastructure, involved the construction of highways and roads, bridges, and public buildings. By 1936, WPA workers in American Fork Canyon were cutting insect-ridden trees, constructing stream improvements and fish dams, widening roads, clearing recreation areas, and building picnic tables. They also—often with CCC assistance—worked on the Uinta NF’s Payson Canyon Road, the Wolf Creek Campground, and the Lodgepole Campground in Daniels Canyon.82

President Roosevelt created a New Deal program that targeted unemployed youth, thanks in no small part to the lobbying efforts of Eleanor Roosevelt. His June 26, 1935 executive order established the National Youth Administration (NYA), which provided grants to students in exchange for work and, for non-students, on-the-job training in federally funded projects. Merrill Nielson recalled that the NYA did a lot of work on the Uinta NF before Congress abolished the program in 1943.83

While these early relief projects helped locals in dire circumstances, the CCC had a much greater impact, particularly on the national forests. On April 5, 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed into law a bill that created the Emergency Conservation Work (ECW) program, later renamed the Civilian Conservation Corps. Planned in its early stages to benefit forested areas of western states, originators soon found that nearly all parts of the country had work opportunities for the CCC.

Utah’s CCC camps were under the jurisdiction of the Army's Ninth Corps Area, which was based at the Presidio in San Francisco. Fort Douglas in Salt Lake City became a training camp and a district headquarters within the Ninth Corps. Fifty-five thousand men, 4,000 of whom were Utah residents, enrolled in the

81 Peterson and Speth, 103; “Forest Service Furnished Much Work to Needy,” San Juan Record, January 12, 1933, 1; “CCC Camp Gets New Supt.,” Pleasant Grove Review, November 15, 1935, 1. 82 T. H. Watkins, The Great Depression: America in the 1930s (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1993), 249; “Transient Relief Given Credit for Three Projects,” Uintah Basin Record, July 24, 1936, 1; “Plan Projects for Forests,” The Daily Herald, June 5, 1936, 1; “Forest Camping Spots Growing In Popularity,” The Daily Herald, July 22, 1936, 7. 83 Nielson, interview, 13.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 33

state’s twenty-six camps during its first year. Over the course of its existence, the CCC employed 22,074 Utah men with another 23,833 brought in from eastern states. Of the 116 camps in Utah, the Forest Service oversaw forty-seven.84

For the Forest Service, the sudden influx of funds after several lean years created some problems as administration of New Deal programs required more personnel and greater costs. District rangers had to adjust to supervising crews of up to a hundred men. Other resource management work suffered as they dedicated much of their time to managing projects, supervising untrained men, and securing supplies.

The number of CCC enrollees declined as they found jobs in private industry or joined the military. During the latter half of 1939, over 21,000 men left the CCC for new jobs while nearly 2,500 enlisted in the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard.85 The 1941 bombing of Pearl Harbor and the United States’ subsequent entry into World War II further suppressed the need for relief programs. Nearly 3.5 million men had participated in the CCC program before its termination on June 30, 1942.

CCC CAMP HISTORIES CCC enrollees at work on the Uinta National Forest, 1933 The following camp histories, while brief, are gleaned from several sources including camp newsletters, newspaper articles, Kenneth Baldridge’s dissertation titled "Nine Years of Achievement: The CCC in Utah,” the Daily News - Intermountain Region newsletter, and Forest Service files.

Hobble Creek Camp SE-206 Utah saw the establishment of several soil erosion or “SE” camps in 1933. The Forest Service supervised the enrollees’ work although a state-selected committee determined the projects. SE camps were

84 Kenneth W. Baldridge, "Nine Years of Achievement: The CCC in Utah," (Ph.D. diss., Brigham Young University, May 1971), 39 and maps (endpiece); Kenneth W. Baldridge, "The Civilian Conservation Corps," Utah History Encyclopedia, http://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/c/CIVILIAN_CONSERVATION_CORPS.html, accessed May 12, 2015. 85 Daily News - Intermountain Region, January 31, 1940.

34 The Enchantment of Ranger Life discontinued after the first year but other CCC camps continued working on soil erosion and flood control projects.

The Uinta NF hosted one of the state erosion camps in an open area at Pole Heaven (also known as Pole Haven), just off the Left Fork of Hobble Creek. Former Forest Service employee Mark Anderson was the camp superintendent. Under his leadership, the men of Company 1254 strung nearly five miles of telephone line and constructed a road to the camp. There they lived in tents “scattered among the trees north of the flat on which the mess hall is built.” The enrollees, most of whom were from New York, also constructed wood roads and fire control trails, terraced the head of Little Rock Canyon, and built rock check dams and other water control features.86 Upon completion of their enrollment period, the camp closed down permanently and a new camp in Provo (Rock Canyon Camp PE-220, re-designated Camp F- 40) took over similar work in subsequent years.

American Fork Canyon (Deer Creek) Camp F-5 In early May 1933, an advance detachment of forty enrollees travelled from Fort Douglas to American Fork Canyon to build a road from the main canyon road to a spot about one mile up Deer Creek Canyon. At the terminus, they cleared and leveled an area in preparation for construction of CCC Camp F-5. With four carloads of lumber from the Chipman Mercantile Company, they rapidly constructed three barracks, a mess hall/kitchen, shower rooms, officers’ quarters, a hospital, a recreation building, and several small outbuildings. They also installed a water system and leveled a playing field.87

Camp F-5, dedicated on June 28, 1933 with Company 940 as its first occupants, was Utah County’s first CCC camp. Capt. L. W. Eggers was in charge with W. O Stephens as camp supervisor and ranger Vivian West as the Forest Service lead. The camp, located at the present site of Granite Flat Campground, operated only one enrollment period (Summer 1933) despite its development with several wooden buildings.88 During that time, enrollees from Utah County and Salt Lake County worked on the following:89

• Improvements to Timpanogos Cave and Hansen Cave • South Fork Ranger Station dwelling, garage, and office • Timpooneke Guard Station • Telephone line between the South Fork and Timpooneke stations • Trails from Granite Flat up Deer Creek, into Alpine Canyon, and to Box Elder Canyon • Road from Mill Canyon to Van’s Dugway • Recreational improvements in American Fork, Provo, and Parleys canyons

The camp closed in fall 1933 and most enrollees relocated to a camp near Woods Cross. Transient camp men occupied the facilities during the winter of 1935-36. In the fall of 1937, enrollees from Camp F-43

86 “Erosion Control, Road Building Speeded by C.C.C.,” Salt Lake Tribune, August 27, 1933, 64; “New York Boys Returning Home From C.C.C. Camp,” Salt Lake Tribune, October 8, 1933, 69; DeMoisy, “Some Early History of the Uinta”; Nelson, 44. 87 “Am. Fork Canyon First Reforestation Camp Established,” American Fork Citizen, May 19, 1933, 1; “Reforestation Camp Officially Dedicated Wed.,” American Fork Citizen, June 30, 1933, 1. 88 Nelson, 44; American Fork Citizen, May 26, 1933, 1; 89 Various articles, American Fork Citizen; Beth R. Olsen, “The CCC’s Six Years in Pleasant Grove,” ca. 1993, 4, History Files, UWCSO Basement.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 35

disassembled the buildings and relocated two of them to the Pleasant Grove CCC Camp. The site underwent redevelopment as a campground in 1938.90

Diamond Fork Camp F-8 Merrill Nielson, ranger of the Currant Creek Ranger District, went with other officials in 1933 to check water at a proposed CCC campsite in Bryants Fork. They thought they would have two weeks before Company 1343 showed up, but they had two days. The weather was uncooperative, however, so the CCC arrivals temporarily camped around the snowbound Hub Ranger Station before moving over to Bryants Fork where a 200-man camp was set up. Designated as Diamond Fork Camp F-8, it was near the East Portal of the Strawberry Tunnel and only operated during the summer and fall of 1933. Ranger Nielson recalled that the men improved ranger stations “that were in need of help.”91 By the end of their enrollment period, the enrollees also had reconstructed 7½ miles of telephone line, maintained 5½ miles of roads, repaired four bridges and spent 52 man-days fighting fires. They also built: 92

• 17 miles of roads • two garages at ranger stations • one mile of fence • one footbridge and three road bridges • nine water developments for stock • 16 latrines, six garbage pits and six stoves at public campgrounds • erosion control works on 65 acres

Mt. Nebo Camp F-9 Dedicated on June 30, 1933, Mt. Nebo Camp F-9 opened under the command of Lt. W. R. Irish near what is now the Nebo Division’s Ponderosa Campground. Superintendent George L. Barron and Foreman E. W. Simons oversaw Company 958’s work during the first enrollment period. Its improvements that summer included a mess hall, four barracks, an infirmary, and a shower house. By 1935, it had gained a “splendid amphitheater” and a recreation hall.93

By October 1933, the camp had Mess hall at Mt. Nebo Camp F-9, 1933 completed six miles of road work, two

90 Olsen, “The CCC’s Six Years,” 6; Beth R. Olsen, “CCC Camp F-43.” ca. 1993, 8, History Files. UWCSO Basement; “Campground to educate guests about ‘Tree Army’,” The Daily Herald, August 10, 1995. 91 Nielson, interview, 12; Nelson, 44. 92 “C.C.C. Crews Aid Forests,” Springville Herald, October 12, 1933, 1. 93 “Local Reforestation Camps House Growing Rooky Army,” Provo Evening Herald, June 9, 1933; “Forest Camp Program Set,” Salt Lake Tribune, June 30, 1933, 19; “Scenic Central Utah, Mount Nebo and Maple Canyon,” The Daily Herald, September 13, 1935, 6. Former ranger Harold Laird said he tore down the last camp building in 1973 (telephone interview by author, June 28, 2016).

36 The Enchantment of Ranger Life road bridges, and ten miles of horse trails. They also installed six latrines, ten stoves, and one-half mile of fence at campgrounds. The camp closed for the winter but re-opened in July 1934 with the arrival of Company 1928, a group consisting of World War I veterans under camp commander Cpt. Don L. Harford and superintendent Richard Greenland. Nephi’s local newspaper reported on their efforts to clean up and repair the disused camp. An electrician from Nephi installed lights to the various buildings while others improved the water system. The enrollees of Company 1928 left in the fall but returned the summer of 1936 under the leadership of Cpt. Richard W. Horn and superintendent George L. Barron. Upon arrival, they renovated the old barracks and improved the administration building. They built porches on some buildings, installed window screens, constructed a spring house, and remodeled a newly located recreation hall and library. A few weeks later, most of the veterans left or were transferred to California and 145 young enrollees took their place. The new enrollees erected eight tent frames and remodeled the mess hall.94

Most summers, Camp F-9 accommodated men spiked out from other camps such as PE-220, F-30 and F- 40. They worked on roads and built two campgrounds, two amphitheaters, bridges, dams, trails, and recreation facilities, thus changing “the face of Salt and Nephi Canyons.”95 Specific construction accomplishments included:96

• Nebo Ranger Station dwelling and garage (1934) • Payson Lakes Guard Station dwelling and garage (1934) • Red Creek Road/Nebo Scenic Loop Road connecting Salt Creek and Payson canyons (1933-34) • 6,000-gallon water tank and piping at the Payson Recreational Area (1934) • 5,200-gallon water tank and piping and an amphitheater at Camp Dadandson (1934) • Five miles of telephone line (1934) • Two comfort stations (1934) • Range fences and trails • 180 recreational facilities (1934) • Erosion control improvements

Table 8. Mt. Nebo Camp F-9 Occupants

Period/ Season Company 1 (Summer 1933) 958 3 (Summer 1934) 1928 5 (Summer 1935) vacant or spike camp 7 (Summer 1936) 1928 9 (Summer 1937) spike camp 11 (Summer 1938) spike camp 13 (Summer 1939) spike camp

94 “C.C.C. Crews Aid Forests”; “C.C.C. Detachment Arrives at Salt Creek Canyon,” The Times-News, July 26, 1934, 1; “Camp Nebo News of Interest,” The Times-News, August 23, 1934, 1; “C.C.C. News,” The Times-News, June 25, 1936; “145 Young Men In Nebo Camp,” The Times-News, August 13, 1936, 1. 95 Nelson, 44. 96 The Times News, November 1, 1934, 1; Sarah Padilla, “New Deal Programs and the U.S. Forest Service In Utah,” October 2003, R4 Architectural Historian’s Files.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 37

Hobble Creek Camp F-30 & Rock Canyon (Provo) Camp F-40 The history of CCC Company 958 tells the story of two camps: a summer site in Hobble Creek Canyon and a winter site in Provo. Organized at Fort Douglas on April 18, 1933, the company moved to Mt. Nebo Camp F-9 on May 26, 1933 for its first enrollment period (summer 1933). It transferred to the Veyo camp near St. George, Utah for the winter of 1933-34.97

In the spring of 1934, an advance contingent began constructing a tent camp at what is now the Cherry Recreation Site in Hobble Creek Canyon. Designated as Hobble Creek Camp F-30, it served as Company 958’s summer home from 1934 to 1936. The men moved to a camp at the Utah County Fairgrounds in Provo for the winter of 1934-35. Its original designation as Rock Canyon Camp PE-220 reflects its mission of erosion control on private land. The following winter, it gained the permanent moniker of Camp F-40. Its numerous wooden buildings accommodated enrollees and staff during the winters of 1934-35 and 1935-36. Camp F-40 became Company 958’s year-round home beginning in October 1936 until 1941. In 1940, enrollees began converting the former Hobble Creek camp to a recreational area with a guard station.98

The army commanders in charge of Company 958 were Lt. W. R. Irish (1933-34), Capt. Alvin Session (1934- 38), and Lt. John T. Lorenz (1938 until at least 1940). George L. Barron served as superintendent until 1935 when Richard Greenland took his place. Greenland was still in that role in 1940.

Company 958 received praise for their support in recovering a Western Air Express mail plane that went down in December 1936. Foreman R. J. Dyches and his CCC crew maintained a camp and served meals to up to thirty people, constructed a trail up the mountain side toward the crash site, and participated in search efforts. They also helped gather mail, search for bodies, and dig the plane out “under very dangerous conditions” after it was found on June 6, 1937.99

Given its long tenure, Company 958 accomplished a substantial amount of work, often from spike camps at Mt. Nebo Camp F-9, Red Creek, Slate Canyon, Rock Canyon, Payson Canyon, Diamond Fork, Wadsworth Park, Stockmore, Wolf Summit, Daniel’s Canyon, and Tabby Mountain. They built the Pump Ridge and Bartholomew drift fences, reseeded ranges, and conducted insect control work in the Tabby Mountain, Soapstone, and Wolf Creek areas. Enrollees completed stream improvement work, fought fires, made 541 signs, and fabricated rustic furniture and playground equipment. By 1938, the young men had planted 12,500 ponderosa pine and Douglas fir trees on the Hobble Creek watershed, reseeded 485 acres of rangeland, and treated 1,360 acres of beetle-infested timber in the head of Provo River and on Tabby Mountain. In late 1939, they began constructing portable buildings for spike camps and Camp MA-1, a new CCC camp near the Provo Airport. Other improvement projects included: 100

• Provo Warehouse (1934-35) • Heber Ranger Station office and warehouse

97 Yell-A-Gram, v. 3, no. 19 (October 18, 1936), Mss B 540, Civilian Conservation Corps Newsletters Collection, 1935- 1941, Utah State Historical Society. 98 Nelson, 44.; Yell-A-Gram v. 7, no. 12 (April 12, 1940) and v. 7, no. 15 (May 10, 1940); Baldridge, “Nine Years of Achievement,” 108-109, 117, 264. 99 “Good Work by CCC’s,” Daily News, July 9, 1937. 100 Yell-A-Gram, various issues; “DeMoisy Reviews CCC Camp Projects,” The Daily Herald, March 31, 1938, 1 and 8; “Forest Camp Work Praised,” The Salt Lake Tribune, December 30, 1934, 53; “CCC Boys Build Canyon Trails,” The Daily Herald, February 3, 1935, 2.

38 The Enchantment of Ranger Life • Spanish Fork Ranger Station office and warehouse • Nebo Ranger Station dwelling and barn (spike camp, with Nebo F-9 crew) (1934-35) • Payson Lakes Guard Station dwelling and garage/storeroom • Hobble Creek Guard Station dwelling and garage • Diamond Fork Guard Station dwelling and garage (1933) • Indian Canyon Ranger Station garage/storeroom (now on the Ashley National Forest) • Balsam Campground (1934-35) • Birch Creek Campground • Sulphur Campground • Wolf Creek Campground (with WPA assistance) • Diamond Campground (beginning 1939) • Palmyra Campground (1939) • Cherry Campground • Hawthorne Recreational Area (1936) • Recreational areas/campgrounds at Chicken Creek, Levan, Maple Canyon, Moroni, Nebo, Payson Canyon, and Daniels Canyon • Bridal Veil Falls Trail • Flood control projects in Rock Canyon, Slate Canyon and Little Rock Canyon • Road up Right Fork Hobble Creek over into Diamond Fork • Pole Heaven Road • Payson Canyon and Diamond Fork road improvements • Road into Rock Canyon via Pole Canyon • Horse trails in Rock Canyon, Slate Canyon, Sixth Water Creek, and to Maple Flat

Table 9. Company 958 Locations

Period/ Season Camp 1 (Summer 1933) Mt. Nebo Camp F-9 2 (Winter 1933-34) Veyo Camp F-31 3 (Summer 1934) Hobble Creek Camp F-30 4 (Winter 1934-35) Rock Canyon Camp PE-220 5 (Summer 1935) Hobble Creek Camp F-30 6 (Winter 1935-36) Provo Camp F-40 7 (Summer 1936) Hobble Creek Camp F-30 8 (Winter 1936-37) Provo Camp F-40 9 (Summer 1937) Provo Camp F-40 10 (Winter 1937-38) Provo Camp F-40 11 (Summer 1938) Provo Camp F-40 12 (Winter 1938-39) Provo Camp F-40 13 (Summer 1939) Provo Camp F-40 14 (Winter 1939-40) Provo Camp F-40 15 (Summer 1940) Provo Camp F-40 16 (Winter 1940-41) Provo Camp F-40 17 (Summer 1941) Huntsville Camp F-51

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 39

Pleasant Grove Camp F-43 Unless noted otherwise, the following is from Beth R. Olsen’s “The CCC’s Six Years in Pleasant Grove,” “CCC Camp F-43,” and Historic Site Form for CCC Camp, Pleasant Grove, October 20, 1993.

In July 1935, ten carpenters and builders arrived in Pleasant Grove to begin constructing CCC Camp F-43 on land that the city leased from Ida Peterson. Located at 315 West 1100 North, its panelized, portable facilities would eventually include an 171-foot long mess hall, four 50-man barracks, officers’ quarters, a shower building, a recreation hall, a dispensary, and a garage for trucks and repairs.101

In the fall of 1937, Camp F-43 enrollees tore down Deer Creek Camp F-5, and relocated two of its buildings to the Pleasant Grove camp. They used one as a blacksmith shop and another as a barracks to replace one that was converted to class and hobby rooms. The men also improved the interiors by lining barracks walls with Celotex, the floors with pressed-wood sheets, and the mess hall and recreation hall with plywood.

Camp F-43 was at full capacity by September 1935 with men from Kentucky and Ohio forming Company 2514 under the command of Capt. Robert O. Bunyon and Lt. Charles H. Hart. Ranger Vivian West acted as camp superintendent until November 1935 when Frank Hyde, a building contractor from Kaysville, arrived to take over the job. Hyde was familiar with his duties, having already supervised fifty men from the Woods Cross CCC camp in initial construction of the Aspen Grove amphitheater. The Pleasant Grove CCC camp was a Forest Service camp from 1935 until July 1938. Hyde remained as superintendent during that time but the commanding officers changed. Capt. Bunyon’s successors were Capt. Taber, Capt. Mayfield, and Capt. J. Hobart Miller.102

Enrollees worked from the main camp and spike camps at Mirror Lake, Soapstone, Aspen Grove, Kamas, and other locations. Their accomplishments included:103

• Pleasant Grove Ranger Station office and garage/storeroom • Kamas Ranger Station (beginning Feb 1936) • Mirror Lake Guard Station • Cabins at Scout Lake • Extension of the South Fork Ranger Station water system (1936); fire hydrant & hose shed • Mutual Dell amphitheater (1936) and water system • Granite Flat Campground (1938) and Alpine Loop Campground • Aspen Grove amphitheater (1934-36) and water system • Grove Creek and Heisett’s Hollow diversion dams • Dry-laid rock walls to stabilize banks of the American Fork River • Relocation of 2.5 miles of road in the North Fork • “repair of Timpooneke and Dutchman ranger stations” • widening the loop road between Provo and American Fork canyons

101 “New C.C.C. Camp Located Here,” Pleasant Grove Review, July 19, 1935, 1; “C.C.C. Camp Locates on Peterson Property,” Pleasant Grove Review, July 26, 1935, 1. 102 “Local Camp Fully Organized,” Pleasant Grove Review, September 27, 1935, 1; “Local Detachment Lists Accomplishments on Day Honoring CCC Anniversary,” Pleasant Grove Review, April 1, 1938; “CCC Camp Gets New Supt.,” Pleasant Grove Review, November 15, 1935, 1. 103 The following is collected from Olsen; Nelson, 45; and various newspaper articles including “Local Detachment Lists Accomplishments.”

40 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Table 10. Pleasant Grove Camp F-43 Occupants

Period/ Season Company 6 (Winter 1935-36) 2514 7 (Summer 1936) 2514 8 (Winter 1936-37) 2514 or 1965 9 (Summer 1937) 1965 10 (Winter 1937-38) 3544 11 (Summer 1938) 3544

The Pleasant Grove camp was vacant from July 1938 until the late spring of 1939 when the Bureau of Reclamation took it over as Camp BR-91. Enrollees worked on projects associated with the Deer Creek Dam until vacating the camp a second time in August 1941. In April 1942, the Army converted it to a military facility, initially to house new Army recruits awaiting the building of new bases, and then to house personnel during World War II. The former CCC and Army camp is now home to a Bureau of Reclamation office.

Provo Camp PE-220 See Hobble Creek Camp F-30/Rock Canyon Camp F-40.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 41

Chapter 4: Administrative Facilities

The 2004 report titled Within a Day’s Ride: Forest Service Administrative Sites in Region 4, 1891-1960 is a historic and architectural context statement for the Forest Service’s Intermountain Region. It provides an overview of the Region’s history with a focus on administrative site planning, architectural design, and construction. Additional research undertaken in the last decade extends that study period into the 1960s. This new information, combined with details about the Uinta NF’s early facilities, is addressed below.

EARLY IMPROVEMENTS Photos and descriptions portray the Uinta NF’s earliest facilities as crude structures that, while providing more shelter than a tent, left something to be desired. Several, like the Wimmer Ranch Ranger Station, were one-room, 14’ x 16’ dwellings. Their small sizes and reliance on cheap, local materials was due to the minimal appropriations available for administrative facilities. Some rangers incrementally improved their stations when funds became available. In 1916, Ranger A. P. Christiansen built a spring box and staked off a place for a cellar at the Salt Creek Ranger Station. The following year, he started construction of a porch on his 1909 cabin but did not finish it until 1919.

As the financial situation improved, the Uinta NF referred to a compilation of standard building plans published by the Washington Office in 1908. Some, like the Indian Canyon Ranger Station dwelling (now part of the Ashley NF), closely followed a standard plan while others, including the dwellings at the Hub and Lake Creek stations, were modifications of the distributed designs.

This dwelling at the Hub Ranger Station was typical of the Uinta NF’s earliest Most pre-1933 Forest Service administrative facilities. cabins fall into the category of “vernacular architecture.” They relied on local building traditions and materials, were often unornamented, and had simple floor plans. They are best described by typology (e.g., “one cell”) rather than by style (e.g., “Queen Anne”). Even the Washington Office’s 1908 set of standard plans reflected vernacular characteristics. The Willow Creek Guard Station dwelling is the Uinta NF’s only extant example of a pre-New Deal cabin.

NEW DEAL FACILITIES New Deal funding and labor prompted Forest Service officials to adopt standard plans to facilitate an extensive construction program. In 1933, Region 4 published a building construction handbook that included standard designs for administrative facilities. Some came from Region 1; others were creations of George L. Nichols, an architect in the Regional Office. Barns, garages, sheds, and other utilitarian structures were basic, vernacular forms but dwellings and offices drew from Period Revival styles. Plans 5,

42 The Enchantment of Ranger Life 7, and 51 are designs with full-width front porches that evoked the Neo-Classical Revival Style. Plans 1, 2, and 8 are Colonial Revival dwellings, and the Plan 53 dwelling/office referenced the Tudor Revival vocabulary. These and other standard plans, reissued in 1935 and revised in subsequent years, served Region 4 well until World War II brought a halt to building construction.

MID-CENTURY DESIGNS The Forest Service’s building program ramped up slowly after World War II. George L. Nichols, still in the role of Region 4’s architect, adjusted to the exigencies of post-war development by creating a program of building relocation to accommodate changing facility needs. He oversaw the relocation of the Nebo Ranger Station dwelling and the Indian Canyon Ranger Station garage to Duchesne.

As more funds became available for administrative facilities, Nichols developed building plans consistent with current trends. Across America, house designs of the late 1940s and early 1950s emphasized comfort and efficiency, as well as informal, one-story living. These dwellings were relatively cheap thanks to shorter plumbing lines and heating ducts, the elimination of stairs, and compact plans. Informal spaces omitted hallways while combining functions in one room (living/dining room, family room/kitchen). Features such as carports and built-in storage or furniture became increasingly prevalent.104 Shallow roof overhangs, a lack of ornamentation, and a reliance on mass-produced materials resulted in thousands of houses later dubbed “Minimal Traditional.” Nichols’ designs in the 1946 Building Construction Manual reflected this style. The new standard plans heralded a distinct shift away from traditional Period Revival styles toward a mid-century modern ethic.

William R. Turner succeeded Nichols as Region 4’s building designer in 1956. By that time, the Forest Service’s construction program was reinvigorated, although it never reached the level of activity experienced during the New Deal era. The focus was on recreational development but administrative facilities also received some attention. Turner, with the assistance of Cal Spaun and Al Saunders, created a new set of buildings plans that drew from Nichols' earlier designs. They kept the simple forms and massing but employed lap siding with a wide exposure, flush doors, and 1/1 double-hung windows that were characteristic features of modest, mid-century architecture. Turner’s houses are typically rectangular in plan with small, gable-roofed entry porches, attached single-car garages, and picture windows. They drew from the Ranch Style that new homeowners favored by the 1950s.

The Ranch Style evolved from the 1930s work of California architects who were inspired by one-story Spanish ranch houses. Floor plans were usually open with a combined living room/kitchen that encouraged casual entertaining, as did the indoor/outdoor living that sliding glass doors, patios, and picture windows inspired. As Rachel Carley puts it, “The ranch house was perhaps the ultimate symbol of the postwar American dream: a safe, affordable home promising efficiency and casual living.”105

By the early 1960s, the Forest Service increasingly relied on new materials such as plywood (especially T1- 11), gypsum board, and particleboard. The agency also experimented with open planning and architectural forms made possible by advances in materials and structural technology. In Region 4, Turner used membrane roofing on flat roofs over glue-laminated roof beams that allowed larger spans in warehouses. Examples of this construction include the warehouses built at the Pleasant Grove and Nephi ranger stations in the early 1960s. At the same time, Turner worked within budget constraints by utilizing

104 Rachel Carley, The Visual Dictionary of American Domestic Architecture (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1994), 230. 105 Ibid., 236.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 43

functional and relatively inexpensive materials such as concrete block, which marked a shift away from forest products.

President John F. Kennedy’s Accelerated Public Works (APW) program, initiated on September 4, 1962, provided work for unemployed and under-employed people. With an APW allocation of $830,000, the Uinta NF constructed ranger stations at Nephi and Pleasant Grove, a new office in Spanish Fork, the Rock Canyon Fire Station, a campground in Diamond Fork, and several miles of roads. The funds also paid for range, wildlife, and watershed treatment projects.106

Architect Turner and his staff, apparently anticipating forthcoming APW funds, produced several office plans that drew from a richer architectural vocabulary than previous plans. He resisted the pressure to design cheap, no-frills buildings and successfully convinced the Forest Service building committee “that adding a little to the offices was wise.”107 His ranger district offices of 1962 (R4 Plans A-94, A-95, A-97) varied in size (71’ x 32’, 38’ x 28’, and 46’ x 28’) but each had a rectangular footprint with a projecting entrance. Several features were a bit more upscale than his plainer designs of the 1950s. Exterior walls had either stone or brick on the lower halves with cedar lap siding above. Hand-split cedar shakes provided roofs with more texture, depth, and visual interest than the oft-used and cheaper wood shingles. The most distinctive feature of each design was the “flying gable” or “speeding gable” roof. Architectural historian John Ferguson explains the latter term:

. . . the ridge at the gable end projects substantially further out, away from the wall, than do the other two edges of the roof rake at the eave line; during the late 1950s and early 1960s this detail was common on residences, apparently considered to be very ‘modern’ and even evocative of speed and flight.108

R4 Plan A-94 Office.

106 Uinta National Forest Press Release, June 26, 1967, File: “1630 Written Information, 3-Press Releases, Uinta N. F. Press Releases,” Storage Box, UWCSO Basement. 107 John R. Grosvenor, A History of the Architecture of the USDA Forest Service (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1999), 209-210. 108 John Ferguson, “A Guide to the Historic Administrative Buildings of the U.S. Forest Service Pacific Southwest Region, 1905-1970,” February 28, 2011, 119.

44 The Enchantment of Ranger Life

FIRE STRUCTURES Numerous historians have documented the Forest Service’s original policy of detecting and extinguishing fires as soon as possible. Gifford Pinchot, Chief of the Forest Service, promoted aggressive fire prevention and suppression and emphasized the need for supporting infrastructure. This philosophy is evident in a 1909 article from the Uintah Chieftain, which reported on the Forest Service’s intention to “establish on the most advantageous points of the national forests in the west a series of lookout stations from which news of the breaking out of forest fires can be telephoned to forest officials.” This cost-effective measure would allow, for minimal expenditure, faster detection and suppression of fires, thus saving “thousands of dollars worth of valuable timber.”109

The devastating fire season of 1910 prompted Congressional support of an aggressive fire suppression policy that materialized with the passage of the Weeks Act in 1911. The important legislation authorized and funded The caption of this 1929 photo, which does not identify a federal and state cooperation in forestry and location, describes this platform as an “improvised fire protection. That same year, California’s lookout built for other purposes but used in emergencies District Forester Coert DuBois developed a on Uinta N.F.” fire plan that included a network of lookout points on mountaintops. He expanded his plan in a 1914 document titled, “Systematic Fire Protection in the California Forests,” a seminal work on fire control for the Forest Service. In a corresponding move, Forest Supervisor W. I. Pack announced his intention in 1912 to build six lookout stations, with a cabin at each, on the Uinta National Forest. This fire plan, which included telephone lines between the lookouts, was contingent on the availability of funds. One year later, the Uinta had lookout stations on Reids’ Peak (later part of the Kamas Ranger District) and Wolf Creek Summit.110 However, the Regional Forester reported to the Chief:

The fire plan and fire map of the Uinta, prepared by Supervisor Pack, and filed in this office, showed sufficient patrol stations, lookout points, and tool caches. Not until the situation was investigated on the ground did we know that these patrol

109 “To Prevent Forest Fires,” Uintah Chieftan, July 8, 1909, 2. 110 McCain, 1913.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 45

stations and lookout points were unvisited during the fire season, and that the tool caches were without tools or equipment.111

The 1920s saw further advancements including regular fire training for employees and Region 4’s adoption of standard firefighting techniques with the publication of a fire control manual.112 The 1924 Clarke-McNary Act expanded federal assistance to state forestry programs, while research stations experimented with fire suppression and detection techniques.

The Uinta NF’s fire plan still fell short of expectations in the 1920s. C. N. Woods recognized the forest’s low to medium fire hazard and minimal suppression costs. Nevertheless, he was appalled at the meagerness and condition of the fire tool inventory. Some were ordinary garden hoes and rakes, which were not standard firefighting equipment.

Of the three or four outfits or caches of fire tools on District 5, two of them . . . are without axes. District 1 has no fire axes and but one administrative axe too small for any use except splitting kindling. A fire tool cache for District 2 kept at Soldier Summit has shovels and mattocks but not an axe. At the headquarters for District 2 six axes were set aside and properly painted for fire suppression. This was the worst outfit of axes I ever saw set aside for any purpose except for condemning.113

Woods observed that, prior to the 1923 fire season, a lookout was stationed on the divide between the Wasatch and Uinta forests in the higher country above District 6 [Hanna District]. Apparently referring to the Wolf Creek Lookout, he recommended re-staffing the station and placing a fire guard in the upper country of the Nebo Ranger District. Other than that, he proposed no other changes to the numbers of men for fire protection purposes. The CCC constructed improvements that supported fire management. Their roads, trails, telephone lines, and guard stations created a web of infrastructure that facilitated transportation and communication. In later decades, the Uinta NF’s fire management efforts led to the construction of the Rock Canyon Fire Station in 1963.

111 E. A. Sherman, District Forester, to The Forester, November 28, 1913, File: “1658-Historical Data, 16-Appendix, h. Memoirs or other statements of former forest officers or former residents,” History Files, UWCSO Basement. 112 Elizabeth M. Smith, “A History of the Salmon National Forest,” (1972?), 117. 113 C. N. Woods, Memorandum for the District Forester, October 18, 1923, File: “1380 Reports (2200 Grazing), Valuable Records 1917 thru 1950,” History Files, UWCSO Basement.

46 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Chapter 5: Supervisor’s Office

HEADQUARTERS On July 1, 1906, ranger W. I. Pack replaced Dan Marshall as forest supervisor and Provo replaced Kamas as headquarters of the Uinta Forest Reserve. Marshall, demoted to deputy forest supervisor, remained in Kamas. The first location of Pack’s office in Provo is unknown but he gained new quarters after construction began in 1908 on a Federal Building at the southeast corner of Center Street and University Avenue. The Federal Building in Provo as it appeared in 1966 The stone structure, built to accommodate the post office, Forest Service, and other government agencies, opened on November 7, 1909. It endured in that capacity until 1938 when a new post office was finished at the northeast corner of 100 West and 100 North. That spring, the Supervisor’s Office staff relocated from their four small rooms in the 1909 building to six rooms in the new federal facility at 88 West 100 North. The local newspaper proudly described the 1938 structure, which was designed by Joseph Nelson of Provo as “one of the most beautiful in the city.” The two-story building was clad with Texas limestone and had interior walls of marble quarried near Thistle, Utah. 114

After three decades, the post office moved to 100 South 100 West and the General Services Administration (GSA) converted the 1938 post office to a federal building for various agencies. GSA awarded a contract for the job, which included a remodel and a 12,000-sf north addition, to Reese Goodrich Construction Company on March 19, 1965. The Uinta NF’s headquarters relocated to temporary quarters at 290 North University Avenue until June 1966 when staff joined GSA, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Internal Revenue Service, and other agencies in the newly renovated facility.115 The Supervisor’s Office eventually became the primary tenant of the structure, which was named the J. Will Robinson Federal Building.

114 “Provo City – 1908,” The Utah County Democrat (Provo), December 17, 1908, 12; “New Post Office Occupied Today,” The Daily Herald, May 1, 1938, 1; “Uinta Has New Quarters,” Daily News – Intermountain Region, May 16, 1938, 1. 115 “Delay Noted for Move-In Date for Federal Building,” The Daily Herald, April 19, 1966, 1; “Federal Building Occupied,” The Daily Herald, June 19, 1966, 9; Intermountain Reporter, no. 25, (June 24, 1966), 2.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 47

The 2008 merger of the Uinta and Wasatch-Cache NFs prompted the Forest Service to reduce GSA lease costs and consolidate personnel in one location. This led to the subsequent acquisition of a centrally located Supervisor’s Office at 857 West South Jordon Parkway in South Jordan. Staff moved into the building in 2012.

ADMINISTRATIVE SITES

Provo Warehouse Site In 1933, as Utah saw its first CCC camps established, the Forest Service purchased a 0.15-acre property at 158 South 200 West in Provo from the Central Utah Mortgage Company for $450. The parties executed a warranty deed on December 18, 1933 for the property, which was defined by a metes and bounds survey in Lots 2 and 7, Block 46, Plat A, Provo City Survey (T7S, R2E, S12).

Enrollees from CCC Camp PE-220 in Provo developed the site in 1934-35 with a three-car garage and storehouse that the Uinta NF eventually called the Provo Warehouse (#0011).116 The structure closely followed R4 Plan 33A, a standard design that Forest Service architect George L. Nichols finalized in 1934. Around 1939, the Uinta NF, probably with additional CCC help, constructed an addition that transformed the building’s footprint from a rectangle to an L-shape.117 This “south wing” exhibits features of R4 Plan 35, a standard plan for a 26’ x 101’ five-bay garage and equipment building. Nichols drew the plan in early 1935 and revised it in 1938 by changing the large doors from an X-braced design to a nine-panel design. The south wing is the same depth as the standard plan but is not as long, thanks to the site’s limited dimensions.

The Provo Warehouse served as a parking and storage area for the Supervisor’s Office located a few blocks north. After the inter-forest transfer of 1954, regional officials assessed the facility needs of the newly configured Uinta NF. They discussed moving the Provo Warehouse off site in 20-foot sections, although this would be challenging due to narrow alleys accessing the property. Recognizing this problem. George Nichols recommended retention of the warehouse and the installation of an “oil mat” in the service yard to keep the dust from disturbing neighbors.118

In 1992, the Uinta NF disposed of the Rock Canyon Fire Station Site (see below), which included a warehouse that provided storage and housed the Forest’s radio and sign shop. To compensate, the Forest Service remodeled the Provo Warehouse to accommodate the shop. The work involved significant alterations such as the removal and replacement of garage doors and lining the interior with gypsum board.

Heritage staff determined in 2004 that the Provo Warehouse Site (Heritage No. UN-149, 42UT881) was eligible for listing on the National Register. A decade later, after further survey and research, staff changed the determination to ineligible and SHPO concurred (Report No. UWC-14-1427). The Forest Service sold

116 “Forest Camp Work Praised,” The Salt Lake Tribune, December 30, 1934, 53; “C.C.C. Camp News Items,” The Daily Herald, January 24, 1935, 5; “CCC Boys Build Canyon Trails,” The Daily Herald, February 3, 1935, 2. 117 H. A. Cheeseman, A.F.S., to Regional Forester, January 24, 1939, File: “Central Utah Mortgage Co., Provo Warehouse Adm. Site Access,” Right-Of-Way Files, USFS Region 4 Lands Status Office, Ogden, Utah. Location cited hereinafter as R4 LSO. 118 A. L. Anderson, A.R.F., to H. L. Lobenstein, Flood Prevention, September 29, 1954, R4 Architectural Historian’s Files.

48 The Enchantment of Ranger Life the property in a 2015 auction, using the authority of the Forest Service Facility Realignment and Enhancement Act.

Rock Canyon Fire Station Site As discussed in Chapter 4, the Uinta NF constructed several buildings with funds from President Kennedy’s APW program. One of them, the Rock Canyon Fire Station, was along 2300 North in Provo and just inside the forest boundary on land the Forest Service purchased in 1936.

Officials broke ground for the fire station in March 1963. Forest Service architect William R. Turner designed the 40' x 104' building (R4 Plan A-117), which was to accommodate two fire engines, a carpenter-sign shop, and supply storage. A Forest Service “force account” crew started construction of the fire station on April 2, 1963 and concluded on June 30, 1963, with final costs for the site’s development totaling nearly $50,000. Other improvements included a heliport, a 10’ x 20’ flammable storage building (built 1963), a cap magazine, and a powder magazine for small amounts of explosives.119

The Rock Canyon Fire Station, initially lauded as a beneficial facility in the area, proved useful to various personnel. Fire crews from the Pleasant Grove Ranger District used it as a standby station and a forest cache. Helicopter and helitack crew were stationed there during periods of critical fire danger. A dispatcher worked on site for about two seasons before moving to the Salt Lake City dispatch office. Recreation and road crews also used the property. The parking area served as a storage and inspection area for light and heavy vehicles and equipment until neighbors complained about the unsightliness and noise. Complaints about the Forest Service site had begun in late 1963 when the local newspaper reported on the visibility of the storage yard.120

The conflicting use of this semi-industrial site in a residential area led the Uinta NF to consider mitigation measures such as relocating fire operations, trading part of the site with the City of Provo, and even leaving Rock Canyon altogether.121 In 1992, the Forest Service and City of Provo finalized a transaction that transferred 75 acres in Section 29 of T6S, R3E to the City. The property included Rock Canyon site with its fire station (#0021) and flammable storage building (# 0022). In exchange, the Forest Service received 677 acres in the Big Springs and Water Hollow drainages of the South Fork of the Provo River. In preparation for the land exchange, heritage staff surveyed the Forest Service property in 1991. The Utah SHPO concurred with staff’s determination that the tract was not eligible for listing on the National Register.

119 “Forest Service Fire Station Near Rock Canyon to Increase Protection Against Wildland Blazes,” The Sunday Herald, March 31, 1963, 7; “Final construction Report on Provo Fire Station,” January 31, 1964, File: “7300 Buildings, Rock Canyon Fire Station,” Facilities Files, UWCSO Engineering Office; "Rock Canyon Fire Station,” no date, File: 7300 Buildings, Rock Canyon Fire Station,” Pleasant Grove Ranger District Office (location cited hereinafter as PGRD Office). 120 "Rock Canyon Fire Station”; “Canyon Fire Unit,” The Daily Herald, November 28, 1963, 28. 121 "Rock Canyon Fire Station.”

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 49

Chapter 6: Pleasant Grove Ranger District

The Pleasant Grove Ranger District is sandwiched between the Wasatch Mountain State Park and Deer Creek State Park on the east and the urban populations of Draper, American Fork, Orem, and Provo on the west. It adjoins the Salt Lake Ranger District on the north and the Spanish Fork and Heber districts on the southeast. Elevations range from 7,000 feet to 11,750 feet at Mt. Timpanogos, which is the second highest mountain in the Wasatch Range after Mt. Nebo. The Provo Canyon Scenic Byway bisects the district to join Orem and the Deer Creek Reservoir. The north end has many popular areas that include the Timpanogos Cave National Monument, Theater in the Pines, Mutual Dell, the Alpine Loop Scenic Backway (State Road 92), and other recreation sites in or near American Fork Canyon. The Lone Peak Wilderness stretches from the north part of the district into the southern part of the Salt Lake Ranger District.

NAMES, CONFIGURATIONS, & HEADQUARTERS The Pleasant Grove Ranger District was created in 1954 from the north end of the Spanish Fork Ranger District and the south end of the Wasatch NF’s American Fork Ranger District. The core of the American Fork District originated as the Wasatch Forest Reserve, which was established on August 16, 1906. The new reserve encompassed 85,440 acres in T3S through T5S, R2E and R3E, an area between the Provo River and the Salt Lake Forest Reserve. On July 1, 1908, the Wasatch NF grew with the addition of the 95,440-acre Salt Lake NF to the north and the 68,960–acre Grantsville NF to the west.

During the early years, the South Fork Ranger Station served as the American Fork District Ranger’s summer headquarters. Vivian N. West, ranger beginning in 1917, worked from Pleasant Grove, likely from his home or rented quarters until the 1937 acquisition and development of the first Pleasant Grove Ranger Station. He took over administration of the Vernon Division in 1929 and the Grantsville Division in 1938 before retiring in 1939. In later years, the Forest Service may have owned a house in American Fork.122

The 1954 inter-forest land exchange moved the Wasatch-Uinta boundary from American Fork Canyon northward to the hydrologic divide. This area was consolidated with part of the Spanish Fork Ranger District to form the Pleasant Grove Ranger District. By 1957, the Pleasant Grove Ranger Station was the district’s year-round headquarters although the South Fork Ranger Station continued as a work center for recreation staff with occasional overnight use by the ranger.123

Region 4 decided in late 1972 to consolidate the Uinta NF’s five ranger districts into three districts with headquarters at Heber, Pleasant Grove, and Spanish Fork. A year later, the Regional Forester described additional changes. The boundary between the Pleasant Grove and Spanish Fork districts would shift from the Left Fork of Hobble Creek northward “to the hydrologic divide on a line from Bald Knoll southwest to Provo Peak, down Corral Mountain to Camel Pass, hence to the Forest boundary between Twin Ridges

122 Charles Rosier, email to author, June 13, 2016. 123 “History of the Uinta NF”; T. H. Van Meter, A.R.F., to Forest Supervisor, March 18, 1957 (Van Meter to Forest Supervisor); E-Improvements-Buildings-Uinta, 1956-57 (Improvements, 1956-57); Box 209, RMDV-095-14-002; Intermountain Regional Office Historical Records, 1905-53 (R4 Records, 1905-53); General Records of the US Forest Service, Record Group 95 (RG95); National Archives and Records Administration, Denver (NARAD).

50 The Enchantment of Ranger Life and Spring Creek.”124 By this time, the district staff had relocated to a second ranger station in Pleasant Grove.

Pleasant Grove Ranger District

124 “Forest Consolidation Proposal”; Hamre.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 51

ADMINISTRATIVE SITES

Dutchman Ranger Station On August 16, 1907, the GLO designated eight acres in Section 32 of T3S, R3E as the Dutchman Ranger Station. A corrected description of the tract in upper American Fork Canyon identified it as a 7.5-acre parcel in Section 28. The Forest Service likely developed the site before 1911 when Wasatch Forest Supervisor E. H. Clark announced construction of 11½ miles of telephone line from American Fork to the Dutchman Mine near the “ranger’s station.”125 An early photo of the station portrays a gable-roofed building with board-and-batten siding, wood roof shingles, and a porch or lean-to.

Architect George L. Nichols visited the site in 1933 to assess the station’s buildings, apparently to prepare for work by CCC enrollees from Deer Creek Camp F-5. He recommended construction of a one-car garage, an R4 Plan 13A barn to replace the old “wreck of a barn,” a new yard fence, a new flagpole, and a spring development for Dutchman Ranger Station, ca. 1960s culinary water. His proposal for the house was more detailed:

The dwelling at this station is rather homely but is substantially strong and on a good foundation, therefore, I recommend the following: Remove the battens, cover with siding, and put on corner boards, cornice, new roof, casings on doors and windows, new front porch, new front door and shutters on the front windows. The chimney top needs repairs and a sink is needed in the kitchen. . . . In revamping the house ideas of construction and materials should be taken from plans 1 and 53.126

The Wasatch NF took Nichol’s advice and sought bids for drop siding, cedar shingles, and lumber to improve the Dutchman Ranger Station dwelling. The bid document also asked for materials to construct an R4 Plan 23 garage but Blaine Betenson, the assistant forest supervisor, decided to eliminate it. He asked Ranger Vivian West if they should build a small barn instead. West responded affirmatively but it not known if this occurred.127

125 “To Install Phone To Dutchman Mine,” Salt Lake Tribune, July 4, 1911, 3. 126 A. G. Nord, Forest Supervisor, to Ranger West, July 31, 1933, File: “7300 Buildings, South Fork Ranger Station,” PGRD Office. 127 “Standard Government Short Form Contract,” September 9, 1933, File: “7300 Buildings, Little Valley Ranger Station,” History Files, UWCSO Basement.

52 The Enchantment of Ranger Life The Forest Service tore down the Dutchman house in the late 1960s or early 1970s, and burned and buried the demolished material.128 Decades later, heritage staff documented the Dutchman Ranger Station (Heritage No. UN-383, 42UT1320) in preparation for the American Fork Canyon Watershed Reclamation project (Report No. R2001041800019). They only found traces of the station’s improvements including a stone walkway, and determined the site was not eligible for listing on the National Register.

Pleasant Grove Ranger Station No. 1 On March 11, 1937, the Forest Service acquired a 0.75-acre site at 165 North 100 East in Pleasant Grove from Samuel D. Moore, Jr. and proceeded to develop it for the American Fork Ranger District. The site gained an R4 Plan 51B office with a basement and an R4 Plan 21 garage/storeroom. An R4 Plan 1 dwelling, proposed on an approved 1937 site plan, was not built.

In 1954, regional architect George L. Nichols examined the availability of and need for administrative facilities on the newly formed Pleasant Grove Ranger District. He and regional officials proposed to relocate the R4 Plan 1 dwelling and R4 Plan 21 garage from the South Fork Ranger Station to the Pleasant Grove Ranger Station, but recommended waiting until the canyon road was upgraded to a Class A highway. In reworking the Pleasant Grove site, they considered orienting the dwelling to face north or east and adding the South Fork garage as a T or L addition to the Pleasant Grove garage.129 These ideas went no further due to a proposal that would provide a new site for the district.

The LDS Church, which had a ward house adjacent to the ranger station, approached Senator Arthur V. Watkins in 1955 about acquiring the Forest Service parcel for expansion purposes. The church offered to exchange property and proposed to pay the cost of relocating the Forest Service buildings.130 With Watkins’ assistance, Congress passed special legislation (PL 85-632) on August 14, 1958 that authorized the exchange. A deed dated January 30, 1960 conveyed to the Forest Service a 0.83-acre site two blocks to the north and a two-acre pasture near town. The LDS Church took ownership of the old ranger station and relocated the Forest Service office, garage/storeroom, fire cache shelter, and sign to the new site.

Pleasant Grove Ranger Station No. 2 As discussed above, a January 30, 1960 land exchange eliminated one administrative but added two more to the Uinta NF. The Forest Service conveyed the original Pleasant Grove Ranger Station at 165 North 100 East to the LDS Church. In return, the Church transferred ownership of a 0.83-acre lot at 390 North 100 East (T5S, R2E, S21) and a two-acre pasture outside of town. As part of the transaction, the Church moved an R4 Plan 51B office, an R4 Plan 21 garage/storeroom, a fire cache shelter, and a sign from the old ranger station to the new one. The relocations were complete by October 1961 but not without extensive discussion and some disagreement between Uinta NF officials and the Regional Office about the site layout.131

128 Ralph McDonald, telephone interview by author, June 15, 2016. 129 A . L. Anderson, ARF, to H. L. Lobenstein, Flood Prevention, September 29, 1954 (Anderson to Lobenstein); E- Improvements-Buildings-Uinta, 1952-55 (Improvements, 1952-55); Box 199, RMDV-095-14-002; R4 Records, 1905- 53; RG95; NARAD. 130 Arthur V. Watkins to C. J. Olsen, Regional Forester, July 21, 1955, File: “7300 Buildings, Pleasant Grove Ranger Station (continued),” PGRD Office. 131 Memorandum of Understanding between Pleasant Grove Second Corporation of Church of Jesus Christs of Latter- Day Saints and Uinta National Forest, 1961, and “Certificate of Completion,” October 10, 1961, Case File, R4 LSO;

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 53

The new ranger station site offered room to grow with bigger and better facilities. Until that was possible, the Uinta NF planned to remodel the small office and expand it with an addition. When denied funds for the work, the Forest Supervisor wrote the Regional Forester in early 1962 to express his disappointment.132 The situation improved some months later when regional architect William R. Turner and Forest staff examined the possibility of constructing a new office and warehouse under the Accelerated Public Works program. It brightened considerably when the Uinta NF secured APW funds to build ranger stations in Pleasant Grove, Spanish Fork, and Nephi.

The Uinta NF prepared for the redevelopment of the Pleasant Grove site by selling the old office to Milton G. Johnson of Orem, Utah on January 21, 1963. Johnson had submitted the high bid of $351, and the Forest Supervisor provided him a five-day window to remove the office in January 1963. The Reese Goodrich Construction Company broke ground soon thereafter and completed an “attractive, modern office building” in June 1963. Later that year, the Forest Service sought bids for construction of a 30’ x 60’ warehouse and an 8’-8” x 12’-8” flammable storage building. Both were completed in 1964. The old R4 Plan 21 garage/storeroom was removed some time after 1963, apparently to the Nephi Dwelling Site.133 The fire cache shelter was also removed or possibly relocated to the South Fork Ranger Station in American Fork Canyon.

The existing Office (#2031) is an R4 Plan A-94, the same standard plan used at the Spanish Fork and Nephi ranger stations. Bill Turner, the architect in the Ogden office, was proud of the design. He recalled:

One of the struggles I had earlier in my career was dealing with the Division of Operations. They were very strict with the building budget and did not want any “frills” on the buildings. For example, we could not put trim around porch posts, adjustable shelves in utility closets, wood shakes on roofs, or stone on the exterior of buildings. It took me a while to get them to understand that these items would improve the buildings and last longer. The Pleasant Grove District Office on the Uinta National Forest was one example of an office designed after convincing the building committee that adding a little to the offices was wise.134

Turner and Al Saunders designed the Warehouse (#2032), a concrete block structure designated as R4 Plan 106 Reversed, and the Flammable Storage Building (#2033). The latter, also made of concrete block, is R4 Plan 173-B.

Various documents, File: “5650-Buildings, Water & Sanitation, Pleasant Grove Administrative Site, C.Y. 1959 thru C.Y. 1960,” 7310 Buildings files, UWCSO Basement. 132 C. S. Thornock, Forest Supervisor, to Regional Forester, February 21, 1962, File: “7300 Buildings, Pleasant Grove Ranger Station (continued),” PGRD Office. 133 C. S. Thornock, Forest Supervisor, to Milton G. Johnson, December 31, 1962, File: “6440 Real Property, Sale- Spanish Fork & Pleasant Grove Ranger District Office,” UWCSO Basement; “Open House at New Ranger Station Thursday, June 27th,” Pleasant Grove Review, June 20, 1963; Invitation for Bids (Construction Contract), November 15, 1963 and Bill for Collection, 12/31/1962, stamped “Received Jan 21 1963,” File: “7300 Buildings, Pleasant Grove Ranger Station (continued),” PGRD Office; Foundation Plan for Nephi Garage, no date, includes a handwritten note “garage moved in from Pleasant Grove I believe.” The foundation’s configuration and dimensions are for an R4 Plan 21 garage/storeroom. 134 Grosvenor, 209-210.

54 The Enchantment of Ranger Life The Pleasant Grove Ranger Station (Heritage Site No. UWC-806, 42UT1941) remains an active work center for district staff. Over the years, it has seen the accumulation of prefabricated buildings to accommodate storage and personnel. These newer facilities include:

• Metal Storage Shed #2035 (1978) • Storage Shed #2034 (1988) • ATV/Trails Storage Shed #2036 (1999) • Office Trailer (2002) • Radio Equipment Building (2003) • Storage Building (2005)

South Fork Work Center A developed tract in American Fork Canyon has served as an important facility for the Forest Service, first as headquarters of the Wasatch NF’s American Fork Ranger District and now as a work center for the Pleasant Grove Ranger District. Christened the South Fork Ranger Station, it began as a 4.75-acre tract (T4S, R2E, S24) at the confluence of the North and South Forks of American Fork Creek. The GLO withdrew the site on August 16, 1907, and it grew on April 28, 1908 with the withdrawal of an adjacent ten-acre pasture in the same section (South Fork Addition #1). In 1958, a public land order expanded the total withdrawn area to 147.89 acres (T4S, R2E, S24 and T4S, R3E, S19).

The South Fork Ranger Station had a cabin by 1907 that, as seen in early photos, evolved in size and appearance.135 As Ora Chipman recalled, “it faced the mountain in the opposite direction than it does now. The only road coming from the ranger station on up into the South Fork was a road that was used years before to haul timber out.”136

The 1933 establishment of Deer Creek Camp F-5 in American Fork Canyon brought CCC labor and funds for many improvement projects in the area. The Forest Service’s Regional Office prepared for one of the camp’s first projects—redevelopment of the South Fork Ranger Station—by sending George L. Nichols to meet with ranger Vivian West and camp superintendent W. O. Stephens on July 14, 1933. Nichols, the regional architect, sketched a site improvement plan showing four new buildings and the existing barn. He recommended construction of an R4 Plan 1 house, an R4 Plan 21 garage/storeroom, an R4 Plan 5 or an altered R4 Plan 4 office, and a 32’ x 56’ equipment shed from the Truck Trail Manual that could be modified to match the other structures. Nichols advised adjusting the building locations as needed to preserve certain trees while retaining their arrangement at right angles with each other.137

The Wasatch NF followed Nichols’ proposal and layout, securing materials from Chipman Mercantile Company and relying on the CCC for labor. Enrollees began construction in late summer 1933 and continued through the winter of 1933-34 with a detachment from the Woods Cross Camp.138 George E. Nichols, a building contractor and the father of architect Nichols, was also involved, perhaps as a Local

135 “National Forests and Their Purpose,” Inter-Mountain Republican, October 21, 1907, 8. 136 Ora H. Chipman, “The History of Mutual Dell,” Appendix C of Alan C. Stauffer, “Histories of American Fork,” September 3, 1971. 137 A. G. Nord, Forest Supervisor, to Ranger West, July 31, 1933. 138 “American Fork Reforestation Camp Work Outlined,” Pleasant Grove Review, May 26, 1933, 5; “Contract Awarded by Forest Service,” Salt Lake Tribune, June 4, 1933, 5; “Timpanogos Cave Will Reopen for Summer Sunday,” Salt Lake Tribune, April 1, 1934, 46.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 55

Experienced Man.139 They built an R4 Plan 1 dwelling, an R4 Plan 21 garage/storeroom, an R4 Plan 5 office, and an equipment shed. They also improved the old barn. All buildings were painted white with Nile green trim, an unusual choice since those colors were the standard scheme reserved for ranger stations in towns. The color issue came up in 1942 when the need for repainting arose. A regional official recommended keeping the scheme since he had white paint on hand and buying new paint would be difficult due Original South Fork Ranger Station, early 1910s to the war emergency and a lack of funds. Besides, he doubted “if the gray color scheme is any more appropriate in this surrounding than this original white and green color scheme.”140

Prominent landscape architect A. D. Taylor visited the South Fork Ranger Station in 1935 on his circuit to assess landscape design in four Forest Service regions. He wrote:

This ranger station is one of the attractive ranger stations where considerable further study should be given to the problem of planting in order to provide the desired naturalistic setting for the buildings. The severity of the surrounding side fence can be softened by some planting or native materials along the border adjacent to the fence.141

Two recreational planners on the Wasatch NF, A. W. Doerner and Kenneth Maughan, responded with an extensive planting plan in 1936. Although some planting had been done, they proposed to rearrange plants and add new ones. Their planting list included trees such as red birch, box elder, aspen, and blue spruce as well as an assortment of bushes like serviceberry, snowberry, and chokecherry.

The changing role of the South Fork Ranger Station after the New Deal period may be attributed to several factors. The 1937 construction of a new ranger station in Pleasant Grove provided an improved winter facility that eventually became a year-round office. Rangers who succeeded long-time ranger Vivian West after his 1939 retirement had different ideas about how much time to spend at the station, particularly as transportation and communication networks improved.

Ranger Wallace “Smokey” Saling was not pleased with the South Fork facilities when he arrived in 1949 and immediately requested upgrades. The forest guard—a married man—lived in the two-room office

139 The architect’s note on the 1935 improvement plan states: “The bldgs. at this station were built by Geo. E. Nichols Father of Geo L. Nichols Regional Architect.” 140 John N. Kinney, A.R.F., to Regional Forester, September 22, 1942, File: “7300 Buildings, South Fork Ranger Station,” PGRD Office. 141 Albert Davis Taylor, Problems of Landscape Architecture in the National Forests: Report to U.S. Forester's Office on Trip of Inspection Through Some of the National Forest Areas in Regions 2, 4, 6, and 1 (1935), 63, Accession No. R4- 1680-1992-0054-03, R4 History Collection.

56 The Enchantment of Ranger Life building, which required Saling to work from a small room in the back of the garage. It had no heat or electrical lighting, forcing him to rely on gas lanterns. After complaining about the dim conditions, the ranger added a dramatic handwritten note to his typed letter, “3:00 PM & Cloudy So Dark Can Hardly See in office.”

To rectify conditions at South Fork, Saling offered several proposals, including an upgrade of the existing electrical service. He recommended a room for the guard be added to the back of the office building, which would allow Saling to relocate his office into the front room. When the Regional Office proposed that a bachelor guard be hired so the building wasn’t so cramped, Saling responded that this would leave the phone unattended at times as they often relied on the “Lady at the Station” to answer it while they were occupied. Not only did the office building require expansion, he noted, but it also needed a sink, shower, and septic tank. Despite Saling’s persistence, many of the improvements did not materialize as he had hoped.142

Another factor that contributed to the administrative site’s decline as a ranger station was the 1954 transfer of American Fork Canyon from the Wasatch NF to the Uinta NF as part of the new Pleasant Grove Ranger District. The action prompted a serious discussion about facility needs that involved George L. Nichols. The architect studied the possibility of moving the South Fork dwelling and garage to the Pleasant Grove Ranger Station, and relocating the Timpooneke house to South Fork. He also proposed to move the Timpooneke garage to South Fork where it would be attached to the back of the office building as Saling had proposed. Nichols recommended waiting until the narrow, switchback road was improved before structures were moved. The South Fork equipment shed (the current warehouse), he noted, could not be relocated and would continue to serve as a garage and equipment facility at South Fork.143

By 1957, regional officials questioned further investment in the South Fork Ranger Station since the need for maintenance was “nebulous.” Most of the buildings served as storage facilities and the site provided a lunch place for recreation employees who commuted from their homes. The district ranger stayed overnight only occasionally.144 Nevertheless, the future of the station seemed secure by the 1960s, primarily due to increased activity on the district. Now known as the South Fork Work Center (Heritage No. UN-100, 42UT702), it has provided storage facilities and living quarters for district staff for several decades. The original water system was replaced and buildings were wired after electricity was brought up the canyon in the late 1960s or early 1970s.145 The station has also seen the addition of several small utilitarian structures. The site’s past and present improvements include the following, which are listed in order of facility number.146

1. Dwelling (#2021): The CCC replaced the ca. 1907 cabin with this R4 Plan 1 dwelling in 1933. Enrollees poured the foundation by August 1933 and had nearly completed the house a month

142 Various correspondence, 1949-1955, File: “7300 Buildings, South Fork Ranger Station,” PGRD Office. 143 Anderson to Lobenstein; Improvements, 1952-55; Box 199, RMDV-095-14-002; R4 Records, 1905-53; RG95; NARAD. 144 Van Meter to Forest Supervisor; Improvements, 1956-57; Box 209, RMDV-095-14-002; R4 Records, 1905-53; NARAD. 145 McDonald, interview. 146 Sources for the following include: Rosier, email, June 13, 2016; “Doings at & By Camp F-5,” Pleasant Grove Review, August 4, 1933, 5; “Erection of Rangers Station At South Fork Progressing,” Pleasant Grove Review, September 22, 1933, 1; Building List in Improvement Plan Book, UWCSO Basement; “Descriptive Sheet to Accompany Field Map of South Fork Ranger Station,” File: “7300 Buildings, South Fork Ranger Station,” UWCSO Engineering Office.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 57

and a half later. The original cabin was to be relocated to another Forest Service site but its fate is presently unknown.

2. Garage (#2022): Construction of this R4 Plan 21 garage/storeroom progressed quickly in 1933, with CCC enrollees nearly completing it by mid-September.

3. Bunkhouse (#2023): The CCC poured the foundation of this R4 Plan 5 office in late September 1933. Records suggest it was completed in early 1934.

4. Warehouse/Shop (#2024): The CCC began excavating for the foundation of this building in September 1933 and likely finished it in 1934. It was built according to an equipment shed plan found in the Forest Service’s Truck Trail Manual. The original footings were structurally inadequate, causing the building to sink and the roof to sag.147 In 1962, two years after Ranger Mike Wright brought this to the Forest Supervisor’s attention, regional architect Bill Turner sketched a design for new footings.148 Later that year, local workers used APW funds to lift the warehouse and construct a new concrete foundation. A shed-roofed addition, built sometime later, was there by 1965.149 It may have been constructed with materials salvaged from the barn. The addition was described ca. 1982 has having a horse stall and tack room.150 The Doxey Construction Company added a bathroom in the warehouse in 1984.151

5. Flammable Storage (#2025): This 1963 building measures 14’ x 10’ and is of frame construction with novelty siding. It is not a standard plan like the 1963 flammable storage buildings at the Pleasant Grove and Nephi ranger stations, which supports the theory that it was constructed with materials salvaged from the barn.

6. Pump House (#2026): The Doxey Construction Company built the pump house, which has T1-11 plywood siding, in 1984-85.152

7. Plumbing Shed (#2027): Erected in 1992, this small shed is clad with T1-11 plywood siding and is next to the pump house.

8. Wood Storage Shed (#2028): This 1997 shed appears on a site sketch in the 2003 Facility Master Plan. It was “constructed out of junk lumber (table planks, logs etc.) with a tin roof” and was dismantled ca. 2014.

9. Metal Storage Shed (#2029): According to the Forest Service infrastructure database, this metal- clad prefabricated shed dates to 2001.

147 M. S. Wright, District Ranger, to C. S. Thornock, Forest Supervisor, October 17, 1960, File: “7300 Buildings, Pleasant Grove Ranger Station (continued),” PGRD Office. 148 James M. Usher, Regional Engineer, to Forest Supervisor, October 9, 1962, File: “7300 Buildings, South Fork Ranger Station,” PGRD Office. 149 McDonald, interview. 150 “Engineering Report for South Fork Guard Station Water and Wastewater Systems, Uinta National Forest,” ca. 1982, 2, File: “South Fork Guard Station, Water & Sewer Improvements – I,” UWCSO Basement. 151 “Contract Payment Estimate and Invoice, South Fork Guard Station Utility Improvement Project – Phase III,” 1984, File: “South Fork Guard Station – Phase III Contract Documents,” UWCSO Basement. 152 “Contract Payment Estimate and Invoice.”

58 The Enchantment of Ranger Life 10. Open-Sided Shed: This structure supports a lean-to roof over a concrete slab. It appears on a ca. 1962 site plan.

11. Hose Shed: A 1936 plan of the water system shows a hydrant near where the flammable storage building now stands and includes the note: “Detailed Sketch of Fire Hose Housing with reel will be furnished.”153 The existing hose shed is identical to a fire cache shelter that was relocated in 1961 from the first Pleasant Grove Ranger Station to the current Pleasant Grove Ranger Station. It is possible that the Forest Service moved it to South Fork as part of the 1963-64 redevelopment of the second Pleasant Grove Ranger Station.

12. Barn: In 1933, the Wasatch NF sought bids for drop siding and other materials to improve the old barn so it would match the other buildings.154 Work presumably started soon thereafter. As of 1935, the barn was relocated several feet to the southeast but the concrete slab remained in place. Two corrals joined the barn on its southwest and southeast elevations. The historical record and physical evidence supports the idea that the barn was dismantled in 1962 or 1963 and its materials used to construct the flammable storage building and an addition on the warehouse/shop.

13. Toilets: The outhouse, likely an R4 Plan 70 pit latrine, appears between the garage/storeroom and equipment shed on a 1935 improvement plan. As seen in a 1978 photo, the site by then had a single-unit vault toilet that has since been removed.155

14. Oil Shed. In 1960, the ranger recommended replacement of the “tin shack” used for storage of oil and other flammable materials because it was undersized and substandard.156

15. Site Features: By 1935, site features included a bridge from the canyon road across South Fork Creek. A fence encircled the office, house, garage/storeroom, and the location of a proposed wood shed. A driveway provided access through the fence to the toilet, equipment shed, barn, and a gas pump that was next to the barn’s former concrete floor slab. A water line carried water down canyon and through the pasture north of the barn. A concrete dock was built ca. 1962 between the warehouse/shop and the boneyard.

Timpooneke Guard Station In 1933, CCC enrollees from Deer Creek Camp F-5 began constructing an R4 Plan 2 dwelling at the Timpooneke Guard Station, also known as Altamont, and built a telephone line connecting it to the South Fork Ranger Station. When the camp closed for the winter, many of the men were assigned to Woods Cross Camp SE-205. Some stayed in American Fork Canyon to continue working on projects, and a detachment completed the Timpooneke dwelling in spring 1934.157 They likely installed the R4 Plan 70

153 “Water System Improvements at South Fork Ranger Station, American Fork Canyon, Wasatch National Forest,” November 2, 1936, File: “7300 Buildings, South Fork Ranger Station,” PGRD Office. 154 “Standard Government Short Form Contract,” September 9, 1933, File: “7300 Buildings, Little Valley Ranger Station,” History Files, UWCSO Basement. 155 “Engineering Report for South Fork Guard Station Water and Wastewater Systems.” 156 Wright to Thornock, October 17, 1960. 157 Olsen, “The CCC’s Six Years in Pleasant Grove,” 6.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 59

toilet that same year,158 and may have been responsible for the existing 14’ x 16’ garage, which appears to be a recycled cabin. Beadboard on the walls and ceiling and early photos of its four-panel door and 2/2 windows support a construction period of 1910s or early 1920s.159 It was on site by 1935 when landscape architect A. D. Taylor inspected several improvements in Region 4 and commented on the Timpooneke Guard Station:

This ranger station shows the normal type of architectural design adopted for such buildings in this Region. The building is very nicely located, just off the main forest road. The designer has correctly oriented the building so that the entrance front faces the mountain.160

Taylor described the house as cramped because the yard fence was too close. He recommended the introduction of an island of native trees and shrubs in the “expanse of barren area” in front of the fence and the removal of some aspen trees to improve the view of the mountain.161 The Forest Service took his advice to heart and planted some vegetation in a rock-lined island by 1937.

Mary Ivie fondly recalled living at the Timpooneke station with her father, forest guard Ford M. Paulson, who worked summers there from 1929 to 1939. The Paulsons had a screened-in icebox in the creek and a coal-burning stove (fueled at times with wood) in the kitchen. A wire yard fence enclosed a grass lawn. One summer, artist Marius Smith asked for room and board in exchange for watercolor paintings. 162 Born in Denmark as Marius Schmidt (1868-1938), this distinguished painter immigrated to the United States where he lived in California until his death. He began signing his work as Smith in 1917 due to the anti- German feelings that arose in World War I. During his 1935 stay at Timpooneke, he painted wildflowers and the Timpanogos area, exhibiting some of his work during the annual Timpanogos hike.163

The post-war area required a reassessment of facilities, thanks in part to improved transportation and communication systems. The 1954 boundary adjustments, which shifted American Fork Canyon from the Wasatch NF to the Uinta NF, was another Timpooneke Guard Station, 1935

158 American Fork Citizen, May 26, 1933, 1. 159 The 2003 Facilities Master Plan for the Uinta National Forest states the Timpooneke Ranger Station existed by the 1920s but the appearance of its original building was unknown. No primary source for this statement has been found but, if it is true, the existing garage could be the original building. 160 Taylor, 64 161 Ibid. 162 Mary Ivie to Steve Ashcraft, January 31, 2002, blue binder, copy room, PGRD Office. 163 http://www.askart.com/artist/Marius_Schmidt/86249/Marius_Schmidt.aspx, accessed April 11, 2016; “California Artist To Paint Flowers at Aspen Grove,” The Daily Herald, July 15, 1935, 1.

60 The Enchantment of Ranger Life consideration. That year, architect George L. Nichols studied the possibility of moving the Plan 1 dwelling from the South Fork Ranger Station to Pleasant Grove and transporting the Timpooneke dwelling down canyon to the South Fork site. He recommended waiting until the road was improved because it was too narrow and curvy for such a move. He also proposed to relocate the Timpooneke garage to South Fork where it could be attached to the back of the office building.164

The Uinta NF did not relocate the Dwelling (#2011), Garage (#2012), or Pit Toilet (#2013). Instead, the Timpooneke Guard Station (Heritage No. UN-281, 42UT1940) has seen continued maintenance and upgrades that have allowed consistent occupancy. Improvements included replacement of the septic tank and drain fields, re-roofing the buildings with wood shingles, lead-based paint abatement, installation of a solar power system, and restoration of the house’s brick chimney.

The Forest Service designated five acres in Section 32 of T4S, R3E as the Timpooneke Guard Station on April 18, 1935. PLO 1579 expanded it to twenty acres on January 30, 1958.

Other Administrative Sites

Cascade Administrative Site This 34.50-acre site was in Section 24 of T4S, R3E, which is near the border between the Uinta-Wasatch- Cache NF and the Wasatch Mountain State Park. The Regional Forester approved the Cascade Administrative Site on October 30, 1909. In 1926, Forest Supervisor E. C. Shepard asked Ranger Vivian West to prepare a letter recommending its release. 165

Deer Creek Administrative Site The GLO approved the 72.50-acre Deer Creek Administrative Site April 15, 1908. It was in Section 7 of T4S, R3E, an area developed in 1933 as CCC Deer Creek Camp F-5 and in 1938 as the Granite Flat Campground. On August 12, 1912, the Forest Supervisor recommended its release, an action the GLO took on November 23, 1915.166

Pleasant Grove Pasture Site As discussed above, the Forest Service transferred the original Pleasant Grove Ranger Station to the LDS Church in exchange for two tracts. One was a new ranger station site in Pleasant Grove and the other was a two-acre pasture fronting “Sam Whites Lane” near town (Sections 29 and 30 of T5S, R2E).167 It proved to be an unsatisfactory site due to its high water table.168 The Forest Service exchanged it to the Security Title Company of Southern Utah (Noel Betts) on June 22, 1979 for a one-acre parcel in Salt Lake County.

Silver Fork Administrative Site The Regional Forester approved 32 acres in Section 35 of T3S, R2E as the Silver Fork Administrative Site on November 7, 1908. It was due east of Draper in what is now the Lone Peak Wilderness. In 1926,

164 Anderson to Lobenstein; Improvements, 1952-55; Box 199, RMDV-095-14-002; R4 Records, 1905-53; RG95; NARAD. 165 E. C. Shepard, “Circular to all Forest Officers, Wasatch N. F.,” November 16, 1926, File: “L-Status, General, Wasatch, 1925, 1926, 1927,” UWCSO Basement. 166 E. H. Clarke, Forest Supervisor, to The District Forester, August 12, 1912, File: “L-Boundaries, Wasatch, 1909 & Prior,” UWCSO Basement. 167 “Wards Get Property For Growth,” The Daily Herald, July 29, 1958, 8. 168 Wright to Thornock, October 17, 1960.

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Supervisor E. C. Shepard directed Ranger Vivian West to prepare a letter recommending release of the site.169

South Fork Administrative Site The GLO’s withdrawal of the 80-acre South Fork Administrative Site (T6S, R4E, S7) on February 13, 1907 was revoked October 21, 1918. It was a few miles southeast of Provo Canyon, near what is now the Great Western Trail.

169 E. C. Shepard, “Circular to all Forest Officers, Wasatch N. F.”

62 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Chapter 7: Heber Ranger District

The Heber Ranger District joins the Spanish Fork Ranger District to the southwest and south. It extends from the Old Indian Treaty Boundary northward to the Provo River and the Kamas Ranger District. Features at its north end include Wolf Creek Summit, the Nobletts Creek area, Duchesne Ridge, the West Fork Duchesne River, and the Mill Hollow Guard Station. The Uinta Base Line runs between the District’s north end and its central section, which includes the Currant Creek Reservoir Recreation Area. Highway 35 travels southeast from Francis to Hanna across Wolf Creek Summit and past the Mill Hollow Guard Station and the Wolf Creek Lookout site. Highway 40 leads southeast from Heber over Daniels Pass, past the Hub Guard Station, and around the north end of Strawberry Reservoir. The District’s southern end hosts several recreation sites around the reservoir as well as the Willow Creek Guard Station.

NAMES, CONFIGURATIONS, & HEADQUARTERS Region 4’s consolidation efforts of 1973-74 merged two districts on the watersheds east and south of Heber. These districts, which originated around 1908, were known for decades as the Currant Creek (D4) and Lake Creek (D5) districts.

George Fisher, appointed to the Forest Service in 1906, appears to have been the first ranger of the Currant Creek District, although one source (written in the 1960s or early 1970s) states Fisher’s district “included all of which is now the Strawberry District, all of the Heber District and part of the area out to Duchesne. This included Tabby Mountain.” He worked from Heber and the Hub Ranger Station until his resignation in 1915. Merrill Neilson, ranger from 1925 to 1935, recalled that his district—sometimes called the North Strawberry Ranger District—included Currant Creek, Strawberry Valley, Daniels Canyon, and Wallsburg. He also noted, “They kept giving me a little more country all the time which took me over farther south until at the end, I was over to the Bryants Park Creek, right next to the Bryants Park Ranger Station.”170

District 5 was known as the Red Creek Ranger District until about 1924 when it became the Lake Creek Ranger District. George Larson arrived as ranger in 1919 and referred to it as the “West fork of Duchesne” district. He recalled, “The only roads passable to cars at that time on the forest was the road from Woodland over Wolf Cr. Summit on D-5 and the main road from Heber to Fruitland on D-4.” In 1925, the Lake Creek Ranger District included the West Fork Duchesne River drainage, Wolf Creek, and the country running into the Provo River. The ranger worked from Heber during winters and the Lake Creek Ranger Station in summers.171

Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, the Currant Creek and Lake Creek rangers shared a two-room office in the Heber Mercantile Building and rented barns in town. The Uinta NF allocated funds on June 29, 1931 for construction of a 16’ x 22’ frame storeroom in Heber. The building, completed that year, was on land that the Forest Service leased until 1938.172

170 L. T. Mitchell, “History of Forest Rangers,” no date, File: “1680 History Program,” Closed Files, Heber Ranger District Office (location cited hereinafter as HRD Office); DeMoisy, “Some Early History of the Uinta”; Nielson, interview, 6-7; Uinta NF Financial Plans. 171 Larson to Forest Supervisor, November 15, 1971; Nielson, interview, 6-7; Uinta NF Financial Plans. 172 Uinta NF Financial Plans.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 63

The two rangers worked from their rented second-floor offices until January 14, 1937 when a boiler exploded and the Heber Mercantile Building burned down. Rangers Ed Adair and Parley Madsen lost everything including $2,000 in equipment and twenty years of permit records. The calamity forced them to relocate to temporary offices “in a brick building just north of Heber Motors.”173 The loss proved to be a gain for the two men, as it led to the purchase and development of a Forest Service-owned ranger station at the northwest corner of 100 South and 100 East. Constructed by the CCC, this new Heber Ranger

Heber Ranger District

173 “Winter Fire,” Daily News – Intermountain Region, January 23, 1937, 1; Wasatch Wave, January 15, 1937.

64 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Station served as winter headquarters for the two districts and provided much-needed storage space in the form of a large warehouse.

One ranger managed the Currant Creek and Lake Creek districts in 1945, but two rangers were in charge by 1946. Four years later, one ranger again took over administration of both districts but, after a decade, it became clear the workload was too heavy for one person. In 1960, the area was split into the Strawberry (D4) and Heber (D5) districts. Office space at the Heber Ranger Station became tight around this time, particularly as employee numbers increased. Relief came in March 1967 when employees of the Strawberry and Heber districts moved to the second floor of a new Federal Building at 125 East 100 North. The structure’s main tenant was, and continues to be, the US Post Office. Other Department of Agriculture agencies also occupied the GSA-owned building.174

History often repeats so it is no surprise that the Heber Ranger District absorbed the Strawberry Ranger District in 1973 as part of a region-wide consolidation program. Its boundary with the Spanish Fork District was the road on top of Willow Creek Ridge, which left all of the Strawberry River drainage in the Heber Ranger District. Size-of-ranger-district studies suggested transferring the South Fork of the Provo River to the Wasatch-Cache NF’s Kamas District, but the Regional Forester decided it would remain on the Uinta’s Heber District.175

The next significant action to affect the Heber Ranger District was the addition of the Strawberry Valley Project Lands, a 57-000-acre area around Strawberry Reservoir. The Strawberry Water Users Association had managed it until degradation of natural resources and conflicts between graziers and recreationists prompted Congress to act. In 1988, legislators transferred the project lands and its facilities from the Bureau of Reclamation to the Forest Service, which had been managing the recreation areas around the reservoir since 1982 under a Memorandum of Agreement.176 Congress also provided $3 million for restoration of the area, which was renamed the “Strawberry Valley Management Area.”

The pending transfer of the Strawberry area prompted the Uinta NF in 1983 to seek a new ranger station and warehouse in Heber. By that time, district staff occupied 1,990 square feet on two levels of the Heber Federal Building. The office space and existing storage facilities at the Heber Ranger Station and Mill Lane Work Center were already insufficient, even without the additional workload that the transfer would bring.177

Nearly a decade would pass before the situation was resolved. The District sold the Heber Dwelling Site (in 1991) and the Heber Ranger Station (in 1992) and used the money to build a new district office at 2460 South Highway 40.178 Reclamation had acquired the property and built a warehouse in 1986 under the terms of an interagency agreement. The agreement stipulated the handover of 5.36 acres to the Forest Service for an office, and the transfer of the remaining 5.1-acre acres, including the warehouse and

174 C. E. Favre, A.R.F., to Regional Forester, September 25, 1946, File: “1658-Historical Data, 4-Early Administration,” History Files, UWCSO Basement; Press Release, March 13, 1967, File: “1630 Written Information, 3-Press Releases, Uinta N.F. Press Releases,” file box, UWCSO Basement; Forest Service Organizational Directories; Nielson, interview, 6-7; Holmes, 149; Isbell, 36; “Post Office Dedication Set,” The Wasatch Wave, July 13, 1967, 1. 175 Hamre. 176 “Administrative Site Proposal For Heber Office, Warehouse and Attendant Facilities,” 1983, File: “7310 Buildings & Related Facilities, FY 84, D-1, Proposal for Heber Office/Warehouse Complex,” Closed Files, HRD Office. The facilities included the Soldier Creek YCC Camp, the Strawberry Administrative Site, and the Strawberry Visitor Center. 177 “Administrative Site Proposal For Heber Office, Warehouse and Attendant Facilities,” 1983. 178 Robert L. Riddle, email to Richa Wilson, June 15, 2016.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 65

appurtenant facilities, to the Forest Service after completion of those facilities.179 Employees of the consolidated Heber-Kamas Ranger District now occupy this site and a ranger station at 50 East Center Street in Kamas.

ADMINISTRATIVE SITES

Bryants Fork Ranger Station The Bryants Fork Ranger Station, referred to in some historical documents as “Bryan’s Fork,” was one of the Uinta NF’s earliest administrative sites. The GLO withdrew the 80-acre tract (T3S, R12W, S36, USM) on December 21, 1906. The acreage proved to be inadequate because the fluctuating level of Strawberry Reservoir often resulted in flooding of the pasture. The Regional Forester solved the problem by approving a 40-acre addition, also in Section 36, on January 29, 1930.180

The ranger station was not part of the Heber Ranger District until 1973. Prior to then, it was the summer headquarters of the Springville District (c.1906-1924) and then the Soldier Summit District (1924-c.1935). By 1936, district employees used it as a camping station when administering the Strawberry area.181

Twenty-five CCC men from West Virginia arrived on the Uinta NF in early May 1933 and set up a temporary camp at the Hub Ranger Station. When the weather cleared, they set up Diamond Fork Camp F-8 near the Bryants Fork Ranger Station.182 Although the camp only operated during the summer and fall of 1933, its occupants may have fixed up the station.

The Bryants Fork Ranger Station had the following improvements:183

• Dwelling (#1011): Construction of a dwelling began in 1906. A 1916 document described the 20’ x 22’ house as a sawn log structure with three rooms, a shingle roof, and a construction cost of $353. It apparently received some upgrades because its costs totaled $984.93 by ca. 1920. At that time, the structure had three rooms: a kitchen with an enclosed pantry and linoleum flooring, an office, and a bedroom with a closet. Full-width, seven-foot deep porches on its longer sides were partially enclosed as sleeping porches. By 1936, the house’s costs totaled $1069.98 and it had drop siding, ceilings finished with lumber, and a paint scheme of white with Nile green trim. The roof was green and the interior tan. Plans to replace it with an R4 Plan 53 dwelling around that time never came to fruition. Decades later, the Forest Supervisor recommended remodeling the

179 “Interagency Agreement Between the Upper Colorado Region, Bureau of Reclamation, Department of the Interior, and the Intermountain Region of the U. S. Forest Service, Department of Agriculture, Strawberry Reservoir Recreation Area, Strawberry Operation and Maintenance Facilities, Heber Warehouse Site,” Contract No. 6-07-40-L1480, File: “7310 Buildings & Related Facilities, FY 87, Interagency Agreement, Strawberry Warehouse,” Closed Files, HRD Office. 180 “Descriptive Sheet, Improvement Plan, Bryants Fork Ranger Station,” 1936, Historic Site Plans, R4 History Collection. 181 “Descriptive Sheet, Improvement Plan, Bryants Fork Ranger Station”; Isbell, 51-52. 182 Nielson, “My Forest Service Career,” 6. 183 Unless noted otherwise, the following is from “Station Improvements and Conveniences,” ca. 1920, File: “7300 Buildings, Bryans Fork Ranger Station,” rolling files, UWCSO Basement; “Descriptive Sheet, Improvement Plan, Bryants Fork Ranger Station”; and 1936 site plans. Also from “Chapter 6. Permanent Improvements Working Plan, Fiscal Years 1917 and 1918, Submitted April, 1916. Inventory of Constructed Improvements,” Atlas: “Forest Improvement Plans,” UWCSO Basement. Cited hereinafter as “Permanent Improvements Working Plan,” 1916.

66 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Bryants Fork dwelling in FY 1962 and FY 1963. Sometime between 1936 and 1972, the pantry became a bathroom with a shower.184

• Barns: A 14’ x 16’ sawn log barn with two stalls and a shingle roof existed by 1916. It was a simple structure that cost a mere $20. The Uinta NF sought funds for construction of a 16’ x 30’ frame barn in FY 1924.185 In 1936, the UNF proposed to construct an R4 Plan 14 fly shed and remove an “old barn of logs” that was used to store hay and grain.

• Garage (#1012): A two-car garage existed by ca. 1920. Numerous efforts to acquire money for a new garage/tool shed failed until 1929 when Ranger George Larson finally received funds.186 That year, he built a garage that, by 1936, had a concrete foundation and drop siding. It was white with Nile green trim and a green roof and its costs came to $667.62. The building’s location and door width—too narrow for two cars—were unsatisfactory, so the Regional Office approved plans for a new R4 Plan 23 garage. As seen in a 1972 photo, the garage may be a modified version of the 1929 garage but it is clearly not an R4 Plan 23 nor does it match other Region 4 standard plans.

• Toilets: A toilet that existed by the early 1920s likely was built with the house. In 1928, a pit latrine with drop siding ($69.88) replaced it. A 1936 improvement plan proposed to relocate the new toilet, which was white with Nile green trim and a green roof, closer to the other buildings. The outhouse existed as late as 1966.

• Fences: A pole and wire fence valued at $130 in 1916 probably enclosed a pasture. In 1924, Forest Supervisor John Raphael authorized Ranger Allred to spend $40 to build a yard fence and $50 on the pasture fence. In his correspondence, he mentions an existing barn and a plan to build a “neat small barn and garage” behind the house in the future. Raphael micro-managed the yard fence project by informing Allred that it should be “a good, first-class neat job” with the posts de- barked, trimmed, and sawn on tops, and possibly even painted. He detailed the fence dimensions, size and fastening of the wire, corner construction, and other physical aspects.187

• Landscaping: In 1928, the University of Idaho tree nursery sent about 600 black locust seedlings and golden willow cuttings. Ranger George Larson planted them in and around the “treeless” ranger station grounds with plans to continue this “experimental planting” each year.188 Despite his efforts, few had survived the severe winters and poor soil by 1936 when the Uinta NF proposed to landscape the site to a “presentable shape,” given that thousands of people passed by the property each year. The Regional Office concurred and approved a planting plan that include clumps of aspen, Engelmann spruce, and shrubs such as snowberry, cinquefoil, and chokecherry.

184 Isbell, 51-52; C. S. Thornock, Forest Supervisor, to District Rangers, September 27, 1960, File: “7300 Buildings, Pleasant Grove Ranger Station (continued),” PGRD Office; Roy H. Daniels, District Forest Ranger, to Forest Supervisor, July 6, 1978, File: “7310 Buildings, Bryant’s Fork Administrative Site Relocation,” rolling files (permanent), UWCSO Basement. 185 Uinta NF Financial Plans. 186 Ibid. 187 J. Raphael, Forest Supervisor, to Ranger Allred, July 21, 1924 (two letters), File: “1658 Historical Data, 5-General Administration and Operation,” History Files, UWCSO Basement. 188 USDA Forest Service, District Four, Alumni Bulletin, 1928, 29, Accession Nos. R4-1680-1992-0050-04, R4 History Collection.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 67

The property had a concrete walk from the south of the house to a gate in the yard fence. Additional flagstone walks were proposed in 1936.

The Bryants Fork Ranger Station saw few if any of the improvements proposed in 1936 and its use as an administrative site diminished in subsequent decades. Construction of the Strawberry Reservoir prolonged—and then extinguished—its existence. In 1968, the Forest Service received money to construct a campground and boat ramp nearby in an effort to accommodate heavy recreational use. The campground was temporary due to the pending reservoir enlargement, and had about 100 Canadian-type units that allowed campers to pull through rather than back up when leaving their campsites. The activity led Ranger Raymond J. Evans to place a compliance checker, Kent Cornaby, at the Bryants Fork Ranger Station in the spring of 1968, and to advocate for the station’s retention.189

The rising level of the reservoir, made possible by the 1974 completion of the Soldier Creek Dam, forced the eventual abandonment of the station that by then was called the Bryants Fork Administrative Site. Ranger Roy H. Daniels examined alternative locations in the lower Chipman and Streeper Creek areas before settling on the Big Springs area just south of the reservoir. As a result, plans were made to dispose of the Bryants Fork house and garage in fiscal year 1985. The buildings were torn down in the early 1980s.190 They were gone by September 1986 when staff recommended revocation of the site withdrawal. The BLM eventually issued the revocation on July 11, 2003.

Currant Creek Guard Station The Currant Creek Guard Station was a post-war administrative site about two miles northwest of the Currant Creek Reservoir and along Forest Road 377. Two withdrawals on July 13, 1954 and February 13, 1957 designated the 60-acre tract in Sections 23 and 26 of T1S, R11W (USM) as an administrative site. Ranger Andrew McConkie requested approval of the Currant Creek site for use as an administrative pasture to support administration of grazing and timber sales that Currant Creek Guard Station were opening up in the area in the spring of 1954. Forest users and other members of the public passed by the site on an existing road (now gone). District personnel used the cabin and its associated outhouse until around 1979 when the

189 Raymond Evans, telephone interview by author, June 27, 2016; Isbell, 52; Raymond J. Evans, District Forest Ranger, to Forest Supervisor, October 29, 1969, File: “7300 Buildings, Administrative Site – Spanish Fork,” SFRD Office. 190 Roy H. Daniels, District Forest Ranger, to Forest Supervisor, July 6, 1978, File: “7310 Buildings, Bryant’s Fork Administrative Site Relocation,” rolling files (permanent), UWCSO Basement; Building Data Sheets, File: “Buildings – Removed/Sold,” History Files, UWCSO Basement; Lew Giles, telephone interview by author, June 21 and 30, 2016.

68 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Bureau of Reclamation constructed a duplex for the Forest Service at the new Currant Creek Work Station southeast of the reservoir.191

Information on the guard stations improvements, which were in Section 23, is limited, but clearly shows the Forest Service’s post-war trend of recycling. In 1954, George L. Nichols prepared drawings (R4 Plan 6A) for a one-room, 15’ x 20’ cabin made of floor panels from CCC buildings. A photo indicates the Currant Creek cabin followed this plan. Photos also suggest panels were used to construct an 8’ x 5’ shed and a 3’ x 5’ spring headbox, both of which were removed in 1983. The Forest Supervisor allocated $300 for disposal that year and the cabin was torn down.192 The Bureau of Land Management revoked the site withdrawal in 2008.

Heber Dwelling Site The desire to provide ranger housing in Heber led the Uinta NF to construct two houses in the 1960s. One was at the Heber Ranger Station (see below) and the other was on a newly acquired site at 44 South 300 East (M&B survey in Lot 4, Block 6, Heber City Survey; T4S, R5E, S5). The Forest Service purchased this 0.239-acre property from Bessie Kohl on May 3, 1962 for $1,500 and formally accepted the title on September 27, 1962.

The ranger dwelling, completed in 1962, is an R4 Plan 165A-1(R) residence. Forest Service architect William R. Turner designed the 60’ x 26’ wood-framed Ranch house with lap siding, three bedrooms, one bathroom, an attached one-car garage, and a full basement. The Forest Service sold the lot and house (#1071), which still exists, to Don and Francis Young on December 20, 1991 for $60,159.

Heber Ranger Station No. 1 The rangers of the Currant Creek and Lake Creek districts leased office space in the Heber Mercantile Building from at least the 1920s until 1937 when it burned down. The timing was somewhat fortunate in that labor and construction money were flush during this period, thanks to New Deal programs. With relief funds, the Forest Service purchased a 0.9-acre property from W. R. and Emma Hatch Wherrit on March 22, 1937. A couple months later, Forest officials announced the CCC would begin construction of a district office on the property, which was at the northeast corner of 100 South and 100 East (M&B survey in Lot 1, Block 78; T4S, R5E, S5).

With materials supplied by the Ashton Company, foreman Ellis Merkley and a CCC crew from Provo Camp F-40 began constructing facilities at the new ranger station in 1937. Rangers Ed Adair and Parley Madsen moved into their newly completed R4 Plan 53 office on November 1, 1937. By that time, Merkley and his crew had nearly finished a 101’ x 26’ warehouse.193 The latter, based on the R4 Plan 33A, was lengthened to provide adequate storage for two districts.

191 Andrew R. McConkie, “Report on Administrative Site, Currant Creek Administrative Site” February 5, 1954, Withdrawal Files, R4 LSO; Roy Daniels, telephone interview by author, June 27, 2016. 192 “One Room Cabin From CCC Floor Panels, Currant Cr. Guard Sta.,” 1954, File: “7300 Buildings, Currant Creek Guard Station,” rolling files, UWCSO Basement; Photos, File: “Buildings – Removed/Sold,” History Files, UWCSO Basement; Building Data Sheets; Giles, interview. Don T. Nebeker, Forest Supervisor, to District Rangers, July 21, 1983, File: “7300 Buildings, South Fork Ranger Station,” Facilities Files, PGRD Office. 193 Yell-A-Gram v. 4, no. 3 (February 13, 1937), 6 and (November 11, 1937); Wasatch Wave, May 7, 1937 and November 5, 1937.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 69

Early site improvement plans portray locations of other buildings that were never built: an R4 Plan 1 dwelling, an R4 Plan 36 garage/woodshed, and an R4 Plan 13A barn with a corral. The site did gain a white picket fence, a standard Forest Service sign, and a gas and oil house. Photos of the latter suggest it was a New Deal- era building; it appears as a garage on a 1960 site plan. Heber Ranger Station Office, 1948

The 1960s saw significant changes to the Heber Ranger Station. The office building, which started with two rooms on the main floor, was enlarged in 1960 with additions on the east and north (rear) to provide five more offices and larger bathrooms. The front porch was enclosed to accommodate more space in the reception area. Construction plans, designated as R4 Plan A-68, also called for the addition of insulation and the replacement of Firtex with gypsum board on the walls and ceilings except at the reception room where sound-absorbing Celotex ceiling tiles would be installed.194

Other improvements during this decade included an R4 Plan 165A(R) dwelling (#1062) constructed for the Strawberry District Ranger in 1963. The Uinta NF took advantage of Accelerated Public Works (APW) funds in 1963 to add a 40’ x 26’ heated workshop on the west end of the warehouse (#1061). APW dollars also paid for the replacement of the gas and oil house with an R4 Plan 173A structure in 1964. The 10’ x 20’ building had a door on its north side elevation, rather than a gable-end elevation as designed, to better accommodate its use by two ranger districts. Originally designated as a paint and oil house, it later became the flammable storage building (#1063).195

The Uinta NF expanded the office building around 1964 with a second rear addition to provide two more offices. Despite this investment, overcrowding was still a problem so District employees relocated in 1967 to the new Federal Building at 125 East 100 North. Staff of the Wasatch County Extension Service occupied the historic office by 1969, the same year a buyer acquired it and moved it off site. The building, now converted to a house. Still stands in Heber City.196

194 “Remodeling & Additions to the Heber Ranger Office Bldg,” R4 Plan A-68, 1960, Historic Building Plans, R4 History Collection; Historic Photos, Heritage Cabinet 3, Drawer 3, UWCSO Basement. 195 Plans for Changes and Additions, Heber Warehouse, R4 Plan A-116, 1963, Historic Building Plans, R4 History Collection; C. S. Thornock, Forest Supervisor, to Regional Forester, February 6, 1963, File: “7300 Buildings and Other Structures, Heber Paint and Oil House, FY 83,” Closed Files, HRD Office; Historic Photos, Heritage Cabinet 3, Drawer 3, UWCSO Basement. Construction date of the house is deduced from Harold L. Edwards, “Periodic Work Plan,” December 20, 1963 and January 22, 1964, File: “1310 – Planning – 4 – Work Plans, Edwards, Harold L. (Strawberry – D-4),” box, UWCSO Basement. 196 Addition to the Heber Ranger Office Bldg., R4 Plan 68A, 1963, Historic Building Plans, R4 History Collection; George B. Fry, “Periodic Work Plan,” March 23, 1964, File: “1310 – Planning – 4 – Work Plans, Fry, George B. (Heber – D-5),” Box, UWCSO Basement; Giles, interview; Historic Photos, Heritage Cabinet 3, Drawer 3, UWCSO Basement.

70 The Enchantment of Ranger Life The Heber Ranger District organization moved to a new administrative site at 2460 South Highway 40, and Rex and Bernice Lawrence purchased the old ranger station for $120,000 on February 25, 1992. The warehouse/shop, dwelling, and flammable storage building still exist at the former Forest Service property.

Hub Guard Station The Hub Ranger Station started out as the summer headquarters for George Fisher, the Currant Creek District Ranger.197 It is about twenty miles east of Heber, past Daniels Summit and just south of US Highway 40. Its complicated withdrawal history begins with the Department of Interior’s approval of the NE¼ of Section 28 in T2S, R12W (USM) on January 14, 1908. Withdrawals on January 21 and October 30, 1908 included land in Sections 21 and 28, but these were partially revoked on September 29, 1955. A withdrawal on September 2, 1958 delineated 42.5 acres in Section 28 as the Hub Ranger Station.

The station’s first structure was a log cabin that was replaced in 1914 with a finer dwelling. Other improvements followed, particularly during the New Deal era when CCC enrollees remodeled the house (ca. 1933) and built a garage/storeroom (1933). The Forest Supervisor proposed additional enhancements in 1936: an R4 Plan 66 woodshed, an R4 Plan 64C-1 Type A sign near the highway, a food box connected to the water system to cool food, a water storage tank, and landscaping that would withstand the harsh winters.198 The unavailability of labor and funds likely prevented the implementation of some, if not all, of his suggestions.

Parley Madsen, the Currant Creek ranger from 1935 to 1941, stopped using the Hub Ranger Station as a summer headquarters. In 1940, the regional personnel officer reported, “Ranger Madsen’s headquarters probably should be at Hub Ranger Station instead of Heber in the summer. The supervisor intends studying diaries as a basis for determining whether this can be worked out.” Whether or not that happened is unknown, but the station’s use declined in subsequent decades. By 1954, district staff used it for three or four months out of the year and there was discussion of moving the garage/storeroom to Heber.199

In 1960, the Forest Supervisor directed William F. Davis, the new Strawberry District Ranger, to evaluate the long-term need for the house. He noted the building, particularly the foundation and floor, was in poor condition and should either be “abandoned, remodeled, or torn down and a new building constructed.” Improved transportation and the construction of two ranger dwellings in Heber in 1962-63 contributed to the decline of the Hub house. In the late 1960s, Glen Snyder of Provo purchased and tore it down for salvage material. It was gone by the time Roy Daniels arrived as ranger in 1971.200

The administrative site, now known as the Hub Guard Station (Heritage No. UN-458, 42WA268), has two buildings: the Warehouse (#1031, formerly #1051) and the Pit Toilet (#1032, formerly #1052). A summary of its past and present improvements follows.201

197 “Descriptive Sheet, Improvement Plan, Hub Ranger Station,” 1936, File: “7300 Buildings, Hub Ranger Station,” rolling files, UWCSO Basement. 198 Ibid. 199 Moncrief; Anderson to Lobenstein; Improvements, 1952-55; Box 199, RMDV-095-14-002; R4 Records, 1905-53; RG95; NARAD. 200 Thornock to District Rangers, September 27, 1960; Giles, interview; Daniels, interview. 201 Unless noted otherwise, the following information is from “Descriptive Sheet, Improvement Plan, Hub Ranger Station.”

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 71

• Dwellings: The original Hub dwelling—likely constructed by Ranger George Fisher around 1908— was a rudimentary log cabin with a central door and a board roof covered with roll roofing or metal. In 1914, after the funding situation for administrative facilities improved, the Uinta NF replaced it with a 22’ x 32’ four-room house built with sawn logs and a shingle roof for $636.39. (A 1936 descriptive sheet incorrectly lists the construction date as 1926.) The Forest Supervisor directed the Lake Creek ranger in 1915 to seek bids for construction of a dwelling at the Lake Creek Ranger Station. He recommended it be a WO Plan 16 house like the Hub Ranger Station dwelling but with modifications. The houses built at the Lake Creek and Hub ranger stations were nearly identical in plan, and they differed significantly from the WO Plan 16.202

The Hub dwelling had two bedrooms, a kitchen, an office/dining room, and linoleum on the kitchen and office floors. It was painted inside but the exterior paint scheme was not standard. In December 1923, ranger George Larson planned to salvage what he could of the house’s porch, which had collapsed under snow. He requested funds for shingles, nails, and a few other materials. At the time, the body was primed with “some odd color paint” but he intended to paint it standard brown with white trim. Larson had painted about half of the roof in 1922 and he asked for more green paint to finish it and the porch roof.203

The house was improved in 1929 with the addition of a 7’ x 10’ screened back porch. In 1933, the CCC added a bathroom (sans toilet) and likely constructed the front porch. (A handwritten note on a photo states the porch was added in 1929 but it appears to be one of George L. Nichols’ Neoclassical Revival designs that he produced beginning in 1933. Additionally, an improvement project record describes the back porch and a concrete sidewalk as the work carried out in 1929.) As of 1936, the house was clad with white drop siding (probably added by the CCC) accented with Nile green trim and a green roof. In 1946, regional officials recommended the addition of a septic tank and an interior toilet.204

• Barn: By 1916, the site had a 14’ x 20’ sawn log barn with four stalls and a shingle roof valued at $59.39. A 1920s improvements record described a 12’ x 16’ barn that could accommodate four horses but had no room for hay storage. This may have been the barn reportedly constructed in 1926. As of 1936, its costs totaled $134.66 and it was cinnamon brown with a green roof. Heritage staff documented a 16’ x 20’ wood-framed barn, which stood in a pasture west of the

202 George Fisher photos in File: “1650 Contacts and Other Historical Data, Heber Ranger District, D-5,” Closed Files, HRD Office; Photo #1, Fd. 10, Box 3, Mss C 6, US Forest Service Photograph Collection, 1902-66, Utah State History Research Center.; NARA photo: “21045A O-Improvements, Adm. Structures, Utah. Building Ranger Station. Taken by W. S. Clime-1914”; “Improvement Project Record,” ca. 1931, File: “7300 Buildings, Hub Ranger Station,” rolling files, UWCSO Basement; J. Carl Allred, Acting Forest Supervisor, to Forest Officer, July 13, 1915, File: ‘1658 Historical Data, 5-General Administration and Operation,” History Files, UWCSO Basement. Heritage staff documented the remains of the first cabin in 2000 (Report No. UN-00-335, Site No. UN-345). 203 “Station Improvements and Conveniences,” ca. 1920s, File: “7300 Buildings, Hub Ranger Station,” UWCSO Basement; George C. Larson, Forest Ranger, to Supervisor, December 8, 1923, File: “1658 Historical Data, 5-General Administration and Operation,” History Files, UWCSO Basement. 204 “Improvement Project Record,” ca. 1931; C. E. Favre, A.R.F., to Regional Forester, September 25, 1946, File: “1658- Historical Data, 4-Early Administration,” History Files, UWCSO Basement.

72 The Enchantment of Ranger Life existing Warehouse, in 2000 (Report No. UN-00-335, Site No. UN-345). The structure collapsed during the winter of 2008.205

• Garage/Storeroom (Warehouse #1031): In the mid-1920s, the Uinta NF unsuccessfully requested funds to build a garage/storehouse/tool shed. Ranger George Larson responded by asking for $25 in early 1925 to relocate a building from the old Watkins sawmill nearby. He planned to use the structure, which then belonged to the US Government, as a tool shed. Larson was long gone by the time the station got a decent storage facility. In 1933, the CCC constructed an R4 Plan 21 garage/storeroom with bevel siding and a concrete floor in the storeroom. The gravel floor of the garage portion was covered with concrete in 1936. The 20’ x 36’ garage/storeroom, like the house, received a white-and-green color scheme. Costs totaled $1,614.42.206

• Pit Toilet (#1032): The station had a 4’ x 6’ toilet made of rough lumber.207 The existing 4’-2” x 5’- 2” outhouse, built in 1926 with drop siding, apparently replaced it. By 1936, its exterior colors matched the house and its costs totaled $59.05.

• Site Features: Site features by the early 1920s included a woven wire yard fence and a 45-acre pasture.208 The pasture fence had a 12-foot gate as of 1936. By then, other site developments were a four-wire fence ($125), a water development/pipeline ($42.95), a 4-foot net wire yard fence with steel gates, an 18” stone retaining wall on the east and south sides of the garage, a flagpole, concrete walks, a telephone line, and parking area. A fire cache appears on the east side of the garage in photos dated 1953 and 1963.

Existing site features include a 4’-9” x 3’-8” wood-framed structure with a 5’-0” high front wall and a 3’-9” high back wall. The shed-roofed structure, which appears in a 1963 photo, may be the proposed “food box” shown on 1936 site plans. The word “Danger” is etched over its door, which suggests a later use as explosives or hazardous materials storage. Other features consist of fences, corrals, stone retaining walls, and a stone-lined path.

Lake Creek Ranger Station The Uinta NF began developing the Lake Creek Ranger Station in the summer of 1915, more than a year before its formal approval as an administrative site on November 28, 1916. The 80-acre tract was in Sections 32 and 33 of T1N, R11W, about twenty miles east of Heber and six miles southwest of Mill Hollow Guard Station. In 1926, men conducting grazing reconnaissance work determined the station’s improvements were outside the withdrawn area. The Forest Supervisor requested the withdrawal of 40 acres in Section 33 to cover them but, as of 1936, the Regional Office had yet to respond.209

205 “Permanent Improvements Working Plan,” 1916; “Station Improvements and Conveniences”; Charles Rosier, email to author, June 7, 2016; notation in Heritage Infra Database. 206 Uinta NF Financial Plans; George C. Larson, Forest Ranger, to Supervisor, January 2, 1925, File: “1658 Historical Data, 5-General Administration and Operation,” History Files, UWCSO Basement; “Building Data Sheet,” File: “1031 Hub Warehouse Storage,” rolling files, UWCSO Basement. 207 “Station Improvements and Conveniences.” 208 Ibid. 209 Charles DeMoisy, Jr., Forest Supervisor, to District Forester, February 7, 1927, and Charles DeMoisy, Jr., Forest Supervisor, to Regional Forester, May 5, 1936, withdrawal files, R4 LSO.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 73

The Uinta NF received $549 in July 1915 for the dwelling and the Forest Supervisor authorized Ranger George Holman to seek bids for its construction. He also recommended it be a WO Plan 16 house like the Hub Ranger Station dwelling but with modifications:

Walls will be built of sawed logs; building will be lined with beaded ceiling; a 5 x 6’ pantry will be built in one corner of the kitchen; a 5 x 5’ clothes closet will be built in the bedroom; a brick fireplace with 4’ opening, supported by cement floor 6 x 6’, will be built in the dining room; pantry and clothes closet to be equipped with plain shelving.210

The Forest Service constructed a sawn log, four-room structure with interior dimensions of 20’ x 30’. By April 1916, the Uinta NF had expended funds on a pasture fence ($210.02), a barn ($14), and a telephone line ($22.32). As of 1923, the barn accommodated three horses but had no hay storage and the dwelling’s construction costs totaled $648.79. The house had two bedrooms, a kitchen with a pantry, and a dining room that also served as an office. It also had problems. The sill logs on the south were rotting because there was no foundation on that side. The floors were without linoleum and the house needed repairs. The exterior was painted but the interior was only partially painted. An outhouse Lake Creek Ranger Station, 1949 was the only toilet facility.211

The Uinta NF sought funds in the 1920s to fix the house’s foundation and floor, to erect a 12’ x 18’ frame tool house/woodshed, and to build or reconstruct the barn with a better roof and a mouse-proof grain bin. Ranger Adair sought FY 1931 funds to improve his summer headquarters by building a garage or converting the barn into a garage. Another request in the summer of 1932 proposed placing the barn on new sills and a rock pier foundation before remodeling it into garage.212 This apparently happened because a 1936 description of the site noted the presence of a 1916 garage. It also described the 1916 house and the 1915 latrine. By that time, the dwelling’s exterior was cinnamon brown with white trim and

210 J. Carl Allred, Acting Forest Supervisor, to Forest Officer, July 13, 1915, File: ‘1658 Historical Data, 5-General Administration and Operation,” History Files, UWCSO Basement. 211 “Permanent Improvements Working Plan,” 1916; “Station Improvements and Conveniences,” November 20, 1923, File: “7300 Buildings, Lake Creek Guard Station,” rolling files, UWCSO Basement. 212 Uinta NF Financial Plans.

74 The Enchantment of Ranger Life a green roof and the interior was tan. The garage and outhouse had drop siding painted white with Nile green trim and green roofs. Their costs were $159.31 and $41.07 respectively.213

The Lake Creek Ranger Station initially served as the summer headquarters of the Lake Creek Ranger District. The ranger occasionally used the site—renamed the Lake Creek Guard Station—as a camping station by 1936 when the Uinta NF proposed several changes. These included relocation of the garage to the pasture for use as a fly shed, construction of an R4 Plan 26 garage/workshop, replacement of the outhouse, installation of a water system from a spring to the house, and the addition of a tie rack, entrance sign, flagpole, and landscaping. Officials also hoped to improve the dwelling with new rustic siding (painted to match the other buildings), a front porch, and window shutters. Other plans included the realignment of the West Fork Road around the building group, rather than through it.214 The historic record suggests these plans were unrealized.

The need for the Lake Creek Ranger Station diminished, likely because a year-round ranger dwelling was built in Heber City. The Uinta NF burned the house down in the late 1950s or early 1960s.215

Mill Hollow Guard Station Mill Hollow acquired its name from the numerous saw and shingle mills that operated in the area. Seven mills, including five near the modern-day Mill Hollow Campground Site, were running as of 1900. In 1962- 63, the Utah State Fish and Game Commission constructed the Mill Hollow Dam and stocked its reservoir with fish to replace those lost in the flooding of the Provo River. Ranger George B. Fry, anticipating an increase in recreational use, successfully leveraged support to build a campground near the reservoir and a guard station about a mile downstream. Governor George D. Clyde gave a keynote speech at the campground’s ribbon-cutting ceremony on August 13, 1963. Activity in the area increased further with the 1966-1977 construction of the Granite School District’s Mill Hollow Center, a summer camp for 200 children.216

The Mill Hollow Guard Station, located northeast of the campground along Forest Road 054, originally accommodated recreation staff. A 1960 site development plan placed the R4 Plan 178 dwelling adjacent to a log cabin (now gone), which may have been associated with one of the mills. Forest Service architect William R. Turner designed the 52’ x 22’ house in August 1960, the same year it was built. His compact floor plan provided an open kitchen/dining/living area, a three-quarters bathroom, two bedrooms, and an attached single-car garage. In 1963, the Forest Supervisor approved a landscape plan that showed plant groupings, rocks delineating the driveway and parking area, and a proposed generator house.217

The Mill Hollow Guard Station (Heritage No. UWC-804, 42WA434) has two structures: the Dwelling (#1001, formerly #1021) and the Generator House (#1002, formerly #1022) that appears in a 1963 photo.

213 “Descriptive Sheet, Lake Creek Guard Station,” 1936, File: “7300 Buildings, Lake Creek Guard Station,” rolling files, UWCSO Basement. 214 Ibid.; “Lake Creek Guard Station Landscape Planting Plan,” 1936, Historic Site Plans, R4 History Collection. 215 Giles, interview. 216 “Wasatch C.C. To Meet On New Reservoir,” The Daily Herald, July 7, 1958, 2; “Dedication Of Mill Hollow Reservoir Today,” The Ogden Standard-Examiner, August 13, 1963, 11; “Mill Hollow Campground and Station,” ca. 1966, File: “1650 Contacts and Other Historical Data, Heber Ranger District, D-5,” Closed Files, HRD Office. 217 Construction photo, 1960, R4 History Collection; USDA Forest Service, Uinta National Forest, Facilities Master Plan for the Uinta National Forest ([Provo, UT]: September 2003), D-7. Cited hereinafter as Uinta FMP, 2003.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 75

A metal storage container is next to the generator house. Withdrawals on July 18, 1961 and December 2, 1964 reserved the 20-acre administrative site (T4S, R8E, S6, SLM) for Forest Service use.

Mill Lane Work Center By the mid-1960s, the Strawberry and Heber ranger districts sought additional property in Heber to serve as a pasture and to provide outdoor storage for equipment and materials. After examining several choices, staff succeeded in purchasing a five-acre tract east of Heber on November 5, 1965 from Lloyd L. and Gladys G. Lawton. The property, which included five shares of Timpanogos Irrigation Company water, is on the east side of 1200 East Street (T4S, R5E, S8) and about one-half mile north of the current Heber Ranger Station. Its current name is the Mill Lane Work Center although records also refer to it as the Heber Administrative Site (Warehouse), Heber Pasture Site, Heber Administrative Site No. 2, and Heber Warehouse and Pasture Site.

The Strawberry District Ranger received approval to construct a pasture fence in 1966, a task completed later that year. A 1966 site development plan shows a 20’ x 30’ fly shed/hay storage building and a 10’ x 12’ tack room that appear to be proposed for immediate construction and a future warehouse (R4 Plan 106R) and flammable storage building. According to the Forest Service infrastructure database, the site’s current buildings include a 1985 shed (#1111), a 1983 tack shed (#1112), a 1994 pesticides storage shed (#1113), and a 1994 equipment storage shed (#1114).218

Noblett’s Creek Administrative Site Uinta NF officers used the Noblett’s Creek area as a temporary camping station before its formal approval on January 21, 1929, which delineated 15 acres in Section 24 of T3S, R7E for administrative use. Located along the Kamas-Stockmore Road (now Highway 35), it had a storehouse by 1922 and a pasture fence. Around 1930 or 1931, it gained a small cabin and a pit toilet. Descriptions of proposed cabins for the Nobletts Creek site and the Moroni Ranger Station were identical: a one-room 14’ x 16’ structure of matched lumber capped with a shingle roof. A 1936 improvement plan for the “Nobletts Camping Station” shows the arrangement of the cabin, a galvanized iron storeroom, a latrine, and a wood pile within a yard fence. A shed and corral were adjacent to the yard fence. On the south side of the development is an open area labelled "Old Camp Ground."219

In 1946, inspectors addressed the “Noblett Guard Station” and its improvements (“one-room cabin with old type sheet iron garage and storeroom with ground [earth] floor”), which were used extensively in the spring and fall since it was the closest station to Heber where horses could be kept. They recommended a new site be developed as a proposed road realignment probably would cut through the existing station. The Forest Service described the site’s buildings in 1957 as “little used, of a low standard of const.,

218 C. S. Thornock, Forest Supervisor, to Strawberry District Ranger, June 21, 1966, File: “5420 Purchases, Donations, Lawton, Lloyd L. & Gladys G., Heber Warehouse Site, Closed Files, UWCSO Basement”; Phillip D. Glass, District Ranger, to Forest Supervisor, November 28, 1966, File: “7300 Buildings and Other Structures, Pasture Site and Storage Area (East of Heber),” Open Files, HRD Office; “Heber Administrative Site No. 2,” 1966, Historic Site Plans, R4 History Collection. 219 W.W. Blakeslee, Forest Supervisor, Memorandum for Files, December 4, 1922, File: “1658-Historical Data, 7-Range Management,” History Files, UWCSO Basement; Uinta NF Financial Plans; Historic Building Plans, R4 History Collection.

76 The Enchantment of Ranger Life unsightly from the highway & subject to vandalism.” The cabin was gone but the storeroom was still there when Ranger Raymond Evans arrived in 1966.220

Archeologists from Brigham Young University inventoried the site (UN-55, 42WA117) as part of a Federal Highway Administration project. According to their 1989 report, the station (presumably the cabin) Noblett’s Creek Administrative Site, 1957 was demolished and “only the foundation and a trash pit remains.”221

Streeper Creek Ranger Station The Forest Service approved the 320-acre Streeper Creek Ranger Station on July 25, 1910. It was southwest of Strawberry Reservoir in Section 25 of T4S, R12W, probably along Forest Road 042. The Soldier Summit District Ranger used Streeper Creek as his summer headquarters until about 1924 when he relocated to Bryants Fork Ranger Station, the former summer station of the Springville Ranger District. The change occurred after regional official C. N. Woods recommended an adjustment in the administration of the Springville and Soldier Summit Districts.222

The Streeper Creek Ranger Station had several improvements by 1916. Its 20’ x 22’ log house, which cost $580, had four rooms and a shingle roof. Other features consisted of a 14’ x 16’ lumber barn with two stalls and a board roof ($20), a wire fence ($234), and a half-mile water ditch ($75). In the 1920s, the Uinta NF proposed to add porches to the house and to erect two frame buildings: a 12’ x 18’ tool house/woodshed and a 16’ x 30’ frame barn. These likely went unfunded, given the ranger’s move to Bryants Fork Ranger Station. In later years, district employees preferred to use Bryants Fork rather than Streeper Creek and the latter fell into disuse. The Streeper Creek station was “probably sold and moved or else torn down for its materials.” It was released as an administrative site on April 3, 1936.223

220 C. E. Favre, A. R. F., to Regional Forester, September 25, 1946, File: “1658-Historical Data, 4-Early Administration,” History Files, UWCSO Basement; Permanent Photo Record, Noblets [sic] Guard Station,” 1957, File: “7300’s,” Heritage Cabinet 4, Drawer 4, UWCSO Basement; Evans, interview. 221 Richard K. Talbot, et. al., “An Archaeological Inventory of the Proposed Utah-Forest Highway 5 Upgrade, Wasatch and Duchesne Counties, Utah,” June 1989, 80, Brigham Young University Museum of Peoples and Cultures Technical Series No. 88-33. 222 C. N. Woods, Memorandum for the District Forester, October 18, 1923. 223 “Permanent Improvements Working Plan,” 1916; Isbell, 51.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 77

Willow Creek Guard Station The Willow Creek Guard Station is along Racetrack Hollow, a tributary drainage of Willow Creek one-half mile east of Forest Service Road 079 between Strawberry Reservoir and State Highway 6. The Forest Service approved the 40-acre tract (T5S, R11W, S20 & 29 USM) on September 15, 1931, a year after the Soldier Summit and Springville (Spanish Fork) Districts were consolidated. It was to accommodate administration of the southern end of Strawberry Valley near the center of the summer sheep range.224 Public Land Order 4567 reduced the administrative site to 30 acres on January 16, 1969.

Ranger Parley C. Madsen received funds in June 1931 to develop the site, described at that time as a forest guard’s summer headquarters. He oversaw a Forest Service crew’s construction of a 16’ x 14’ dwelling in the fall of 1931. By December, the cabin was nearly complete, lacking only some painting and some screens. The men also had finished most of the pasture fence, and a pole fence around the cabin was recommended. They likely built the 4’ x 5’ outhouse, which looked like the 1926 pit toilet at the Hub Ranger Station. 225

Physical evidence indicates the CCC built the 1933 garage/storeroom. A pencil notation on an interior wall states “Dean Muhlestein CCC Camp F-8 Diamond Fork Utah Oct 3, 1933.” The 18’ x 24’ structure follows R4 Plan 23, a design created by Forest Service architect George L. Nichols in 1933. Despite this use of a standard plan, forest officers ignored standard paint schemes. A regional official reported in 1940 that the Willow Creek Guard Station “was nicely maintained and painted with the most unattractive color – terra cotta – that could have been selected.”226

As seen in a ca. 1937 photo, early site features included a yard fence with a gate on the north that provided direct vehicular access to the garage. A fire cache stood next to the original outhouse, which was southeast of the garage and outside the yard fence. At some point, the outhouse was moved to a spot behind the dwelling’s northeast corner.

As part of the 1973 forest reconfiguration, the site transferred from the Spanish Fork Ranger District to the Heber Ranger District. The house was in very poor condition by 1978 so the district proposed to discontinue its use when the Big Springs Administrative Site was developed. The Forest’s 1984 Facility Master Plan recommended disposition also since the district used the new Strawberry Administrative Site. Instead, the Heber Ranger District opened the dwelling in 1996 as a public warming hut, a move that led to its protection. From 1996 to 1999, Forest Service employees and volunteers from the Salt Lake Valley Snowmobile Club (SLVSC) rehabilitated it with fresh paint, removal of asbestos tiles, replacement of damaged floor sections, and installation of a new door, kitchen cabinets, and a gas cookstove. They also removed the failing stone foundation and placed the house on a concrete foundation and slab. The former storeroom portion of the garage, converted to a “2 Man Bunkhouse” by the time a 1986 building

224 Isbell, 54. 225 Uinta NF Financial Plans; Lynn Stephens, IMACS Site Form Part A – Administrative Data, Willow Creek Guard Station, no date; Isbell, 54; 1986 inventory form cited in Cory Jensen, Historic Site Form, Willow Creek Ranger Station, December 1997. A 7300 Buildings file for the Willow Creek Guard Station could not be found in the HRD Office or the UWCSO. 226 Handwritten note on “Comprehensive Improvement Plan,” July 6, 1933, Atlas: "Forest Improvement Plans”; Moncrief.

78 The Enchantment of Ranger Life inventory was completed, received a new wood stove. The historic pit latrine was replaced with a prefabricated concrete vault toilet.227

The Willow Creek Guard Station (Heritage No. UN-284, 42WA433) presently has three structures in Section 20 of T5S, R11W. They consist of the 1931 Dwelling (#1023, formerly #1043), which is listed as “GS-1 Room” in the Forest Service infrastructure database, the 1933 Storage Building (#1021, formerly #1041), and a 1996 Vault Toilet (#1022, formerly #1041). SLVSC continues to use and maintain the dwelling and storage building as warming huts.

Wolf Creek Lookout Site & Ranger Station The Forest Service approved the Wolf Creek Ranger Station as an administrative site on January 12, 1925. It encompassed 80 acres in T1N, R10W, S16 (USM) and T4S, R8E, S10 (SLM). The historic record suggests the station originated as a fire lookout point on Wolf Creek Summit. In 1913, Supervisor Pack mentioned men who were stationed at “Wolf Creek Ranger Station” to provide fire protection. He spoke of it in conjunction with the Reid’s Peak Lookout Station on what later became the Wasatch NF’s Kamas Ranger District. Pack proposed to send George Larson or Ed Adair to the “Wolf Creek lookout station” to erect a pasture fence and telephone line and “fix things up there.”228

In 1914, county commissioners debated two possible routes for road construction to connect the Wasatch Front with the Uintah Basin. A Kamas-Stockmore road would pass over Wolf Summit and by the new Wolf Creek lookout station, which had the advantage of providing “a means of transporting men or equipment quickly to this region in case of a fire emergency.”

Information about improvements is limited. By 1916, the lookout site had a 20’ x 22’ log dwelling with three rooms and a shingle roof ($415) and a 15-acre fenced pasture ($171). The Uinta NF proposed in 1933 to construct a cabin, toilet, and garage/storeroom with the intent of turning this temporary station into a summer site for the ranger. A regional officer appeared to support further site development when he noted in 1940 that, “A station would probably be needed at Wolf Creek on the Lake Creek district if the proposed addition of the Grandaddy Lakes district were made.” 229

In 1946, inspectors described the “Wolf Creek Guard Station” as “a revamped temporary structure made from an old CCC building.” Timber staff used the building, which was near the Wolf Creek camp that was supervised from the station. It is not clear if the inspectors were referring to a campground or a “bug camp.” Enrollees from Hobble Creek Camp F-30 stayed at Wolf Creek Summit in 1936 while trying to eradicate tree-damaging beetles. In 1958, insect control crews also worked from the “Wolf Creek Ranger Station.”230

227 “Maintenance Condition Survey Checklist,” 10/15/1978, File; “1021 Willow Creek Storage,” rolling files, UWCSO Basement; Uinta FMP, 2003, D-6; Jensen, Historic Site Form, Willow Creek Ranger Station; Michael Bailey, “Willow Creek Warming Hut Restoration,” Intermountain Reporter (June 1999): 15; Don Montoya and Charmaine Thompson, Historic Site Form, Willow Creek Ranger Station, September 15, 2003. 228 “Memorandum of Discussion of Above Case [Personnel, Pack, W. I.] Held November 24, 1913,” File: “1658- Historical Date, 16-appendix, Memoirs or other statements of former forest officers,” History Files, UWCSO Basement. 229 “Permanent Improvements Working Plan,” 1916; Atlas: "Forest Improvement Plans”; Moncrief. 230 C. E. Favre, A.R.F., to Regional Forester, September 25, 1946, File: “1658-Historical Data, 4-Early Administration,” History Files, UWCSO Basement; “Forest Service Fights Beetle Epidemic,” The Daily Herald, September 21, 1958, 21.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 79

Ranger George B. Fry referred to the Wolf Creek site as a work center in 1963. A year later, the Granite School District partnered with the Uinta National Forest and other agencies to establish the Mill Hollow Outdoor Education Center at the former bug camp, which consisted of “small rustic cabins.” No buildings existed by 1971 when Roy Daniels arrived as ranger.231

Other Administrative Sites

Harvey Meadow Pasture In 1964, the Heber District Ranger wrote of the need to withdraw the Harvey Meadow Pasture. It was in Sections 29 and 32 of T1N, R11W. Regional lands files contain no record of a withdrawal. Roy Daniels, ranger from 1971 to 1991, recalled using the site as a summer pasture.232

Iron Mountain Administrative Site The GLO withdrew the 80-acre Iron Mountain site (T3S, R7E, S24) on May 13, 1908 and revoked it on February 5, 1916.

Little Valley Administrative Site The 15-acre Little Valley Administrative Site was about fourteen miles due south of Heber in Section 8 of T6S, R5E. Financial plans from the mid-1920s recommended construction of a five-acre fence to enclose a camping pasture. The Uinta NF considered construction of a yard fence in FY 1928.233 These efforts precipitated the Regional Office’s approval of the Little Valley Administrative Site on November 26, 1929. As of 1964, it was unused and the Strawberry district ranger recommended its release.

Mud Creek Administrative Site The Mud Creek Administrative Site was west of Strawberry Reservoir. The GLO withdrew the 110-acre parcel (T3S, R11W, S19; T3S, R12W, S24) on February 18, 1908 and revoked it on March 27, 1916.

North Star Administrative Site Located just north of Strawberry Reservoir, this former administrative site consisted of 160 acres in Section 4 of T3S, R11W. The Forest Service approved the site on September 23, 1908 but eventually abandoned it.

Race Track Administrative Site The Race Track Administrative Site was at the southwest end of the present-day Strawberry Reservoir. It encompassed 160 acres in Sections 18 and 19 of T4S, R11W. The Forest Service approved it on August 12, 1909 and released it on November 9, 1912.

231 G. B. Fry, “Periodic Work Plan,” October 26, 1963, File: “1310 – Planning – 4 – Work Plans, Fry, George B. (Heber – D-5),” Box, UWCSO Basement; Mill Hollow Summer Camp History, http://millhollow.org/history.php, accessed May 11, 2016; Daniels, interview. 232 George B. Fry, DFR, to Forest Supervisor, August 6, 1964, File: “5450 Status, FY 76, D-1, Withdrawals,” Closed Files, HRD Office; Daniels, interview. 233 Uinta NF Financial Plans.

80 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Silver Meadow Ranger Station The Uinta NF proposed to develop the Silver Meadows Ranger Station with a one-room, 14’ x 16’ log house ($400) and a half-mile pasture addition ($250) in FY 1924. The proposal did not include location information but there is a Silver Meadow northeast of Wolf Creek Summit in Section 2 of T4S, R8E.234

Soldier Creek Administrative Site The designation of most early administrative sites occurred with Regional Forester approval or GLO withdrawal. The Uinta Lands Status Atlas indicate both actions occurred for the 250-acre Soldier Creek Administrative Site in Sections 11, 12, 13, and 14 of T3S, R12W (USM), which was south of the modern- day Strawberry Visitor Center. The Regional Forester approved the site on August 18, 1908 and the GLO withdrew it on October 30, 1908. The Forest Service let go of the administrative site with two releases (January 15, 1916 and May 15, 1922) and two revocations (March 27, 1916 and November 21, 1922).

Strawberry Administrative Site Lands records provide two actions for the 160-acre Strawberry Administrative Site. The first is a GLO withdrawal for land in Section 27 of T2S, R12W (USM) dated December 21, 1906. The second is Forest Service approval of a site in Section 27 of T1S, R12W (USM) dated November 24, 1908 and released January 15, 1916. The alignment of dates suggests the GLO withdrawal was for the wrong township.

The Forest Service requested revocation of the first withdrawal on January 4, 1909. In 1991, staff prepared a withdrawal revocation report because they could find no evidence of the Department of Interior’s response to the request. The site, located about four miles northwest of Strawberry Reservoir and eighteen miles southeast of Heber City, was on part of the original Uintah Indian Reservation that became public domain in 1905. Prior to being opened to entry, the land was withdrawn for reservoir purposes on August 3, 1905. On May 13, 1907, it was included in a "first form reclamation withdrawal" for the Strawberry Valley Project. The Act of April 4, 1910 extinguished any claims of the Indians to the land and provided for eventual control to pass to the Strawberry Water Users. Under the Act of October 31, 1988, the claims of those users were extinguished and the land transferred to the Forest Service. With this information, the Forest Service submitted a second request for revocation on January 30, 1991 but BLM did not revoke the Strawberry Administrative Site until July 11, 2003.

West Fork Administrative Sites No. 1 and No. 2 On October 30, 1908, the GLO withdrew 160 acres in Section 5 of T1S, R11W (USM) as the West Fork Administrative Site but revoked it on February 5, 1916. Later withdrawals on May 21, 1954 and February 18, 1957 set aside an 80-acre tract a mile or two to the north. This second West Fork Administrative Site was in Sections 29 and 32 of T1N, R11W (USM) along what is now Forest Road 054. Ranger Andrew McConkie desired it “to provide during the field season a place where horses can be confined with an adequate supply of forage.”235 Both of the West Fork sites were near the Lake Creek Ranger Station withdrawal.

234 Ibid. 235 “Andrew R. McConkie, “Report on Administrative Site, West Fork Administrative Site” February 5, 1954, Withdrawal Files, R4 LSO.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 81

West Portal Ranger Station The Uinta NF proposed to develop the West Portal Ranger Station with a one-room cabin, a toilet, and a ten-acre pasture in FY 1932. The proposal included no location information but it may have been near the West Portal of the Strawberry Tunnel (T7S, R6E, S34).236

Wolf Creek Ranger Station 2 Withdrawn by the GLO on December 21, 1906, the “Wolf Creek Ranger Station 2” was in the NE¼ of Section 27, T1N, R9W (USM) along the West Fork Duchesne River. The GLO revoked the 160-acre parcel, which is now outside the forest boundary, on March 27, 1916.

236 Uinta NF Financial Plans.

82 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Chapter 8: Spanish Fork Ranger District

The Spanish Fork Ranger District, the southernmost district of the Uinta NF, consists of three areas. The most remote part is the Vernon Division, which is 40 miles west-southwest of Spanish Fork. The Nebo Division, east of I-15 and south of US Highway 6 (Spanish Fork Canyon), forms the second part with the towns of Payson and Nephi to the north and southwest respectively. The District’s largest area, referred to here as the “Main Division” for clarity, is north of US Highway 6 and east of I-15, Spanish Fork, and Springville. The Heber Ranger District adjoins the Main Division on the northeast and the Pleasant Grove Ranger District is to the northwest.

NAMES, CONFIGURATIONS, & HEADQUARTERS

Vernon Division The Vernon Division is just south of Rush Valley, the small community of Vernon, and the Pony Express Overland Stage Route. Its western portion covers the Sheeprock Mountains including Bennion Peak (9,274 feet). Other features include the Vernon Reservoir, the Benmore Experimental Range, and some private inholdings. The division originated as the Vernon Forest Reserve in 1906 and, in 1908, became part of the newly formed Nebo NF. It transferred in 1910 from the Nebo NF to the Wasatch NF where it eventually became part of the American Fork Ranger District. In 1953, the newly formed Tooele Ranger District took over its management. The Uinta NF’s Spanish Fork Ranger District began administering the Vernon Division in 1974, even though it officially remained part of the newly consolidated Wasatch-Cache NF.

Nebo Division The Nebo Division includes Mt. Nebo that, with its Mona Summit at 11,877 feet, is the highest mountain in the Wasatch Range. The Mt. Nebo Scenic Byway, a 32-mile paved road beginning at Payson and terminating near Nephi, bisects the division. It travels past several recreation areas, the Payson Lakes Guard Station, and the Devils Kitchen Geologic Interest Area.

The Nebo Division began as the Payson Forest Reserve in 1901, grew with additions in 1903 and 1905 (including the San Pitch Division), and became part of the Nebo NF in 1908. Five years later, Uinta Forest Supervisor W. I. Pack learned the Nebo NF would be disbanded with its various divisions transferring to other forests. The Uinta NF took charge of the Nebo Division in 1913, two years before its official transfer. Despite original plans, the Nebo NF’s headquarters in Nephi did not close as proposed but instead became a district office.237

The Uinta NF managed the Nebo Division as two units: the Payson Ranger District (District 7) headquartered in Payson and at the Wimmer Ranger Station, and the Nephi Ranger District (District 8), headquartered in Nephi and the Salt Creek Ranger Station. Aaron P. Christiansen became the Nephi District ranger in 1915. Two years later, he prepared to take on the Manti NF’s San Pitch Division (Districts 9 and 10), a move that would require an adjustment to his district:

I worked on the [boundary] lines between district 7 & 8 providing a transfer was made of part of the Manti into the Uinta. After marking off the lines where I thought the division

237 Homer E. Fenn, Acting District Forester, to Forest Supervisor Pack, October 25, 1913, File: “1658-Historical Data, 4- Early Administration,” History Files, UWCSO Basement.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 83

should be made I took another map and called on Mr. Brough former ranger and got his ideas as to the best part to transfer to 7, and as he marked off the same part of the range as I had decided I felt quite sure it was about right and reported on the same.238

Ranger Christiansen began managing the Manti NF’s San Pitch Division (Districts 9 and 10) in 1918. A boundary adjustment reduced the size of District 8, likely to balance Christiansen’s increased workload. As of 1920, the Nebo Ranger District (D8) took in the Salt Creek watershed while the Payson Ranger District (D7) covered the Nebo Creek watershed. Forest officials recalled, however, that the dividing line between the two districts had previously been “Bake-skillet Ridge.” (The Red Rock Administrative Site, formerly on the Nephi District, was by 1921 on the Payson District.) Around 1924, Christiansen’s responsibilities grew again when he took charge of the newly formed Nebo Ranger District, which consolidated the Districts 7 through 10.239

Christiansen worked from Nephi during most of his tenure, transferring to the Salt Creek Ranger Station for the summers. The locations of Christiansen’s original workplaces in Nephi are presently unknown. He rented an office and barn throughout the 1920s until 1932 when he found a home in Nephi’s newly constructed federal building/post office at 10 North Main Street. Subsequent rangers and their staff remained there until 1963 when they moved to a new Forest Service-owned office at 740 South Main Street. That building ceased to be a district headquarters in 1974 when the Nephi Ranger District was eliminated. At that time, the Spanish Fork Ranger District took over the Nebo Division while the Manti-La Sal NF’s Ephraim District began managing the San Pitch Division.240

Main Division The Main Division includes—from west to east—the Hobble Creek, Diamond Fork, Sheep Creek, and Tie Fork drainages. The eastern boundary follows the Old Indian Treaty Boundary along Strawberry Ridge, turning southeast where it meets the South Unit of the Ashley NF’s Duchesne Ranger District.

In the Uinta NF’s earliest years, the Main Division of the current Spanish Fork Ranger District was the western and southern parts of Districts 18 and 19. By the early 1910s, these became Districts 2 and 3— later called the Soldier Summit and Springville districts—with rangers working from Spanish Fork and Springville respectively. The Springville District Ranger used the Bryants Fork Ranger Station as his summer headquarters until the 1920s when Springville became his year-round base. With that change, the ranger of the Soldier Summit District Ranger shifted his summer headquarters from the Streeper Creek Ranger Station to Bryants Fork. His winter office was in Springville until 1924 when he relocated it to Spanish Fork. George Larson, the new ranger beginning December 1924, reverted the district’s summer headquarters to Streeper Creek Ranger Station.

238 Christiansen Daybook, October 23, 1917. 239 Christiansen Daybooks; Uinta N. F. D-7 & 8 Salt Distribution Plan Map, ca. 1921, File: “1380 Reports, Valuable Records 1917 thru 1950, (2200) Grazing,” History Files, UWCSO Basement (cited hereinafter as Salt Distribution Map); W. W. Blakeslee, Forest Supervisor, “G-Supervision, Uinta Inspection, Dist. #7, Memorandum for Files,” August 30, 1920 ,and A. P. Christiansen, Forest Ranger, and William L. Huff, Forest Ranger, “G-Supervision, Inspection, Uinta Range, Memorandum,” June 20, 1920, both in File: “1658-Historical Data, 7-Range Management, A-Special range reconnaissance surveys or studies—1906-1924,” History Files, UWCSO Basement. 240 Christiansen Daybooks; Uinta NF Financial Plans; Keith N. Worthington, Sadie H. Greenhalgh, and Fred J. Chapman, They Left a Record: A Comprehensive History of Nephi, Utah, 1851-1978 (Provo, UT: Community Press, 1979), 102; “Uinta Ranger Office Completed at Nephi,” Deseret News and Telegram, October 28, 1963, 16A; “Forest Service ranger station in Nephi will reopen next week,” The Times-News, October 7, 1987.

84 The Enchantment of Ranger Life The two districts were renamed in 1929 as the Utah Valley (formerly Springville) and South Strawberry (formerly Soldier Summit) districts. When Arthur J. Wagstaff arrived in 1929 as ranger of the South Strawberry District, it was:

. . . some what bounded by the Highway thru Strawberry Valley on the north, the Diamond Fork Ridge on the west, but included the Soldier fork drainage on the South including the Soldier Summit and White River area. It also included the Willow Creek drainage into Strawberry Reservoir and included some seasonal supervision of lambing herds along the west part of the Avintaquin drainage.241

Spanish Fork Ranger District

241 Wagstaff.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 85

Wagstaff used the Bryants Fork Ranger Station as his summer headquarters, rather than the Streeper Creek station. He was on the job for only a year when the Forest Supervisor informed him his district would be eliminated. Wagstaff transferred to the La Sal NF effective July 1, 1930 and his office in Spanish Fork closed. Much of his district transferred to the Utah Valley Ranger District with headquarters in Springville. The remainder went to the Duchesne Ranger District. Financial plans suggest a forest guard or assistant ranger was stationed in Spanish Fork to assist the Duchesne and Utah Valley rangers.242

Merrill Nielson replaced long-time Parley Madsen as ranger of the Utah Valley Ranger District in 1935. In November of that year, he moved the district headquarters to Spanish Fork where the majority of permittees and Forest users were located. Nielson set up his office in the basement of the Post Office building, which was a 1923 building at the corner of Main and 200 North streets. He occupied one room there until 1937 when the CCC constructed the Spanish Fork Ranger Station at 44 West 400 North. This site continues to serve as district headquarters thanks to the replacement of the original office with a larger facility in 1964 and acquisition of a warehouse/storage site at approximately 1650 East 750 South.243

As calls for watershed restoration increased, Nielson’s district grew with donations and purchases of private land on the west, including the 42,365-acre Spanish Fork Canyon Addition in 1937. Region 4’s consolidation of ranger districts in 1974 significantly expanded the Spanish Fork Ranger District. The boundary between the Pleasant Grove and Spanish Fork districts shifted from the Left Fork of Hobble Creek northward to the hydrologic divide. The Spanish Fork District also absorbed the Nebo Ranger District (minus the San Pitch Division, which went to the Manti-La Sal NF) and began managing the Wasatch-Cache NF’s Vernon Division.244

ADMINISTRATIVE SITES

Benmore Guard Station The Benmore Guard Station was part of the Benmore Experimental Range on the Vernon Division. The Benmore area, located at the south end of Rush Valley, was one of two failed dryland farming areas in Utah that the federal government purchased as part of its New Deal resettlement program. The purchases, made between 1934 and 1936, totaled about 45,000 acres. The WPA helped fence 3,240 acres of the acquired land for agricultural research purposes.245

Since its inception, several parties have managed the Benmore Experimental Range. The Soil Conservation Service (SCS) was in charge initially while the Forest Service’s Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station (IF&RES) conducted research there. A formal cooperative agreement in 1940 formalized the roles of the SCS, the Forest Service, the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, and the Bureau of Plant Industry. In 1954, the Wasatch NF began managing the Benmore area and surrounding land with the IF&RES taking

242 Ibid; Isbell, 34; Forest Service Organizational Directories; Uinta NF Financial Plans. 243 Nielson, interview, 17; Elisha Warner, The History of Spanish Fork (Spanish Fork, UT: The Press Publishing Company, 1930), 95; Yell-A-Gram, v. 4, no. 4 (March 1, 1937), 5. 244 Hamre; Peterson and Speth, 1980, 72; Antrei and Scow, 213; "A Brief Summary of Significant Events." 245 Neil C. Frischknecht and Lorin E. Harris, Grazing Intensities and Systems on Crested Wheatgrass in Central Utah: Response of Vegetation and Cattle ([Washington]: U.S. Forest Service, 1968), 6-7.

86 The Enchantment of Ranger Life the lead for the research program.246 A 1959 executive order formally extended the forest boundary to include the resettlement lands.

Between 1935 and 1940, the WPA constructed nearly all the Benmore Experimental Range’s facilities, which included twenty-eight 100- acre pastures, a 280-acre holding pasture, 160 acres as study plots for reseeding, a well, a 5,000-gallon tank, two storage reservoirs, and irrigation pipes to the pastures. Other site improvements by 1939 included a machine shed, a storage house, and a small blacksmith shop with salvaged materials. These followed the demolition of several old buildings previously owned by the site’s former occupants. Staff of the Benmore Experimental Range set up headquarters in a 1908 farmhouse that, despite remodeling, was still in poor condition and seen only as a temporary solution. The Benmore buildings, designated as “Hdqts.” in this 1968 diagram In 1939, Dr. George Stewart (Frischknecht and Harris), were in the southeast corner of the developed of the IF&RES proposed to area and at the northwest corner of Forests Roads 090 and 005 in Section 20 of T9S, R5W. replace it with a four-room dwelling and to construct an office, a garage, and a combination tool and seed house.247

Stewart’s effort was only partially successful. As of 1961, the station had an equipment shed, a paint shed, and a garage. In 1963, a Forest Service inspector assessed the farmhouse, discussed the two-car

246 Richard J. Klade, Building a Research Legacy: The Intermountain Station, 1911-1997 (Fort Collins, CO: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2006), 89. 247 Frischknecht and Harris, 6-7; George Stewart, Sr. Forest Ecologist, to C. J. Olsen, June 2, 1939, File: “LP-Boundaries- Wasatch-Vernon Division Addition-Resettlement Adm (Benmore Exp. Area), 1923-1938,” Accession No. R4-1680- 2009-0262, R4 History Collection; “Headquarters Site at Benmore,” Daily News-Intermountain Region, May 10, 1939. The 1908 house date is from Don Montoya and Charmaine Thompson, Historic Site Form, Benmore Ranger Station, September 17, 2003.

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garage/storeroom, and mentioned the Wasatch NF’s plans to relocate the Little Valley Guard Station to Benmore. The inspector noted the poor condition of the dwelling. The first floor had a 15’ x 15’ kitchen, a 15’ x 15’ bedroom, a 10’ x 10’ storage room, a smaller storage room, and a shower room with no toilet facilities. Two bedrooms occupied the second floor. The house also had an unused basement and lights powered by a generator.248

The ragged condition of the Benmore Dwelling (#1130) explains why the Forest Service relocated an R4 Plan 5 dwelling (and possibly outhouse) from the Little Valley Guard Station to Benmore by 1966, as seen in a photograph from that year.

The Forest Service’s need for the site diminished in the 1970s, and the IF&RES ceased research at the site in 1984.249 The old farmhouse, the equipment shed or garage, and other small buildings were removed sometime between 1976 and 1984.250 Four structures remained when heritage staff surveyed the Benmore Guard Station (Heritage No. UN-285) in 1995 and 2003. They determined the R4 Plan 5 bunkhouse (#3061) and R4 Plan 70 pit toilet (#3064) were eligible for listing on the National Register. They did not evaluate a shed (#3062) and silo (#3063). Although the 2003 Uinta NF Facility Master Plan provides constructions dates of 1984 for the silo and shed, they appear in a 1976 aerial photo. The Uinta National Forest removed the bunkhouse and pit toilet in 2010.

Cherry Guard Station See Hobble Creek Guard Station.

Diamond Creek Ranger Station On December 21, 1906, the Uinta NF requested and received a GLO withdrawal of an administrative site along Diamond Fork just above Springville Crossings (the intersection of Forest Roads 051 and 058). Although designated as the Diamond Creek Ranger Station, early maps label the 80-acre site in Sections 1 and 2 of T8S, R5E as the Diamond Fork Ranger Station. These interchangeable names and their application to two other stations (see below) have created some confusion in the historical record, as did a location of T7S, R5E, S36 in some documents.

The Uinta NF developed the 1906 tract with a 14’ x 16’ one-room dwelling made of sawn log walls and a board roof ($100). This and a barbed wire fence ($70) were in place by 1916. Rangers ceased to use the station around 1916 or 1917 because it was not in a good location for administrative purposes. By 1923, the improvements were in poor condition—the cabin’s walls were warped and its appraised value was $18. The Forest Supervisor proposed to dispose of or sell the cabin to the Spanish Fork Livestock Association for use as a salt house and to salvage the fence wire for the Bryants Fork or Streeper Creek ranger stations.251 He was successful in replacing the Diamond Creek Ranger Station with a new site about

248 Building Inventory, Wasatch NF, October 30, 1961, R4 Architectural Historian’s Files. Cited hereinafter as Wasatch Building Inventory, 1961; Grant Jensen, “Benmore,” attached to memo from Floyd Iverson, Regional Forester, to J. F. Pechanec, Director of IF&RES, August 28, 1963, File: “7400 Water & Sanitation, Benmore,” Rocky Mountain Research Station Library, Ogden, Utah. (Files accessed March 29, 2005. RMRS Library is now in Ft. Collins, CO.) 249 Klade, 90. 250 Montoya and Thompson, Historic Site Form, Benmore Ranger Station. 251 “Permanent Improvements Working Plan,” 1916; W. W. Blakeslee, Forest Supervisor, to District Forester, May 15, 1923, File: “7300 Buildings, Diamond Cr. G. S.,” SFRD Office.

88 The Enchantment of Ranger Life eight miles downstream and to the southwest. The 1906 withdrawal was released on June 2, 1923 and the ranger shifted his field station to the new Diamond Fork Administrative Site in Section 32 of T8S, R5E.

Diamond Fork Administrative Site The Uinta NF found a 10-acre site in Section 32 of T8S, R5E to replace the Diamond Creek Ranger Station but it was outside the forest boundary and under a Bureau of Reclamation withdrawal. Ranger Parley C. Madsen described it as the only suitable tract for an early-season pasture for the rangers of Districts 2 and 3. He wrote, “the pasture is needed as near the boundary line as possible, since it is from this point that so much of the Forest Officers[’] time is spent during the early grazing period.” Additionally, it was halfway between their winter headquarters in Springville and summer headquarters at the Bryants Fork and Streeper Creek ranger stations. Its proximity to the Diamond Fork Road and a Reclamation telephone line was also beneficial.252

Reclamation agreed in early 1923 to the Forest Service’s use of the 10-acre site until Reclamation needed the tract or the Secretary of Interior vacated the withdrawal.253 The Regional Forester formally approved the Diamond Fork Ranger Station, which early maps show as the “Diamond Fork Administrative Site,” on November 19, 1923. It was between the modern-day Red Ledges Campground and Diamond Group Site.

In late 1922, the Uinta NF proposed to build a one-room, 14’ x 16’ dwelling but records indicate they failed to secure the funds. The site apparently fell into disuse with the 1933 development of the Diamond Fork Guard Station (see below). The tract was in private ownership by 1937 when the Spanish Fork Addition to the Uinta NF placed it within the forest boundary. The Forest Service purchased the land in the late 1960s or early 1970s.254

Diamond Fork Guard Station In the fall of 1932, the Uinta NF reestablished an administrative site in Section 1 of T8S, R5E—the former location of the Diamond Creek Ranger Station (see above). Forest officers built a small pasture and in early 1933 sought approval to use the site from Reclamation, which had withdrawn the tract for the Strawberry Project.255

With Reclamation’s approval pending, CCC crews proceeded to construct an R4 Plan 5 dwelling and an R4 Plan 23 garage in 1933, followed by painting, tree planting, and “cement work” in 1936. This “temporary” station accommodated the ranger and an administrative guard in early summer and the fall as cattle moved between mountain grazing land and the lower country. The Uinta NF also intended to place a

252 Parley C. Madsen, “Report on Administrative Site,” December 23, 1922, File: “7300 Buildings, Diamond Cr. G. S.,” SFRD Office. 253 W. L. Whittemore, Project Manager, to W. W. Blakeslee, Forest Supervisor, January 20, 1923, File: “7300 Buildings, Diamond Cr. G. S.,” SFRD Office. 254 Uinta NF Financial Plans. The area is shown as private land on a 1964 forest map but was acquired by the time Victor Isbell wrote his 1972 history of the Spanish Fork Ranger District (Isbell, 53). 255 Charles DeMoisy, Jr., Forest Supervisor, to Regional Forester, February 15, 1923, and Charles DeMoisy, Jr., Forest Supervisor, to Kenneth Borg, Superintendent of Strawberry Water Users’ Association, February 20, 1933, File: “7300 Buildings, Diamond Cr. G. S.,” SFRD Office.

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recreation guard here as recreational use increased in Diamond Fork and Hobble Creek with the recent completion of a road north of the station.256

The Regional Forester approved the Diamond Creek Ranger Station as an administrative site on March 14, 1936. By then, its improvements included the following:257

• R4 Plan 5 Dwelling. The CCC built this two-room structure in 1933 for $1,290.57. It was white with Nile green trim and a green roof. Inside, a sink was installed under the north window. By 1936, the woodwork had received two coats of varnish and there were plans to apply sealer and buff-colored plastic paint to the Celotex walls after installation of a “Metal A joint system.”

• R4 Plan 23 Garage/Storeroom. The CCC built the garage in 1933 for $560.05 and painted it to match the house.258

• R4 Plan 70 Latrine. New Deal funds totaling $16.07 paid for construction of this standard pit latrine in 1933. Its bevel siding and exterior paint scheme matched the site’s other two buildings. As of 1936, the interior was incomplete but plans were made to “paint it pearl grey with the floor to be creosoted and the seat varnished.” A 1936 site plan shows it in the yard’s southwest corner.

• Yard Fence. The net wire fence was four feet high and had two steel entrance gates. In 1936, the Uinta NF proposed to extend it on the north and south to the pasture fence, which would allow entrance to the station grounds from the south rather than the front (east).

• Pasture Fence. The Uinta NF began building the barbed wire fence in 1933. Two years later, construction of a new road forced them to move the east side back from the road about 20 feet.

• Landscaping: As of 1936, trees and shrubs had been transplanted with mixed success, while the lawn around the house was sown with Kentucky bluegrass and Alsike clover. Concrete walks provided access to the buildings.

• Water System: A well near the creek provided water that had to be carried to the house.

Improvements proposed in 1936 included an R4 Plan 62A cellar, a water system with a 1500-gallon storage tank, a flagpole, telephone service, an entrance sign, and a parking area. The site has seen few changes since then as much of this went unrealized, likely due to discontinuation of New Deal programs. In 1971, a pit toilet clad with T1-11 siding replaced the Plan 70 toilet. The storeroom of the garage became a bunkhouse. The Diamond Fork Guard Station (Heritage No. UN-282, 42UT1934) currently has three buildings: the 1933 Dwelling (#3021), the 1933 Bunkhouse/Garage (#3022), and the 1972 Pit Toilet (#3023).

256 Charles DeMoisy, Jr., Forest Supervisor, to E. O. Larson, Engineer in Charge, April 14, 1934, File: “7300 Buildings, Diamond Cr. G. S.,” SFRD Office; Yell-A-Gram, vol. 3, no. 19 (October 18, 1936), 5; “Improvement Plan [Descriptive Sheet], Diamond Creek Ranger Station,” March 26, 1936, Historic Site Plans, UWCNF SO Basement. 257 Unless noted otherwise, the following is from “Improvement Plan [Descriptive Sheet], Diamond Creek Ranger Station.” 258 Handwritten note on “Comprehensive Improvement Plan,” July 6, 1933, Atlas: "Forest Improvement Plans."

90 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Hobble Creek Guard Station The Uinta NF requested funds to construct a pasture fence in FY 1925 at the Hobble Creek Ranger Station.259 This early reference of an administrative site in Hobble Creek may or may not have correlated with the location that served as a CCC camp and then the Hobble Creek Guard Station.

In early 1940, recreational planner H. L. Curtiss and Forest Supervisor George C. Larson selected locations for two shelters, one each at the Daniels Canyon and Hobble Creek winter sports areas. While in Hobble Creek, they also chose a site for the “Rockhouse Flat Guard Station.” This name, reported in a Region 4 newsletter, apparently was an error or perhaps a name not adopted. Records indicate they identified the location for the Hobble Creek Guard Station.260

The Hobble Creek site was a CCC camp for three summers (1934-36). In 1940-41, a CCC crew from Provo Camp F-40 redeveloped it as the Cherry Campground by repairing the water system and installing picnic tables and camp stoves. Foreman Ellis Merkley supervised the enrollees’ construction of an R4 Plan 7 (revised) dwelling and an R4 Plan 20 garage adjacent to the campground. Intended for a fire guard, these buildings weren’t occupied until 1942.261

The Uinta NF referred to the station as the Cherry Guard Station by 1969 when the ranger and forest engineer inspected the buildings. The ranger recommended selling the dwelling for off-site removal because personnel did not use it, preferring instead to stay in nearby Springville and Spanish Fork. The garage, which provided storage space, could also be sold once warehouse facilities were provided on the Spanish Fork Administrative Site. Two-and-a-half years later, the bidding process for both buildings closed on May 4, 1972 with a high bid of $87.50. The high bidder demolished the dwelling and garage in June 1972 for salvage material.262

Formal designation of the 15-acre Hobble Creek Guard Station occurred on March 9, 1943. Public land orders in 1961 and 1964 further protected the site while reducing it to ten acres. In 1988, the Forest Service asked the BLM to revoke the site’s withdrawal since it no longer had any facilities.

Little Valley Guard Station The Little Valley Guard Station was associated with the Pole Creek (aka Pole Canyon) Administrative Site, an 80-acre tract (T10S, R5W, S13) withdrawn on October 6, 1908. Ranger Vivian West surveyed the Pole Creek site in 1930, the same year a pasture fence was erected.263 It was on the southeast end of the Vernon Division.

In 1933, the Wasatch NF received permission to build an R4 Plan 5 dwelling, an R4 Plan 13B barn, and an R4 Plan 24 garage. The latter was to be of material salvaged from the original South Fork Ranger Station dwelling. New Deal funds paid for the construction of the barn and a yard fence in 1933, the house in

259 Uinta NF Financial Plans. 260 “Ins and Outs,” Daily News – Intermountain Region, March 4, 1940, 1. 261 George P. Larson, “Report on Administrative Site, Hobble Creek Guard Station and Cherry Picnic Area,” March 9, 1943, Withdrawal Files, R4 LSO; “Circular E (R-4) – 506,” January 29, 1941, File: “1658-Historical Date, 4-Early Administration,” History Files, UWCSO Basement; Yell-A-Gram, v. 7, no. 15 (May 10, 1940). 262 Raymond J. Evans, District Forest Ranger, to Forest Supervisor, October 29, 1969, File: “7300 Buildings, Administrative Site – Spanish Fork,” SFRD Office; Evans, interview; Isbell, 58. 263 FA-Cost Keeping, Wasatch, Forms 21j, Investment Records, January 25, 1937, and V. N West, Little Valley Ranger Station survey plat, August 18, 1930, File: “7300 Buildings, Little Valley RS,” History Files, UWCSO Basement.

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1934, an R4 Plan 70 toilet (justified as a “convenient place to deposit body excretion when nature calls”), and some landscaping in 1935. The garage was built by early 1935 when Ranger West recommended withdrawal of 40 acres for the Little Valley Guard Station. He explained the station, which was in Section 14 adjacent to the Pole Creek Administrative Site, would serve as a temporary headquarters for grazing and recreation administration on the Vernon Division. Vernon Creek provided water and the only good fishing in southern Toole County, while a good auto road led to the community of Vernon twelve miles away. West wrote, “This is the only station on the Vernon division, and is 73 miles from the headquarters station located at the South Fork in American Fork Canyon.” The 40-acre parcel was approved on April 19, 1935 and a withdrawal on January 30, 1958 further protected the site from entry.264

Nearly a decade after its construction, a regional official commented on the Little Valley Guard Station, referring to it as the Vernon Guard Station. The toilet was too close to the creek and the barn had never been used. The station buildings also needed repainting. 265

In 1953, the Vernon Division became part of the newly created Tooele Ranger District, which was headquartered in Tooele. By this time, improvements in transportation had diminished the need for the Little Valley Guard Station so the district, in 1957, purchased a one-acre lot in Tooele for development as a work center. The R4 Plan 13B barn and an R4 Plan 24 garage may have been relocated to this new site at Little Valley Guard Station 430 West 500 South by 1961. (Bert Rouse, the Tooele ranger from 1964 to 1973, in recent years stated the Tooele buildings may have come from the North Willow Guard Station but there is no evidence that administrative site was developed in the New Deal era with these standard plans.) The R4 Plan 5 dwelling (#1121)—and probably the outhouse—was moved to the Benmore Guard Station sometime between 1961 and 1964 when Bert Rouse arrived as the Tooele District Ranger.266

Nebo Ranger Station The Salt Creek Ranger Station on the Nebo Division started as an 18.35-acre tract (T12S, R2E, S16) that the GLO withdrew on January 23, 1907. The Forest Service formally changed the name to Mt. Nebo Ranger Station on February 1, 1921 although most people referred to it simply as the Nebo Ranger Station.

264 FA-Cost Keeping, Wasatch, Forms 21j, Investment Records; A. G. Nord, Forest Supervisor, to West and Bulfer, September 8, 1933, and V. N. West, “Report on Administrative Site,” February 4, 1935, File: “7300 Buildings, Little Valley RS,” History Files, UWCSO Basement. 265 John N. Kinney, A.R.F., to Regional Forester, September 22, 1942, File: “7300 Buildings, South Fork Ranger Station,” PGRD Office. 266 Wasatch Building Inventory, 1961; Charles Rosier, email to author, December 12, 2005.

92 The Enchantment of Ranger Life The Forest Service constructed a 14’ x 26’ frame house in 1909 to serve as the ranger’s summer station while administering the Nebo Division. The modest cabin eliminated the need for him to return to town every evening, “thus enabling him to accomplish double the amount of work.” An April 1916 inventory of improvements identified it as a 14’ x 26’ dwelling (frame, two rooms, $380), along with a 10’ x 8’ storeroom (one room, double floor and walls, $40), a 4’ x 4’ lumber outhouse ($12), and a pasture fence. All of the buildings had shingle roofs. At that time, Forest officers proposed to erect 100 rods of pasture fence and to build a frame barn with four stalls and a lean-to. They also planned to construct a 26’ x 8’ porch on the house in FY 1917. Nephi ranger Aaron P. Christiansen hired a man in July 1917 to help him build the porch but progress was slow. They did not finish it until spring 1919. By the early 1920s, the Uinta NF considered partitioning the screened porch to provide a sleeping room for visiting officers. Ranger Christiansen’s previous construction work included a tent frame structure in 1916 and, the following year, he built a spring box and staked off a place for a cellar.267

The station’s pasture must have proved too small because a supplementary site was approved on March 23, 1910. This 160-acre parcel, designated as the Mt. Nebo Addition #1 (T12S, R2E, S20), was separate from the original ranger station withdrawn in 1907. It appears on an early map just southwest of the ranger station in McCune Canyon. Ranger Christiansen mentioned this “McCune Pasture” in his 1916 work diary several times. While it undoubtedly accommodated his horses, it also served a domestic purpose. Christiansen wrote, “I went over to milk the cow in McCunes Canyon pasture.”268

In the 1930s, the Forest Service auctioned off the house for off-site removal and redeveloped the Nebo Ranger Station with CCC labor and New Deal funds. It was primarily to accommodate a recreation patrolman working in the heavily used Nebo Recreation Area of Salt Creek Canyon. The guard was a summer employee but the Forest Service expected winter use to increase, which likely justified the expenditure for new facilities. By 1936, the station had the following structures:269

• Dwelling. The CCC built an R4 Plan 7 (Revised) building in the summers of 1934 and 1935. Its bevel siding, door, and window frames were painted white while the trim was Nile green and the roof light green. A rear stoop covered the entrance to a 10’ x 12’ concrete cellar under the back part of the house. Plumbing fixtures and a septic tank were installed in anticipation of the future availability of water to the site. The interior Celotex walls were finished with buff plastic paint (front room and bedroom), light spring green (kitchen), and ivory (bathroom). The total cost of the dwelling amounted to $2,981.87. In 1946, regional inspectors described the house as a “three-room modern dwelling” with a basement that needed waterproofing.270

• Garage/Storeroom. The R4 Plan 23 garage, completed in the summer of 1934, had bevel siding and a paint scheme that matched the dwelling. CCC labor and other costs totaled $1,019.09. In 1954, forest officials proposed to relocate the garage/storeroom to the Nephi Ranger Station

267 “Nebo NF,” Juab County Times, October 15, 1909, 1; “Permanent Improvements Working Plan,” 1916; Uinta NF Financial Plans; Christiansen Daybooks. 268 Salt Distribution Map; Christiansen Daybook, October 4, 1916. 269 Unless noted otherwise, the following is from “Descriptive Sheet Improvement Plan, Nebo Ranger Station,” April 24, 1936, Atlas Collection, Heritage Files, UWCSO Basement. 270 C. E. Favre, A.R.F., to Regional Forester, September 25, 1946, File: “1658-Historical Data, 4-Early Administration,” History Files, UWCSO Basement.

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where it would be placed on “the south end of the present Nephi equipment-garage building for additional storage when title to the site is secured.”271

• Blacksmith Shop. The CCC erected the R4 Plan 40 blacksmith shop ($89.80) in 1933 for use by the nearby CCC camp. As of 1936, it was unpainted and the Forest Service expected to relocate it to another site. This may be the unlabeled building shown on the 1935 improvement plan.

• Barn: This 25’ x 27 frame structure was built in 1920 and expanded in 1924. As of 1936, it had two storage rooms, a hay loft, and space for four horses, and was painted cinnamon brown. Forest officers planned to demolish the barn, which had cost $450.65, due to its dilapidated state and because it was “entirely foreign to the present building set-up.” However, they would wait until another storage facility, preferably an R4 Plan 33 shop/storeroom, could be constructed.

• Latrine: The 1910 outhouse was to remain until water was provided to the house. It was cinnamon brown with white trim and cost $12.

• Woodshed: This small building appears next to the garage on a 1935 site plan but a 1936 descriptive sheet does not identify it.

The Forest Service overestimated the need for the Nebo Ranger Station. In 1940, just a few years after construction, neither the district ranger nor a guard occupied the dwelling. Instead, a foreman for the Soil Conservation Service lived in it. Before the decade’s end, the Uinta NF decided to decommission the Nebo Ranger Station. In the summer of 1947, the R4 Plan 7 office was transported to the new Duchesne Ranger Station, which later transferred to the Ashley NF. The fate of the other buildings is presently unknown but the garage may have been moved to the Nephi Dwelling Site as proposed in 1954. In 1988, the Forest Service asked the BLM to revoke the 1907 site withdrawal since its only improvements was a fenced five- acre pasture. Heritage staff documented the Nebo Ranger Station (UN-293, 42JB749) in 1998 and identified two building foundations, an outhouse, a few historical artifacts (Report No. UN-98-290, “Ponderosa Campground Waterline”).272

Nephi Dwelling Site The Forest Service acquired the Nephi Dwelling Site (Lot 4, Block 32, Plat A, Nephi Township) from David F. Winn in two transactions. The first, for 0.22 acre, occurred on September 23, 1949. The second purchase for 0.046 acre was on April 29, 1955. Early records call it the Nephi Ranger Station but this report refers to it as the Nephi Dwelling Site to avoid confusion with the other Nephi site discussed below.

The Uinta NF developed the lot at 354 Center Street (T13S, R1E, S8) with an R4 Plan 1 (revised) dwelling and a three-car garage/storeroom around 1949-50. Given the use of New Deal plans on a post-WWII site, it is quite possible these buildings were constructed in the 1930s elsewhere and relocated to Nephi. The garage/storeroom was described as an R4 Plan 33A-1 but it does not resemble that standard plan in photos. Its description and condition suggest it came from a CCC camp. It needed maintenance in 1953— just a few years after the site’s purchase:

271 Anderson to Lobenstein; Improvements, 1952-55; Box 199, RMDV-095-14-002; R4 Records, 1905-53; RG95; NARAD. 272 Moncrief; J. S. Tixier, Regional Forester, to Kemp Conn, BLM Utah State Director, Nov. 1, 1988, Withdrawal Files, R4 LSO. The Ashley NF sold the Duchesne Ranger Station in 2010.

94 The Enchantment of Ranger Life The garage at Nephi R.S. is in need of a roof. The tarpaper has blown off and it leaks badly. The slope is about 1½” drop in 20’. What do you think about putting cedar shingles on it? With no heat it might not ice up too badly. Hal thinks an aluminum roof might be best as flat as it is it shouldn’t reflect on anyone. Would you approve?273

Harold Laird, the Nephi ranger from 1964 to 1973, believes the Plan 1 house was relocated from another site. The 1949 site plan and a later floor plan indicate that once on site, an addition was constructed on the back to accommodate a kitchen, which allowed the original kitchen to serve as a separate dining room. In 1958, the Forest Service invited bids to remodel the attic to provide two extra bedrooms and a bathroom. The work was done by the time Ranger Laird and his family moved in.274

In 1954, a regional official wrote, “At the Nephi Station we can see no objection to adapting the building that they propose to move from Salt Creek R.S. [Nebo Ranger Station] to the south end of the present Nephi equipment-garage building for additional storage when title to the site is secured.” The Uinta NF had already moved the Nebo Ranger Station dwelling to Duchesne so he likely was referring to the R4 Plan 23 garage/storeroom. That building’s fate is unknown but it apparently Nephi Dwelling and Garage/Equipment Building did not go to Nephi. Instead, the historic record suggests an R4 Plan 21 garage/storeroom was moved from the Pleasant Grove Ranger Station around 1963. It was there when Ranger Laird arrived in 1964. His predecessor, M. J. Roberts, planned in 1964 to remove the site’s original garage as an APW project and Laird recalls that the building, which he described as a three-car garage, was gone when he arrived later that year. Photos dated 1966 show the building but it is possible they are misdated.275

The Uinta NF no longer needed the Nephi Dwelling Site after district staff transferred to Spanish Fork in 1974. As part of a land exchange, it transferred to Security Title Company of Southern Utah by deed dated March 8, 1977. The dwelling and second garage still stand but the original garage is gone.276

273 Jim Jacobs to George L. Nichols, October 30, 1953; Improvements, 1952-55; Box 199, RMDV-095-14-002; R4 Records, 1905-53; RG95; NARAD. 274 Laird, interview; “Nephi Dwelling Stairway & Bedroom Installation & Remodeling, R4 Plan 1 Alt. Scheme 10,” 1958, Historic Building Plans, R4 History Collection; “Invitation For Bids, Bid No. R4-59-38, August 20, 1958,” R4 Architectural Historian’s Files. 275 Anderson to Lobenstein; Improvements, 1952-55; Box 199, RMDV-095-14-002; R4 Records, 1905-53; RG95; NARAD; M. J. Roberts, “Periodic Work Plan,” December 19, 1963, File: “1310 – Planning – 4 – Work Plans, Laird, Harold E. (Nephi D-1),” Box, UWCSO Basement. Foundation Plan for Nephi Garage, no date, includes a handwritten note “garage moved in from Pleasant Grove I believe.” The foundation’s configuration and dimensions are for an R4 Plan 21 garage/storeroom. 276 Google satellite imagery.

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Nephi Ranger Station President Kennedy’s APW program, initiated on September 4, 1962, provided funds for a new ranger station in Nephi. The Forest Service, moving quickly to secure land, purchased 1.3 acres from William Melvin Stanley on October 30, 1962 and an adjacent 1.44-acre parcel from John S. and Wilma Wells and Ruth C. Wells on November 2, 1962.

In preparation for this and similar projects at the Spanish Fork and Pleasant Grove ranger stations, architect William R. Turner and his assistant Al Saunders developed standard architectural plans. Their office design (R4 Plan A-94) is a rectangular structure with an asymmetrical façade that includes a gable- roofed entry. Turner resisted the pressure to design cheap, no-frills buildings and successfully convinced the Forest Service building committee “that adding a little to the offices was wise.”277 Indeed, the Plan 94 and other offices he designed in the early 1960s had several features that were a bit more upscale than his plainer designs of the 1950s. They included a stone facing around the lower half of the exterior walls (except the rear elevation) and “flying” gable roofs. Hand-split cedar shakes provided roofs with more texture, depth, and visual interest than the typical, cheaper wood shingles.

At Nephi, the Reese Goodrich Construction Company began constructing a reversed R4 Plan A-94 Office (#3043) in June 1963 and finished it in October 1963 (not 1964 as noted in the Forest Service’s infrastructure database). An R4 Plan 173B Flammable Storage Building (#3042) and a reversed R4 Plan A- 106 Warehouse (#3041) were constructed that year also.278 In 1980, the site gained a Storage Shed (#3044) but it collapsed under excess snow load in winter of 2009.

The newly developed parcel, located at 740 South Main Street (T13S, R1E, S9), served as the Nephi Ranger District’s headquarters from 1963 until 1974 when the district was eliminated as an administrative unit. Staff relocated to Spanish Fork, and the Forest Service legally transferred ownership of the office and 0.736 acres to the Soil Conservation Service in 1975.279 A 1979 land exchange reduced the site by another 0.58 acres. It now encompasses 2.16 acres.

In October 1987, some Spanish Fork district employees re-occupied part of the Nephi Office, which by then was called the Agriculture Service Center. This occurred as recreational use increased, particularly with the construction of the Blackhawk Campground near the Payson Lakes Guard Station, and staff found it difficult to manage from Spanish Fork. Assistant ranger Ray Abriel headed the newly opened office. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS, formerly the Soil Conservation Service) moved out and transferred the office parcel back to the Forest Service in 2001.280 By 2003, the Uinta NF was sharing a leased office with NRCS at 635 North Main Street, an arrangement made in preparation for decommissioning the ranger station. Use of the 1963 office dwindled and it is now vacant although district employees use the warehouse occasionally. Forest officials have considered selling the Nephi Ranger Station (Heritage No. UWC-805, 42JB1923) under the Forest Service Facility Realignment and Enhancement Act.

277 Grosvenor, 209-210. 278 “Uinta Ranger Office Completed at Nephi,” Deseret News and Telegram, October 28, 1963, 16A; Laird, interview. 279 “Assignment of Land Custody and Accountability,” March 1975, File: “6410 Property, Nephi Office,” SFRD Office. 280 Laird, interview; “U.S. Forest Service Reopens Ranger Station in Nephi,” Salt Lake Tribune, November 3, 1987; “Forest Service ranger station in Nephi will reopen next week,” The Times-News, October 7, 1987; “Assignment of Real Property,” July 2001, File: “6410 Property, Nephi Office,” SFRD Office.

96 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Payson Lakes Guard Station The Payson Lakes Guard Station originated as the Wimmer Ranch Ranger Station, which was rechristened the Payson Ranger Station in 1930. It became the Payson Lakes Guard Station by the late 1970s.281

On November 7, 1908, the GLO withdrew the Wimmer Ranch Ranger Station from public entry. It consisted of 51 acres in Section 29 of T10S, R3E. Forest Supervisor Dan Pack notified Joseph Barnett, the Payson District Ranger, in 1911 that they were authorized to construct a house at the site. He directed Barnett to secure three bids. As a result, a one-room frame house measuring 14’ x 16’ was built that year for $182. It is interesting to note that a 1916 list of improvements identified it as being in Section 30, which is the same section as the current guard station but not part of the withdrawal. Pack also gave Barnett funds to construct a storehouse. John H. Barnett, possibly a relative, built it in 1912 for $14.282

Ranger Barnett proposed in early February 1915 to build a three-room dwelling similar to the Washington Office’s Standard Plan 5. He suggested altering the plan to include a porch and a “straight gable roof” in lieu of a cross-gabled roof. They could sell the existing cabin to local cattlemen or expand and remodel it to create a new dwelling. A handwritten note on his sketch plan indicates the plan went unused.283

The following year, in 1916, Forest Supervisor Jensen asked about potential locations for a modern dwelling, barn, and pasture but Barnett reported he knew of none. Jensen later responded that, “The Wimmer Ranch ranger station has never been officially withdrawn on the area where the improvements are located.” Forest officials prepared a report that placed the ranger station in Sections 19 and 20 of T10S, R3E instead of Section 29, and the Regional Office approved this “Wimmer Ranch Ranger Station Substitute” tract on November 3, 1916. Like the earlier withdrawal, it consisted of 51 acres.284

Nevertheless, an accurate description of the site’s legal location remained elusive. A month after the approval, Ranger Barnett prepared a report for the “proposed” Wimmer Ranch Ranger Station. He concluded it was on unsurveyed land that, when surveyed, would be in the adjacent Section 30. He noted the 51-acre site, just north of Wimmer Ranch Spring and bisected by Wimmer Ranch Creek, had no improvements. The Regional Office requested clarification on the survey in early 1917 but it would be another year and a half before a survey determined Barnett’s plat was in Sections 19 and 20. On the Forest Service’s request, the GLO revoked the 1908 withdrawal of 51 acres in Section 29 on October 21, 1918. Regional officials directed the Forest Supervisor to note the new site as “appropriated” on November 3, 1916, the date the Regional Office had approved the report for the Wimmer Ranch Ranger Station Substitute tract.285

281 S. Ronald Lisonbee to Richa Wilson, June 24, 2016, R4 Architectural Historian’s Files. 282 Dan S. Pack, Forest Supervisor, to Joseph Barnett, September 8, 1911, and untitled improvement record for Wimmer Ranch Site, File: “7300 Buildings, Payson Ranger Station,” SFRD Office; “Permanent Improvements Working Plan,” 1916; Correspondence between Dan S. Pack, Forest Supervisor, and Joseph Barnett, Assistant Forest Ranger, September 20, 1912 through October 30, 1912, File: “1658 Historical Data, 5-General Administration and Operation,” History Files, UWCSO Basement. 283 Forest Ranger to Forest Supervisor, February 17, 1915, File: “7300 Buildings, Payson Ranger Station,” SFRD Office. 284 A. W. Jensen, Forest Supervisor to Joseph Barnett, April 27, 1916; Joseph Barnett, Forest Ranger, to Forest Supervisor, May 2, 1916; A. W. Jensen, Forest Supervisor, to Barnett, Forest Officer, July 27, 1916; C. N. Woods, Assistant District Forester, to Forest Supervisor, June 13, 1918; all in File: “7300 Buildings, Payson Ranger Station,” SFRD Office. 285 Joseph Barnett, “Report on Proposed Administrative Site,” December 4, 1916; and various documents, 1918, File: “7300 Buildings, Payson Ranger Station,” SFRD Office.

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According to a ca. 1936 descriptive sheet, a dwelling and storehouse were built in 1916. Construction of a new house only five years after the first house seems odd but is consistent with Supervisor Jensen’s 1916 query about potential locations for new buildings. However, the ca. 1936 document describes the dwelling as a one-room lumber house, which matches the construction of the 1911 house. The storehouse was described in 1916 as an 8’ x 10’ frame structure valued at $68—far more than the $14 storehouse built in 1912. The Wimmer Ranch Ranger Station also had a pasture fence valued at $196 in 1916. The pasture fence proved unsatisfactory and forest officers planned to construct 350 rods of fence in FY 1917. A new fence was built in 1921 but the ranger deemed its size inadequate for the field season. He requested additional funds to enclose 15 acres with a barbed wire fence. The pasture was reconstructed in 1929.286

Efforts in the 1920s to improve the ranger station, which served as the Payson Ranger’s summer headquarters, included proposals to build a 24’ x 26’ log dwelling, a 16’ x 30’ frame barn, and a sanitary privy. It is unclear if any were constructed but, in 1924, the Uinta NF received $25 to raise the house onto a rock pier foundation, thus solving problems resulting from direct contact of the sills with the ground. The forest supervisor also directed the ranger to replace the front step, which he described as “a poor treacherous affair,” with new steps and an uncovered porch.287

The Forest Service changed the name of the Wimmer Ranch Ranger Station to Payson Ranger Station on December 18, 1930 to reflect local usage. At that time, the station was at the end of the Payson Canyon Road. A few years later, CCC labor and funds prompted the Forest Service to extend the road and to redevelop the obsolete Payson Ranger Station. In July 1934, CCC enrollees began constructing an R4 Plan 5 dwelling, an R4 Plan 23 garage, and an outhouse (likely an R4 Plan 70), all of which are in Section 30 of T10S, R3E. A spike camp from Hobble Creek Camp F-30 completed the buildings in 1935. With these new structures in place, the Forest Service sold the old cabin in 1935 to Harold Spalding of Provo for $30 with the requirement that he remove it from the site. In September 1936, a crew fenced, vegetated, and generally “beautified” the station. An R4 Plan 66 woodshed, proposed on a 1936 site plan, went unrealized as did much of the landscaping shown on a 1936 planting plan.288

The 1935 toilet at the Payson Lakes Guard Station (Heritage Site UN-283, 42UT1921) is gone but the other two buildings remain. The Dwelling (#3051) has seen some changes to its interior. By 1986, the backroom served as a kitchen and a bathroom was added in the living room’s southwest corner.289 A recent remodel, completed in 2015, shifted the bathroom to the living room’s east wall and reconfigured the kitchen in the backroom.

The garage/storeroom, now designated the Bunkhouse (#3052), was remodeled as sleeping quarters by 1963. By 1986, it had cooking facilities and a bathroom. A patio with benches, tables, and fire pit was

286 Untitled improvement record for Wimmer Ranch Site; “Permanent Improvements Working Plan,” 1916; Forest Ranger to Forest Supervisor, December 15, 1921, and George C. Larson, Assistant Forest Supervisor, Memorandum for Files, February 14, 1930, File: “7300 Buildings, Payson Ranger Station,” SFRD Office. 287 Uinta NF Financial Plans; J. Raphael, Forest Supervisor, to Ranger Christiansen, July 26, 1924, File: “7300 Buildings, Payson Ranger Station,” SFRD Office. 288 Yell-A-Gram, vol. 2, no. 19 (October 4, 1935), 2, and vol. 3, no. 17 (September 17, 1936), 4; Charles DeMoisy, Jr., Forest Supervisor, to Regional Forester, December 15, 1930 and Charles DeMoisy, Jr., Forest Supervisor, to Harold Spalding, June 25, 1935, File: “7300 Buildings, Payson Ranger Station,” SFRD Office; “Payson Ranger Station Improvement Plan,” 1936 and “Payson Ranger Station Planting Plan,” 1936, Historic Site Plans, R4 History Collection. 289 Building description, July 17, 1986, File: “3051 Payson Lakes GS, 3052 Payson Lakes Bunkhouse,” UWCSO Engineering Office.

98 The Enchantment of Ranger Life constructed on the west side of the bunkhouse.290 In 2015, the kitchen facilities and bathroom in the bunkhouse were reconfigured.

Salt Creek Ranger Station See Nebo Ranger Station.

Spanish Fork Administrative Site As discussed below, the Uinta NF initiated the redevelopment of the Spanish Fork Ranger Station after APW funds became available in late 1963. At the same time, Forest Supervisor Thornock sought to acquire a separate parcel of land for secure storage of equipment and materials. This would replace rented yards in Orem and Spanish Fork that were subject to vandalism and theft and, if funds became available, would accommodate a new warehouse. The site would serve the Spanish Fork Ranger District and the Supervisor’s Office, which had limited storage area at the new Rock Canyon Fire Station.291

Thornock’s efforts were successful. The Forest Service purchased the five-acre Spanish Fork Administrative Site on August 4, 1964 from Elizabeth Gardner Hales. The property is on the north side of Highway 6 at 1650 East 750 South (T8S, R3E, S29). Over the next two years, staff worked on several iterations of a site development plans. Impatient, the District Ranger moved forward with the construction of a flammable storage building in 1966. He wrote, “I have held off as long as possible to receive an approved plan for this administrative site but it is necessary to complete this construction prior to the time we can begin work in the recreation area in the canyons.”292 The site development and planting plans were approved soon thereafter in April 1966. They show an R4 Plan A-106(R) warehouse, an R4 Plan 173B flammable storage building, and a combination fly shed/feed storage/tack room. The Flammable Storage Building (#3071) was completed in 1966. According to the Forest Service infrastructure database, the site’s other structures are as follows:293

Bldg. No. Bldg. Name Const. Date 3070 Fire Office (Laufman Temp Barracks) 2001 3072 Range/Trails Storage Shed (#3072) 1977 3073 Tack Storage Shed 1984 3074 Garage 1990 3075 Warehouse 1995 23076 Pesticide and Flammable Storage 2004 3077 Wildlife Storage Shed 1995 3078 Key/Equipment Storage 1972 3079 Metal Storage Building 1976 n/a Hay Storage 1980 n/a Horse Barn 1980 n/a Horse Shelter 1980

290 Ibid., M. J. Roberts, “Periodic Work Plan,” May 28, 1963, File: “1310 – Planning – 4 – Work Plans, Laird, Harold E. (Nephi D-1),” in box, UWCSO Basement. 291 Various correspondence, “7300 Buildings, Administrative Site – Spanish Fork,” SFRD Office. 292 Don J. Ward, District Forest Ranger, to Forest Supervisor, March 17, 1966, “7310 Buildings, Spanish Fork Administrative Site, Negotiations for New Site, rolling files, UWCSO Basement. 293 The Hay Storage, Horse, Barn, Horse Shelters, and corrals were built in 1980 under S. Ronald Lisonbee’s supervision. (Lisonbee to Richa Wilson, June 24, 2016).

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 99

District employees use the Spanish Fork Administrative Site and its buildings as a fire cache, for keeping livestock, and for material and equipment storage. Personnel have occupied the property when space was unavailable at the Spanish Fork Ranger Station.

Spanish Fork Ranger Station When Merrill Nielson became ranger of the Utah Valley Ranger District in 1935, he relocated his district’s headquarters from Springville to Spanish Fork where the majority of permittees and Forest users were located. Nielson set up his office in the basement of the Post Office building, remaining there until the CCC constructed the Spanish Fork Ranger Station at 44 West 400 North. The Forest Service purchased the 0.45- acre tract (E½ Lot 2, Block 91, Plat A; T8S, R2E, S13) from David and Emma Hales on November 20, 1936 and formally accepted title on February 18, 1937. Regional officials approved an improvement plan that included an R4 Plan 1 dwelling, an R4 Plan 51B office, an R4 Plan 23 garage/woodshed, and an R4 Plan 33A (“lengthened”) storeroom/garage.294

Under foreman Ellis Merkley, a 15-man CCC crew from Provo Camp F-40 began constructing the office in early 1937. Enrollees completed the Spanish Fork warehouse and office in late April, and the ranger hosted an open house on May 5, 1937. In February 1938, Ranger Merrill Nielson successfully argued for a concrete floor in the warehouse. When Forest Service architect George L. Nichols inspected the structure a few months later, he concluded the building, which had five equipment storage stalls and two storeroom units, was well constructed and “a good job.”295

As at Nephi, the 1962 APW program funded construction of a new office for the Spanish Fork District. The extra space was necessary, as staff had grown in response to increasing forest management requirements stemming from the Multiple-Use and Sustained-Yield Act of 1960. The Spanish Fork District’s organization expanded from nine employees (with the ranger as the only full-time position) in 1950 to 30 people (including five full-time positions) in 1962.296

The Uinta NF prepared for the new building by auctioning the 1937 office for off-site removal. Cox Brothers, Inc. of Provo received ownership in December 1962 after submitting a bid of $505. After some haggling with city officials about fireproofing the cedar shingles, construction of the new office began in late January 1963. The Reese Goodrich Construction Company progressed quickly but work halted in April as code inspectors changed requirements for electrical wiring. The Forest Service and the City worked out their differences and the new building was completed in June 1963, and staff relocated from their temporary office—a leased, four-room apartment at 44 West 300 North. Ranger Reed Christensen invited the community to tour the office during an open house on July 11, 1963. Forest Service architect William R. Turner designed the building, which was a standard plan (R4 Plan A94) used at the Pleasant Grove and Nephi ranger stations also.297

294 Nielson, interview, 17; “Improvement Plan, Spanish Fork Ranger Station,” 1937, Historic Site Plans, R4 History Collection. 295 “Scenes From C.C.C. Camp,” The Daily Herald, April 23, 1937, 6; “DeMoisy Reviews CCC Camp Projects,” The Daily Herald, March 31, 1938, 1; Yell-a-Gram, v. 4, no. 4 (March 1, 1937), 5, and v. 4, no. 8 (May 7, 1937); George L. Nichols, Memorandum for Operation, July 15, 1938, File: “7310 Buildings, Spanish Fork Administrative Site, Negotiations for New Site,” Facilities Files, UWCSO Engineering. 296 Press release, February 13, 1963, File: “7300 Buildings, Spanish Fork Ranger Station,” SFRD Office. 297 C. S. Thornock, Forest Supervisor, to Regional Forester, December 27, 1962, File: “6440 Real Property, Sale-Spanish Fork & Pleasant Grove Ranger District Office,” rolling files, UWCSO Basement Press release, February 13, 1963; D. C.

100 The Enchantment of Ranger Life The Spanish Fork Ranger Station (Heritage No. UN-286, 42UT1939) still serves as a district headquarters. The Spanish Fork Office (#3011) has seen a few changes. The project workroom was converted to office areas in 1970.298 An Office Trailer was placed on site in 2001. The 1937 Warehouse/Shop (#3012), mistakenly listed as a 1950 structure in the Forest Service infrastructure database, continues to be a storage facility.

Wimmer Ranch Ranger Station See Payson Lakes Guard Station.

Other Administrative Sites Unless noted otherwise, the following information is from Lands Status records.

Ballard Springs Administrative Site Located on the north end of the Nebo Division, this 30-acre site in Section 35 of T10S, R2E was approved on December 9, 1910 and released on August 22, 1918. There may be some connection between this site and the Holman Canyon Tool Cache (see below).

Black Rock Administrative Site The GLO withdrew 200 acres (T12S, R2E, S28 and 33) as the Black Rock Administrative Site on March 12, 1908 but revoked the withdrawal on January 9, 1919. The site, located on the south end of the Nebo Division, appears on 1910 and 1915 proclamation maps.

Center Trail Ranger Station The Uinta NF proposed to construct a five-acre pasture in FY 1926 for the "Central Trail Ranger Station" on District 3, which was headquartered in Springville.299 To date, no further reference to the site has been found.

Cut Off Administrative Site This 80-acre site in Payson Canyon was on the north end of the Nebo Division. The GLO withdrew the tract (T10S, R2E, S14) on July 13, 1908 and revoked it on November 23, 1915. It appears on 1910 and 1915 proclamation maps.

Fifth Water Administrative Site The Fifth Water site was approved for administrative use on August 19, 1908 but was later recalled. It consisted of 45 acres in Section 21 of T8S, R6E.

Holman Canyon Tool Cache Forest Supervisor Dan Pack gave Joseph Barnett, the Payson District Ranger, $30 to construct two storehouses in the fall of 1912. John H. Barnett, possibly a relative, constructed them for $14 each. One was at the Wimmer Ranch Ranger Station and the other at the head of Holman Canyon. A 1916 inventory of constructed improvements identified the “Holman Canyon Building” as an 8’ x 10’ storehouse/tool

Braegger, Contracting Officer, to Spanish Fork City Council, April 26, 1963; W. H. Owens, Contracting Officer, to Mrs. Donald Ellison, May 13, 1963; and Reed C. Christensen, District Forest Ranger, to Mayor Wells E. Brockbank, July 10, 1963; all in File: “7300 Buildings, Spanish Fork Ranger Station,” SFRD Office 298 Isbell, 50. 299 Uinta NF Financial Plans.

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cache constructed for $16. It was in Section 35 of T10S, R2E, which is the same section as the Ballard Spring Administrative Site. 300

Johnson's Fork Administrative Site Withdrawn on November 7, 1908, the 37-acre Johnson’s Fork Administrative Site was in Section 21 of T10S, R8E, which is the same section as the White River Ranger Station. The GLO revoked the withdrawal on October 21, 1918.

Last Water Pasture Site Ranger Merrill Nielson’s report on the Last Water Pasture documented its purpose as a camping station during forest grazing season. It was ideally located in the middle of the spring cattle range and along a road that connected the Sheep Creek Road with the Spanish Fork Livestock Association’s special use area in First Water a mile away. Nielson planned to develop it with a ten-acre pasture, a toilet, and a tent camp. His attached plat indicates a small fenced area, perhaps a corral, already existed.301 The Regional Forester approved the 40-acre Last Water Pasture (T9S, R6E, S18 and 19) as an administrative site on April 3, 1939 but released it on June 23, 1955. It was on the southern end of the Spanish Fork Ranger District’s Main Division, a few miles north of Highway 6.

McCune Pasture Site See Nebo Ranger Station.

Payson Canyon Ranger Station A 1916 improvements plan, which noted existing and proposed structures at the Wimmer Ranch Ranger Station, also proposed construction of several improvements for the “Payson Canyon Ranger Station,” located in approximately Section 14 of T10S, R2E. These included a four-room frame dwelling, a frame barn with four stalls and a lean-to, and a 100-rod pasture fence.302 Section 14 is along the Payson Canyon Road, about halfway between the undeveloped Payson Creek Ranger Station and the current Payson Lakes Guard Station.

Payson Creek Ranger Station The GLO withdrew 160 acres in Section 3 of T10S, R2E on March 12, 1908. After only 2½ years, the Forest Service requested revocation of the withdrawal but another three years passed without any action. After queries in 1914 about the site’s potential for water power and storage, the GLO finally revoked the withdrawal on November 23, 1915.303 The site appears as the “Payson R. S.” on 1910 and 1915 proclamation maps near what is now the Mutual Dell Camp.

Pole Creek Administrative Site The Pole Creek Ranger Station, designated as an administrative site on October 6, 1908, was on the Vernon Division. Also known as the Pole Canyon Administrative Site, it encompassed 80 acres in Section

300 Correspondence between Dan S. Pack, Forest Supervisor, and Joseph Barnett, Assistant Forest Ranger, September 20, 1912 through October 30, 1912, File: “1658 Historical Data, 5-General Administration and Operation,” History Files, UWCSO Basement; “Permanent Improvements Working Plan,” 1916. 301 Merrill Nielson, “Report on Administrative Site, Last Water Pasture,” March 17, 1939, Withdrawal Files, R4 LSO. 302 “Permanent Improvements Working Plan,” 1916. 303 Carl Vreeman, Acting Secretary, to Secretary of the Interior, April 29, 1915, and J. Carl Allred, Acting Forest Supervisor, to Forest Officer, September 26, 1914, File: “7300 Buildings, Payson Ranger Station,” SFRD Office.

102 The Enchantment of Ranger Life 13 of T10S, R5W and appears on 1910 and 1915 proclamation maps. In 1989, the Forest Service asked the BLM to revoke the 1908 withdrawal.

Red Pine Lookout Site A 1935 map of the Wasatch National Forest shows a lookout on the Vernon Division’s Red Pine Mountain. It is in Section 12 of T9S, R7W. It is not clear if this referred to a fire lookout or simply a vantage point.

Red Rock Administrative Site According to the Uinta NF Lands Atlas, the GLO withdrew 200 acres (T11S, R2E, S25 & S26, SLM) on March 12, 1908 as the Red Rock Ranger Station. It was on the Nebo Division, northwest of the Salt Creek Ranger Station and near the head of the Nebo Creek drainage. Eighty acres of the tract were enclosed with a pasture fence in 1908. As of 1916, a 5-wire pasture fence encompassed fifty acres. Nephi ranger Aaron P. Christiansen mentioned the pasture several times in his 1916 and 1920 ranger diaries. By 1918, a Nephi livestock association also used it for a fee.304

The Uinta NF proposed to develop the administrative site in FY 1924 with a one-room, 14’ x 16’ house but the historic records shows no evidence of its construction.305 The GLO revoked the withdrawal on February 5, 1926 after another tract, consisting of 85 acres (T11S, R2E, S23, 24, & 25) was approved on November 20, 1925. The pasture appeared on forest maps as late as 1975.

Santaquin Meadows Administrative Site A 1933 list of proposed improvements included a pasture fence at the Santaquin Meadows Ranger Station on the Nebo Ranger District.306 To date, no further reference to this site has been found.

Shingle Mill Administrative Site The Shingle Mill Administrative Site consisted of ten acres (T6S, R6E, S31) approved on October 14, 1924. It was at the north end of the Spanish Fork Ranger District’s Main Division, just southeast of Strawberry Ridge. The Forest Service apparently developed it as an administrative pasture, for the Uinta NF proposed to reconstruct a pasture fence there in FY 1931.307

Tie Fork Administrative Site The Uinta NF proposed to construct a pasture fence at the “Tie Fork Ranger Station” in FY 1925 and again in FY 1926 because there was no pasture on the south end of District 2. At that time, District 2 (the Soldier Summit Ranger District) was headquartered in Spanish Fork. Additional attempts to build a fence at the site, which served as a temporary ranger camp in the spring and fall, occurred in FY 1928 and the 1930s.308 The location of this Tie Fork site is presently unknown.

304 “District 7 and the party [sic] of District 8 in the Payson Ranger District,” ca. 1923, File: “1380 Reports, (2200) Grazing, Valuable Records 1917 thru 1950,” History Files, UWCSO Basement; “Permanent Improvements Working Plan,” 1916; A. W. Jensen, Forest Supervisor, to George Staheli, Payson Livestock Association, July 3, 1918, File: “7300 Buildings, Payson Ranger Station,” SFRD Office. 305 Uinta NF Financial Plans. 306 Atlas: "Forest Improvement Plans." 307 Uinta NF Financial Plans. 308 Ibid.

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Tinney Flat Administrative Site The GLO withdrew 160 acres (T10S, R2E, S32) as the Tinney Flat Administrative Site on May 29, 1908. It was up Santaquin Canyon on the northwest end of the Nebo Division and appeared on 1910 and 1915 proclamation maps. The GLO revoked the withdrawal on November 23, 1915.

White River Ranger Station The GLO withdrew an 80-acre tract of "State land" on December 21, 1906 as the White River Ranger Station. It was at the far southeast end of the Spanish Fork Ranger District’s Main Division, about three miles due east of Soldier Summit. After a substitute tract of 29.20 acres in the same section (T10S, R8E, S21) was approved on August 19, 1908, the GLO revoked the first withdrawal on October 18, 1908. By 1916, the station had a one-room, 14’ x 16’ log house with a lumber roof ($50) and a 4-wire pasture fence ($90).309 Despite these improvements, the Forest Service decided to release the administrative site on May 1, 1929.

Willow Creek Administrative Site Situated on the far west side of the Nebo Division, the Willow Creek Administrative Site consisted of 120 acres in Section 1 of T12S, R1E. The GLO withdrew it on July 13, 1908 and revoked the withdrawal two years later on September 12, 1910. It appears on 1910 and 1915 proclamation maps.

309 “Permanent Improvements Working Plan,” 1916.

104 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Chapter 10: Evaluations

This chapter examines the geographic and temporal distribution of the Uinta NF’s historic administrative facilities constructed before 1966. Refer to Within a Day's Ride: Forest Service Administrative Sites in Region 4, 1891-1960 for more information on evaluation methodology, including areas of significance, property types, comparative analysis, and characteristic features.

ANALYSIS The Uinta NF had at least 68 administrative sites before 1966. Most were official sites withdrawn from public entry; others were not. Many were administrative pastures or tent camps but at least 32 had buildings by 1965. Using a conservative estimate of four buildings per site on average (e.g., house, latrine, fly shed or barn, shed), we can conclude the Uinta NF had approximately 128 buildings constructed by 1965. Presently, only 26 (20%) of these buildings exist.

Geographic Distribution The numbers of administrative sites with pre-1966 facilities that remain per district range from three (Pleasant Grove and Heber districts) to four (Spanish Fork Ranger District). Table 11. Sites with Facilities over Age 50

Pre-1966 Ranger District Sites Facilities Pleasant Grove 3 11 Heber 3 6 Spanish Fork 4 9 TOTAL 10 26

The Pleasant Grove Ranger District has the most facilities (11) with nearly half (5) located at the South Fork Work Center. Two of its three sites, the South Fork and Timpooneke stations, are assemblages of New Deal-era facilities. The third, the Pleasant Grove Ranger Station, is a mid-century headquarters with three historic buildings and a disparate collection of prefabricated structures.

The Heber Ranger District has three sites, each with two buildings and completely different characters. The Willow Creek and Hub guard stations have buildings from the 1930s while the Mill Hollow Guard Station is a ca. 1960 facility.

The buildings on the Spanish Fork Ranger District arguably have the highest integrity. Two of the four sites are guard stations (Diamond Fork and Payson Lakes) with very similar CCC-built facilities. The other two (Spanish Fork and Nephi) served as district headquarters and share the same office plan.

Temporal Distribution As explained in Chapter 1, temporal boundaries span from 1905 to 1965. This period can be divided into five subsets that represent relevant shifts in the culture, patterns, and events of Forest Service administration.

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1905-1907 Few buildings constructed during this period remain in Region 4, as most have been demolished, sold, or transferred out of Forest Service ownership. The Uinta NF has no facilities from this era.

1908-1932 Facilities constructed during this time are associated with early Forest Service management of public land and typically rely on vernacular building types. Two (8%) of the Uinta NF’s existing historic facilities were built in this era: the Hub Toilet (1926) and the Willow Creek Dwelling (1931).

1933-1942 This is the richest period, thanks to relief funding and labor made available in response to the Depression. Buildings constructed during this time are typically associated with New Deal programs such as the Civilian Conservation Corps. They often embody the distinctive characteristics of Forest Service design and planning. Of the facilities surveyed, 14 (54%) were built during this period.

1943-1946 Resources of this phase are often associated with the military. Building restrictions prevented the construction of new buildings but the Forest Service sometimes acquired surplus military buildings after World War II. The Uinta NF has no administrative facilities from this period.

1947-1965 This era marks a shift in Forest Service design and planning, with an emphasis on portable and/or pre-fabricated buildings, the development of new standard plans, and use of modern materials and structural systems. The Uinta NF’s facilities program benefitted significantly from President Kennedy’s APW program, gaining three new ranger stations and a fire station.

Table 12. Temporal Distribution of Facilities

Ranger District 1905-1907 1908-1932 1933-1942 1943-1946 1947-1965 Pleasant Grove 0 0 7 0 4 Heber 0 2 2 0 2 Spanish Fork 0 0 5 0 4 TOTAL 0 2 14 0 10

Statements of Significance Properties developed or used by the Forest Service for administering and managing the national forests represents the primary theme, or Area of Significance, of Conservation. This theme is defined as “the preservation, maintenance, and management of natural or manmade resources” in National Register Bulletin 16A. Resources that represent this Area of Significance may be eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion A.

In addition to the primary theme of Conservation, other areas of significance related to Forest Service administrative sites include Social History, Architecture, and Landscape Architecture.

Social History. The availability of relief funds and labor led to the construction of new administrative sites and the improvement of existing sites in 1933-42. Although the Civilian Conservation Corps gets most of the attention, the Works Progress Administration and local employment programs also made important contributions to

106 The Enchantment of Ranger Life administrative site development. Consequently, many will also have Social History as an area of significance. Resources considered significant under this theme may be eligible under Criterion A.

Architecture. There were distinct periods of architectural development in Forest Service history. Administrative sites that clearly illustrate the features common to these periods or the evolution, transition, and variation between periods may be eligible under Criterion C.

Landscape Architecture. Some administrative sites, particularly those from the 1933-42 period when many planting plans were designed and implemented, can be classified as Historic Designed Landscapes. Those that clearly illustrate characteristic landscape design principles may be eligible under Criterion C.

Unless noted otherwise, the Property Type is “Building.” The South Fork Ranger Station qualifies as a District.

National Register Bulletin: How to Complete the National Register Registration Form provides guidance on defining the Period of Significance, including the following excerpts that are particularly applicable for this project:

“Period of significance is the length of time when a property was associated with important events, activities, or persons, or attained the characteristics which qualify it for National Register listing. Period of significance usually begins with the date when significant activities or events began giving the property its historic significance; this is often a date of construction.”

Criterion A: “For properties associated with historic trends, the period of significance is the span of time when the property actively contributed to the trend.”

Criterion C: “For architecturally significant properties, the period of significance is the date of construction and/or the dates of any significant alterations and additions.”

“The property must possess historic integrity for all periods of significance.”

“Continued use or activity does not necessarily justify continuing the period of significance. The period of significance is based upon the time when the property made the contributions or achieved the character on which the significance is based.”

“Fifty years ago is used as the closing date for periods of significance where activities begun historically continued to have importance and no more specific date can be defined to end the historic period.” [Emphasis added]

The last point deserves particular consideration for sites eligible under Criterion A with Conservation as the Area of Significance. The use of many Forest Service administrative sites changed in scope or importance, relative to management needs. For example, a site such as the Nephi Ranger Station may have served as a ranger district headquarters but now plays a minor role in administration. Its significance corresponds with its role as a headquarters. In accordance with National Register Bulletin guidance, a 50-

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 107

year cut-off date will determine the period of significance for properties that continue to function as they did historically.

Eligibility of Sites & Facilities As explained in the Region 4 historic context statement, Within a Day’s Ride: Forest Service Administrative Sites in Region 4, 1891-1960, the administrative site is the unit of evaluation. Consequently, an individual building usually is not eligible for listing if the site as a whole is altered significantly. Some, however, warrant individual determinations of eligibility because of their important construction systems or building typology.

Table 13. Eligibility of Pre-1966 Facilities*

Eligible or Ineligible or Pre-1966 Ranger District Sites Contributing Noncontributing Facilities Facilities Facilities Pleasant Grove 3 11 11 0 Heber 3 6 2 4 Spanish Fork 4 9 9 0 TOTAL 10 26 22 4 *Buildings constructed after 1965 in an eligible district are considered non-contributing and are not included in this table.

Eight (80%) of the ten administrative sites surveyed have facilities that are eligible for the National Register. Twenty-two (85%) of the 26 facilities constructed before 1966 are eligible either individually or as contributing resources in a district. This is far above the 66% regional average and represents the highest percentage of eligible facilities when compared to other forests in Region 4.

Table 14. Comparison of Region 4's Eligible Facilities

Eligible Forest Sites Old Facilities Facilities Ashley National Forest 26 78 50 (64%) Boise National Forest 45 208 119 (57%) Bridger-Teton National Forest 32 75 58 (77%) Caribou-Targhee National Forest 34 105 60 (57%) Dixie National Forest 20 63 28 (44%) Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest 46 156 97 (62%) Manti-La Sal National Forest 19 72 55 (76%) Salmon-Challis National Forest 76 254 194 (77%) Sawtooth National Forest 27 100 69 (69%) Uinta National Forest 10 26 22 (85%) Wasatch-Cache National Forest 28 82 55 (67%) TOTAL 363 1219 807 (66%)

108 The Enchantment of Ranger Life EVALUATION SUMMARIES The summaries on the following pages are arranged alphabetically by district. Individual survey forms (not part of this report) provide detailed information about the history and design of each site and its historic buildings. See also Appendix A for a condensed list.

The summaries include a list of specific heritage reports related to each site, some of which include archeological surveys. While efforts were made to identify all reports, it is possible that some were missed.

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PLEASANT GROVE RANGER DISTRICT

Pleasant Grove Ranger Station Site No. UWC-806, 42UT1941

Pleasant Grove Office (#2031)

No. Building Name Date Eligibility 2031 Pleasant Grove Office 1963 Eligible/Contributing 2032 Pleasant Grove Warehouse 1964 Eligible/Contributing 2033 Pleasant Grove Flammable Storage Building 1964 Eligible/Contributing

Non-Historic Buildings 2034 Storage Shed 1988 Ineligible/Non-Contributing 2035 Metal Storage Shed 1978 Ineligible/Non-Contributing 2036 ATV/Trails Storage Shed 1999 Ineligible/Non-Contributing n/a Office Trailer 2002 Ineligible/Non-Contributing n/a Radio Equipment Building 2003 Ineligible/Non-Contributing n/a Storage Building 2005 Ineligible/Non-Contributing

Previous Documentation None

Determination of Eligibility The Pleasant Grove Ranger Station is eligible for listing on the National Register for its role as a district headquarters in Forest Service administration of the nation’s forests and for its association with President Kennedy’s Accelerated Works Program, an important social initiative of the early 1960s. Additionally, the three historic buildings embody the distinctive characteristics of mid-century design trends and are architecturally important. They represent the Forest Service’s departure from period styles and vernacular typology of the 1930s and from the post-war reliance on recycled buildings and prefabricated construction. The buildings, which have high integrity, also illustrate the agency’s shift from traditional materials such as novelty and drop siding and from the usual gable roofs to flat and “flying gable” roofs. The site is eligible under Criteria A with Conservation, Social History, and Architecture as the areas of significance. The Office, Warehouse, and Flammable Storage Building are contributing resources, and the non-historic outbuildings are noncontributing resources. Important site features include the flagpole, sign, and concrete walks. The period of significance begins in 1963 with construction of the Office. Due to its ongoing original use as a district headquarters, the end date will shift to align with 50 years in the past, unless additional research yields justification for a more specific date.

110 The Enchantment of Ranger Life South Fork Ranger Station (South Fork Work Center) Site No. UN-100, 42-UT-702

South Fork Dwelling (#2021)

No. Building Name Date Eligibility 2021 South Fork Dwelling 1933 Eligible/Contributing 2022 South Fork Garage 1933 Eligible/Contributing 2023 South Fork Bunkhouse 1934 Eligible/Contributing 2024 South Fork Warehouse/Shop 1934 Eligible/Contributing 2025 South Fork Flammable Storage 1963 Eligible/Contributing

Non-Historic Buildings 2026 South Fork Pump House 1985 Ineligible/Non-Contributing 2027 South Fork Plumbing Shed 1992 Ineligible/Non-Contributing 2029 South Fork Metal Storage Shed 2001 Ineligible/Non-Contributing n/a South Fork Lean-To 1980s? Ineligible/Non-Contributing

Previous Documentation Report No. Title/Description UN-90-0150 South Fork Guard Station Remodeling (Event #R1990041800002) n/a South Fork Guard Station Site Form, 1997 n/a South Fork Ranger Station Complex Site Form Update, 2003 n/a South Fork Warehouse and Garage Doors Repair, 2007 UWC-15-1469 South Fork Guard Station Repaint, 2015 (Event #R2015041901469)

Heritage staff recorded the station in 1990 prior to remodeling the basement and determined the site was significant. Updated site forms in 1997 and 2003 reinforced the site’s eligibility for National Register listing. In 2007, heritage specialist Charmaine Thompson consulted with SHPO representative Cory Jensen during an on-site visit about the repairs of the large warehouse doors.310

310 Charmaine Thompson, email to Charles H. Rosier, Renee Flanagan, and Jennifer A. Taylor, July 7, 2009.

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Determination of Eligibility The South Fork Ranger Station has played a significant role in the management of American Fork Canyon since its development in 1907. It served as summer headquarters of the American Fork Ranger District and as an important work center for district staff. The Civilian Conservation Corps constructed four of its existing historic buildings while also carrying out other vital work in the canyon. The station illustrates the site planning and architectural principles adopted by Region 4 during the New Deal era. Despite some alterations (many of which occurred during the period of significance), the station retains integrity and clearly demonstrates important historic themes.

The South Fork Ranger Station is eligible for the National Register as a district under Criteria A and C. The areas of significance are Conservation, Social History, and Architecture. The period of significance begins in 1933 with the construction of the existing historic buildings. Due to its ongoing use as an important facility in American Fork Canyon, the end date will shift to align with 50 years in the past, unless additional research yields justification for a more specific date. The Dwelling, Garage, Bunkhouse, Warehouse/Shop, and Flammable Storage Building are contributing resources. Other important features include the hose shed, sign, and mature landscape. The modern buildings and lean-to structure are non-contributing resources. The flagpole is not historic.

112 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Timpooneke Guard Station Site No. UN-281, 42UT1940

Timpooneke Dwelling (#2011)

No. Building Name Date Eligibility 2011 Timpooneke Dwelling 1934 Eligible/Contributing 2012 Timpooneke Garage ca. 1920/1934 Eligible/Contributing 2013 Timpooneke Pit Toilet ca. 1934 Eligible/Contributing

Previous Documentation Report No. Title/Description n/a Timpooneke Guard Station Site Form, 1994 n/a Deferred Maintenance Documentation (Event #R2000041800019) n/a Timpooneke Guard Station Site Form Update, 2003

A preservation consultant surveyed the site in 1994 and determined it was eligible for the National Register. Heritage staff affirmed the evaluation with a 2003 site form update.

Determination of Eligibility The Timpooneke Guard Station is eligible for listing on the National Register under Criteria A and C. It is strongly associated with the Civilian Conservation Corps and federal management of the nation’s forests. It also illustrates the building styles and forms adopted by the Forest Service’s Intermountain Region during the New Deal period, an action that created a distinct and recognizable architectural identity for the agency. The site’s three historic buildings exhibit medium to high integrity and clearly illustrate these historic associations. The areas of significance are Conservation, Social History, and Architecture, and the period of significance begins in 1934 with the site’s development. Due to its ongoing original use, the end date will shift to align with 50 years in the past, unless additional research yields justification for a more specific date.

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HEBER RANGER DISTRICT

Hub Guard Station Site No. UN-458, 42WA268

Hub Warehouse (#1031)

No. Building Name Date Eligibility 1031 Hub Warehouse 1933 Ineligible/Non-Contributing 1032 Hub Pit Toilet 1926 Ineligible/Non-Contributing

Previous Documentation Report No. Title/Description n/a UN-458: Hub Ranger Station Warehouse Site Form, 1995 UN-00-334 UN-345: Deferred Mtce. Documentation (Event #R2000041800019) UN-03-387 UN-458: Uinta Admin Building Evaluation/Hub Ranger Station Warehouse Site Form Update, 2003 (Event #R2003041800009) UN-06-451 UN-345: FY2006 Deferred Mtce. Condition Surveys (Event #R2006041800014) UN-09-517 UN-345: FY2009 Deferred Mtce. Condition Surveys (Event #R2009041800016)

In 1995, a preservation consultant documented the “Hub Ranger Station Warehouse” (Site No. UN-458) and determined it is eligible for the National Register. Heritage staff affirmed the determination on a 2003 site form update. Neither site form addressed the eligibility of the pit toilet.

Heritage staff completed an IMACS form for the remains of the first dwelling (a ca. 1908 log cabin), a 16’ x 20’ barn, and a trash scatter. The documentation refers to this part of the site, which was in a pasture west of the Warehouse, as the “Old Hub Guard Station” and assigns it a separate site number (Site No. UN-345), although the Smithsonian trinomial is unchanged (42WA268). Staff determined the property was eligible under Criteria A and C but provided no justification statement. The barn collapsed in 2008, leaving UN-345 as an archeological site.

114 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Determination of Eligibility The Hub Guard Station is not eligible for listing on the National Register under Criteria A, B, or C due to a loss of integrity. The loss of the ca. 1908 cabin, the 1914 house, the barn, and several site features has diminished its ability to convey its historic importance as a summer headquarters for the Currant Creek Ranger District and its association with George Fisher, a former ranger and locally significant individual.

The two buildings are not individually eligible. The R4 Plan 21 Warehouse, on its own, is not architecturally distinctive. Another R4 Plan 21 building stands at the South Fork Ranger Station, which is an intact, CCC- constructed compound that better illustrates the themes of forest management, New Deal programs, and Forest Service standardized architecture. The Pit Toilet is of interest as an extant example of outhouse design before Region 4 adopted the standard R4 Plan 70 toilet. However, that alone does not render it eligible for the National Register.

The “Old Hub Guard Station” (UN-345) was not re-surveyed as part of this study, which focuses on standing facilities and does not include archeological evaluations. However, it is unlikely the site is eligible under Criteria A and C, given that the barn has collapsed and the site no longer has integrity to convey the historic theme for which Forest Service administrative sites are significant. An archeological survey may determine all or part of the area within the legal boundaries of the Hub Guard Station has the potential to yield important information and, consequently, it may be eligible under Criterion D. If that is the case, the buildings will be non-contributing resources. Consult with heritage staff on proposed ground-disturbing activities.

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Mill Hollow Guard Station Site No. UN-804, 42WA434

Mill Hollow Dwelling (#1001)

No. Building Name Date Eligibility 1001 Mill Hollow Dwelling 1960 Ineligible/Non-Contributing 1002 Mill Hollow Generator House 1960 Ineligible/Non-Contributing

Previous Documentation None

Determination of Eligibility The Mill Hollow Guard Station is not eligible for the National Register under Criteria A, B, or C because it does not adequately illustrate the historically significant themes associated with Forest Service administrative sites. It does not clearly convey its association with recreation or administration of public lands. This may be attributed to the lack of features such as fences, a flagpole, and multiple outbuildings that typically are part of guard stations, ranger stations, and work centers. The two buildings do not sufficiently embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction. They also do not represent the work of a master or possess high artistic values. Research yielded no indication that the station is associated with significant individuals.

An archeological survey (not within the scope of this study) may determine the site has the potential to yield important information and, consequently, it may be eligible under Criterion D. If that is the case, the buildings will be non-contributing resources. Consult with heritage staff on proposed ground-disturbing activities.

116 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Willow Creek Guard Station Site No. UN-284, 42WA433

No. Building Name Date Eligibility 1021 Willow Creek Storage Building 1933 Eligible/Contributing 1023 Willow Creek Dwelling 1931 Eligible/Contributing

Non-Historic Buildings 1022 Willow Creek Vault Toilet 1996 Ineligible/Non-Contributing

Previous Documentation Report No. Title/Description n/a Willow Creek Guard Station Site Form, 1997 n/a Deferred Maintenance Documentation (Event #R2000041800019) n/a Willow Creek Guard Station Site Form Update, 2003.

A preservation consultant and heritage staff recorded the guard station in 1997 and 2003 respectively, and determined the Willow Creek Guard Station is eligible for listing on the National Register. They correctly identify the dwelling as the oldest on the Uinta National Forest.

Determination of Eligibility The Willow Creek Guard Station is eligible for listing on the National Register under Criteria A and C. It is associated with the Forest Service’s early administration of the Uinta National Forest and with the Civilian Conservation Corps. Its two historic buildings retain sufficient integrity and illustrate the Forest Service’s transition from ranger-constructed facilities to standardized, architect-designed structures. Both demonstrate the agency’s reliance on vernacular forms and materials before and during the New Deal era. The period of significance begins with the Dwelling’s completion in 1931 and concludes with the year the Forest Service stopped using it for administrative purposes. At this time, the year is unidentified but research indicates its use as a guard station ceased by the 1970s. The areas of significance are Conservation, Social History, and Architecture. The 1996 vault toilet is a non-contributing structure.

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SPANISH FORK RANGER DISTRICT

Diamond Fork Guard Station Site No. UN-282, 42UT1934

Diamond Fork Dwelling (#3021)

No. Building Name Date Eligibility 3021 Diamond Fork Dwelling 1933 Eligible/Contributing 3022 Diamond Fork Bunkhouse/Garage 1933 Eligible/Contributing

Non-Historic Buildings 3023 Diamond Fork Pit Toilet 1971 Ineligible/Non-Contributing

Previous Documentation Report No. Report Title n/a Diamond Fork Guard Station Site Form, 1995 n/a Diamond Fork Guard Station Site Form Update, 2003 n/a Diamond Fork Guard Station Rehabilitation (Event #R2016041901548)

A preservation consultant and heritage staff recorded the guard station in 1995 and 2003 respectively, and determined the Diamond Fork Guard Station is eligible for listing on the National Register.

Determination of Eligibility The Diamond Fork Guard Station is eligible for listing on the National Register for its association with the Civilian Conservation Corps and its role in supporting federal management of public lands. It is also representative of New Deal architecture developed and adopted as standard in the Forest Service’s Intermountain Region. The exteriors of the two historic buildings exhibit high integrity and clearly illustrate these historic associations. The station is eligible under Criteria A and C with Conservation, Social History, and Architecture as areas of significance. The period of significance begins with the buildings’ construction in 1933. Due to its ongoing use, the end date will shift to align with 50 years in the past, unless additional research yields justification for a more specific date.

118 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Nephi Ranger Station Site No. UWC-805, 42JB1923

Nephi Office (#3043)

No. Building Name Date Eligibility 3041 Nephi Warehouse 1964 Eligible/Contributing 3042 Nephi Flammable Storage Building 1963 Eligible/Contributing 3043 Nephi Office 1963 Eligible/Contributing

Previous Documentation None

Determination of Eligibility The Nephi Ranger Station is eligible for listing on the National Register for its role as a district headquarters in Forest Service administration of the nation’s forests and for its association with President Kennedy’s Accelerated Works Program, an important social initiative of the early 1960s. Additionally, the three historic buildings embody the distinctive characteristics of mid-century design trends and are architecturally important. They represent the Forest Service’s departure from period styles and vernacular typology of the 1930s and from the post-war reliance on recycled buildings and prefabricated construction. The buildings, which have high integrity, also illustrate the agency’s shift from traditional materials such as novelty and drop siding and from the usual gable roofs to flat and “flying gable” roofs.

A comparative analysis reveals that the Nephi Ranger Station has the highest integrity of the three ranger stations developed for the Uinta National Forest under the Accelerated Works Program. Unlike the Pleasant Grove and Spanish Fork stations, the Nephi property has no other structures beyond its three original buildings. The Warehouse and Flammable Storage Buildings are virtually untouched. The Office has seen only minor alterations on its exterior, most notably the entrance ramp.

The site is eligible under Criteria A and C with Conservation, Social History, and Architecture as the areas of significance. The period of significance begins in 1963 with construction of the Office and ends in 1974, the year it ceased to be a Forest Service ranger station. Important site features include the flagpole and concrete walks. The two signs are not historic.

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Payson Lakes Guard Station Site No. UN-283, 42UT1921

Payson Lakes Guard Station

No. Building Name Date Eligibility 3051 Payson Lakes Dwelling 1935 Eligible/Contributing 3052 Payson Lakes Bunkhouse 1935 Eligible/Contributing

Previous Documentation Report No. Title/Description n/a Payson Lakes Ranger Station Site Form, 1997 UN-01-354 Payson Guard Station Remodeling n/a Deferred Maintenance Documentation (Event #R2000041800019)

A preservation consultant determined the site to be eligible in 1997. Heritage staff compiled preliminary information in 2001 for a proposed remodel of the dwelling. In 2007, heritage specialist Charmaine Thompson consulted verbally with SHPO representative Cory Jensen on maintenance work.311

Determination of Eligibility The Payson Lakes Guard Station is eligible for listing on the National Register under Criteria A and C. It is strongly associated with the Civilian Conservation Corps and Forest Service management of public lands. It is also representative of New Deal architecture developed and adopted as standard in the Forest Service’s Intermountain Region. The exteriors of the two historic buildings exhibit high integrity and clearly illustrate these historic associations. The areas of significance are Conservation, Social History, and Architecture. The period of significance begins in 1935 with the buildings’ construction. Due to ongoing use, the end date will shift to align with 50 years in the past, unless additional research yields justification for a more specific date. The flagpoles, fencing, sidewalks, and stone retaining walls are important site features.

311 Charmain Thompson, email to Charles H. Rosier, Renee Flanagan, and Jennifer A. Taylor, July 7, 2009.

120 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Spanish Fork Ranger Station Site No. UN-286, 42UT1939

Spanish Fork Office (#3011)

No. Building Name Date Eligibility 3011 Spanish Fork Office 1963 Eligible/Contributing 3012 Spanish Fork Warehouse/Shop 1937 Eligible/Contributing

Non-Historic Buildings n/a Spanish Fork Office Trailer 2011 Ineligible/Non-Contributing

Previous Documentation Report No. Title/Description n/a Spanish Fork Ranger Station Site Form, 1997 n/a Spanish Fork Ranger Station Site Form Update, 2003 n/a Deferred Maintenance Documentation (Event #R2000041800019)

Cultural resource surveys in 1997 and 2003 focused on the historic warehouse at the Spanish Fork Ranger Station. Both determined the warehouse is eligible for listing on the National Register.

Determination of Eligibility The Spanish Fork Ranger Station is eligible for listing on the National Register for several reason. As a district headquarters since 1937, it has played an important role in Forest Service management of forest resources. Its two historic buildings are products of nationally important employment programs, and each represents a distinct and standardized architectural identity adopted by the Intermountain Region in the twentieth century.

Men from the Civilian Conservation Corps constructed the Warehouse/Shop. It is remarkably intact, given its heavy use and when compared with the South Fork Warehouse. Thanks to its high integrity, it exhibits

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the architectural identity of Forest Service architecture during the New Deal era. It is one of Region 4’s few surviving warehouses from this era and it represents a specialized building type designed to support ground operations for national forest management.

The Office is associated with President Kennedy’s Accelerated Works Program, and it embodies the distinctive characteristics of mid-century design trends. It represents the Forest Service’s departure from period styles and vernacular typology of the 1930s and from the post-war reliance on recycled buildings and prefabricated construction. The building, which has high integrity, also illustrates the agency’s shift from traditional materials such as novelty and drop siding and from the usual gable roofs to flat and “flying gable” roofs.

The Spanish Fork Ranger Station is eligible under Criteria A and C with Conservation, Social History, and Architecture as the areas of significance. Important site features include the flagpole, sign, and concrete walks. The Office Trailer is a non-contributing resource. The period of significance begins in 1937 with construction of the Warehouse. Due to its ongoing original use as a district headquarters, the end date will shift to align with 50 years in the past, unless additional research yields justification for a more specific date.

122 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Appendix A: Evaluation Summary List

Pleasant Grove Ranger District

Pleasant Grove Ranger Station, Site No. UWC-806, 42UT1941 2031 Pleasant Grove Office 1963 Eligible/Contributing 2032 Pleasant Grove Warehouse 1964 Eligible/Contributing 2033 Pleasant Grove Flammable Storage Building 1964 Eligible/Contributing 2034 Storage Shed 1988 Ineligible/Non-Contributing 2035 Metal Storage Shed 1978 Ineligible/Non-Contributing 2036 ATV/Trails Storage Shed 1999 Ineligible/Non-Contributing n/a Office Trailer 2002 Ineligible/Non-Contributing n/a Radio Equipment Building 2003 Ineligible/Non-Contributing n/a Storage Building 2005 Ineligible/Non-Contributing

South Fork Ranger Station (South Fork Work Center), Site No. UN-100, 42-UT-702 2021 South Fork Dwelling 1933 Eligible/Contributing 2022 South Fork Garage 1933 Eligible/Contributing 2023 South Fork Bunkhouse 1934 Eligible/Contributing 2024 South Fork Warehouse/Shop 1934 Eligible/Contributing 2025 South Fork Flammable Storage 1963 Eligible/Contributing 2026 South Fork Pump House 1985 Ineligible/Non-Contributing 2027 South Fork Plumbing Shed 1992 Ineligible/Non-Contributing 2029 South Fork Metal Storage Shed 2001 Ineligible/Non-Contributing n/a South Fork Lean-To 1980s? Ineligible/Non-Contributing

Timpooneke Guard Station, Site No. UN-281, 42UT1940 2011 Timpooneke Dwelling 1934 Eligible/Contributing 2012 Timpooneke Garage ca. 1920, 1934 Eligible/Contributing 2013 Timpooneke Pit Toilet ca. 1934 Eligible/Contributing

Heber Ranger District

Hub Guard Station, Site No. UN-458, 42WA268 1031 Hub Warehouse 1933 Ineligible/Non-Contributing 1032 Hub Pit Toilet 1926 Ineligible/Non-Contributing

Mill Hollow Guard Station, Site No. UN-804, 42WA434 1001 Mill Hollow Dwelling 1960 Ineligible/Non-Contributing 1002 Mill Hollow Generator House 1960 Ineligible/Non-Contributing

Willow Creek Guard Station, Site No. UN-284, 42WA433 1021 Willow Creek Storage Building 1933 Eligible/Contributing 1022 Willow Creek Vault Toilet 1996 Ineligible/Non-Contributing 1023 Willow Creek Dwelling 1931 Eligible/Contributing

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Spanish Fork Ranger District

Diamond Fork Guard Station, Site No. UN-282, 42UT1934 3021 Diamond Fork Dwelling 1933 Eligible/Contributing 3022 Diamond Fork Bunkhouse/Garage 1933 Eligible/Contributing 3023 Diamond Fork Pit Toilet 1971 Ineligible/Non-Contributing

Nephi Ranger Station, Site No. UWC-805, 42JB1923 3041 Nephi Warehouse 1964 Eligible/Contributing 3042 Nephi Flammable Storage Building 1963 Eligible/Contributing 3043 Nephi Office 1963 Eligible/Contributing

Payson Lakes Guard Station, Site No. UN-283, 42UT1921 3051 Payson Lakes Dwelling 1935 Eligible/Contributing 3052 Payson Lakes Bunkhouse 1935 Eligible/Contributing

Spanish Fork Ranger Station, Site No. UN-286, 42UT1939 3011 Spanish Fork Office 1963 Eligible/Contributing 3012 Spanish Fork Warehouse/Shop 1937 Eligible/Contributing n/a Spanish Fork Office Trailer 2011 Ineligible/Non-Contributing

124 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Appendix B: Timeline

1847 Mormons begin settling the Salt Lake Valley. 1861 October 3: President Lincoln sets aside two million acres in northeast Utah for Indian settlement. 1862 May 15. President Lincoln establishes the US Department of Agriculture (USDA). May 20: President Lincoln signs the Homestead Act to encourage Western migration by providing settlers 160 acres of public land. 1864 May 5: Congress creates the Uintah Valley Reservation "for the permanent settlement and exclusive occupation of" Native Americans, confirming the president's order of 1861. 1872 Mining Act authorizes citizens to freely prospect for minerals on public lands and allowed a discoverer to stake claims to both minerals and surrounding lands for development. 1877 March 3: Desert Land Act, which provided for larger homesteads in dry but irrigable areas of enumerated states. 1878 Congress passes the Timber Cutting Act, allowing access to timber on public mineral lands. 1881 The Division of Forestry is established in the USDA. 1882 January 5: President Arthur establishes the 2 million-acre Uncompahgre Reservation for Utes evicted from Colorado. It is in the south part of Uintah County. 1887 Congress passes the General Allotment Act (Dawes Act) which allows the distribution of Indian land to individuals. Excess reservation land that is not distributed to Indians is put into the public domain and opened to non-Indians for homesteading. 1891 March 3: Congress passes the Forest Reserve Act, authorizing the President to set aside forest reserves from public domain. March 30: President Benjamin Harrison establishes the country’s first federal forest reserve, the Yellowstone Timberland Reserve, administered by the General Land Office in the Department of the Interior. 1893 President Harrison leaves office after creating 15 reserves totaling 13 million acres. President Grover Cleveland adds 5 million acres to the nation's forest reserves. 1897 February 22: Proclamation 20 creates the Uintah Forest Reserve with 842,000 acres from the public domain. June 4: Congress passes the Sundry Civil Appropriations Act of 1897, also known as the Organic Act. It specifies the purposes for which forest reserves can be established, as well as their administration and protection. The act allowed the hiring of employees to administer forests and opened forest reserves for use. Sheep are banned from forest reserves. Grazing permits are issued for horses and cattle. 1898 July 1: Gifford Pinchot succeeds Bernard Fernow as Chief of the Division of Forestry. The General Land Office employs the first forest rangers. 1899 February 28: Congress passes an act permitting recreational activities on forest reserves.

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Sheep are allowed back on forest reserves provisionally, but are regulated. 1901 August 3: Proclamation 9 establishes the Payson Forest Reserve. USDA Division of Forestry is renamed the Bureau of Forestry. A new Division of Forestry (Division R) is created in the Department of the Interior. Sheep are permanently allowed on forest reserves. 1902 GLO temporarily withdraws land in the Wasatch Mountains for potential forest reserves. Albert Potter surveys the withdrawn areas. 1903 November 5: Proclamation 11 adds 25,200 acres from the public domain to the Payson Forest Reserve. 1905 February 1: The Transfer Act of 1905 transfers the forest reserves from the Department of the Interior, General Land Office to the Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Forestry. The Bureau of Forestry is renamed the Forest Service with Gifford Pinchot as chief, effective July 1. July 14: A Proclamation enlarges the Uintah Forest Reserve with 1,010,000 acres in the Uintah Basin, nearly all of which come from the Uintah Valley Indian Reservation. The addition includes the area known currently as the south unit of the Ashley National Forest. Other areas of the Reservation are opened for non-Indian settlement. July 21: A Proclamation adds the San Pitch Division (55,680 acres) from the public domain to the Payson Forest Reserve. Bureau of Reclamation begins constructing the Strawberry Valley Project. Publication of the first Forest Service manual, the Use Book, which codifies laws, regulations, and standards for forest reserve administration, occurs. 1906 January 16: A Proclamation adds 429,848 acres from the public domain to the Uintah Forest Reserve and changes the spelling of its name to “Uinta.” This included a large area west and south of Strawberry Ridge and another area north of the original Uintah Reserve. April 24: A Proclamation creates the 68,800-acre Vernon Forest Reserve. May 29: A Proclamation releases 128,742 acres of the Uinta Forest Reserve to the public domain. June 11: Congress passes the Homestead Act, allowing agricultural lands within forest reserves to be available for homesteading purposes. July 1: Ranger W. I. Pack replaces Dan Marshall as forest supervisor and Provo replaces Kamas as headquarters of the Uinta Forest Reserve. August 16: A Proclamation creates the Wasatch Forest Reserve with 85,440 acres from the public domain. It extended from approximately the Provo River and American Fork area northward to the southern boundary of the Salt Lake Forest Reserve. October 6: A Proclamation adds 39,040 acres from the public domain to the Uinta Forest Reserve. Gifford Pinchot organizes the forest reserves into three inspection districts.

126 The Enchantment of Ranger Life 1907 March 4: Congress passes an act requiring forest reserves to be renamed national forests and forbidding enlargement of forests in six western states (Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, Colorado, and Wyoming) except by Act of Congress. The Forest Service’s three inspection districts are reorganized into six districts, with District 4's headquarters established in Salt Lake City. 1908 Forest Service begins offering forestry training for rangers at Utah State Agricultural College in Logan. The Wasatch National Forest absorbs the Salt Lake and Grantsville National Forests. June 18: Executive Order 827 combines the Vernon (68,800 acres) and Payson (167,280 acres) National Forests with the Fillmore National Forest’s North Division to form the Nebo National Forest. The consolidation is effective July 1. July 1: Executive Orders 815 and 884 add 10,550 acres from the public domain to the Uinta National Forest and establishes the Ashley National Forest by transferring 952,086 acres in Utah (947,490 acres) and Wyoming (4,596 acres) from the Uinta National Forest. July 1: The Wasatch NF grows with the addition of the 95,440-acre Salt Lake NF to the north and the 68,960–acre Grantsville NF to the west. December 1: Pinchot reorganizes the Forest Service’s six inspection districts as six administrative districts. District 4’s headquarters moves from Salt Lake City to Ogden. 1909 Ogden is designated a Forest Service supply depot for the six administrative districts. Pleasant Grove addition is recommended. July 1: The boundary between the Uinta and Ashley is shifted from drainages to divides to improve administration. 1910 January 7: President Taft fires Gifford Pinchot and appoints Henry S. Graves as Chief. June 25: The Picket Act authorizes the President to reserve public lands for irrigation or water power sites. July 1: Proclamation 1059 transfers the Vernon Division from the Nebo National Forest to the Wasatch National Forest. The Forest Service experiences the Big Blowup, a catastrophic fire season in Idaho and Wyoming. October 7: Proclamations 1091 and 1093 transfers 49,920 acres from the Uinta NF to the Ashley NF and 16,960 acres from the Ashley to the Uinta. It also adds 37,205 acres (much of the Hobble Creek watershed) from the public domain to the Uinta. The Forest Service establishes the Office of Grazing Studies to conduct research into range growth and characteristics. 1911 Congress passes the Weeks Act, authorizing federal and state cooperation in forestry and fire protection, as well as government purchases of land in the headwaters of navigable streams and of forest land in the East. The law leads to numerous additions to and eliminations of national forest lands, and it moves forest boundaries to ridgelines. 1912 Number of ranger districts on the Uinta National Forest is reduced from 20 to 11 by this time.

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Congress allows forests to spend 10 percent of their receipts on roads within or adjacent to forest boundaries. 1913 September 4: Executive Order 1820 transfers the Oak Creek Division of the Nebo National Forest back to the Fillmore National Forest. October 26: The Uinta National Forest begins administering the Nebo National Forest’s northern division (Nebo Division) and the Manti National Forest takes over management of the southern division (San Pitch Division). 1914 California’s District Forester Coert DuBois writes “Systematic Fire Protection in the California Forests,” which influenced the Forest Service’s fire management program. 1915 March 24: Executive Order 2153 formally transfers the southern section (San Pitch Division) of the Nebo NF to the Manti National Forest. June 23: Proclamations 1297, 1298, and 1299 formally transfer the Nebo Division from the Nebo NF to the Uinta National Forest and 355,405 acres from the Uinta National Forest to the Wasatch National Forest effective July 1. The name of the Nebo National Forest is discontinued. Number of ranger districts on the Uinta National Forest is reduced from 11 to 8. The Forest Service Branch of Research is established. Forest Service issues an order prohibiting employees from holding range permits. Many resign as a result. 1916 The first Forest Service campground is constructed on Mount Hood National Forest in Oregon. The Stock Raising Homestead Act authorizes stock raising homestead entry on up to 640 acres of land that had been designated as stock raising lands by the Secretary of the Interior. Designated lands are to be those not susceptible to agricultural use even with irrigation. 1917 The US enters World War I. 1918 Nephi Ranger District (D8) takes over management of the Manti National Forest’s San Pitch Division (D9 and D10). November 11: Armistice ends fighting in World War I. 1919 World War I formally ends with Treaty of Versailles. 1920s A depression devastates agricultural and grazing markets in the United States. 1920 Congress passes the Mineral Leasing Act, which allows leasing of mineral deposits on public land. 1922 Bureau of Reclamation completes the Strawberry Valley Project. October 14: Presidential Proclamation set aside Timpanogos Cave as a National Monument. Congress passes an act allowing the exchange of land in national forests for private land within forest boundaries. 1923 November 6: Executive Order 3922 formally transfers the San Pitch Division from the Manti National Forest to the Uinta National Forest.

128 The Enchantment of Ranger Life 1924 Around this time, the name of the Red Creek Ranger District is changed to the Lake Creek Ranger District. Districts 7 through 10 (the Payson Ranger District, Nebo Ranger District, and San Pitch Division) are consolidated as the Nebo Ranger District. March 1: The Soldier Summit ranger receives authorization to change his winter headquarters from Springville to Spanish Fork. Congress passes the Clarke-McNary Act, expanding the 1911 Weeks Act authority for federal- state cooperation in fire protection and forestry efforts and allowing the purchase of forest lands in watersheds, rather than in just the headwaters of navigable streams. The first wilderness area is established on the Gila National Forest in New Mexico. 1927 January 1: Wasatch begins managing the Grandaddy Lakes area. 1928 Congress passes the McSweeney-McNary Act, which establishes a ten-year forestry research program, a survey of forestry resources, and regional experiment stations. Congress passes the Woodruff-McNary Act, providing money for more land purchases. 1929 July 30: Proclamation 1887 transfers the Grandaddy Lakes area from the Uinta NF to the Wasatch NF. American Fork ranger starts managing the Vernon Division. About this time, the Uinta NF renames three of its districts: Soldier Summit becomes the South Strawberry District, Springville becomes the Utah Valley District, and Currant Creek becomes the North Strawberry District. The Forest Service changes names of “Districts” to “Regions” to avoid confusion with ranger districts. The stock market crashes, plunging the United States into the Great Depression. 1930 The South Strawberry Ranger District is eliminated and its area becomes part of the Utah Valley and Duchesne ranger districts. 1931 April 27: Forest Service designates 237,000 acres as the High Uintas Primitive Area under the Secretary of Agriculture’s Regulation L-20 1933 April 5: Office of Emergency Conservation Work (ECW) is established. May 12: Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA or ERA) is established and includes a Works Division that later became the WPA. Executive Order 6166 placed the Department of Interior in charge of all National Monuments. The Soil Erosion Service is created in the Department of the Interior. The first CCC camp is established on the George Washington National Forest near Luray, Virginia. 1934 July 1: The Timpanogos Cave National Monument officially transferred to the National Park Service. July 27: Executive Order 6801 adds 17,741 acres above Provo and Springville (Provo Addition) to the Uinta National Forest.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 129

Taylor Grazing Act passes, ending unregulated grazing on national forests. 1935 January 9: Executive Order 6944 transfers land from the Uinta to the Wasatch. April 8: The Emergency Relief Appropriations (ERA) Act passes, permitting funding and operation of CCC camps. June 26: Executive Order establishes the National Youth Administration (NYA), which provides grants to students in exchange for work and, for non-students, on-the-job training in federally funded projects. August 26: Congress authorizes diversion of national forest receipts for purchase of watershed land in the Uinta and Wasatch NFs. November: The headquarters of the Utah Valley Ranger District moves from Springville to Spanish Fork. Works Progress Administration is created from the Works Division of FERA. The Soil Erosion Service transfers to the USDA and becomes the Soil Conservation Service (SCS). 1936 The Norris Report highlights overgrazing on national forests. August 17: Executive Order 7429 adds 1,360 acres (Nephi Addition) to the Uinta National Forest. 1937 June 28: Emergency Conservation Work is renamed Civilian Conservation Corps. July 17: Executive Order 7663 adds 42,365 acres (Spanish Fork Canyon Addition) to the Uinta National Forest. 1938 American Fork ranger starts managing the Grantsville Division. Bureau of Reclamation begins constructing the Provo River Project. 1939 Around this time, the Uinta National Forest’s five districts are renumbered and renamed to Nebo (D1), Duchesne (D2), Spanish Fork (D3), Currant Creek (D4), and Lake Creek (D5). 1941 December 7: Japan attacks Pearl Harbor; US declares war. 1942 June 30: The CCC program ends and camps close. 1943 Regional Forester C. N. Woods instructs forest supervisors to reduce all grazing allotments to carrying capacity within five years. The Forest Service proposes consolidating the La Sal and the Uinta national forests. 1944 November 14: The Uinta and La Sal forests are consolidated with headquarters in Provo, effective December 1. 1945 World War II ends. Regional Forester Ben Rice reiterates Woods' goal of reducing grazing allotments to carrying capacity. 1946 General Land Office and Division of Grazing, both in the DOI, combine to form Bureau of Land Management.

130 The Enchantment of Ranger Life 1949 September 20: PLO 607 adds 23,338 acres in Utah County (the Provo Canyon Addition) to the Uinta and Wasatch NFs. The La Sal National Forest transfers from the Uinta National Forest and is consolidated with the Manti National Forest. 1950 April 24: The Granger-Thye Act passes, upholding Forest Service authority to regulate and collect grazing fees. One ranger begins managing the Currant Creek and Lake Creek Districts. 1953 April 1: The Forest Service administratively changes the boundaries between the Ashley, Wasatch, and Uinta NFs. 1954 March 30: Effective July 1: PLO 950 changes the boundaries between the Ashley, Wasatch, and Uinta NFs. This formalizes the following: • Transfer of the Fort Bridger District from the Ashley NF to the Wasatch NF • Transfer of the Wasatch NF’s Grandaddy Lakes District to the Ashley National Forest • Transfer of the Uinta NF’s Duchesne District to the Ashley • Transfer of most of the Wasatch NF’s American Fork District, including American Fork Canyon and Mt. Timpanogos, to the Uinta National Forest where it is combined with the north end of the Spanish Fork Ranger District to form the Pleasant Grove Ranger District • Creation of the Tooele Ranger District on the Wasatch National Forest by merging the Vernon and Grantsville divisions December 30: PLO 1048 amends PLO 950. The Wasatch National Forest begins managing the Benmore Experimental Range. 1956 Congress authorizes the Central Utah Project by passing the Colorado River Storage Act. 1957 The Forest Service implements “Operation Outdoors,” a five-year expansion and renovation plan for recreation facilities. July 24: PLO 1448 adds land to the Uinta National Forest. 1959 October 9: EO 10844 significantly enlarges the Wasatch National Forest’s Vernon Division with an addition that includes the Benmore Experimental Range. 1960 Congress passes the Multiple Use and Sustained Yield Act. Two rangers begin managing the Currant Creek and Lake Creek districts, which are renamed the Strawberry and Heber districts. 1964 September 3: Congress passes the Wilderness Act. December 2: PLO 3499 adds land to the Uinta National Forest. 1966 8,850 acres purchased above Vivian Park in the South Fork of the Provo. The purpose was to protect Provo’s water supply. 1967 Bureau of Reclamation begins constructing the Bonneville Unit of the Central Utah Project. 1968 June 24: PLO 4461 eliminates land from the Uinta National Forest.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 131

November 14: PLO 4548 adds land to the Uinta National Forest. Size of Ranger District Policy is implemented to identify possible ranger district consolidations. 1969 July 14: PLO 4673 eliminates land from the Uinta and transfers land from the Ashley to the Uinta. 1971 September 10: PLO 5116 adds land to the Uinta National Forest. PLO is corrected in Federal Register of November 11, 1971. 1973 April 24: Secretary of Agriculture announces the Region 4 headquarters at Ogden will be eliminated. 1974 Soldier Creek Dam is completed and recreational use in Strawberry Valley begins to increase. The Uinta NF’s five ranger districts are consolidated into three: Heber, Pleasant Grove, and Spanish Fork. The Spanish Fork District takes over management of Wasatch NF’s Vernon Division. The Nephi District is eliminated by transferring the Nebo Division to the Spanish Fork District and assigning management of the San Pitch Division to the Manti-La Sal NF. The White River drainage transfers from the Heber Ranger District to the Spanish Fork District. 1976 The Federal Land Policy and Management Act passes. 1978 February 24: The Lone Peak Wilderness Areas is designated. It is the first wilderness are established in Utah. 1984 August 21: Reclamation transfer the operation of recreational facilities at Currant Creek to the Uinta National Forest. September 28: Congress creates the High Uintas Wilderness Area. Timpanogos Wilderness Area and Mount Nebo Wilderness area are designated under 1984 legislation. IF&RES ceases research at the Benmore Experimental Range. 1988 October 16: Congress transfers management of the Strawberry Project land from the Strawberry Water Users Association to the Uinta National Forest. October 31: PL 100-563 adds lands surrounding the Strawberry Reservoir to the Uinta NF. 2008 The Uinta and Wasatch-Cache National Forests consolidate.

132 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Appendix C: Historic Administrative Sites

BY NAME Withdrawal, Site Name Acquisition, or Township, Range, Section Earliest Mention Ballard Springs Administrative Site 12/9/1910 T10S, R2E, S35 SLM Benmore Guard Station 1934 T9S, R5W, S20 SLM Black Rock Administrative Site 3/12/1908 T12S, R2E, S28 & 33 SLM Bryants Fork Ranger Station 12/21/1906 T3S, R12W, S36 USM Cascade Administrative Site 10/30/1909 T4S, R3E, S24 SLM Center Trail Ranger Station 1925 Unknown Cherry Guard Station See Hobble Creek Guard Station Currant Creek Guard Station 7/13/1954 T1S, R11W, S23 & 26 USM Cut Off Administrative Site 7/13/1908 T10S, R2E, S14 SLM Deer Creek Administrative Site 4/15/1908 T4S, R3E, S7 SLM Diamond Creek Ranger Station 12/21/1906 T8S, R5E, S1 & S2 SLM Diamond Fork Administrative Site 11/19/1923 T8S, R5E, S32 SLM Diamond Fork Guard Station 3/14/1936 T8S, R5E, S1 SLM Dutchman Ranger Station 8/16/1907 T3S, R3E, S32 SLM Fifth Water Administrative Site 8/19/1908 T8S, R6E, S21 SLM Harvey Meadow Pasture 5/17/1905 T1N, R11W, S29 & 32 USM Heber Dwelling Site 6/13/1962 T4S, R5E, S5 SLM Heber Ranger Station No. 1 3/22/1937 T4S, R5E, S5 SLM Hobble Creek Guard Station 3/9/1943 T7S, R4E, S34 SLM Holman Canyon Tool Cache 9/20/1912 T10S, R2E, S35 SLM Hub Guard Station 1/21/1908 T2S, R12W, S28 USM Iron Mountain Administrative Site 5/13/1908 T3S, R7E, S24 SLM Johnson's Fork Administrative Site 11/7/1908 T10S, R8E, S21 SLM Lake Creek Ranger Station 11/28/1916 T1N, R11W, S32 & 33 USM Last Water Pasture Site 4/3/1939 T9S, R6E, S18 & 19 SLM Little Valley Administrative Site 11/26/1929 T6S, R5E, S8 SLM Little Valley Guard Station 4/19/1935 T10S, R5W, S14 SLM McCune Pasture Site See Nebo Ranger Station Mill Hollow Guard Station 7/18/1961 T4S, R8E, S6 SLM Mill Lane Work Center 11/5/1965 T4S, R5E, S8 SLM Mud Creek Administrative Site 2/18/1908 T3S, R11W, S19; T3S, R12W, S24 USM Nebo Ranger Station 1/23/1907 T12S, R2E, S16 & 20 SLM Nephi Dwelling Site 9/23/1949 T13S, R1E, S8 SLM Nephi Ranger Station 10/30/1962 T13S, R1E, S9 SLM Noblett’s Creek Administrative Site 1/21/1929 T3S, R7E, S20 SLM North Star Administrative Site 9/23/1908 T3S, R11W, S4 USM

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 133

Withdrawal, Site Name Acquisition, or Township, Range, Section Earliest Mention Payson Canyon Ranger Station 1916 T10S, R2E, S14 SLM Payson Creek Ranger Station 3/12/1908 T10S, R2E, S3 SLM Payson Lakes Guard Station 11/3/1916 T10S, R3E, S30 SLM Pleasant Grove Pasture Site 1/30/1960 T5S, R2E, S29 & S30 SLM Pleasant Grove Ranger Station No. 1 3/11/1937 T5S, R2E, S21 SLM Pleasant Grove Ranger Station No. 2 1/30/1960 T5S, R2E, S21 SLM Pole Creek Administrative Site 10/6/1908 T10S, R5W, S13 SLM Provo Warehouse Site 2/12/1935 T7S, R2E, S12 SLM Race Track Administrative Site 8/12/1909 T4S, R11W, S18 & 19 USM Red Pine Lookout Site 4/18/1905 T9S, R7W, S12 SLM Red Rock Administrative Site 3/12/1908 T11S, R2E, S25 & S26 SLM Rock Canyon Fire Station Site 1936 T6S, R3E, S29 SLM Santaquin Meadows Administrative Site 1933 Unknown Salt Creek Ranger Station See Nebo Ranger Station Shingle Mill Administrative Site 10/14/1924 T6S, R6E, S31 SLM Silver Fork Administrative Site 11/7/1908 T3S, R2E, S35 SLM Silver Meadows Ranger Station 1923 Unknown Soldier Creek Administrative Site 8/18/1908 T3S, R12W, S11-14 USM South Fork Administrative Site 2/13/1907 T6S, R4E, S7 SLM South Fork Work Center 8/16/1907 T4S, R2E, S24 SLM Spanish Fork Administrative Site 8/4/1964 T8S, R3E, S29 SLM Spanish Fork Ranger Station 2/18/1937 T8S, R2E, S13 SLM Strawberry Administrative Site 12/21/1906 T2S, R12W, S27, T1S, R12W, S27 USM Streeper Creek Ranger Station 7/25/1910 T4S, R12W, S25 USM Tie Fork Administrative Site 1924 Unknown Timpooneke Guard Station 4/18/1935 T4S, R3E, S32 SLM Tinney Flat Administrative Site 5/29/1908 T10S, R2E, S32 SLM West Fork Administrative Site No. 1 10/30/1908 T1S, R11W, S5 USM West Fork Administrative Site No. 2 5/21/1954 T1N, R11W, S29 & 32 USM West Portal Ranger Station 1931 Unknown White River Ranger Station 12/21/1906 T10S, R8E, S21 SLM Willow Creek Administrative Site 7/13/1908 T12S, R1E, S1 SLM Willow Creek Guard Station 9/15/1931 T5S, R11W, S20 USM Wimmer Ranch Ranger Station See Payson Lakes Guard Station Wolf Creek Lookout Site & Ranger Station 1/12/1925 T1N, R10W, S16; T4S, R8E, S10 USM Wolf Creek Ranger Station 2 12/21/1906 T1N, R9W, S27 USM

134 The Enchantment of Ranger Life BY LOCATION Withdrawal, Site Name Acquisition, or Township, Range, Section Earliest Mention Wolf Creek Lookout Site & Ranger Station 1/12/1925 T1N, R10W, S16; T4S, R8E, S10 USM Harvey Meadow Pasture 5/17/1905 T1N, R11W, S29 & 32 USM West Fork Administrative Site No. 2 5/21/1954 T1N, R11W, S29 & 32 USM Lake Creek Ranger Station 11/28/1916 T1N, R11W, S32 & 33 USM Wolf Creek Ranger Station 2 12/21/1906 T1N, R9W, S27 USM Currant Creek Guard Station 7/13/1954 T1S, R11W, S23 & 26 USM West Fork Administrative Site No. 1 10/30/1908 T1S, R11W, S5 USM Strawberry Administrative Site 12/21/1906 T2S, R12W, S27, T1S, R12W, S27 USM Hub Guard Station 1/21/1908 T2S, R12W, S28 USM Mud Creek Administrative Site 2/18/1908 T3S, R11W, S19; T3S, R12W, S24 USM North Star Administrative Site 9/23/1908 T3S, R11W, S4 USM Soldier Creek Administrative Site 8/18/1908 T3S, R12W, S11-14 USM Bryants Fork Ranger Station 12/21/1906 T3S, R12W, S36 USM Silver Fork Administrative Site 11/7/1908 T3S, R2E, S35 SLM Dutchman Ranger Station 8/16/1907 T3S, R3E, S32 SLM Noblett’s Creek Administrative Site 1/21/1929 T3S, R7E, S20 SLM Iron Mountain Administrative Site 5/13/1908 T3S, R7E, S24 SLM Race Track Administrative Site 8/12/1909 T4S, R11W, S18 & 19 USM Streeper Creek Ranger Station 7/25/1910 T4S, R12W, S25 USM South Fork Work Center 8/16/1907 T4S, R2E, S24 SLM Cascade Administrative Site 10/30/1909 T4S, R3E, S24 SLM Timpooneke Guard Station 4/18/1935 T4S, R3E, S32 SLM Deer Creek Administrative Site 4/15/1908 T4S, R3E, S7 SLM Heber Dwelling Site 6/13/1962 T4S, R5E, S5 SLM Heber Ranger Station No. 1 3/22/1937 T4S, R5E, S5 SLM Mill Lane Work Center 11/5/1965 T4S, R5E, S8 SLM Mill Hollow Guard Station 7/18/1961 T4S, R8E, S6 SLM Willow Creek Guard Station 9/15/1931 T5S, R11W, S20 USM Pleasant Grove Ranger Station No. 1 3/11/1937 T5S, R2E, S21 SLM Pleasant Grove Ranger Station No. 2 1/30/1960 T5S, R2E, S21 SLM Pleasant Grove Pasture Site 1/30/1960 T5S, R2E, S29 & S30 SLM Rock Canyon Fire Station Site 1936 T6S, R3E, S29 SLM South Fork Administrative Site 2/13/1907 T6S, R4E, S7 SLM Little Valley Administrative Site 11/26/1929 T6S, R5E, S8 SLM Shingle Mill Administrative Site 10/14/1924 T6S, R6E, S31 SLM Provo Warehouse Site 2/12/1935 T7S, R2E, S12 SLM Hobble Creek Guard Station 3/9/1943 T7S, R4E, S34 SLM Spanish Fork Ranger Station 2/18/1937 T8S, R2E, S13 SLM Spanish Fork Administrative Site 8/4/1964 T8S, R3E, S29 SLM

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 135

Withdrawal, Site Name Acquisition, or Township, Range, Section Earliest Mention Diamond Fork Guard Station 3/14/1936 T8S, R5E, S1 SLM Diamond Creek Ranger Station 12/21/1906 T8S, R5E, S1 & S2 SLM Diamond Fork Administrative Site 11/19/1923 T8S, R5E, S32 SLM Fifth Water Administrative Site 8/19/1908 T8S, R6E, S21 SLM Benmore Guard Station 1934 T9S, R5W, S20 SLM Last Water Pasture Site 4/3/1939 T9S, R6E, S18 & 19 SLM Red Pine Lookout Site 4/18/1905 T9S, R7W, S12 SLM Cut Off Administrative Site 7/13/1908 T10S, R2E, S14 SLM Payson Creek Ranger Station 3/12/1908 T10S, R2E, S3 SLM Payson Canyon Ranger Station 1916 T10S, R2E, S14 SLM Tinney Flat Administrative Site 5/29/1908 T10S, R2E, S32 SLM Ballard Springs Administrative Site 12/9/1910 T10S, R2E, S35 SLM Holman Canyon Tool Cache 9/20/1912 T10S, R2E, S35 SLM Payson Lakes Guard Station 11/3/1916 T10S, R3E, S30 SLM Pole Creek Administrative Site 10/6/1908 T10S, R5W, S13 SLM Little Valley Guard Station 4/19/1935 T10S, R5W, S14 SLM Johnson's Fork Administrative Site 11/7/1908 T10S, R8E, S21 SLM White River Ranger Station 12/21/1906 T10S, R8E, S21 SLM Red Rock Administrative Site 3/12/1908 T11S, R2E, S25 & S26 SLM Willow Creek Administrative Site 7/13/1908 T12S, R1E, S1 SLM Nebo Ranger Station 1/23/1907 T12S, R2E, S16 & 20 SLM Black Rock Administrative Site 3/12/1908 T12S, R2E, S28 & 33 SLM Nephi Dwelling Site 9/23/1949 T13S, R1E, S8 SLM Nephi Ranger Station 10/30/1962 T13S, R1E, S9 SLM Center Trail Ranger Station 1925 Unknown Santaquin Meadows Administrative Site 1933 Unknown Silver Meadows Ranger Station 1923 Unknown Tie Fork Administrative Site 1924 Unknown West Portal Ranger Station 1931 Unknown

136 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Appendix D: Personnel

The following lists of supervisors and rangers are gleaned from Forest Service directories, appointment records, alumni bulletins, correspondence, reports, newspapers, and other documents. It was difficult to identify the earliest rangers assigned to certain districts. Some districts did not have definitive names and boundaries during the early years but references to the first rangers and their work locations provide some clues about the areas for which they were responsible. Dates may not always be exact for several reasons. Some references provide fiscal years rather than calendar years. Others may reflect “effective” dates rather than the officers’ reporting dates. By the 1920s, Forest Service directories listed rangers and districts but these were printed sporadically and sometimes carried slightly outdated information.

FOREST SUPERVISORS

Payson National Forest 1902 Daniel S. Marshall 1903-1908 Daniel S. Pack

Nebo National Forest 1908-1910 Daniel S. Pack 1910-1911 Horace F. Studley 1911-1913 Daniel S. Pack

Uinta National Forest 1899-1902 George F. Bucher 1902-1906 Daniel S. Marshall 1906-1914 Willard Ives Pack 1914-1919 Adolph W. Jensen 1919-1923 Winifred W. Blakeslee 1923-1925 John Raphael 1925-1938 Charles DeMoisy, Jr. 1938-1945 George Christian Larson 1945-1947 Wilford L. “Slim” Hansen 1947-1950 Ivan Sack 1950-1956 James L. Jacobs 1956-1973 Clarence S. Thornock 1973-1976 Bruce B. Hronek 1976-1991 Don Nebeker 1991-2006 Peter Karp 2006-2008 Brian Ferebee

Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forests 2008-2012 Brian Ferebee 2012-present Dave Whittekiend

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 137

DISTRICT RANGERS It is often difficult to determine who was assigned to specific districts before the 1920s when Forest Service directories began to include rangers. The earliest districts appear to have been grazing districts rather than ranger districts, and some men were assigned to more than one district or to a broad area.

SOLDIER SUMMIT RANGER DISTRICT (ca.1908-1929), SOUTH STRAWBERRY RANGER DISTRICT (1929-30) 19??-1915 W. Jones Bowen 1916 Mr. West 1919-1924 Charles H. Allred 1924-1929 George C. Larson 1929-1930 Arthur J. Wagstaff

SPRINGVILLE RANGER DISTRICT (c.1908-1929), UTAH VALLEY RANGER DISTRICT 1929-c.1939), SPANISH FORK RANGER DISTRICT (c.1939-present) c.1910-1915 Frank W. Thomas? 1916 Mr. West 1919 Charles H. Allred? 1920-1935 Parley C. Madsen 1935-1960 Merrill Nielson 1960-1964 Reed C. Christensen 1964-1968 Donnel J. Ward 1968-1972 Raymond J. Evans 1973-1979 Keith W. Zobell 1979-1986 S. Ronald Lisonbee 1986-1987 George Matejko 1987-1998 Thomas L. Tidwell 1999-2005 William A. R. Ott 2005-2010 Doug Jones 2011-present George Garcia

CURRANT CREEK RANGER DISTRICT (c.1908-1929), NORTH STRAWBERRY RANGER DISTRICT (1929- c.1939), CURRANT CREEK RANGER DISTRICT (c.1939-1960) c. 1908-1915 George A. Fisher Was in charge of this area in 1906 1916-1920 Parley C. Madsen 1920-c.1921 James A. Cahill 1922-1925 George C. Larson 1925-1935 Merrill Nielson 1935-1941 Parley C. Madsen 1942-1945 Albert Franklin Richards 1945 Andrew McConkie? One ranger managed the Currant Creek and Lake Creek districts. 312 This may have been McConkie. 1946-1949 Earl C. Roberts 1949 William S. Rozynek May have been acting ranger 1950-1955 Andrew McConkie Concurrently managed the Lake Creek District

312 C. E. Favre, A.R.F., to Regional Forester, September 25, 1946, File: “1658-Historical Data, 4-Early Administration,” History Files, UWCSO Basement.

138 The Enchantment of Ranger Life 1955-1957 P. Max Rees Concurrently managed the Lake Creek District 1957-1960 Lewis E. “Gene” Hawkes Concurrently managed the Lake Creek District

RED CREEK RANGER DISTRICT (c.1908-c.1924), LAKE CREEK RANGER DISTRICT (c.1924-1960) Also known informally as West Fork Duchesne District. 1909-1913 Daniel S. Marshall 1913 George A. Fisher Concurrently managed the Currant Creek District 1914-1915 George Holman 1919-1922 George C. Larson 1922-1944 Edison J. Adair 1944-1955 Andrew McConkie Concurrently managed the Currant Creek District beginning in 1950 (also may have done so in 1945) 1955-1957 P. Max Rees Concurrently managed the Currant Creek District 1957-1960 Lewis E. “Gene” Hawkes Concurrently managed the Currant Creek District

STRAWBERRY RANGER DISTRICT (1960-1973) 1960-1962 William F. Davis 1963-1966 Harold L. Edwards 1966-1971 Phillip D. Glass 1971-1973 Roy H. Daniels

HEBER RANGER DISTRICT (1960-present) Became the Heber-Kamas Ranger District in 2008. 1960-1966 George B. Fry 1966-1968 Raymond J. Evans 1969-1973 Delmer C. Stott 1973-1991 Roy H. Daniels 1991-1999 Robert L. Riddle 1999-2009 Julie King 2009-present Jeff Schramm

PAYSON RANGER DISTRICT (c.1904-1924) 1905-1917 Joseph Barnett 1917-1919 John V. Manwill 1919-1920 Joseph A. Willey 1920-1922 William L. Huff 1922-1923 Fred O. Johnson

D8-NEPHI RANGER DISTRICT (c.1904-1924), 1904-1915 Walter F. Brough 1915-1924 Aaron P. Christiansen

NEBO RANGER DISTRICT (1924- c.1956), NEPHI RANGER DISTRICT (c.1956–1973) 1924-1939 Aaron P. Christiansen 1939-1947 Edward P. Cox 1947-c.1952 Owen M. DeSpain 1952-1956 Hal Mickelson 1956-1957 Robert R. Brown

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 139

1957-1964 Merrill J. Roberts 1964-1973 Harold E. Laird

VERNON DIVISION Became part of the American Fork Ranger District in 1928. 19??-c.1907 Frank W. Knowlton c.1907-1913 John V. Manwill 1925-1928 William W. Smith Also administered the Salt Lake and Grantsville districts

AMERICAN FORK RANGER DISTRICT (c.1908-1954) 1908-1909 William M. McGhie 1910s William W. Smith? c.1912-c.1917 John V. Manwill 1917-1939 Vivian N. West 1939-1946 Victor N. Stokes 1946-1949 Ralph Jensen 1949-1954 Wallace M. Saling

PLEASANT GROVE RANGER DISTRICT (1954-present) 1954-1956 Wallace M. Saling 1956-1958 Jerry W. Hill 1958-1965 Maynard S. “Mike” Wright 1965-1966 John R. Glenn 1966-1972 Stephen M. Rushton 1973-1976 Jerome A. Gelock 1976-1987 Harry D. Opfar 1987-c.2001 Robert R. Easton c.2001-c.2006 Pam Gardner 2006-2009 John Logan 2009-2012 Sylvia Clark 2012-2016 Jon Stansfield

140 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Appendix E: Personnel Biographies

Abriel, Ray Abriel graduated from Humboldt State University in forest resource management. He worked on the Angeles, Ochoco, and Payette national forests, as well as on the Uinta's Pleasant Grove and Heber district before transferring to the Fishlake NF. He administered the recreation and timber programs there before transferring in 1987 to the Uinta NF as assistant ranger in charge of the Spanish Fork District’s Nephi office.

Adair, Edison Jefferson Adair was born on April 12, 1886 in Show Low, Arizona and resided in Kamas and Heber, Utah from 1910 to 1968. He joined the Forest Service on July 11, 1913 as an assistant ranger on the Uinta NF. He was supposed to work under George Fisher, the ranger of Districts 4 and 5 in Heber, but he was in the Kamas office that year. He was on the Wasatch NF the following year, possibly on the Bear River Ranger District out of Evanston, Wyoming. Promoted to ranger in 1916, he was in charge there until 1917. Adair returned to the Uinta NF in 1917 as ranger of the Hanna (1917-22) and the Lake Creek (1922 to March 1944) districts. In 1944, he transferred to the Dixie’s Enterprise Ranger District and retired from that position on April 30, 1946 with the intent of returning to Heber. As of 1950, he was selling life insurance. Adair moved to Los Angeles in 1968 and died there on February 2, 1969 of burns sustained when his bed caught fire two days prior. He is buried in Heber. Many historic documents refer to him as Edson but his obituary reports it as Edison.

Allred, Charles Harvard Allred (b. October 25, 1895, d. September 21, 1965) was born and raised in Ephraim, Utah. He studied at Snow College in Ephraim and the forestry school in Missoula. He worked on his father's farm and, in the summers of 1913 and 1914, for the Manti NF and the Great Basin Experiment Station. He served in the Federalized National Guard on the Mexican border in 1916-18. On April 22, 1918, Allred received a one-year probationary appointment with the Forest Service. He was stationed in Duchesne while his supervisor, Ranger Parley Madsen, worked from Heber. Allred received his permanent appointment as a ranger a year later on April 21, 1919. He moved to Heber, staying there from April through June of 1919. He arrived in Springville in November 1919 and may have been in charge of the Springville District before taking over the Soldier Summit District (1919-24). When his district was enlarged in 1924, he was to be moved to Heber and the Heber ranger, Ranger Larson, would assume responsibility of the Soldier Summit District. However, a 1924 general inspection revealed some problems and Allred, who had relocated his office to Spanish Fork by then, was let go on May 15, 1925 for neglect of duty. As of 1926, he was farming near Spanish Fork as of 1926 and became known as a breeder of registered purebred Suffolk sheep. In 1931, Allred started working for the Utah Highway Patrol in Spanish Fork. He retired as a sergeant in June 1957 after 28 years of service.

Allred, J. Carl J. Carl Allred of Spring City joined the Forest Service in 1906 as a guard on the Uinta NF and worked in the Supervisor's Office as a clerk (1906-10) and deputy forest supervisor for many years beginning in 1910.

Anderson, Mark Anderson was born October 2, 1889 at Teton, Idaho and moved to Jackson Hole with his parents in 1896. He attended school in Pocatello and studied forestry with an emphasis in range management at the University of Idaho for two years. After passing the range examiner test, he received an appointment on the Targhee NF in 1912 as part of a grazing reconnaissance party that summer. He was chief of a mapping party on the Caribou NF in 1913, then worked as a grazing assistant and grazing examiner for the R4 Division of Grazing beginning 1914. He and James T. Jardine wrote a bulletin titled Range Management on the National Forests. In 1918, Anderson was promoted to chief of forest range investigations in Washington, DC to fill the vacancy left by Jardine. Disliking Washington, Anderson requested a transfer back to Ogden to his former position. Upon his resignation on August 10, 1919, Anderson went into the hotel business in Provo. As of 1921, he was the manager of the Roberts Hotel in Provo. The 1926 Alumni Bulletin reported, "Mark Anderson, formerly in charge of Grazing Studies, is now the owner of the leading hotel in Provo, and is a successful business man in that city. He is also president of the local Kiwanis club. He is also taking a

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very active interest in conservation movement with the idea of forming a State Conservation Commission to be non- salaried and non-political in its nature." Anderson, who still ran the Roberts Hotel in Provo as of 1930, was superintendent of the Hobble Creek CCC Camp (a state camp). He served four 2-year terms as Mayor of Provo and was Director of the Utah Fish and Game Department from September 1941 to June 1942. An accomplished artist, Anderson died in Provo on May 7, 1962.

Anderson, Robert Clark Anderson, born in Wasatch County, attended Provo High School and Brigham Young University. He received his degree in range management from Utah State University in 1934, the same year he joined the Uinta NF as a recreation planner (1934-36). In 1935, he worked with CCC crews on the Nebo Division and in Hobble Creek Canyon. Anderson taught forest recreation at Utah State University for one year (1936-37) and served as ranger on the Las Vegas District (January 1937 to 1939). Anderson’s next assignment was as Ogden District Ranger (1939-57). He transferred to the RO’s division of recreation and lands for two years (1957-58), and then to the Uinta NF as staff officer for recreation and lands (1958-66). After retiring on April 25, 1966, he joined the Utah State Parks and Recreation Department where he worked under Felix Koziol. Anderson, the brother of Forest Service employee Ralph "Andy" Anderson, died in 1973 after suffering heart attack while fishing in the Wind River Primitive Area.

Anderson, William Mitchell Born January 22, 1880 in Kamas, Utah, Anderson helped his father farm and harvest timber. After taking the ranger exam, he entered the Forest Service as a guard on August 5, 1905. Stationed in Kamas, his first task was to help establish the new boundary between the Uintah-Ouray Indian Reservation and the Uintah Forest Reserve. Anderson performed well and received promotions to assistant ranger (in November 1905) and ranger (May 1906). Anderson was promoted to deputy forest supervisor (July 1, 1907), and he became the Ashley NF's first forest supervisor on July 1, 1908 (effective January 1, 1909). [Anderson’s exact locations during these assignments are a little unclear. According to some accounts, Anderson relocated from Kamas to Duchesne, to Colton (located north of Scofield Reservoir), and then to Vernal. He reportedly was in charge of the Duchesne RD from 1905 to 1907 and then the area that in 1910 became the Lake Fork RD.] Anderson was actively involved with the Vernal Chamber of Commerce, the Vernal Gun Club, the Farmers Association, and the Order of Odd Fellows while he was the Ashley Forest Supervisor. After some controversy about a legal claim against him, he resigned from the Forest Service in frustration on April 30, 1921. Anderson eventually moved to Glenwood Springs, Colorado where he went into the sheep business. Ill health forced him to sell his outfit and Anderson died at Glenwood Springs, Colorado on April 20, 1953.

Astle, Walter S. Astle's career began on the Payette NF as a seasonal employee in 1929. He was ranger of the Dixie NF's Escalante District (1936-42) and the Uinta NF's Duchesne District (June 2, 1946 to August 28, 1949). He spent two years in the Washington Office. A foreign assignment with the International Cooperation Administration (1960-63) took him to Phnom Penh, Cambodia as a forestry advisor. He then held a position with the Agency for International Development at Katmandu, Nepal (January 1964 to August 1967). Astle retired on December 22, 1967 with plans to stay in Sandy, Utah. His son Dale was also a Forest Service employee.

Baker, Frederick Storrs Frederick Storrs Baker (b. June 3, 1890) was a significant individual, not just within the Forest Service, but also in the broader areas of forestry and academia. According to a 1966 memorial tribute by the University of California, Baker came from "sturdy New England stock." In 1908, he attended an introductory forestry course at Milford, Pennsylvania. While attending Colorado College (1908-12), he worked summers for the Forest Service until earning his degree as a forest engineer. Upon graduation in 1912, Baker received his appointment as a forest assistant in the R2 regional office and, while in that region, worked on the Pike NF. Beginning in 1914, he held positions as a forest examiner for the Manti NF, the Great Basin Experiment Station (GBES), and the Uinta NF. From 1924 to 1926, he was R4's assistant regional forester in charge of public relations. The second half of Baker's distinguished career played out at the University of California where he followed former GBES director, Dr. Arthur W. Sampson. There he joined the forestry staff in May 1926, teaching and conducting silvicultural research. In 1947, he became the School of Forestry's dean, holding that position until his retirement in 1956. Among his many credits are dozens of scientific articles and The Theory and Practice of Silviculture, an authoritative textbook published in 1934. After retirement, he continued

142 The Enchantment of Ranger Life research at a Forest Service natural reserve that, once acquired by the University, was renamed the Frederick S. Baker Forest. On January 1, 1965, Baker died in Berkeley at age 74.

Baldwin, James H. Hired in 1909 as an assistant forest ranger on the Fillmore NF, James Baldwin continued to work there until 1915 when he transferred to the Uinta NF. After a year there, he was promoted to ranger. He transferred back to the Fillmore as a ranger in 1919, was on the Fishlake NF in 1920, and the Fishlake-Fillmore in 1921. Baldwin reportedly built the Koosharem Ranger Station. He later worked on the Dixie as ranger of the Enterprise (1925-34) and Pine Valley (1934-40) districts before retiring on March 1, 1940. His son Clarence was also a Forest Service employee.

Barnett, David L. Barnett was on the Uinta NF until late 1906 or early 1907 when he transferred to Nevada. He was supervisor of the Charleston and Vegas Forest Reserves (1907) and the Toquima, Monitor and Toiyabe National Forests (1908). The latter three consolidated as the Toiyabe National Forest in 1908 and Barnett served as its supervisor until 1909. He then became the second supervisor of the Targhee NF until District Forester Sherman dismissed him from the Forest Service on February 28, 1911 for drunkenness.

Barnett, Joseph In 1904, Barnett (b. December 13, 1869, d. August 21, 1956) was appointed ranger of an addition to the Payson Forest Reserve that extended the reserve south to Little Salt Creek (what would become the Nebo Ranger District). In 1905, he transferred to the Payson District where he was assistant ranger when it became part of the newly formed Nebo National Forest in 1908. In 1912, he gave a presentation on "Field Planting and Organization of Crews" at the annual ranger convention in Provo. When the Uinta NF began administering the Nebo Division in 1913, he received a promotion from assistant ranger to ranger. He remained as Payson District Ranger until his resignation in 1917. Barnett helped organize the Payson Livestock Association, one of the first livestock associations officially recognized by the Forest Service.

Barron, George L. From 1933 to 1935, Barron was superintendent over CCC Company 958, which occupied the Mt. Nebo Camp F-9 (1933) and the Veyo Camp (1933-34), before alternating between Hobble Creek Camp F-30 and Provo Camp F-40 (1934-35).

Barton, Charlie R. Barton, a resident of Vernal, Utah, took the ranger exam in August 1907. He served as ranger of the Uinta’s Duchesne District from July 10, 1909 to October 31, 1909.

Beauchamp, Richard Allen Former WWI airplane pilot Richard Beauchamp was a ranger on the Wyoming NF’s Kelly District (1922-24) and the Uinta's Hanna District beginning in 1924. In late 1926 or early 1927, the district transferred to the Wasatch NF and was renamed the Granddaddy Lakes Ranger District. Beauchamp remained there, working from Hanna, until resigning in early 1929.

Benjamin, Richard O. Dick Benjamin was born in Oak Park, Illinois in 1934 and attended school in Elmhurst, Illinois. He held summer jobs as a tanker crewman on Region 5’s Cleveland NF (1953) and helping consulting forester Robert F. Knoth in Charleston, South Carolina (1954). He earned a degree in forestry from Michigan State University in 1956. That same year, Benjamin started his professional career on the Payette NF (timber sale work) but the Army drafted him a few months later. He returned to the Forest Service in 1958 as assistant ranger on the McCall (1958-60) and Boulder (1960-62) districts on the Payette. His next assignments were as timber staff assistant in the Wasatch NF Supervisor’s Office (1962-63) and ranger of the Toiyabe NF’s Carson District (1963-66) and the Ashley NF's Manila RD (1966-70). While on the Ashley, he took charge of the Flaming Gorge NRA beginning January 1969. He served one year as recreation staff on the Uinta NF (1970-71), and received a promotion to forest supervisor of the Challis NF (1971-75). His next assignments were in the Washington Office as policy analysis staff (1975-76), Resources Planning Act

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program manager (1976-80), and recreation staff (1980-82). During six months of the latter stint, he worked for Alaska senator Frank Murkowski as part of a Congressional legislative program. Benjamin finished his career as Region 5’s assistant regional forester for recreation, wilderness, and cultural resources from 1982 until his retirement in January 1994. He continued to reside in California.

Bentwet, Edna H. Bentwet was born August 5, 1892 in Provo and died there on September 8, 1975 of injuries from an auto-pedestrian accident on August 26, 1973. She was a stenographer who retired from the Uinta NF on May 31, 1956 after 21 years of government service.

Bishop, Merlin I. A native of Delta, Utah, Bishop earned a degree in range management from Utah State University (1940), and served in the US Navy (1941-45). He began his career on the Lake Creek District of the Uinta NF in 1946. He was ranger on the Nevada NF at Baker, Nevada and of the Uinta/Ashley's Duchesne District (July 22, 1951 to August 1956), before serving as staff officer on the Caribou NF and assistant division chief for range management in the Regional Office. Bishop finished his career as forest supervisor of the Cache NF (1965-73) and Dixie NF (1973-79). He retired March 16, 1979 after 38 years of service.

Blakeslee, Winfred W. Blakeslee was born February 6, 1882 in Oregon where he attended school in Union. From 1901 to 1904, he took correspondence courses in civil engineering and then worked as an engineer in Cambridge, Idaho from 1904 to 1907. He started his Forest Service career as a guard on the Weiser NF on May 1, 1908. The following year, Blakeslee advanced to deputy forest ranger on the Idaho NF, working there for a few months before becoming the deputy forest supervisor on the Humboldt NF. Blakeslee accurately located the forest boundaries of the Santa Rosa NF in Nevada while serving as its first and only forest supervisor (1911-16). He was supervisor of the Toiyabe (1916-19) and Uinta (April 16, 1919 to June 30, 1923) forests before transferring to the R4 engineering division as an examiner (1923), then an associate administrative officer (1924 through at least 1925). He was still in the engineering division in 1928. In June of 1922, Blakeslee married Ruth Morris, who had worked with him on the Toiyabe and Payette forests. He died October 15, 1942 after 34 years of service.

Bowen, W. Jones In 1905, the Regional Office instructed Uinta Supervisor Dan Marshall to take charge of an additional 1.1 million acres that transferred to the Forest Service with the opening of the Indian Reservation. The work proved to be too much and in March 1906, W. Jones Bowen joined the Forest Service as forest supervisor in charge of the forest’s South Division. In July 1906, his position changed to deputy forest supervisor based in Spanish Fork and, a year later, on July 1, 1907, he received a demotion to forest ranger. Bowen worked primarily in the Strawberry area. He and fellow ranger Frank Thomas and W. Jones Bowen had worked for cattle and sheepmen before joining the Forest Service and had a cabin in Second Water that they called the "Frank and Jones Cabin." Bowen resigned on October 31, 1915 after the Forest Service issued an order prohibiting employees from holding range permits. As of 1921, he was in ranching and livestock in Spanish Fork. He stayed in touch with the local forest officers, assisted with range water development programs, and acted as foreman of emergency drought relief projects on and adjacent to the forest. Bowen passed away in September of 1954.

Bower, Samuel Edward Bower was born November 12, 1886, in Fowlerville, Pennsylvania and attended Bloomsburg State Normal School and Gettysburg Preparatory School. In 1910 received a B.A. at Pennsylvania College. He attended Yale University’s forestry school and in 1912 received an appointment as forest assistant on the Manti NF. Before his dismissal on July 26, 1918, he also worked as a forest assistant on the Wasatch and Uinta NFs and at the Pocatello (Idaho) Nursery. By 1919, he was doing forestry work in Georgia for the New Jersey Zinc Company. Bower was living near San Diego as of 1957. He entered a convalescent home in El Cajon around 1971 and passed away there in 1973 or 1975.

144 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Bowers, Matthew Arthur Bowers was an assistant ranger employed on the Manti NF from at least 1911 until at least 1914, with winter furloughs during those years. In 1913, he worked from Scipio, Utah and the following year from Nephi, Utah. He may have been there as late as 1916. In October 1915 and January 1916, Nephi ranger Aaron P. Christiansen wrote in his daybook about talking with ranger Matt Bowers about forest matters.

Boyle, Elmer P. Boyle graduated from Utah State University in 1941 with a B.S. in range management. He began his Forest Service career in temporary jobs on the Coeur d'Alene NF in 1940. As a pilot in WWII, he received the Distinguished Flying Cross. Boyle was a range conservationist on the Toiyabe NF and ranger of the Caribou NF’s Soda Springs District (in 1952) and the Sawtooth NF’s Ketchum District (1956-61). He then became Central Utah Project Coordinator, a regional office position at the Uinta NF Supervisor’s Office in Provo. Boyle retired February 29, 1976 after nearly 34 years of service.

Brough, Ralph In early 1910, Brough received an appointment as temporary clerk on the Nebo NF. “Ranger” Ralph Brough resigned from the Nebo on October 31, 1910.

Brough, Walter F. Brough was born December 2, 1883 in Nephi. He worked there as a guard, ranger, and acting forest supervisor on the Payson Forest Reserve/Nebo National Forest from 1904 until his resignation on August 31, 1915. He may have resigned after Forest Service officers were prohibited from grazing on permitted lands. Brough went directly into the farming and cattle raising business. He served on the Nephi City Council for two terms, as board member of the Juab Cattlemen's Association, and on the Nephi Irrigation Company for several terms. He was brand inspector for Juab County and a prominent cattleman when he died in January 1939.

Brower, Asa L. Brower was a forest assistant assigned to the Pocatello NF on July 1, 1909 to do mapping and other miscellaneous work. According to the April 1912 Field Program, he was promoted from forest assistant to deputy forest supervisor on the Lemhi NF. That year, he transferred to the Uinta NF as a forest assistant then to the regional silviculture staff. He returned to the Uinta in 1913. He worked in the Region until 1917 and was in charge of the Wasatch Nursery on Beaver Creek (Wasatch NF) at some point. He died in an auto accident at Red Oak, Virginia on June 7, 1956.

Brower, Clayton F. Brower was an assistant ranger who transferred from the Sawtooth NF to the Lemhi NF by early 1913. He worked on the Uinta NF and resigned on February 28, 1919. As of 1921, he was working for the Packard Motor Car Company in Davenport, Iowa.

Brown, Robert R. After graduating from Colorado State University, Brown worked on the Rio Grande NF and for the Colorado Fish and Game Department before taking a job on the Manti-La Sal NF as a junior forester in 1950. That year, he played the "best man" in the shotgun wedding representing the consolidation of the Manti and La Sal national forests. He was promoted to assistant ranger there before transferring in 1954 to the Uinta NF's Heber District as assistant ranger and then as ranger of the Nephi District (January 30, 1956 to August 1957). He left to study veterinary medicine at Utah State University but may have returned to the Manti-La Sal in 1957, possibly in a temporary position.

Bucher, George F. Bucher was a Department of Interior employee who worked on the Uintah Forest Reserve from Kamas. He was appointed as a ranger on July 27 or August 1, 1898. After a furlough that began January 1, 1899, he took charge of the Reserve on May 24, 1899. The following October, Bucher was demoted to ranger but was reinstated as supervisor on May 5, 1900. This cycle, which likely reflected the differing levels of work Bucher did in summer and winter seasons, continued when he was furloughed (November 16, 1900), reduced to ranger (December 8, 1900), and reinstated (October 31, 1901). In early spring of 1902, Bucher was removed from his position because, as one newspaper

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reported, he was "a non-resident and is not giving satisfaction to the people." He received an assignment on the Payson Forest Reserve but resigned on April 15, 1902 while under investigation for inaccurate reporting of forest conditions and favoritism to certain forest users.

Cahill, James A. Cahill worked on the Nevada NF in the first few years after its establishment. As of 1909, he was stationed at Melvin, Nevada. He later went to the Toiyabe NF and worked as a ranger on the Kingston/Austin District in 1915. In 1917, he was on a detail to the Humboldt NF for mineral examination work. He was ranger of the Uinta NF’s Currant Creek District from 1920 until 1921 or 1922.

Campbell, Walter M. Campbell was born in Eugene, Oregon on July 2, 1876 and raised in Kamiah and Moscow, Idaho. At age 18, he moved to Boise and attended high school and a business college. He worked for three years as a miner and prospector, then as a clerk and agent for the Pacific Railroad. For three-and-half years, he was in the railway post office at Pendleton, Oregon, and at Weiser, Idaho. In 1906, Campbell joined the Forest Service where he climbed the Forest Service career ladder, starting as a forest guard on the Weiser Forest Reserve. A 1908 newspaper identified him as acting supervisor. By the time he left the forest in 1914, he was a deputy forest supervisor. He then served as forest supervisor of the Minidoka (1914-1920), Boise (1920-1922), and Cache (1922, for 6 months) national forests. He was assistant forest supervisor on the Uinta NF from 1922 until at least 1925.

Carpenter, Aaron Grant Grant Carpenter was born April 30, 1867 in Peoa, Utah but moved with his family to Kamas where he went to school. In 1887, he made his first trip to Ashley Valley and worked as a sheepman for George Naylor. He later found employment in the large sawmills of Kamas. Carpenter became a forest ranger on the Uintah Forest Reserve in 1900, operating from Kamas until 1905 when he transferred to Vernal as principal ranger of the area. He was in charge of the Vernal Ranger District (District 3) when he resigned in 1916 after a formal investigation resulting from accusations between him and Supervisor William Anderson. Afterwards, he operated a farm in Maeser and was a deputy sheriff. Carpenter died April 5, 1927.

Carringer, Wilmer Dale Boise-born Carringer obtained his degree in forestry from the University of Idaho and served in the Army from 1942 to 1945. He began his Forest Service career as a range conservationist on the Sawtooth in 1948 and in 1950 moved to the Targhee NF as assistant ranger on the Big Springs District then ranger of the Porcupine District (1951-c.1956). Carringer served as staff officer for land uses on the Wasatch and Uinta national forests before transferring to the Bridger in 1963. There he was the recreation and lands staff officer until his retirement on June 29, 1973.

Cheeseman, Harry A. "Bert" Cheeseman was born March 12, 1894 in Sunshine, Wyoming. He joined the Forest Service on March 16, 1917 and was a ranger for about a year (1917-18) on the Bridger NF in Pinedale before joining the Army. He returned as a ranger on the Bridger (in Pinedale, 1919-1924) and Wyoming (1925-?) forests. (He was reportedly on the Kendall district from 1920-25.) He remained in Kemmerer for 11 years and then moved to the Uinta NF, working from Provo from June 1937 until his retirement on September 16, 1948. He remained in Provo until his death on December 31, 1955 after a nine-year illness.

Christensen, Marlell L. Before retiring in 1967, Christensen held numerous assignments that included several years on the Minidoka NF in Burley, Idaho, and the Nevada NF in Ely, Nevada. He also worked in the Region 4 Division of Fiscal Control (1937-40). In 1944, he left the Uinta NF for a detail on the La Sal as a clerk. Christensen transferred to the Dixie NF in 1955, where he was an administrative assistant as of 1958.

Christensen, Reed C. Christensen was born in Elsinore, Utah and raised in Beaver, Utah. He attended Utah State University for two years before serving in Korea with the Utah National Guard, returning to get his bachelor's degree in 1954. Son of Forest

146 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Service officer Hanmer Christensen, Reed worked as a seasonal employee in 1952. In 1954, he received a permanent appointment as a forester on the Chelan (now Okanogan) NF (1954-57) then returned to Utah State where he earned his master’s in 1958. He accepted appointments on the Malheur NF (assistant ranger, 1958-60) and the Uinta NF as Spanish Fork district ranger (1960-64). Christensen was timber management staff officer on the Sawtooth NF (1964- 67) before accepting a forester position in the Region 4 Division of Soil and Water Management (1967-68), followed by a stint as Multiple Use Coordinator (1968-69). He served as supervisor of the Fishlake (1969-74) and Manti-La Sal (1974-87) forests before retiring on May 1, 1987. He died August 15, 2001 at age 71. His son Dave is a third- generation Forest Service employee. The R4 History Collection contains Reed’s oral history transcript (Accession No. R4-1680-92-0024-020).

Christiansen, Aaron Parley Aaron P. "Chris" Christiansen, the son of ranger Parley Christiansen, was born July 17, 1889 in Ephraim, Utah. He joined the Forest Service on August 1, 1915 and worked as a guard (1915-16) and ranger (1916-39) on the Uinta NF’s Nebo/Nephi District. He was ranger on the Manti NF's Mammoth District (1939-40) and the Cache NF's Logan District (1940-50). Christiansen died May 2, 1950.

Clark, Lewis K. Born February 26, 1914 in Logan, Clark received a forestry degree from Utah State University and served in the Navy for four years during World War II. He retired from the US Naval Reserve with the rank of Lt. Commander. His 40-year career with the Forest Service included appointments as a junior forester on the Uinta NF (in November 1937) and the Wasatch NF (1941-43). Clark was ranger of the Sawtooth NF’s Twin Falls District (1947-57) and Section Chief in Region 4’s Division of Watershed Management. He retired on June 20, 1973 from his position of Branch Chief in the Division of Information and Education. Clark died April 15, 2005 at his home in Ogden.

Clos, William Charles Clos was born either September 22, 1861 or September 28, 1862 (conflicting sources) in Bern, Switzerland. He came to Utah as a young man and studied at BYU. He was appointed Inspector of Grazing effective June 15, 1906 and, that summer, spent time inspecting the Uinta Forest Reserve. At the time of his death on September 8, 1943, he was recognized as an expert in animal husbandry and for his work as secretary of the John H. Seely Sheep Company at Mt. Pleasant, Utah.

Clyde, John D. "Paddy" Paddy Clyde, a native of Heber, Utah, was the first peace officer in Duchesne County after the opening of the Uintah Indian Reservation. He also served as City Marshal of Heber for several years. He took the forest ranger exam in July 1907 and, on August 2, 1907, received an appointment as a forest guard on the Uinta Forest Reserve. He lived in Altonah while serving as ranger of the Ashley NF's Whiterocks District from June of 1908 until he resigned on December 30, 1910 to file on a forest homestead. Described in later years as a carpenter and a dairyman, Clyde died December 12, 1956 in a Salt Lake City hospital from injuries received in a fall. He had fallen onto a feeding manger while feeding cattle at the Howe Dairy Farm of Murray, Utah.

Colton, Lawrence J. Colton was hired in 1933 as insect control foreman at the Soapstone CCC Camp, which was on the Wasatch NF. After graduating from Utah Agricultural College, he returned to the Wasatch where he spent his entire career. Colton worked on the American Fork Ranger District and was district ranger on the Grandaddy Lakes (1946-50), Evanston (1950-60), and Kamas (1960 to 72) ranger districts. He retired on June 11, 1972 with 30 of service.

Cox, Edward P. Cox was born August 9, 1885 in Orangeville, Utah. He received his appointment to the Forest Service on April 1, 1916 as assistant ranger on the Manti NF and soon advanced to ranger. In 1916, he transferred to the Nevada NF for one year but came back to the Manti in 1918 as ranger of the Mt. Baldy District, a position he held until 1939 when he transferred to the Uinta NF to take over the Nebo Ranger District. He retired on August 31, 1947 in Nephi, Utah. As of 1950, Cox had been working for the Thermoid Company, a manufacturer of automotive and textile products, for 2- 1/2 years at their Nephi branch. He died August 13, 1974 in a Nephi nursing home.

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Cox, Herbert L. A Uinta NF clerk until December 31, 1919, Herbert Cox was living in Azura, California by 1921.

Crezee, Darwin B. Utah State University graduate Crezee worked for the Forest Service in Idaho and Utah and then completed a tour of duty with the US Air Force in Cheyenne, Wyoming. From there, he joined the Uinta NF in June 1957 as assistant ranger on the Spanish Fork Ranger District.

Cullinane, Raymond J. Cullinane first worked for the Forest Service as a forestry technician in timber management on the Uinta NF in 1964. In 1966, he went to the Council Ranger District on the Payette NF and then in 1974 to the Lost River Ranger District of the Challis NF. While on that forest, he also worked on the Yankee Fork District before becoming district ranger of the Middle Fork District in 1990. He remained in that position until his retirement on January 3, 1998, after which he lived in a cabin he built just outside Challis. The Region 4 History Collection contains a transcript of his oral history interview (Accession No. R4-1680-1993-0013).

Curtiss, Harold L. Harold L. Curtiss, a graduate of the University of California, began his career in landscape design as a draftsman for the Pasadena Park Department. He worked as a landscape architect for the University of Wyoming by 1931, remaining there until at least 1933. During that time, Curtiss designed the George Washington Memorial Park in Teton County, Wyoming. He worked in the Forest Service's Region 4 Regional Office from 1935 to 1942. Under his direction, the first landscape plans for administrative and recreational sites were designed and implemented throughout the Region. In February 1937, Curtiss received an appointment as Associate Conservationist in Region 4's Division of Lands and Information & Education. As New Deal projects dried up, he took a job in 1942 as general manager of California's East Bay Regional Park District (1942-45) and as Assistant Superintendent of Parks for San Diego (1946 until at least 1950). He was active in professional organizations, serving as a Director of the American Institute of Park Executives and as chair of the Rocky Mountain Region for the Architectural League of New York. He also wrote articles for publications including Parks and Recreation and California Garden.

Dalton, Adrian Elmo Dalton was born February 9, 1926 in Parowan, Utah and served in the US Army during WWII. After earning his degree from Utah State, he began his Forest Service career at the Southwestern Forest and Range Experiment Station in Arizona in 1950. He held assignments on the Desert Range Experiment Station and the Fishlake (assistant ranger), Dixie (assistant ranger; Panguitch Lake ranger, 1957-59), Bridger, and Uinta (staff officer, 1960-62) national forests as well as in the Washington Office (assistant director, division of watershed management). Dalton served as supervisor of the Manti-La Sal (1962-65) and Lassen (until 1970) national forests. His next appointments included energy staff specialist in the Regional Office (1970-74), supervisor of the Caribou NF (beginning in 1974), and assistant regional director for range management (until 1977). He was R4's director of soil and water management from May 1977 until his retirement on February 20, 1981. Dalton, age 77, passed away March 12, 2003 in St. George, Utah.

Daniels, Roy H. A native of Ephraim, Utah, Daniels spent two years in the US Army during the Korean War (1951-53) then earned a BS in forestry from Utah State University in 1958. He joined the Forest Service that same year as assistant district ranger on the Dixie NF's Escalante Ranger District. In 1960, he went to the Cache as assistant ranger of the Logan District. He was ranger of the Caribou's Soda Spring District (1961-71) and the Uinta NF's Strawberry District (1971-73). When the Strawberry and Heber districts consolidated in 1973, Daniels continued as ranger in Heber until his retirement in 1991. In 1986, he was the first recipient of the Wayne Foltz Memorial Ranger Recognition Award, and he received the Patriot of the Year award from the National Guard in 1991. He continues to reside in Heber City, Utah.

Davis, Byron R. Idaho-born Davis served in the US Air Force (January 1944-November 1945) and then received his BS degree from University of Utah in 1949. He was working for the Forest Service in 1956 when he transferred from the Toiyabe NF to

148 The Enchantment of Ranger Life the Uinta NF as administrative assistant. In August 1959, Davis received a career-conditional appointment in R4's Division of Fiscal Control. He worked on the Cache NF (November 1959-June 1960) and Challis NF (June 1960-June 1961), and then in Region 4's Division of Operation as a budget analyst (June 1961-April 1962) and supervisory fiscal technician (April 1962-October 1963). He became administrative assistant in the Toiyabe NF Supervisor’s Office in October 1963.

Davis, William Farrel Davis grew up in Cleveland, Utah, served in the Army (1951-53), and earned his degree in forestry and range science from Utah State University (1959). He retired May 1, 1987, ending a Forest Service career that began in 1955 on the Starkey Experimental Range, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. He worked on the Desert Range Experiment Station (1956), the Fishlake NF (1957), and Cache NF (1958). In 1959, he became an assistant ranger on the Uinta NF's Spanish Fork District. Davis was ranger of the Uinta NF's Strawberry District (1960-62) and the Manti-La Sal NF's Ephraim District (1963-66). He transferred to the Ashley NF as range, wildlife, and watershed staff officer (1966-71), and worked his final years as a range improvement specialist in the R4 Regional Office (1971-87). Davis died at his home on March 13, 2007.

DeMoisy, Jr., Charles DeMoisy was born January 10, 1884 in Ft. Scott, Kansas. When he was seven years old, his family moved to Provo where he later worked in a bank as a messenger and bookkeeper until 1905. After a year of constructing a railroad in northern California, he returned to Utah and worked in railroad offices. DeMoisy got a job in the summer of 1909 with an improvement crew on the Ashley NF and, in the fall, passed the ranger exam. On June 1, 1910, he was assigned to the Vernal District for a month, working afterwards as ranger of the Manila (June 1, 1910 to November 30, 1910), Whiterocks (December 1, 1910 to June 30, 1916), and Lake Fork (1916-17) districts. He transferred to the Humboldt NF as deputy forest supervisor in August of 1917, filling in for Supervisor Favre who went into military service in 1918. When Favre returned, DeMoisy had a choice between his former job and a new position as supervisor of the La Sal NF. Choosing the latter, his appointment began May 17, 1918 (although he states he did not report until February 1919) and ended in May 1921. He subsequently held supervisor positions on the Ashley (May 1, 1921-April 30, 1925) and the Uinta (May 1925 to July 1938) national forests. In 1938, DeMoisy went to the Regional Office as "Senior Range Examiner and principal assistant in the Division of Range Management." He retired from the Forest Service on April 30, 1947 and by 1950 was living on a small fruit farm five miles south of Ogden. At that time, he was "dabblin in the timber business, treating lodgepole posts and poles." DeMoisy remained in the Ogden area and helped organized the Old Timers Club, a Forest Service retirees' group. He died in Roseburg, Oregon on October 15, 1965 while visiting his son. The Region 4 History Collection contains DeMoisy's oral history transcript (Accession No. R4-1680-1992-0024-028).

DeSpain, Owen Marion In 1929, DeSpain (b. December 18, 1903; d. March 15, 1981) began his first assignment with the Forest Service as a seasonal on the Sawtooth NF. He went to the Greenhorn Ranger District later that year and then to the Garfield Guard Station. He graduated from the Utah Agricultural College in 1932 with a B.S. in range management and by 1933 was a junior ranger examiner on the Wasatch NF. The following year, still a junior range examiner, DeSpain conducted a grazing survey of the North Division of the La Sal NF. On May 1, 1935, he became ranger of that forest’s Mesa-La Sal District, a position he held until 1948. For a short time in 1947, DeSpain was acting ranger of the Uinta NF’s Nebo Ranger District. He took that job permanently in 1948 and apparently remained there until transferring in 1952 to the Cache NF as ranger of the Logan District (1952-64). DeSpain was a recreation staff assistant in the Cache Supervisor's Office from 1964 until his retirement on June 30, 1972 after more than 40 years of service.

Despain, Verne Lewis Despain was born May 6, 1901 in Granite, Utah and in 1928 graduated from the University of Utah with a degree in civil engineering. He worked for the Department of the Army and the Department of the Interior from June 18, 1928 to September 26, 1930. He joined the Forest Service on September 21, 1933 as a foreman on the Uinta NF until December 15, 1933 when he transferred to the Region 4 engineering division in Ogden. He advanced in that division and was chief of its civil engineering branch when he retired on July 31, 1970. Despain died September 19, 1974.

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Diamond, James Willis Diamond was born September 17, 1884 in Springville, Utah and worked as a farmer, a miner, and for the Forest Service. His assignment with the agency is unknown, but it may have been on the Uinta NF. Beginning May 25, 1933, he was employed on a daily basis ($5/day). By the time his service ended on September 30, 1940, he was on an annual salary ($1,680/year). The dates of his employment suggest he was hired to support New Deal programs. He died of a heart attack in Ogden and was buried in Springville. For the eight years before his death, he had lived in Howe, Idaho.

Dodds, Jr., Earl F. Dodds was born in Cincinnati, Ohio and attended high school in Alabama. After serving in the Marine Corps for one year, he worked as a timber cruiser in the northern Rocky Mountain Region in 1948. His interest in forest management brought him west to study at Utah State University where he graduated in 1950 with a degree in forest management. He was a smokejumper at McCall (1949-50) before working for three years as assistant ranger on the Boise NF's Atlanta District. He moved to the Uinta NF in 1956 as assistant ranger on the Spanish Fork District for one year. Dodd retired on April 30, 1984 after a 27-year assignment as ranger on the Big Creek Ranger District of the Payette NF (1957-84).

Easton, Robert Ray A native of southern Utah, Easton joined the Forest Service after graduating in 1962 from Utah State University with a degree in range management. In 1987, after fifteen years as ranger of the Humboldt NF's Jarbidge District, he became ranger of the Uinta NF's Pleasant Grove District, a position he held for fourteen years. The Region 4 History Collection contains a transcript of his oral history interview (Accession No. R4-1680-1992-0024-032).

Eckbo, Nils Eckbo was born February 4, 1885, in Kristiania, Norway. He attended Ragna Nielsen College, spent one year lumbering, and then graduated from the Stenkjar Forest Academy in 1904. Later he was engaged in lumbering in Maine and New Hampshire and, in 1907, Eckbo graduated from Yale University's Department of Forestry. He joined the Forest Service in July 1907 and, for the following year, did forestry work in the Northwest and California. He studied forestry in Japan, Germany, Austria, and Switzerland (July 1908 to July 1909) before returning to Region 4 as a forest assistant in Idaho, Utah, and Arizona from July 1909 to July 1912. He was a forest examiner on the Uinta NF in 1913 and, at some point, was a forest examiner connected with the Forest Products Lab in Madison, Wisconsin. Eckbo was in Wyoming in July 1918 but by 1921 was living in Pretoria, South Africa - possibly working with the Forest Department there.

Edwards, Harold L. A native of Orem, Utah, Edwards earned a bachelor's degree in wildlife management and a master’s degree in range management, both from Utah State University. Before joining the Forest Service, he worked as a rodman for the Bureau of Reclamation, a fire control aid on the Salmon NF (summer of 1951), and the Utah Fish and Game Commission (summer of 1952). In 1957, he received an appointment as a range conservationist for the Logan District of the Cache NF. He was promoted to ranger of the Manti-La Sal NF's Ephraim District (1958-63) and the Uinta NF's Strawberry District (1963-66) before transferring in 1966 to the Teton NF as range, watershed and wildlife staff officer. Following the consolidation of the Teton and Bridger NFs in 1973, Edwards was branch chief of the combined forest’s range management section. He became the Region 4 range management staff in 1978 and retired from that position on January 3, 1984 with 33 years of federal employment.

Evans, Emma Evans had a long career as support staff (e.g., clerk) in the Uinta NF Supervisor’s Office. She worked there from April 4, 1915 until December 31, 1951.

Evans, Raymond J. Evans grew up on a ranch north of Malad, Idaho and began his studies at Utah State University in 1951. He interrupted his education to serve in the Navy (1952-56) and on his return worked for Lockheed doing flight tests for about a year and a half. He then worked three summers (1958-60) on the Sawtooth NF while studying forestry at

150 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Utah State. Upon his graduation, he received a permanent appointment on the Boise but never went there, thanks to the protestation of Sawtooth officials who wanted him back. Evans was an assistant ranger on the Shake Creek (1961- 63) and Ketchum (1963-66) districts of the Sawtooth before transferring to the Uinta NF as ranger of the Heber (February 27, 1966 to December 15, 1968) and Spanish Fork (1968-72) districts. He moved to Region 6 where he was ranger of the Wallowa-Whitman NF’s Enterprise District (1972-76) and resource staff officer for the Colville NF (1976- 79). Evans furthered his career in Region 2 as resource staff officer for the Pike-San Isabel NF (1979-81), deputy supervisor of the Carson NF (1981-83), supervisor of the Grand Mesa, Uncompahgre and Gunnison NFs (1983-88), and regional director of air, aviation, and fire management (1988-91). Upon his retirement in 1991, he and his wife returned to Utah where their sons attended university, and now (2016) live in the Layton area.

Fickes, Maurice Fickes was a junior forester on the Payette NF (1943) who later worked on the Boise (D-5 ranger in 1949), Sawtooth (in 1957), and Uinta forests. He was the Uinta NF’s branch chief in charge of timber, fire, and watershed when he retired in 1969 or 1970 after 34 years of service.

Fisher, George A. Born July 4, 1883 at Park City, Utah, Fisher graduated from the LDS Business College where he was associate editor of the school paper. He was managing editor of the Wasatch Wave, a weekly newspaper published at Heber. He worked on the Uinta NF from April 1906 until his resignation on December 31, 1915 after Forest Service officials could no longer graze on public land. He held the positions of assistant, deputy, and district ranger. Working from Heber and the Hub Ranger Station, Fisher apparently was in charge of the Currant Creek Ranger District. In 1913, the Regional Office directed him to manage the Lake Creek Ranger District also. After resigning from the Forest Service, Fisher helped organize the Heber Cattle and Horse Growers Association and served as its first president. He was a member of the Utah Legislature (1917), founder of the town of Keetley (1922), executive secretary of the Utah State Land Board (1930s), and an officer or member of other civic organizations. He eventually turned over his ranch operations to his sons and devoted his time to the operation of a general store and motel business at Keetley. He also wrote and published several short articles and booklets. Fisher passed away on July 17, 1954 at age 71.

Francis, Vaughn E. Francis was from Lake Shore, Utah County. He worked in farming and with livestock before earning his degree in range management from BYU in 1959. Prior to graduation, he was employed on the Pleasant Grove and Spanish Fork districts of the Uinta NF. He did range work in the Hobble Creek area and spent a winter at the Desert Range Experimental Station. From 1960 to 1963, Francis was the assistant ranger for the Spanish Fork District. This preceded assignments as ranger of the Manti-La Sal NF's Ferron District (1963-71), the Ashley NF's Vernal District (1971-80), and the Caribou NF's Soda Springs District (1980-84). Francis transferred to the Regional Office's minerals staff in 1984, remaining there until his retirement on December 31, 1986.

Fry, George Berry Fry was born April 16, 1924 in Chinle, Arizona and served in the Army Air Corps during World War II. He was recalled to service during the Korean War. He earned his degree in forestry from Utah State University and worked on the Boise NF (1951-56). Fry served as ranger on the Nevada NF's Baker District (1956-57), the Targhee NF's Spencer District (1957-60), the Uinta NF's Heber District (1960 to February 1966), and the Sawtooth NF's Twin Falls District (1966 until at least 1969). He retired as fire and timber staff officer on the Dixie. Fry passed away February 14, 2013 at the George E. Wahlen Veterans Home in Ogden, Utah. The Region 4 History Collection contains Fry’s oral history interview (Accession No. R4-1680-92-0024-034).

Garver, Raymond D. Garver received forestry degrees from the University of Nebraska and Iowa State College. He joined the Forest Service as a forest assistant in the Region 4 Regional Office (1912-14). Garver worked as a forest examiner for the Wasatch NF (1914), the Lands Department (1915-18), the Cache NF (1918-19, where he served as deputy supervisor for seven months), and the Uinta NF (1919-20). He became the Minidoka NF forest supervisor (April 1920 to December 1923), and then transferred to Region 4’s grazing office as a senior administrative officer (1923-24). Garver worked at the Forest Products Laboratory in Madison, Wisconsin (1925-35) and the Washington Office where he was

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in charge of the forest survey for 21 years. Before his retirement on February 28, 1957, he had served as associate editor of the Journal of Forestry for ten years. He also carried out numerous forestry-related assignments in Panama and Nicaragua. Garver passed away on January 14, 1973 in Washington, DC.

Gelock, Jerome Anthony Jerry Gelock was born in Chicago and raised in southwest Michigan. He spent the summer of 1960 working on the Umpqua NF as part of an engineering survey crew. He earned a forestry degree from Michigan State University in 1962 and went to work on the Payette NF as a temporary employee that summer. He then attended the University of Washington for a year to begin work on his master’s degree. Gelock went back to the Payette as a forester on the New Meadows Ranger District until 1967 when he returned to Washington to finish his master’s in [SUBJECT?]. That same year, he transferred to the Bridger-Teton National Forest as assistant ranger of the Thayne Ranger District (1967-69). Gelock was ranger of the Wasatch NF’s Mountain View District (1969-73) and the Uinta NF’s Pleasant Grove District (1973-76). He was recreation staff officer on the Uinta (1976-78) and then joined the R4 Regional Office’s recreation staff (1978-83). During his time in Ogden, he worked in administrative management doing special studies for the Deputy Regional Forester. In 1983, Gelock transferred to the Sequoia NF as recreation and planning officer, remaining there until his retirement from the Forest Service in December 1990. He then became assistant director for the Kern County Parks Department in Bakersfield, California, remaining there for almost ten years. This was followed by another decade of volunteering for his church and then a customer service position with a small manufacturing company.

Glass, Phillip D. Glass was assistant ranger on the Uinta NF's Heber District (1962-66) before receiving a promotion as ranger of that forest’s Strawberry District (1966-71). He also served as ranger of the Boise NF's Cottonwood District (beginning 1971) and the Wasatch NF's Salt Lake District (c.1977-c.1982).

Glenn, John R. Glenn graduated from Utah State University in 1959 and, by 1964, assisted the Ogden District Ranger on the Cache NF. He was a ranger on the Uinta NF's Pleasant Grove District (1965-66), the Humboldt NF’s Ely District (1966 until at least 1969), and the Ashley NF’s Manila/Flaming Gorge District (September 1970 to June 1975). He transferred in 1975 to the Boise NF as branch chief for recreation and lands, and later worked in the Regional Office in recreation and lands. Glenn also worked on the Bridger NF at some point in his career. He died February 25, 2006.

Greenland, Richard S. Greenland was a forest guard on the Uinta NF in 1926. As of 1927 and possibly 1928, he was an assistant ranger under Nebo District Ranger A. P. Christiansen. He continued his employment on the Uinta from 1933 to 1942, serving as superintendent of CCC camps including Mt. Nebo Camp F-9 (as of 1934) and Company 958, which occupied Hobble Creek Camp F-30 and Provo Camp F-40 (1935 until at least 1940).

Guild, John W. Guild was born August 20, 1879 in Hiawatha, Kansas. He attended college in Kansas and was admitted to the bar there before heading west in 1900 where he taught school at Marion in Summit County. He worked for the Forest Service (reportedly as a ranger) at Kamas and at Malad, Idaho. (He was on the Uinta NF in 1910 and resigned on April 30, 1911). Guild also served as a postmaster at Kamas for 14 years, on the Kamas Town Board, and as a Summit County Commissioner beginning in 1938. He was a prominent livestock grower when he died in 1941.

Hancock, C. F. In 1899, Hancock was a forest ranger on the Uintah Forest Reserve.

Hansen, Wilford L. "Slim" Slim Hansen was born on August 19, 1903 and raised in Richfield, Utah. He earned degrees in forestry (Utah State Agriculture College in 1932) and landscape architecture (New York State College of Forestry in 1934). His long career began with an appointment as a fire guard in 1928 on the Selway NF. He was a supervisory technician on the Weiser, Cache (in 1931-34), and Boise national forests before receiving an appointment as Pocatello District Ranger on the

152 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Caribou NF (1936-41). Hansen became assistant forest supervisor of the Boise NF in 1941. His climb up the ladder progressed with appointments as forest supervisor on the Teton (1943-45) and Uinta (1945-47) forests. In 1947, he transferred to the Region 4 Regional Office as Assistant Chief of Recreation and Lands and in 1950 to Region 3 where he served as Chief of Watershed Management. Later, Hansen returned to Utah where the Forest Service "loaned" him to the State of Utah to assist with the new state parks program. He served as the second director of the Utah State Park System in 1960 for about a year. Hansen’s next assignment was as forest supervisor on the Humboldt NF. After his retirement on April 9, 1965, he was an agricultural consultant in Saudi Arabia for two years. Hansen returned to live in Layton, Utah and was still a resident of that city when he passed away on March 2, 1977 at Malaga, Spain.

Hauge, Adolph G. Hauge, a 1911 graduate of the University of Minnesota’s forestry program, was an assistant ranger on the Uinta NF in 1913. Later that year, he transferred to the Sevier NF and, in 1914, he was promoted to forest examiner. He worked on the Uinta NF in 1916 as a forest examiner in change of timber sale work in connection with the Standard Timber Company’s operations. He was a supervisor or forester for the Indian Service in the 1930s.

Haught, G. B. In 1901, Haught was a GLO forest ranger on the Uintah Forest Reserve.

Hawkes, Lewis E. "Gene" Hawkes was born in Lillian, Idaho on February 3, 1927 and passed away in Bozeman, Montana on February 15, 2015. Raised on a small farm near Drummond, Idaho, he graduated from high school in Ashton in 1944. After serving in the Navy (1944-46), he earned a bachelor's degree in 1951 in forestry from Utah State University. As part of a continuing education program, he returned to college in 1964 and received a master’s degree in public administration in 1965. Hawkes worked from 1944 to 1946 in various Forest Service jobs, including as a lookout. He moved from the Targhee NF to the Uinta NF where he was an assistant ranger in Heber (1956-57). Hawkes was district ranger of the Uinta NF's Currant Creek-Lake Creek Districts (1957-60) and the Boise NF's Lowman Ranger District (beginning in 1960). In 1973, he moved to Bozeman as Forest Supervisor of the Gallatin NF (1973-80) and then to Missoula to become the Energy Resource Coordinator for Region 1 until his retirement in 1982. Hawkes, who also spent four years in the Washington Office, believed in public access to public lands so after retirement he founded the Public Lands Access Association, Inc. (later changed to Public Lands/Water Access Association, Inc.) in 1986.

Haycock, Thomas J. The July 1912 Field Program reported Thomas J. Haycock was appointed to the Forest Service as an assistant ranger on the Uinta NF.

Heath, Noel C. Heath was an assistant ranger (1908-12) then ranger (1912-1915) of what later became the Shake Creek Ranger District on the Sawtooth NF. He was a ranger on the Uinta NF when he resigned on September 16, 1916. As of 1921, Heath lived in Wendover, Utah.

Helm, Harley J. Personnel records indicate Helm was appointed from Iowa. He worked as a grazing assistant in the Region 4 regional office (1921-22) and on the Fillmore NF (1922-24). He returned to the Ogden office as a range examiner (1924, 1925) and worked on the Uinta NF from April 1, 1927 to September 10, 1928.

Hill, Jerry W. Hill was born at North Loup, Nebraska and lived there for several years before his family moved to Wilton, Iowa where he attended high school. He attended Milton College in Wisconsin before transferring to Utah State’s forestry school where he earned bachelor’s and master’s degrees. Hill worked as a fire control aide on the Clearwater NF in Idaho in 1921 and on Idaho forests from 1923 to 1933 as a packer, fire control assistant, and improvement worker. In 1949, he was a crew foreman on the Boise and Payette forests and in 1950 a fire dispatcher on the Boise. He left the Forest Service to work at a post office in Boise from 1936 until 1947. In 1952, Hill earned his master's degree in wildlife management from Utah State and returned to the Forest Service as a forester on the Cache NF. He was

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ranger of the Cache NF's Randolph District (1953-54), the Manti-La Sal NF's Joes Valley District (1954-56), and the Uinta NF's Pleasant Grove District (1956-58). He worked in the Regional Office recreation and lands division from 1958 until his retirement on August 26, 1966.

Hoffman, Darrel C. Jackson Hole native Darrel Hoffman earned a B.S. in range management from Utah State University in January 1958. He joined the Forest Service as an assistant ranger on the Uinta NF's Heber District (1957-59). Although promoted to ranger of the Caribou NF's Soda Springs District (1959-61), Hoffman resigned on September 29, 1961 to study law at the University of Utah. He received a temporary appointment on June 4, 1962 as a range conservationist on the Medicine Bow NF and returned to Region 4 on January 1, 1962 as a range conservationist on the Caribou. He also worked on the Teton and Nevada forests. He was CUP coordinator on the Uinta (until 1967) before transferring to the Fishlake NF as branch chief of range, wildlife, and watershed management.

Holman, George E. Holman received an appointment as an assistant ranger on the Uinta NF on June 1, 1914. He was a ranger on the Uinta's “Heber North District” (presumably the Lake Creek District) until he resigned on October 4, 1915 to become the first leader of predatory animal control work under the Biological Survey. As of 1921, he was working for the US Biological Survey in Salt Lake City, remaining there until at least 1926. Holman passed away in a Salt Lake City hospital on November 14, 1957 after a short illness.

Horton, Lowell E. "Ed" Horton graduated from Iowa State University and arrived as an assistant ranger on the Uinta NF's Spanish Fork Ranger District in 1950. He held that position, working primarily on range allotment analysis, until 1955 when he became ranger of the Challis NF's Clayton District. He then worked as range staff on the Uinta NF (December 28, 1957 to 1960) and Ashley NF (1960-66).

House, William P. House was a former forest guard on the Uinta NF in 1938 when he set out to climb K2 in northern Kashmir. He had a reputation as an experienced mountain climber.

Howard, Leon Merle Howard, born March 13, 1904, was a forestry technician on the Uinta NF. He took a disability retirement on July 5, 1963 and passed away on June 11, 1970 of a heart ailment.

Hronek, Bruce B. Pocatello native Bruce Hronek started as a smokejumper for the Boise and Payette forests during the summers of 1955-1957 and graduated from the University of Idaho with a degree in forestry in 1958. He began his Forest Service career on the Payette NF that same year but soon left for a tour of duty with the US Army. Hronek assisted the Logan District Ranger on the Cache NF before he became ranger of the Dixie NF's Powell District (until 1968) and then the Cache's Ogden District (beginning in 1968). He advanced to deputy forest supervisor on the Wasatch-Cache NF, regional planner-coordinator in Ogden (until 1971), deputy forest supervisor of the Toiyabe NF (1971-73), and forest supervisor of the Uinta NF (1971-76) and Tonto NF (in 1978). He was also a supervisor in Idaho and California and worked in the Washington as wilderness legislation coordinator. Hronek retired in late 1988 or early 1989 from his job as Region 9's director of recreation, range, wildlife and landscape management. He earned a master’s degree in business administration from Western International University (1978) and a master of law science from Antioch Law School (1982). After retirement, he was a legal consultant for law firms and state attorney general offices in recreation-related litigation. He is/was director of the Recreation Resources Policy Study Center and a professor in the Department of Recreation and Park Administration at Indiana University. Hronek is the author or co-author of Risk Management for Recreation, Parks, and Leisure Services (2011), Legal Liability in Recreation, Sports, and Tourism (2007), and Forests of Discord, Options for Governing Our National Forest and Federal Public Lands, (1999).

154 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Huff, William L. Huff was a ranger on the Uinta NF's Payson (1920-22) and Duchesne (December 1922 to December 1923) districts. As of 1926, he was connected with the construction of the American Falls Dam.

Jacobs, James L. Jacobs was born in Raymond, Alberta, Canada on April 20, 1908 and moved with his parents to Mt. Pleasant, Utah in 1909. He worked on his father's farm and held other odd jobs from 1915 until 1927, and attended BYU (1926-28). In 1929, he began studies at Utah State University and started working on the Lemhi NF at Mackay, Idaho. Jacobs earned his degree in range management from USU in 1932. He became a range examiner on the Sawtooth NF in 1934. He was ranger of the Powell NF's Johns Valley District (1936-37) and the Caribou NF's Snake River District (July 16, 1937 to 1942). He became assistant supervisor of the Payette NF on May 29, 1943. In 1944, Jacobs was appointed to the range staff position of the Boise NF when the Boise absorbed the Payette. Within a month, he was switched to the timber staff to placate grazing permittees but he had little background for that position. He worked on the Fishlake NF as assistant forest supervisor (1945-50) and supervisor of the Uinta NF (1950-56). Jacobs transferred to Region 4's division of range and wildlife management (1956-57) and was assistant regional forester for Information and Education (1957-59). Jacobs retired on December 31, 1968 after 37 years with the Forest Service and died February 26, 1987. Additional information on Jacobs, including an oral history interview (Accession No. R4-1680-92- 0024-060), can be found in the Region 4 History Collection.

Jensen, Adolph W. Jensen was born in Ephraim, Utah on March 10, 1871. A graduate of Snow Academy and Brigham Young Academy, he initially worked as a schoolteacher and principal. He got a law degree by completing correspondence courses and served as the Sanpete County Clerk. On July 23, 1903, he was hired as the first forest supervisor of the Manti Forest Reserve. Jensen was instrumental in implementing early forest management policies. In late 1903, he went to Washington to work with Gifford Pinchot and others in developing the first Use Book. Jensen served as the Manti supervisor during the periods of 1903-10 and 1911-14. Between those assignments, he was in the Regional Office as a law clerk and assistant to the solicitor, working on many trespass cases. Jensen transferred on May 1, 1914 to the Uinta NF as forest supervisor, remaining there until April 5, 1919 when he resigned to go into private law practice in Ephraim, Utah. He was prosecuting attorney for Sanpete County (as of 1923) and later became general counsel for the Regional Office. Jensen died at Ephraim on November 5, 1954 at age 83.

Jensen, Dennis B. Jensen grew up on a farm at Redmond, Utah and earned a degree in range and wildlife management from Utah State University in 1958. He joined the Fishlake NF at Beaver as a forestry aid in the summer of 1957 and became assistant ranger there in the spring of 1958. Jensen transferred in 1959 to the Uinta NF where he was assistant ranger at Heber. From 1962 to 1964, Jensen was on the Targhee NF as the Teton Basin district ranger.

Jensen, Ralph Raised in Malad, Idaho, Ralph Jensen graduated from the University of Idaho's school of forestry with a degree in range management. He worked on the La Sal NF as a junior range examiner (June 16, 1937 to April 16, 1939) and Monticello District Ranger (April 16, 1939 to 1943). During the latter assignment, he left to study at the University of California Berkeley for the winter of 1940-41. Jensen held additional ranger positions on the Boise NF’s Lowman District (beginning in 1943), the Wasatch's American Fork District (1946-49), and the Sawtooth NF’s Soldier District (1949 until at least 1951).

Johnson, Fred Owen Johnson was born October 10, 1880 in Illinois, moved to the West at an early age with foster parents, and grew up on cattle ranches in Nebraska, Wyoming, and Colorado. He "managed to get through the 8th grade in three different states" and in 1905 ended up in the Uinta Basin to claim a homestead on the newly opened Uintah Indian Reservation. In October 1909, he was one of four people out of thirteen who passed the ranger exam in Vernal. With this accomplishment, he joined the Forest Service on September 1, 1910, working on the Uinta NF as ranger of the Duchesne (1910-17 and 1918-22) and Payson (1922-23) districts. He resigned on December 31, 1917 but returned in 1918 only to resign again on December 31, 1923. By 1930, he was farming near Duchesne and drove a school truck

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during winter months. In early 1935, Johnson was connected with the Moon Lake CCC Camp F-37 on the Ashley NF. Employment records indicate he again worked for the Forest Service from April 23, 1941 to September 16, 1943, possibly on the Uinta NF. He passed away in 1968.

Joy, J. E. In 1905, William Anderson (later the first forest supervisor of the Ashley NF) worked with J. E. Joy, a surveyor, to establish the new boundary between the Uintah Forest Reserve and the Uintah Indian Reservation. Joy was in charge of the survey party.

Knowlton, Frank According to Dan Pack, Frank Knowlton was ranger of the Vernon Division when it became part of the Nebo NF (1908). He resigned after a short time and J. V. Manwill replaced him.

Koomey, Levon H. Koomey attended Amherst College and Yale University’s forestry school, finishing his studies at the latter in 1912. In 1914, he received an appointment as an assistant ranger on the Wasatch NF. He was a ranger on the Uinta NF when he resigned February 26, 1916. As of 1917, he was doing considerable street tree planting in New York City in connection with the firm of Koomey & Newhall. He served in France during World War I with a military unit, and then lived in Worcester, MA in 1920 and Montclair, NJ in 1921.

Koskella, Howard R. Howard was born on the Koskella homestead in Long Valley, Idaho on October 21, 1925. He served in the Navy during World War II and graduated from the University of Idaho’s School of Forestry in 1958. He worked for Southern Idaho Timber Protection Association before joining the Forest Service. His Forest Service career took him to McCall, North Fork, and Challis, Idaho; Heber City and Ogden, Utah; Moraga, California; and Washington, D.C. Koskella transferred from the Uinta NF to the Challis NF on November 6, 1960 where he became ranger of the Challis District. He remained there until 1963 when he transferred to the Regional Office fire control staff on June 23. His obituary credited him for introducing key safety measures to the agency’s fire operations. Upon retirement, Howard and his wife Ethel moved to their ranch near the Gold Fork River south of Donnelly, on a portion of the original Koskella pioneer homestead. He served as a Valley County Commissioner during the early 1980s, ran for the State Senate, served the Gold Fork Irrigation Commission, and supervised the operations of Valley County cemetery sites. Mr. and Mrs. Koskella died January 24, 2012 in a car accident south of Banks, Idaho.

Laird, Harold Laird grew up in Payson, Utah and graduated with a botany degree from BYU in 1957. That same year, he started his Forest Service career on the Manti-La Sal NF as a range conservationist in Ephraim. He transferred to Monticello in 1959 and detailed to Moab for three years to work on a bark beetle project. His next position was as ranger of the Uinta NF's Nephi District from 1964 until its 1973 consolidation with the Spanish Fork Ranger District. Laird was appointed to the Payette NF where he was ranger of the Weiser Ranger District from 1973 until his retirement on January 1, 1991. As of 2016, he was still residing in Weiser.

Langille, Harold Douglas Langille was born September 19, 1874, in Tusket, Nova Scotia. He moved to Oregon in 1883. Except for one winter at Yale's Forestry School, he worked for the government from 1900 to 1905. He was a forest and engineer who worked as an inspector for the GLO's Division R, then for the Forest Service. In 1902, he investigated Supervisor Bucher on the Payson Reserve. He also identified timber trespass in the Vernal area, leading local timber interests to petition for a supervisor to be stationed at Vernal. Langille resigned from government service in August 1905 and engaged in the real estate and timber business until December 1906 when he became western manager of the Portland office of James D. Lacey & Company. He worked as a timber broker, a consulting forestry engineer, and mining prospector, and served as a major during World War I. He died in 1954 in Salem, Oregon but not before writing "Mostly Division 'R' Days," an article in the Oregon Historical Quarterly, about his GLO time. He was the brother of William Alexander Langille, who took over administration of the Alaska forests in 1905.

156 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Larson, George Christian Larson was born February 14, 1884 in Veddum Jylland, Denmark, and at age 15, immigrated to the United States. He attended school in Nebraska, Utah, and Nevada and took a surveying course from the International Correspondence School. During the summer of 1901, he moved from Nebraska to Ely, Nevada and worked for Steptoe Valley ranchers for the next ten years. He joined the Forest Service on April 15, 1912 as the White Pine District Ranger on the Nevada NF. Larson transferred to the Uinta NF where he was a ranger of the Red Creek (1919-22), Currant Creek (1922-25), and Spanish Fork (ca. January 1925-March 16, 1929) districts. Larson also served as the Uinta's deputy forest supervisor (1929-34) and supervisor of the Nevada (1934-38) and Uinta (1938-45) forests. He retired on April 30, 1945 and was living in Santa Ana, California by 1958 and as late as 1971. He passed away on November 22, 1974.

Lewis, Charles Augustus Lewis was born February 22, 1871, in New London, Connecticut. He received a B.A. in 1893 from Trinity College in Hartford and graduated in 1908 from Yale University’s forestry school. From July 1908 to January 1909, he was a forest assistant for the Forest Service and worked on the Uinta (1908) and Cache (November 1908 to January 1909). In 1910-11, Lewis was engaged in the hardware business and, as of 1913, he was a student at Cornell University.

Lisonbee, S. Ronald Uintah Basin native Lisonbee earned his forestry degree from Utah State University in 1960, the same year he started working for the Forest Service on the Ashley NF. In 1962, he became assistant ranger on the Manila District. He transferred to the Fishlake NF where he was ranger of the Loa (1964-65) and Fillmore (1965-70) districts. Lisonbee then served as ranger of the Ashley NF's Altonah District (1970-71) and Whiterocks-Roosevelt District (July 11, 1971 to December 6, 1975). He was ranger of the Bridger-Teton NF’s Gros Ventre District (1976-79) and the Uinta NF’s Spanish Fork District (1979-86). He retired in 1986 after 29 years of service with the Forest Service.

Lockhart, Jr., Oliver C. The January 1913 Field Program announced that Lockhart, on the Wasatch NF, was appointed as assistant ranger. Later that year, the American Fork paper reported Ranger Lockhart and his companions had killed eight bears in American Fork and Cottonwood canyons from May to August. By the time of his resignation on April 18, 1920, he was working as a surveyor/draftsman in engineering. He later worked for the Bureau of Public Roads in Ogden.

Madsen, Joseph C. Madsen was an assistant ranger on the Payson Forest Reserve in May 1907.

Madsen, Parley Christian Madsen was born February 18, 1881 in Mt. Pleasant, Utah. A farmer and stockman, he completed a six-week forester course at Utah State University and took the ranger exam in May 1906. He began working for the Forest Service on August 22, 1906 on District 18 of the Uinta Forest Reserve. He worked seasonally as an assistant ranger on the Uinta (1906-08) and Ashley (1908-12) forests. In the fall of 1908, Madsen took charge of the Ashley’s Lone Tree District. Promoted to ranger in 1912, he remained on the Ashley until 1916 when he transferred back to the Uinta NF. He was a ranger in Heber, presumably of the Currant Creek District from 1916 to 1920. His next ranger assignments place him in charge of the Springville District (1920-35) and the Currant Creek District (August 1, 1935 to 1941). Madsen retired at the end of 1941 and died on October 26, 1958 in a Provo hospital.

Manwill, John Vernon Manwill was born March 2, 1876 in Payson, Utah. He replaced Frank Knowlton around 1907 as ranger on the Vernon NF, which became part of the Nebo NF in 1908. According to March 1909 instructions, assistant ranger Manwill would still be assigned to the Nebo when the Vernon Division transferred to the Wasatch NF. However, he would be under the supervision of the Wasatch Forest Supervisor, who could assign him to any part of the Wasatch. In May of 1909, he transferred to American Fork Canyon. He reportedly remained in charge of the Vernon Division until 1913 but his son, Vearl J. Manwill, recalled his father’s 1909 transfer, which caused them to live at the South Fork Ranger Station for nine summer and in American Fork during the winters. Manwill was promoted from assistant ranger to ranger in 1912, and newspaper articles indicate he was the American Fork District Ranger from 1912 until about

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1917. He was a ranger of the Uinta NF's Payson District from 1917 until his resignation on February 28, 1919. Manwill was road supervisor for Payson City upon his death on October 2, 1931.

Marshall, Daniel S. Marshall was born on September 6, 1852 in Bountiful, Utah. Thirty years later, he moved to Rich County where he engaged in ranching, served as a justice of the peace for four years, and sheriff for six years. In May 1902, he became supervisor of the Payson and Uintah forest reserves with headquarters in Kamas. He later served on the 1905 Use Book Revision Committee. In 1905, the Regional Office instructed Marshall to take charge of an additional 1.1 million acres added to the Forest after the opening of the Indian Reservation. The work proved to be too much and in March 1906, W. Jones Bowen was appointed supervisor of the southern part of the Reserve. On July 1, 1906, Marshall was demoted to deputy forest supervisor after Inspector Benedict determined he did well with grazing administration but fell short when it came to office duties. In his defense, Marshall argued that Benedict had started his inspection with the decision that Marshall's position would be lowered and the forest headquarters moved to Provo. Benedict took Marshall's grazing files and furniture to set up an office in Provo without fully explaining this to Marshall. W. I. Pack became supervisor with headquarters in Provo, but Marshall remained in Kamas. Similar accusations about Marshall's performance led to his demotion to ranger on January 13, 1909. He was sent to Heber where he was in charge of District 5 (Red Creek Ranger District). In 1913, Marshall went to Salt Lake City for treatment for heart trouble. The prognosis may have been grim for he resigned from the Forest Service on June 30, 1913. His death a few days later on July 4 came as a surprise to those who knew him. J. Carl Allred reported to the District Forester that Marshall was loyal to the Forest Service. Despite health problems, he had a "persistent desire to remain at his post and show that he was loyal to the Service and not a 'quitter.'"

May, Col. William T. S. May was a Special Agent with the Dept. of Interior, sent from Denver to check on the Uintah Forest Reserve in its first years of existence. William Anderson, the first Ashley NF supervisor, recalled that the Kamas community "began to come into contact with the forest men in 1898 and 1899. The first one I remember was Col. May, from Denver, Colorado, who came to a logging operation that I was employed on." Anderson judged May as corrupt and lazy.

McConkie, Andrew R. McConkie was born May 5, 1912. A native of Moab, Utah, he attended Brigham Young University and earned his forestry degree from Utah State University in 1935. He entered the Forest Service as junior forester in April 1936 and worked on the Standard Timber Company's tie sale. He worked for the Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station and in the RO's division of timber management during the winter of 1936-37. On March 1, 1937, McConkie was promoted from his junior forester position on the Wyoming NF to district ranger, serving on the Idaho NF's Paddy Flat District, and the Salmon NF's Copper Creek District (1938-43). McConkie later recalled he had to be relocated from Heber City, Utah after a community "hate campaign" against him. While there, he was ranger of the Uinta's Lake Creek District (1944-55) and later concurrently managed the Current Creek District (1950-55). He may also have been in charge of the Current Creek District in 1945. He was promoted to assistant supervisor of the Bridger NF (1955-58). On January 26, 1958, McConkie became supervisor of the Ashley NF, retiring from that position on June 30, 1973 after 40 years with the Forest Service. He passed away June 26, 1979.

McGhie, William M. McGhie was a ranger on the Wasatch NF by 1908 when the American Fork newspaper identified him as ranger of "this district." He prepared a report on the Pleasant Grove addition to the Wasatch in 1909. By June of that year, he was deputy forest supervisor and in 1910, he transferred to the Humboldt NF as a ranger. McGhie worked on the Santa Rosa NF in Nevada as the Threemile/National District Ranger (1911 to 1915).

Merkley, Ellis Merkley was a construction foreman for CCC camps F-30 (Hobble Creek) and F-40 (Provo/Rock Canyon) who supervised crews that built multiple administrative facilities on the Uinta NF.

158 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Mickelson, Hal Leonard Mickelson was born September 14, 1918 in Boneta, Utah. He earned his degree in botany from the University of Utah in 1942 or 1943 and later majored in forest and range management at Utah State University. After a three-year stint with the Navy, Mickelson joined the Forest Service in 1946 as range examiner on the Bridger NF. He worked as junior range examiner for two years on the Fishlake NF, and then advanced to ranger of the Fishlake's Thousand Lake Mountain District (1948-50), the Cache's Logan District (1950-52), and the Uinta's Nephi District (1952-56). He was a staff assistant on the Wasatch NF (1956 until at least 1958) and later worked in the Regional Office in Ogden. He retired in 1981 and died June 8, 2003 at age 84

Miller, Robert J. A graduate of Colorado A&M College, Miller worked on the Teton NF (1950-51) before transferring to the Uinta NF as an assistant ranger in Nephi (1952-55) and in Spanish Fork (1955-56). He went to the San Juan NF in Durango as a range management staff officer. Miller also served three years in the US Army.

Nebeker, Don T. Born in Richfield, Utah, Nebeker attended Brigham Young University for one year, served two years in Korea, and then returned to BYU for one quarter before transferring to Utah State University. He was highly educated, graduating from there with a degree in range management and earning a master's degree in economics, public administration, and behavioral communication from the University of Montana. He later got his Ph.D. in natural resource administration, constitutional law, and behavioral science at Michigan State University. Nebeker was an assistant ranger on the Cache NF's Logan district for about 16 months before transferring to the Dixie NF as the Pine Valley District Ranger (1960-61). He then served as ranger on the Black Hills NF in Custer (for four years) before attending the University of Montana. His next assignment was as ranger on the Manti-La Sal's Monticello District (1966-67), after which he held two positions (range administration and planning) in the Regional Office until 1973 when he went to Michigan State to complete coursework for his Ph.D. He earned that degree in Billings, Montana while working as associate program manager for SEAM (surface environment and mining). In 1976, Nebeker returned to Region 4 as the Uinta’s Forest Supervisor until his retirement in 1991. The Region 4 History Collection contains a transcript of his oral history interview (Accession No. R4-1680-92-0024-079).

Nichols, George Lee Nichols was born on July 5, 1896 in Salt Lake City to George Edward Nichols (b. 6/27/1865) and Irene Lee (b. 7/16/1870), both of whom were born in Salt Lake City. He served in the Army during World War I. In 1922, he married Ardella Wheeler, with whom he had two sons, George W. (b. about 1925) and Paul E. (b. about 1929) and a daughter, Annette. Nichols was hired in the Forest Service's R4 headquarters (Ogden) on January 2, 1924 as a draftsman "reinst. From Vet. Bureau." He was promoted to chief draftsman on July 1, 1924 and later to architectural engineer. Nichols served as Region 4 first architect, making a significant contribution to the development of many ranger stations, guard stations, and other administrative sites. A licensed engineer and land surveyor, he developed an architectural identity for the region by designing many, if not all, of its standard plans in the 1930s and 1940s. During World War II, he co-designed a gun plant in Pocatello for the Navy and was in charge of buildings for the Ninth Service Command of the Army. After retiring on July 31, 1956, Nichols became active in the National Association of Retired Federal Employees, holding local and national offices over many years. He was involved with numerous civic and professional organizations including the Red Cross, Kiwanis Club, and the National Association of Professional Engineers. Nichols died on May 10, 1972 in Ogden, Utah. His biography is available in the Region 4 History Collection.

Nielson, Merrill Nielson, born in Ephraim, Utah on January 18, 1900 and grew up working on the family farm there. He became interested in the Forest Service and, beginning January 1921, took a three-month course at the University of Missoula on surveying and other practical skills. He took the ranger exam in October 1921 and received his first appointment as ranger of the Manti NF's Canyon View Ranger District in Mt. Pleasant from June 8, 1922 to March 12, 1925. When that district merged with others, he transferred to the Uinta NF where he was ranger of the Currant Creek (1925-35) and Spanish Fork (1935-60) districts. He retired on July 31, 1960 and died on March 19, 1980. The Region 4 History Collection contains Nielson's oral history transcript (Accession No. R4-1680-92-0024-081).

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Ollerton, Seth Hood Ollerton was born June 19, 1877 at Levan, Utah and grew up in Sanpete County. From 1901 to 1907, he worked on the railroad. He joined the Forest Service on June 15, 1910 as an assistant ranger on the Nebo NF. He was an assistant ranger at Moroni (in April 1914 and possibly in 1915), which indicates he worked on the San Pitch Division. On August 1, 1916, he transferred to the Manti NF as district ranger of the Canyon View (1916-22) then Mammoth (1922-39) districts. He moved to Springville in 1933, remaining there through his retirement on June 30, 1939 until his death in August 1952. Ollerton's son Carlyle (born 1917) recalled that around World War I, Seth was a ranger at Moroni and his district was west of that town. He then moved to Mount Pleasant around 1919. Around 1924, they moved from there to Fairview that, along with the Gooseberry (Mammoth) Ranger Station, served as his district’s headquarters. Seth supervised CCC crews that built the new Gooseberry Dam and Skyline Drive.

Opfar, Harry Opfar was ranger of the Uinta NF’s Pleasant Grove District from 1976 until his retirement in January 1987. He began his 28-year career on the Payette NF after graduating in forestry from Utah State University. Opfar was ranger of the Cache NF's Randolph District before transferring to the Ashley NF’s Flaming Gorge District as recreation forester (1972-78). He also worked on the Fishlake, Humboldt, and Manti-La Sal forests.

Opheikens, Bert Henry Opheikens, born February 24, 1904 in Ogden, worked on the Cache, Uinta, Challis, and Manti-La Sal national forests. He was a clerk on the Wasatch NF in 1941. He died of a heart attack on March 16, 1965 in Provo while employed as an administrative assistant on the Uinta.

Pack, Daniel Sinclair Dan Pack was born October 17, 1869 in Woods Cross, Utah. His family moved to Kamas to work in ranching and livestock, areas in which Dan gained much experience. His Forest Service career began on June 1, 1901 on the Lone Tree District of the Uinta Forest Reserve. There he worked under his uncle, Forest Supervisor Dan Marshall for two summers. In the winter of 1902, he was placed in charge of the Vernal District. Pack became supervisor in early 1903 of the Payson Forest Reserve, with headquarters in Payson, Utah. He went to the Washington Office on a detail in 1908, along with many other supervisors including his brother W. I. Pack (Uinta forest supervisor). Pack was supervisor of the Nebo NF (1908-10), Palisade NF (1910), and Targhee NF (1911), before returning to the Nebo NF (1911-13). He resigned in 1913 after learning the Nebo would be eliminated and he would be transferred to the La Sal NF. Pack went into the livestock business in the Kamas area, later dying in a Salt Lake rest home on December 12, 1959. The Region 4 History Collection has Pack’s handwritten account of his career (Accession No. R4-1680-1992- 0032-06). Cornell University Library has 2 cubic feet of Dan Sinclair Pack papers, 1910-1947. Included are memoirs of Dan Sinclair Pack, written 1946-1959, recounting his experiences with the Forest Service at posts in Wyoming, Utah, and Idaho, 1901-1912, and his service at national headquarters, 1908. The September 1950 edition of the Old-Timers Newsletter contains a long letter from Mr. Pack that gives detailed accounts of some of his early day experiences.

Pack, John A. Pack was hired as an assistant ranger on the Uinta Forest Reserve on February 1, 1905 and was promoted to ranger on July 1, 1906. He was still on the forest in May 1913. He went on "leave without pay" status from December 1914 until December 1915, and then resigned on February 1, 1916. He was a half-brother of Supervisor W. I. Pack's father.

Pack, Robert A brother of Dan Pack, Robert worked on the Uinta out of Kamas under his other brother, W. I. Pack, who happened to be the Forest Supervisor. He was an assistant ranger when he resigned on November 30, 1913 under pressure after Willard's nepotism came to light during a 1913 inspection. As of 1923, Robert and another ex-ranger, T. E. Woolstenhulme, had organized the Pack & Woolstenhulme Sheep Company. Both lived on their ranches just south of Mackay, Idaho.

Pack, Willard Ives Pack was a GLO ranger on the Uintah Forest Reserve who worked for Supervisor Dan Marshall in Kamas. He replaced Marshall on July 1, 1906, the same day Provo officially became the Uinta NF headquarters. Pack served as supervisor

160 The Enchantment of Ranger Life until his resignation on April 30, 1914. Dan Pack, also a forest supervisor in Region 4, said he and his brother Willard quit the Forest Service after hearing that E. A. Sherman became District Forester "for the express purpose of cleaning out the Mormons from Utah." In fact, Sherman noted that Pack had four full-time rangers stationed at Kamas with nothing to do all winter. An inspection revealed a lack of supervision, waste of services, and neglect of duty. Sherman offered to demote Pack to ranger and transfer him to the Manti NF, but Pack resigned instead. As of 1926, he was with the Ashton-Jenkins Real Estate Company of Salt Lake. At age 80, he died in 1938 of a heart attack at his Salt Lake City home.

Parke, Morgan Parke, born March 22, 1884, spent most of his career in the Kamas area. He was a forest guard for the Uinta Forest Reserve in 1905. Sometime after he was hired, he married a cousin of Supervisor W. I. Pack, a fact that came up during an investigation in 1913. He was promoted to assistant ranger (1909-13) and district ranger (1919-35). Parke’s management of the Kamas RD was unsatisfactory, so officials transferred him away in 1935. For a short time, he was acting ranger on the Johns Valley District of the Dixie NF. Although offered the job there, Parke asked for a position on the Wasatch NF’s Blacks Fork District headquartered in Evanston, Wyoming. Archie Murchie, who had just arrived as the new ranger in Evanston, changed places with Parke in 1935 per the forest supervisor's request. In May 1939, the Daily News-Intermountain Region reported that Parke, still the Blacks Fork ranger at Evanston, would transfer to the Powell NF's Johns Valley District effective June 1, presumably as ranger. Parke retired on November 30, 1939 due to a disability. After leaving the Forest Service, he worked several years as a wool grader and buyer, living in Salt Lake City until his death on February 24, 1959.

Parkinson, Dana Parkinson (b. June 27, 1885 in Fergus Falls, MN) was appointed to the Forest Service from Massachusetts on July 1, 1910. He earned a B.A. from Dartmouth in 1908 and graduated from Yale’s forestry school in 1910. From 1910 to 1912, he was a forest assistant on the Kaibab, Wasatch, Uinta, Nebo, and Boise forests. Some records indicate he acted in the capacity as a forest supervisor during this time. He remained on the Boise NF as a forest examiner (1913- 14) and deputy forest supervisor (1914-17). Parkinson served as the Salmon NF supervisor from early 1917 until September 1918 when he left to join the Army. He returned in December as the La Sal NF supervisor but transferred five months later to the Wasatch NF. There he held the position of forest supervisor before becoming the senior administrative officer of the regional grazing division in 1925. The following year, Parkinson was promoted to assistant regional forester over lands and public relations. In 1936, he transferred to the Washington Office as chief of information and education. After retiring from that position on June 30, 1955, Parkinson went to work for the Sheraton Park Hotel in Washington, D.C. until February 1968. He passed away in Bethesda, Maryland on April 3, 1971.

Paulson, Ford Mauritz Paulson was born in Pleasant Grove, Utah July 24, 1901 and died November 6, 1960. He taught music at the Pleasant Grove High School from 1929 to 1937 and, during the summers of 1929 to 1939, was a guard stationed at the Timpooneke GS on the Wasatch NF. One of his duties was to oversee CCC crews working in American Fork Canyon.

Poulson, Tennis A. Poulson (b. September 1, 1906) was a forestry aid on the Duchesne, Lake Creek, Heber, and Strawberry ranger districts of the Uinta NF. He served as acting ranger of the Duchesne RD at least three times: December 12, 1944 to May 31, 1945; December 16, 1945 to June 1, 1946; and August 29, 1948 to May 31, 1949. He retired on October 2, 1971 with more than 26 years of service on the Uinta. During that time, he was a check scaling instructor, project leader of a spruce bark beetle control project in Soapstone Basin, and leader of a 7,000-acre range reseeding project.

Raphael, John Austrian native John Raphael was born on August 4, 1879 and immigrated to the United States at age 16. He earned a teacher's certificate in drafting and taught school for four years before joining the Forest Service on July 1, 1905 as a forest guard on the Weiser NF. He worked for the Yellowstone and/or Henry's Lake forests in the Teton Valley (from Victor) as a guard (1905), assistant ranger (1905-08) and ranger (1908) before transferring to the Wyoming NF. There he was deputy supervisor (1908-09) and supervisor (1909-10). He later served as supervisor of the Dixie (1910-16), Fillmore (1916-20), Idaho (1921-22), Uinta (July 1923 to May 1925), and Weiser (1925-41) national forests. Short

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assignments as regional forest inspector (January 1920 to January 1921) and national forest examiner (1922) interrupted these appointments. Raphael retired on August 31, 1941 and records suggest he went to work for the Grazing Service in Reno, Nevada. By 1950, he was living in Salem, Oregon. Raphael was 73 years old when died at his home there on February 15, 1953.

Rees, P. Max Rees was born February 27, 1916 in Logan, Utah and raised in Inkom, Idaho. He graduated from Utah State University in 1940 with degrees in forestry and range management. He worked as a forest guard (1937-38) and with the Soil Conservation Service in Malad (1939-41) before serving as a lieutenant in the US Navy (1942-44). He returned to the SCS at Malad in 1945 but transferred to the Forest Service the following year. Rees was a ranger on the Nevada NF’s White Pine District (1946-49) and the Dixie NF’s Panguitch Lake (1949-50) and East Fork (1950-53) districts. His next ranger assignments were on the Caribou NF’s Montpelier District (April 1953 to 1955) and the Uinta NF’s Lake Creek- Currant Creek District (1955-57). Rees was assistant supervisor of the Uinta (1957-60) and supervisor of the Challis NF (October 16, 1960 to 1963) and Sawtooth NF (1963-69) before he became Region 4’s Multiple Use Coordinator. He retired at the end of June 1979 from his position as Director of Regional Planning and Budget and died of leukemia on February 22, 1986 in Salt Lake City. His son Ralph currently works for the Forest Service.

Reynolds, Robert V. R. A prominent forest inspector/examiner, Reynolds' work was significant in the formation and configuration of Region 4's forests. He was based in Salt Lake City but prepared examination reports around the region including those for the east addition of the Sevier Forest Reserve (1903), the La Sal Forest Reserve (1904), and the Proposed Addition to the Cache NF (1908). Reynolds was acting supervisor and forest assistant on the Uinta NF in 1908. He filled in for E. H. Clarke as acting forest supervisor of the Wasatch NF beginning around March 1909 until 1910. He examined flood conditions on the Manti NF in 1910 and in 1911 wrote "Grazing and Floods: a study of conditions in the Manti NF, Utah," USFS Bulletin 91. He inspected the Dixie NF in 1912 to judge changes in boundaries recommended by Supervisor Raphael and, in late 1913, he transferred to the Washington Office. Reynolds filed several patents, including one for a gunsight telescope and another for a device to attach surveying instruments, cameras, and other engineering instruments to tripods or other supports.

Richards, Albert Franklin Frank Richards was born September 9, 1883 in Wanship, Utah, attended school in Salt Lake City, and went to university for two years. He worked for the Forest Service during summers then leased a farm for a couple of years. He took the civil service examination in 1920, the same year he did trail work on the Bear River in the Blacks Fork area of the Wasatch NF. After receiving an appointment as assistant ranger on April 20, 1921, he worked in Cottonwood and American Fork canyons. Richards transferred on November 20, 1923 to the Uinta NF as Duchesne District Ranger. He remained in that position until March 31, 1942 when he became ranger of the Uinta's Currant Creek District. Richards retired on September 30, 1945. From May 1946 until September 1954, he was the deputy water commissioner on the Weber River, after which he operated his small ranch and did other work on the side. He passed away on February 15, 1977.

Riddle, Robert L. Ephraim native Robert L. Riddle received an associate's degree from Snow College in 1964 and a degree in range management from Brigham Young University in 1966. He began working for the Forest Service as a range technician on the Manti-La Sal NF in 1965 and 1966. He accepted a permanent position as a range conservationist on the Fishlake NF after graduation from BYU. Riddle transferred to the Targhee NF as a range conservationist, working there for ten years (1968-78) before taking his first ranger position on the Sheyenne National Grassland District of the Custer NF (1978-83). He was also ranger of the Bridger-Teton NF's Kemmerer District (1983-91) and the Uinta NF's Heber District (1991-99). Riddle retired in 1999.

Riddle, Wallace M. Riddle was hired to work on the East Division when it was added to the Sevier Forest Reserve in 1906. His title was forest guard, but after a few months he was promoted to assistant ranger and then to deputy ranger. He then became ranger (1908-15) and deputy supervisor (1915-20). In 1909, Riddle prepared favorable reports on the Long

162 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Valley, Parowan, and Red Creek Additions to the West Division of the Sevier NF, and the East Fork, Meadows, Circleville, and Sink Valley (Alton) additions to the East Division. He also prepared a report on the John's Valley Elimination from the East Division that same year. Riddle was deputy forest supervisor of the Uinta NF (1920-22) and supervisor of the Powell NF (1922-34). He retired on December 31, 1934

Roberts, Earl Clark A graduate of the University of Idaho’s School of Forestry, Roberts joined the USFS on June 16, 1935. He worked as a junior range examiner on the Wasatch NF in 1937 and transferred with the same title to the Caribou NF’s Montpelier District on April 1, 1937. On May 20, 1938, Roberts went to the Weiser NF as ranger of the Cambridge District. He was ranger of the Uinta NF's Currant Creek (1946-49) and Duchesne (June 1, 1949 to June 30, 1951) districts.

Roberts, Merrill J. “M. J.” Roberts was born September 1924 in American Fork, Utah. His love of the outdoors began as a toddler growing up in the family sheep business. Impressed with a government trapper who would visit their sheep camp, he decided at the age of nine to pursue a career in forestry. After his service in World War II, he earned a degree from Utah State’s Natural Resources College in 1947. Roberts then worked for the Pacific States Cast Iron Pipe Company in Provo until 1956. He joined the Forest Service in October 1956 as an assistant ranger on the Dixie NF. He transferred from Cedar City to take over the Uinta NF's Nephi District from 1957 to 1964. Roberts then served 20 years as the Logan District Ranger on the Cache NF until his retirement on January 1, 1984. He remained in Cache Valley to farm and died August 10, 2007.

Robins, Bert L. From 1908 until 1913, Robins was assistant ranger of the Nebo NF’s Oak Creek Division (aka the Fillmore NF’s North Division that transferred to the Nebo NF in 1908 and back to the Fillmore in 1913). He continued his career on the Fillmore as ranger (1913-16) and deputy supervisor (1916-18). At his own request, he was demoted to ranger where he worked as the Scipio/Pioneer District Ranger from 1919 to 1939. He retired on June 30, 1939 and lived in Scipio, Utah as late as 1950.

Rozynek, William Stanley Rozynek was born July 2, 1920 in Chicago and graduated from Tilden Tech there before earning his degree in forestry at Utah State University in 1942. He served in the US Marines for 3.5 years during WWII, participating in three island invasions at Emirau, Pelelieu, and Okinawa. By 1947, he was employed as a forester on the Wasatch NF. He served as acting ranger on the Evanston District that year and by 1949 was assisting Salt Lake District Ranger Wilford Tangren. Rozynek was ranger of the Uinta NF's Currant Creek District (in 1949, apparently in an acting position), the Sawtooth NF's Shake Creek District (1950-54) and the Idaho NF's Krassel District (1955-56). He was on the Boise NF from at least 1960 until at least 1965. His title in 1962 and 1964 was recreation and lands staff officer. Rozynek transferred to the R4 Regional Office in 1972 and retired May 7, 1977 from his position of regional recreation plans and administration officer. Rozynek died November 20, 2001.

Rushton, Stephen M. Rushton worked as a seasonal employee on the Challis NF during the summers of 1955 through 1957 and received a permanent appointment as a forester there on July 28, 1958. He transferred to the Toiyabe NF in November 1959 where he may have been the Austin District Ranger (1963-66). Rushton was ranger of the Uinta NF's Pleasant Grove District (1966-72), and he worked on the Cache (1972-73), Fishlake (1973-77), and Targhee (1985-89) forests. He retired in 1989.

Sack, Ivan Sack was born October 4, 1908 in Alamosa, Colorado and educated in Iowa. He graduated from Iowa State University in 1933 with a degree in forestry. His Forest Service career began March 14, 1934 on the Santa Barbara NF in California. He also worked on the Trinity, Modoc, Lassen, and Sequoia forests and in R5's division of wildlife and range management. World War II interrupted his career as he served in the Navy from 1942 to 1945. He returned to the agency on December 3, 1945 on the Modoc NF. His next move was to Region 4 where he was supervisor of the Uinta (April 13, 1947 to February 19, 1950) and Toiyabe (1951-65) forests. He worked in Region 4's division of range and

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wildlife management between those assignments. Sack was an energetic man who wrote several publications about plant life on the different forests where he worked. While on the Toiyabe, he joined the faculty of the University of Nevada, Reno as a part-time lecturer. After retiring from the Forest Service on February 26, 1965, he was a natural resources consultant for the State of Nevada, the Reno Park Superintendent (1967-70), and a member-at-large of the Nevada Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1968-70). Sack died January 13, 1985 of a heart attack. His oral history and papers in the University of Nevada archives. The Region 4 History Collection contains his oral history transcript (Accession No. R4-1680-92-0024-096).

Safran, Robert Louis Safran was born July 27, 1944 in Salt Lake City. He served in World War II in the Coast Artillery and earned his forestry degree from Utah State University in 1948. His first Forest Service assignment was as a lookout on the Salmon NF. He also worked as a ranger in Yellowstone National Park. His next move was to the Wasatch NF in 1948 where, in 1950, he became assistant ranger for the American Fork District. He was a snow ranger at Alta where his work with avalanche control led to a position on the Forest Service Avalanche Control Team at the Winter Olympics at Squaw Valley, California. Safran was ranger of the Wasatch NF's Grandaddy Lakes (1951 or 1952 to 1953) and Stansbury districts, as well as on the Teton NF's Buffalo and Gros Ventre (1954-56) districts. He was the Wasatch's recreation and lands staff officer (1957-60) before transferring to the Regional Office as recreation and lands staff officer (1960- 63) and as an employee development officer (portions of 1963 and 1964). Safran returned to the Teton NF as its forest supervisor (1964-71). While there, he received an honorary membership in the Wyoming Outfitters and Guides Association, at that time the only individual outside of the organization ever to receive that honor. He moved to Region 3 as assistant for recreation (1971-75) and director of lands and minerals (1975-76). Safran returned to Ogden as regional director of recreation from 1976 until his retirement on July 2, 1984. He passed away at age 77 from cancer on March 16, 2002 and is buried at the Aspen Cemetery in Jackson Hole, Wyoming.

Saling, Wallace M. “Smokey” Saling, born November 9, 1905, began his Forest Service career in 1923 in Orofino, Idaho for the Clearwater NF, later working at the North Rocky Mountain Experiment Station and in Region 4 conducting grazing surveys. He was a junior range examiner on the Boise (1929), Ashley, and Weiser forests. He served as ranger on the Minidoka NF (East Cassia/Oakley District, 1934-37) and Sawtooth NF (Soldier District, 1937-49). During his time on the Sawtooth, he laid out the Soldier Mountain ski area with Alf Engen and Hans Sarbauk (Sarbuck?). In 1949, Saling transferred to the Wasatch NF as ranger of the American Fork District and remained in charge of that area when it became part of the Uinta NF's newly formed Pleasant Grove Ranger District in 1954. After retiring from that position on November 30, 1956 due to a disability, he worked for the Pleasant Grove Canning Company and, as of 1964, at BYU. Saling died February 22, 1992.

Sanders, Richard F. Ogden native Richard Sanders attended Weber College and Utah State University, earning a degree in forestry and wildlife management from the latter in 1950. He served in the Navy (1945-46) and worked for New Mexico's Department of Game and Fish (1950-52). He joined the Forest Service, first in Region 4's division of timber management (April 1956-April 1958), then as assistant ranger on the Uinta NF's Spanish Fork District (1958-59) and ranger of the Dixie NF's Teasdale District (1959-63). In 1981, Sanders left a position with State & Private Forestry in the Washington Office to become Region 4's Director of Soil and Water Management.

Slagowski, Louis E. Slagowski was born in Wyoming and attended Weber College (Ogden) and Purdue University. He was a sniper in the 102nd Infantry Division during World War II. In 1953, he transferred from the Postal Transportation Service to the Forest Service where he held clerical and administrative positions on the Wasatch (1953-54), Teton (1954-56), Manti- La Sal (1956-57), Payette (1957-62), Uinta (1962-65), and Salmon (beginning 1965) forests.

Smith, William W. Smith joined the Forest Service in 1905 as a guard on the Salt Lake Forest Reserve, working his way up to the positions of assistant ranger, deputy ranger, and, by 1910, ranger. He may have been ranger of the Pleasant Grove Ranger District in the 1910s. He was promoted from ranger to deputy forest supervisor in 1916 (Wasatch NF) and

164 The Enchantment of Ranger Life served as the Salt Lake District Ranger from at least 1918 until circa 1934, working from Murray, Utah. During that time, Smith also administered the Grantsville Ranger District (beginning in 1925) and the Vernon Ranger District (1925 to 1928). He was the Grandaddy Lakes District Ranger, also on the Wasatch, from 1934 until November 30, 1936 when he retired due to a disability. Smith died on May 22, 1954 in Salt Lake City.

Smith, Sr., Lyle Fontaine Smith was born October 29, 1922 in Placerville, California. His father, Edwin Fordt Smith, worked for the Forest Service in Region 5. Lyle graduated in 1944 from Oregon State University with a forestry degree and, around December 1945, began work on the Cache NF's Ogden District as a snow ranger. He was assigned to the Toiyabe NF from 1946 to 1966, holding the positions of assistant ranger in Carson City, ranger at Bridgeport (1947-51) and Minden (as of 1952), and, upon transferring to the Supervisor's Office, as fire control officer (beginning 1959) and recreation and lands staff officer (c.1959-1966). He returned to Utah as recreation officer on the Uinta NF (1966-70) and then to the Region 4 Lands staff (1970-77). He named many recreation sites (tongue-in-cheek) like Whiskey Flats. Smith retired in 1977 and moved to Minden, Nevada. He died at age 74 on April 18, 1997 in Yuma, Arizona.

Snell, Irving P. Snell was hired as a forest guard on the Uinta Forester Reserve in 1906.

Snell, Nathan E. Inspector Benedict appointed three men in spring 1906 to help administer the Uinta Forest Reserve. One was forest ranger Nathan E. Snell of Spanish Fork with headquarters there. He was still a ranger in 1907. Snell became Inspector or Supervisor of the Fishlake and Glenwood forests in 1907, operating from Salina, Utah. He remained as the Fishlake supervisor until March 1909 when he transferred to the Caribou NF. He served as supervisor there until his dismissal in June 1911. As of 1926, he was a prosperous attorney in Salt Lake City.

Southwick, Glen W. Southwick, born September 30, 1909, retired on February 27, 1969 after forty years of service. He began his career as an assistant clerk on the Manti NF in Ephraim, Utah (in 1930), and had assignments on the La Sal NF in Moab (July 21, 1930 to October 31, 1932 and March 1 to April 11, 1933), Ashley NF in Vernal (1932 to ca. 1933), and Cache NF in Logan (1933-36). He worked as an executive assistant on the Nevada NF in Ely by January 1937. Subsequent positions took him to the Supervisor's Offices of the Toiyabe and the Uinta forests, where he was chief administrator of business management affairs. Southwick received recognition for his contribution to implementing changes such as automatic data processing. After retirement, he planned to remain in Orem, Utah where he would enter the real estate business with Bushnell Real Estate.

Standing, Arnold Rudolph "Barney" “Barney” Standing was born June 30, 1900 in Brigham City, Utah and was a World War I veteran. He joined the Forest Service on May 18, 1918 on a Caribou NF improvement crew. He graduated from high school and returned the following summer as a guard, possibly on the Wasatch NF. After attending Montana State University and Utah State University, he was appointed ranger on the Cache NF on April 1, 1923 and then as a junior range examiner on the Uinta NF beginning June 1, 1924. He remained on the Uinta NF for 12 years during which, in 1929, he received his degree in botany from Utah State. Standing was the Dixie NF Forest Supervisor for nine months from 1936 until 1937. Involved with setting up Utah’s five CCC camps in 1933, he was in charge of hiring supervisory personnel, supplying material, and locating and building camps. The winter of 1936-37 was spent as a Forest Service representative lecturing and initiating a recruiting system in forestry schools in the south, east, and Midwestern states. Following the tour, Barney organized the first Division of Personnel Management in Region 4 with the help of Reed Jensen. The same year he established the Pine Tree Club. He served three years (1937-40) as Region 4’s deputy assistant regional forester for personnel management. From 1940 to 1951, he held the same position in Region 6. Standing returned to Region 4 in 1951 as chief of information and education for three years. He capped his career with a second appointment as Region 4’s head of personnel management from March 1954 until his retirement on March 29, 1963. In January of 1967, he went to Saudi Arabia for several months to study range resources. Standing passed away on October 28, 1967 in Ogden after suffering a heart attack on the golf course. The July 1963 issue of Region 4’s Old Timers News reported, “During his early years in the Service, Barney pioneered range management studies on

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volume palatability rating and vegetational readiness.” He wrote or co-wrote several publications including “Senate Document No. 199, The Western Range”; The Range Plant Handbook (1930-34); Region 4 Standard Plant Names; and a high school text on multiple-use forestry titled Forest and Range Resources (1930). Standing had an interest in history and conducted numerous oral history interviews. After retirement, he was hired as a consultant to review Region 4 forests’ historical records and make recommendation about their management. Barney Standing died on October 28, 1967 in Ogden, Utah. Volunteer Gail Carbiener transcribed Standing's diaries (1926 to 1962), which are in the Region 4 History Collection. A 7-page document written by Standing entitled "Some Early Experiences on the Caribou NF" is also in the collection. Numerous items about him are posted at https://familysearch.org/photos/people/4877578.

Stevens, Horace H. Stevens was a ranger in the Kamas, Utah area from about 1905 until 1919 (Uinta and Wasatch national forests).

Stokes, Joseph Warrington "Warrie" Stokes was born October 20, 1886 in Darlington, Maryland. He spent his childhood there and in Philadelphia before attending prep schools in Moorestown, New Jersey and Wayne Pennsylvania. Stokes decided to pursue forestry after his father and grandfather died of tuberculosis and he had been exposed to the disease. He graduated from Pennsylvania’s Haverford College in 1909 and earned his master's degree in forestry from Yale University in 1911. After taking the civil service exam, Stokes received an appointment of forest assistant in Region 4 and reported to Ogden in July 1911. A day later, he went to the Targhee NF with a timber survey party headed by Clarence Dunston. Over the next three summers, he worked on Targhee timber survey crew, doing fieldwork in summers and compiling maps and data in Ogden during winters. Stokes was a forest assistant on the Targhee NF (1911-13) and forest examiner to the Palisade NF (1913-14). In the spring of 1915, he went to work on the Uinta NF for two years. In 1917, he became deputy supervisor of the Minidoka NF. Stokes transferred to Region 8 in the summer of 1918 but returned as the Minidoka's deputy supervisor in late 1919. In 1923, he transferred to the Boise NF where he was assistant forester until at least 1925. Stokes retired on September 30, 1946 due to failing eyesight and on March 13, 1977 died in Whittier, California at the age of 90. Stokes and Charles DeMoisy founded the Old Timers Club in Ogden in 1950. The R4 History Collection contains an oral history with Stokes (Accession No. R4-1680-92-0024-0100).

Stott, Delmer C. Stott was ranger of the Dixie NF's Teasdale District (1963-69) and the Uinta NF's Heber District (1969-73). He also worked in Ogden (Utah), Arizona, and West Virginia. He drowned in Spanish Fork, Utah on August 8, 1992 after passing out from an allergic reaction to a bee sting and falling into a horse trough.

Studley, Horace Franklin Studley was born April 10, 1882, in Rockland, Massachusetts. He earned a B.A. at Harvard in 1905 and graduated from Yale's Department of Forestry in 1906 before working as a forest assistant on the Uinta NF from 1906 to 1907. In the winter of 1907-08, he was a special agent in the “bureau of corporations,” doing work in Texas, Arkansas and Mississippi. He did not work for the Forest Service from July 1, 1908, to July 1, 1909. Upon his return, he became deputy forest supervisor of the Uinta NF (July-November, 1909). Studley was acting supervisor of the Nebo NF (November 1909-January 1910) before assuming that position permanently. He resigned as the Nebo’s supervisor on April 30, 1911 to work as a salesman with the Studley Box & Lumber Company in Rochester, New Hampshire.

Swain, Joseph F. In 1937, Richard Greenland was superintendent of CCC Camp F-40 (Provo/Rock Canyon) on the Uinta NF. When he went on leave, Forester Joseph F. Swain of Heber acted as superintendent. Swain was employed on the Uinta NF from November 8, 1933 to June 18, 1942. (He may have had other appointments before and after this time.)

Taylor, Argyle Lee Taylor, a native of Moroni, Utah and a WWI Navy veteran, began his career with the Forest Service on June 10, 1925 as a "vocational trainee" on the Wyoming NF. He earned his degree in forestry from Colorado State University in 1926 and worked on the Beaverhead NF in Montana. Taylor transferred to the Uinta NF were he started as a junior range examiner on July 16, 1926. He held ranger positions on the Uinta NF (until 1927, probably as assistant ranger), the

166 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Powell NF (May 1, 1927-May 15, 1928), and Fishlake NF’s Tushar District (May 15, 1928-?). In 1931, he became an assistant range examiner, conducting surveys on the Sawtooth and Fishlake NFs until his promotion to assistant supervisor of the Fishlake on June 1, 1935. He was supervisor of the Ashley NF (March 5, 1936 to August 31, 1941) and Powell NF (1942-44?) Some records say he worked from 1941 to 1942 and that Robert Park was Supervisor from 1942-44). Taylor retired on December 31, 1957 and lived in Orem, Utah. He died at age 90 in September 1988.

Thomas, Frank W. Frank Thomas and W. Jones Bowen had worked for cattle and sheepmen before joining the Forest Service, and they had a cabin in Second Water that they called the "Frank and Jones Cabin." After passing the ranger examination in 1905, 39-year-old Frank Thomas received an appointment as a Uinta NF guard on May 1, 1906. That spring he helped count sheep in the Right Fork of Hobble Creek Canyon. He worked on the north end of Strawberry Valley later that summer. Upon completion of a six-month probationary assignment, Thomas received a promotion to assistant ranger on May 1, 1907. He spent the next couple of years near Strawberry Valley, "after which Mr. Thomas moved to Springville and more directly supervised lands that are now part of the Spanish Fork district." He was promoted to deputy ranger in January 1908 and then to forest ranger in October 1910. He resigned on October 31, 1915 after Forest Service officials could no longer hold livestock permits on public range.

Thornock, Clarence S. Thornock was born June 20, 1908 and raised in the Bear Lake Valley of Idaho with Bloomington as his hometown. He studied one year of forestry at University of Idaho before transferring to Utah State Agricultural College where he earned his degree in forestry with a minor in range management in 1933. While in college, he worked on the Kootenai NF for one summer and on blister rust control in north Idaho for the next three summers (Coeur d'Alene, Kaniksu, and Clearwater NFs). After graduating, he helped with a forest survey from Sand Point, Idaho to the Canadian border. He then received a civil service appointment on the Black Hills NF as a silviculturalist (January-June 1935). Thornock held positions as ranger on the Shoshone NF's South Fork District (1935-37) and the Washakie NF's Wind River District in Dubois, Wyoming (1937-44). He was assistant supervisor (1944-48) and forest supervisor (1948- 1954) of the Grand Mesa NF before transferring to Denver as Region 2's assistant chief in the division of recreation, lands, and watershed management (1954-56). For the next seven years, he worked in Region 4 as supervisor of the Uinta NF (1956-73). Thornock retired from that position on June 30, 1973 after 40 years of service with the Forest Service. The Region 4 History Collection contains Thornock's oral history transcript (Accession No. R4-1680-92-0024- 103). He published a family history in 1982 titled "Thornock Pioneers: Salt Lake Valley - Colonizers Bear Lake Valley."

Tidwell, Thomas L. Tidwell grew up in Boise and graduated from Washington State University with a B.S. in range and wildlife management. He began his Forest Service career as a forestry technician for the Boise NF. Between 1978 and 1987, he held a series of natural resource management jobs on the Humboldt, Toiyabe, Boise, and Payette forests. On the Toiyabe, he supervised the Austin Ranger District's range, wildlife, watershed, and minerals programs until 1987 when he transferred to the Uinta NF as ranger of the Spanish Fork District (1987-98). Tidwell served as acting deputy supervisor of the Wasatch-Cache NF and acting supervisor of the Fishlake (1998) and Sawtooth forests. He worked three years as a legislative specialist in the Washington Office (1998-2001), as supervisor of the Wasatch-Cache NF (2001-06), deputy regional forester for Region 5 (2006-07) and regional forester for Region 1 (2007-09). Tidwell has been Chief of the Forest Service since 2009.

Wagstaff, Arthur J. Wagstaff's parents owned a ranch near the Lemhi NF in Idaho, which prompted him to get a job with the Forest Service in1925 as a fire guard on that forest. In 1926, he graduated from Utah State University with a degree in agronomy. Upon receiving his permanent appointment, he did grazing surveys on the Uinta (1926), Payette (later in 1926), Humboldt (1927), and, as chief of the survey party, Ashley (1928) national forests. In early 1929, Wagstaff became ranger of the Uinta NF's Soldier Summit District. It was an assignment cut short by the decision to consolidate ranger districts in 1930. He relocated to the La Sal NF where he was a senior forest ranger on the Mesa-La Sal Ranger District from July 1, 1930 to April 16, 1935. He returned to the Uinta as assistant forest supervisor (1935-42), and then served as assistant supervisor on the Fishlake NF (1942-45). After resigning in 1945, Wagstaff worked in Salt Lake City

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for a life insurance company doing ranch appraisals. That company transferred him to Salt Lake City from Wyoming. He lived in the Salt Lake Valley after retiring in 1967 at age 65.

Walgren, Lewis R. Walgren was on the Sawtooth NF in July 1918 at which time he joined the military. He returned to the Forest Service but resigned from his position as forest clerk on the Uinta NF on August 20, 1920.

Ward, Donnel J. A 1958 graduate of Utah State University, Ward held ranger positions on the Humboldt NF's White Pine District (1958-64), the Uinta NF's Spanish Fork District (1964-68), the Cache NF's Preston District (1968-72), and the Caribou NF's Malad District (1972-79). He transferred to the Manti-La Sal NF in 1979, remaining there as wildlife biologist until his retirement in 1986.

West, A Mr. West transferred to the Uinta NF on May 1, 1916 to take charge of Frank W. Thomas's district (District 2, Soldier Summit).

West, Vivian N. "Viv" West, born September 19, 1884 in Pleasant Grove, Utah, grew up on a farm where he assisted his father with farming and marketing crops until he was 20. He joined the Forest Service on May 22, 1911 as an assistant ranger on the Humboldt NF and received a promotion to ranger on the Ruby NF in 1914. West transferred to the Wasatch NF where he was ranger of the American Fork District from 1917 until his retirement on March 31, 1939 due to health reasons. Beginning in 1928, he also oversaw the Vernon Ranger District. West was one of the leaders in the development of Timpanogos Cave, the establishment of the famous lookout house on top of Mt. Timpanogos, and the annual Timpanogos hike. Engaged in civic affairs, West served as mayor of Pleasant Grove in 1940-41. He passed away on December 19, 1944 at age 60.

Wiesehuegel, Erwin G. Appointed from Wisconsin, Wiesehuegel was a ranger and forest assistant on the Wyoming NF (1922-24). Promoted to junior forester in July of 1924, he transferred to the Uinta NF with the same title in early 1925. He left the Forest Service in 1926 and joined the Tennessee Valley Authority as Chief of the Forestry Investigations Branch. By 1928, he and his wife Isabel Smith Wiesehuegel, a former Forest Service clerk, were living in Moscow, Idaho where he was an instructor at the University of Idaho. He died on June 20, 1971 in a Knoxville hospital at age 72.

Willey, Joseph Angus Willey, born in Chesterfield, Idaho on August 6, 1886, attended Utah State Agricultural College from 1905 to 1911. After receiving his horticulture degree in 1911, he worked a summer on the Targhee NF. During the summer of 1912, he was a cook, teamster, and camp mover for a vegetation survey crew assigned to the Manti NF. Willey took a detail to the Washington Office during the winter of 1912-13 and in 1913 received his appointment as an assistant ranger on the Manti NF where he worked four years on a survey crew. Willey was ranger of the Uinta NF's Duchesne District (April 1, 1917 to 1918) and Payson (1919-20) districts. He resigned from the Forest Service on March 31, 1920 and took up farming in the Payson area. As of 1970, he lived in Manti, Utah. He was a resident of Payson when he died December 19, 1974.

Williams, Grant G. Williams was born in 1917 in Spanish Fork Canyon, Utah where his father operated a ranch that his grandparents homesteaded in 1885. They moved to Spanish Fork where Williams attended school. Jobs, marriage, and his Air Force service drew out his studies at Utah State University over 11 years. His work with the Forest Service began on the Uinta NF's Spanish Fork Ranger District in 1941 as a laborer. He returned to the agency in 1942 and 1943 as a forest guard. After his military service (1944-46), he worked as an engineer-surveyor for the Production Management Administration (later renamed the Soil Conservation and Stabilization Administration) for a year and then finished his degree in 1947 at Utah State. Williams returned to the Forest Service in 1947 as guard on the Spanish Fork District. He received a permanent appointment in 1948 as a range conservationist before transferring in the spring of 1950 to the

168 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Dixie NF. There he was ranger of the Panguitch Lake (1950-55) and Powell (1955-57) districts. Beginning in 1957, he was assistant forest supervisor on the Fishlake but left that forest in 1967 to work as Region 10's branch chief in multiple use and watershed management. Williams returned to Utah as the Wasatch NF's branch chief of watershed, range, and wildlife. He retired from that position in 1973.

Williams, Robert Anderson After his discharge from the Army in 1952, Williams worked for the Forest Service in various capacities on the Salmon (to 1960), Sawtooth (beginning in 1960 as administrative assistant), Uinta, and Boise forests. He retired in 1975 as a contract specialist and died in Boise on January 23, 1989.

Woolstenhulme, John H. "Jack" Jack Woolstenhulme was born October 21, 1881 at Marion, Utah; he married Jeannette Pack in 1911. He started working for the Forest Service around 1905 and became an assistant ranger in 1909. Before his retirement on October 31, 1946, he was a ranger on various districts of the Wasatch NF, including the Grantsville Division. Records suggest he resigned in 1919 and, as of 1926, had been a foreman for the Provo River road for two season. He returned to the Forest Service and, as construction foreman and superintendent of the Soapstone CCC Camp, oversaw construction of the first road into Mirror Lake. Woolstenhulme lived in Kamas, Utah after retiring from the Forest Service. He was a bulldozer operator constructing roads for the Great Lakes Timber Company in 1948 and 1949 and, as of 1951, operated a planer for the Kamas Valley Lumber Company. He died in Kamas on May 15, 1963 after suffering a heart attack. His brothers Royal and Thomas also worked for the Forest Service.

Worf, William A. Bill Worf was born on a homestead in Reed Point, Montana. He enlisted in the Marines between his junior and senior years of high school, received his diploma, and then served in the South Pacific during World War II (1943-44). His military service included combat at the invasion of Iwo Jima. Worf attended the University of Montana, graduating in 1950 with a degree in forestry and range. He served on the Bridger NF range survey crew for six months, and then transferred to the Uinta NF's Currant Creek-Lake Creek District as an assistant ranger (1950-54). He was ranger of the Ashley NF’s Roosevelt District (1954-57) before moving to the Region 4 regional office to take over range reseeding work (1957-59). He worked on the Fishlake NF as timber, fire, and recreation staff officer (1959-61) and served as supervisor of the Bridger NF (1961-65). Worf went to the Washington Office on a new national wilderness task force but returned to the West in 1969 as Region 1’s Director of Recreation and Lands. He was one of the Forest Service's key players in developing the Wilderness Act. After retirement, he continued to display his interest by co-founding "Wilderness Watch," an organization active in Montana and Idaho. Worf died of natural causes at his home on Wednesday, December 21, 2011.

Work, Herman Herman Work, born August 18, 1888, received his bachelor’s degree in 1910 when he began working for the Forest Service. Appointed from Pennsylvania, Work was a forest assistant and examiner on many Region 4 forests between 1910 and 1916. His tasks included Targhee NF timber survey (July-November 1910), Meadow Valley Wash, Nevada (November-December 1910), Dixie NF (1911), Humboldt NF (1911-1912), Salmon MF (1912), Challis Land Classification (1914), and timber cruising and sales, Nevada and Uinta forests (1915). He became deputy forest supervisor of the Caribou NF in June of 1916, but left a year later to enter the Army. After serving in France with the 10th Engineers (Forestry), he returned to the United States in 1919 to work in the private forestry industry in Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Work later served in the military during World War II and as of 1951 lived in Staunton, Virginia. As a candidate for an M.S. at Pennsylvania State College in 1913, he wrote a thesis titled “The Salmon NF: Its Resources and Their Relation to the Community.” The Region 4 History Collection has a copy.

Workman, Lewis J. In April 1906, L. J. Workman of Vernal, Utah received an appointment as a Uintah forest ranger in Colton.

Worthington, Thomas Earl Personnel records indicate Worthington worked for the Uinta NF (and perhaps other forests) from July 6, 1928 until June 15, 1937. He retired on March 26, 1965 and lived in Panguitch, Utah.

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Wright, Maynard Swinton "Mike" Mike Wright was born January 23, 1920 in St. Petersburg, Florida, and he spent his youth in Texas and New Mexico. He began his working life at an early age hauling ice and later with employment at U.S. Potash in Carlsbad, New Mexico. While in the US Army (1941 to 1946), he served in the European theater on bridging crews with the Army Corps of Engineers. After the war, he attended Mississippi State University and Michigan State University where he studied forestry and earned a B.S. (1947) and a master’s degree (1948). Wright worked as a recreation guard on the Wasatch NF the summer of 1947. Upon finishing his master’s degree in 1948, he received an appointment as timber sales assistant on the Kamas Ranger District. His 33-year career with the Forest Service included positions as assistant ranger of the Wasatch’s Vernon and Grantsville Divisions (1950) and ranger when those were combined as the Tooele District (1954-58). Wright transferred to the Uinta NF as ranger of the Pleasant Grove District (1958-65). While in Utah, he was one of the first ski patrol members at Alta. Wright ended his career as range staff man at McCall, Idaho (Payette NF), and he was a resident of Spring Creek, Nevada when he passed away at age 84 on April 7, 2004. He is buried in Weiser, Idaho.

Wycoff, Alva C. Appointed from Kansas, Wycoff was a clerk on the Uinta NF (1910-16) and in the Regional Office (1916-20). He received several promotions, advancing to district fiscal agent (1920-23), clerk auditor (1923-24), and deputy fiscal agent (1924 until at least 1925). Wycoff retired on March 31, 1943 and lived in Phoenix.

Wycoff, Harold M. Wycoff, born June 5, 1915, received his temporary appointment with the Forest Service on June 8, 1937 and retired on June 30, 1972 after 33 years of service. He graduated from Utah State University with a degree in forestry in 1937, the same year he served as a forest guard on the Uinta NF. At one time, he was head foreman in charge of hazard reduction operations following the 1939 hurricane blowdown in New England. He had business management assignments on the Ashley, Minidoka, Salmon, Dixie, Boise and Humboldt national forests, as well as in the Regional Office. From 1961 to 1972, he was administrative officer for the Sawtooth NF. His father had spent 40 years with the Forest Service in business management.

Young, Howard W. Young earned his landscape architecture degree from the University of California. Before joining the Forest Service as a landscape architect, he worked for the Eastbay Regional Park Commission, the San Francisco Recreation Commission, the San Francisco Park Commission, and the National Park Service. He joined the Forest Service in May 1937 as a junior landscape architect. For two weeks in the fall of 1937, he worked on the La Sal NF, planning for recreation improvements. Prior to that, he had an assignment on the Uinta NF. In 1956, he and his family "returned to Ogden" where he was assigned to the Forest Service as a landscape architect. By 1960, he was working in the Cache NF Supervisor's Office as a landscape

Zobell, Keith W. In 1963, Zobell (b. July 17, 1932) transferred from his position as range conservationist on the Winema NF to the Malheur NF. He was ranger of the Uinta NF's Spanish Fork District from 1973 until 1979.

170 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Bibliography

Alexander, Thomas G. The Rise of Multiple-Use Management in the Intermountain West: A History of Region 4 of the Forest Service. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1987.

Antrei, Albert C. T., and Ruth D. Scow. The Other Forty-Niners: A Topical History of Sanpete County, Utah, 1849-1983. Salt Lake City, Utah: Western Epics, 1982.

Baldridge, Kenneth W. "Nine Years of Achievement: The CCC in Utah." Ph.D. diss., Brigham Young University, May 1971.

Baldridge, Kenneth W. "The Civilian Conservation Corps." Utah History Encyclopedia. http://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/c/CIVILIAN_CONSERVATION_CORPS.html, accessed May 12, 2015.

Building Inventory, Wasatch National Forest. October 30, 1961. Region 4 Architectural Historian’s Files. Intermountain Regional Office, Ogden, Utah.

"A Brief Summary of Significant Events in the History, Creation and Administration of the Manti-La Sal National Forest Especially related to the Management of Vegetation." File: “1680 The History of the Manti-La Sal N.F.” Sanpete Ranger District Office, Ephraim, Utah.

Carley, Rachel. The Visual Dictionary of American Domestic Architecture. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1994.

“Chapter 6. Permanent Improvements Working Plan, Fiscal Years 1917 and 1918, Submitted April, 1916. Inventory of Constructed Improvements.” Atlas: “Forest Improvement Plans.” Basement of Uinta- Wasatch-Cache National Forest Supervisor’s Office, South Jordan, Utah.

Christiansen, Aaron Parley. Daybooks, 1915-1921. MSS 94. Utah State University. Special Collections and Archives Department.

Christensen, Reed C. Interview by Thomas G. Alexander, March 12, 1984. Accession No. R4-1680-1992- 0024-020. USFS Region 4 History Collection, Ogden, Utah.

Civilian Conservation Corps Legacy. “CCC Camps Utah.” http://www.ccclegacy.org/CCC_Camps_Utah.html. Accessed May 15, 2015.

DeMoisy, Charles, Jr. Interview by Arnold R. Standing, April 19, 1965. Accession No. R4-1680-1992-0024- 028. USFS Region 4 History Collection, Ogden, Utah.

DeMoisy, Charles, Jr. “Some Early History of the Uinta National Forest.” July 8, 1963. Accession No. R4- 1680-1995-0001-01. USFS Region 4 History Collection, Ogden, Utah.

Ferguson, John. “A Guide to the Historic Administrative Buildings of the U.S. Forest Service Pacific Southwest Region, 1905-1970.” February 28, 2011.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 171

“Forest Consolidation Proposal; Cache, Caribou, Uinta, and Wasatch NFs, Intermountain Region.” 1972. Region 4 Architectural Historian’s Files. Intermountain Regional Office, Ogden, Utah.

Forest Service Organizational Directories, 1920 through 2008. USFS Region 4 History Collection, Ogden, Utah.

Frandsen, John. Restoring Strawberry, the Pure Valley: Report on Five Years of Mitigation and Enhancement in the Strawberry Valley. Heber City, Utah: USDA Forest Service, Uinta and Wasatch-Cache National Forest, Heber Ranger District, 1995.

Frischknecht, Neil C. and Lorin E. Harris. Grazing Intensities and Systems on Crested Wheatgrass in Central Utah: Response of Vegetation and Cattle. [Washington]: U.S. Forest Service, 1968.

Grosvenor, John R. A History of the Architecture of the USDA Forest Service. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1999.

Hamre, Vern. Memo to Fishlake, Manti-La Sal, Uinta, and Wasatch Forest Supervisors. December 6, 1973. File: “1658-Historical Data, 4-Early Administration.” History Files. Basement of Uinta-Wasatch- Cache National Forest Supervisor’s Office, South Jordan, Utah.

“History of the Uinta NF.” ca. 1967. File: “1658-Historical Data, 4-Early Administration.” History Files. Basement of Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest Supervisor’s Office, South Jordan, Utah.

Holmes, Edward W. “The Uinta National Forest: An Environmental Study.” Master’s thesis, Brigham Young University, 1990.

Hurst, William Daly. A Life Recalled: Memoirs of William Daly Hurst. 1999.

Intermountain Reporter. Newsletter of the Intermountain Region. USFS Region 4 History Collection, Ogden, Utah.

Isbell, Victor K. Historical Development of the Spanish Fork Ranger District. [Spanish Fork, Utah]: Uinta National Forest, 1972.

Jacobs, James L. Interview by Thomas G. Alexander, February 6 and 15, 1984. Accession No. R4-1680- 1992-0024-060. USFS Region 4 History Collection, Ogden, Utah.

Klade, Richard J. Building a Research Legacy: The Intermountain Station, 1911-1997. Fort Collins, CO: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2006.

Larson, George C. to Forest Supervisor, November 15, 1971. Binder: “Diamond Jubilee newspaper clippings, letters, speeches, etc.” History Files. Basement of Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest Supervisor’s Office, South Jordan, Utah.

McCain, A. C., Memo to District Forester, November 19, 1913. File: “1658-Historical Data, 16-Appendix, h. Memoirs or other statements of former forest officers or former residents.” History Files. Basement of Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest Supervisor’s Office, South Jordan, Utah.

172 The Enchantment of Ranger Life McConkie, A. [Andrew] R. “Historical Information, Ashley N. F. (1958-1973).” May 22, 1973. File: “History- Supervisors.” Not accessioned. USFS Region 4 History Collection, Ogden, Utah.

Moncrief, Lester, Personnel Officer, to Regional Forester, August 26, 1940. File: “1380 Reports, Valuable Records, 1917 thru 1950, (2200) Grazing.” History Files. Basement of Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest Supervisor’s Office, South Jordan, Utah.

Nelson, Shaun R., editor. History of the Uinta National Forest: A Century of Stewardship. Provo, Utah: USDA Forest Service, Uinta National Forest, 1997.

Nichols, George L. “Moving Forest Buildings in Region 4.” [1950?]. Accession No. R4-1680-2009-0382. USFS Region 4 History Collection, Ogden, Utah.

Nielson, Merrill. Interview by Arnold R. Standing, April 30, 1965. Accession No. R4-1680-1992-0024-081. USFS Region 4 History Collection, Ogden, Utah.

Nielson, Merrill. “My Forest Service Career.” July 26, 1960. Not accessioned. USFS Region 4 History Collection, Ogden, Utah.

Old Timers’ News. Newsletter of the Region 4 Old Timers Club, 1950-1996. USFS Region 4 History Collection, Ogden, Utah.

Olsen, Beth R. “CCC Camp F-43.” ca. 1993. History Files. Basement of Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest Supervisor’s Office, South Jordan, Utah.

Olsen, Beth R. “The CCC’s Six Years in Pleasant Grove.” ca. 1993. History Files. Basement of Uinta- Wasatch-Cache National Forest Supervisor’s Office, South Jordan, Utah.

Peterson, Charles S., and Linda E. Speth. A History of the Wasatch-Cache National Forest. Logan, UT: Utah State University, 1980.

Potter, Albert F. “Proposed Reserves in the State of Utah, Part II.” 1903. Accession No. R4-1680-2009- 0001. USFS Region 4 History Collection, Ogden, Utah.

“A Short History of the Forest Service.” [1967?]. File: “1658-Historical Date, 4-Early Administration.” History Files. Basement of Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest Supervisor’s Office, South Jordan, Utah.

“Some Chronological Events Leading up to the Present Status and Boundaries of the Wasatch National Forest.” January 6, 1948. File: “1658-Historical Data, 4-Early Administration.” History Files. Basement of Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest Supervisor’s Office, South Jordan, Utah.

Stauffer, Alan C. “Histories of American Fork Canyon.” September 3, 1971.

Steen, Harold K. The U.S. Forest Service: A History. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1976.

Taylor, Albert Davis. Problems of Landscape Architecture in the National Forests: Report to U.S. Forester's Office on Trip of Inspection Through Some of the National Forest Areas in Regions 2, 4, 6, and 1. 1935. Accession No. R4-1680-1992-0054-03. USFS Region 4 History Collection, Ogden, Utah.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 173

Thornock, Clarence S. Interview by Thomas G. Alexander, March 30, 1984. Accession No. R4-1680-1992- 0024-103. USFS Region 4 History Collection, Ogden, Utah.

Uinta National Forest Financial Plans. Atlas Collection, Heritage Files. Basement of Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest Supervisor’s Office, South Jordan, Utah.

USDA Forest Service. Bills for Material Accompanying Standard Plans for Buildings on Ranger Stations. 1908.

USDA Forest Service. Building Construction Handbook. [Ogden]: Forest Service, Intermountain Region, 1935.

USDA Forest Service. Establishment and Modification of National Forest Boundaries and National Grasslands. A Chronological Record: 1891-1996. Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service, 1997.

USDA Forest Service. Field Programs. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1908-1920.

USDA Forest Service. Organizational Directories. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1920-2008.

USDA Forest Service. Truck Trail Handbook. 1940. Accession No. R4-1680-2004-0021. USFS Region 4 History Collection, Ogden, Utah.

USDA Forest Service. Utah's First Forest's First 75 Years. [Ogden, Utah]: 1972.

USDA Forest Service, District Four. Alumni Bulletins. 1921, 1923, 1926, 1928, and 1930. Accession Nos. R4- 1680-1992-0050-01 through R4-1680-1992-0050-05. USFS Region 4 History Collection, Ogden, Utah.

USDA Forest Service, Division of Engineering. Acceptable Plans, Forest Service Administrative Buildings. 1938.

USDA Forest Service, Uinta National Forest. Facilities Master Plan for the Uinta National Forest. [Provo, UT]: September 2003.

Wagstaff, Arthur J. “Uinta N. F. Notes.” n.d. File: “1658-Historical Data, 16-Appendix, h. Memoirs.” History Files. Basement of Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest Supervisor’s Office, South Jordan, Utah.

Watkins, T. H. The Great Depression: America in the 1930s. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1993.

Wilson, Richa. Within a Day's Ride: Forest Service Administrative Sites in Region 4, 1891-1960. Ogden, Utah: USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Region, 2004.

Yell-A-Gram. Mss B 540. Civilian Conservation Corps Newsletters Collection, 1935-1941. Utah State Historical Society.

Personal Communications

Daniels, Roy. Telephone interview by author. June 27, 2016.

Evans, Raymond. Telephone interview by author. June 27, 2016.

174 The Enchantment of Ranger Life Giles, Lew. Telephone interview by author. June 21 and 30, 2016.

Laird, Harold. Telephone interview by author. June 28, 2016.

McDonald, Ralph. Telephone interview by author. June 15, 2016.

Riddle, Robert L. Email to author. June 15, 2016.

Rosier, Charles. Email to author. December 12, 2005.

Rosier, Charles. Email to author. June 7, 2016.

Rosier, Charles. Email to author. June 13, 2016.

The Enchantment of Ranger Life 175