1113

Index

a album board 1057 ablating 926–927 alkaline pulping. See sulfate process ablating process 926–927 alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA) 201–204 abrasion resistance 942, 945, 1079–1080 alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) 198–201 abrasion testers 945–946 – application of sizes 200–201 abrasiveness 123–124 – dispersions 198–199 absorbency and porosity 757–759 – reactions/sizing features 199–200 absorption tests 193 – wax 198 account book paper 1046 alum 187 acid dyes 171 aluminum (hydroxide) chloride 341–342 acoustics 995–996 aluminum compounds 291–295 additives 284 aluminum nitrate 342 additives, for repulping 325–327 aluminum salts in water systems 341 adhesive binding. See bookbinding aluminum sulfate 341 (adhesive binding) aluminum trihydrate ATH (hydrated adhesive joints 947 alumina) 138 adhesives 929–930, 949 American Tree Farm System (ATFS) 1029 aerobic treatment, for wastewater 536 amorphous precipitated calcium carbonate affinity 164 139 agglomerates 247 amorphous silicates and silica 138 aggregates 247 amylomaize 152 aggregation and deposition 304 amylose retrogradation. See retrogradation air along process and surface–active anaerobic treatment, for wastewater substance sources 316–319 536–537 air bearing caliper measurement 867 analytical and industrial filter papers air content measurement methods 322 1054–1055 air flotation dryers 780 anionic direct dyes 165–167 air/gas measurement 321–322 anionic trash 1068 air in papermaking process and removal anisotropy 1038, 1039 623 antitarnish paper 1057 air impingement drying 720–721 apparent knife angle 921 airmail paper 1046 approach flow system air solubility in water 427 – air intake 623–624 air-supported turnup systems 809 – for graphic paper machines 630–631 air system 723, 737, 738, 739, 740, 741 – for packaging paper and board machines air–water mixture in Mollier diagram 631–632 723–725 – for specialty paper machines 632–634 air water moisturizers 873–874 – for tissue grade machines 632

Handbook of Paper and Board, Second Edition. Edited by H. Holik. © 2013 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Published 2013 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. 1114 Index

aqueous processes 1090, 1102–1103 binder yarn 593 Arab paper 18 binding papers 1057 arboxylated styrene–butadiene latexes (XSB) biocide 140–141, 312–314 253 biofilms 337 art drawing papers 1056 biokidneys 495 artificial chromo board and triplex board biological oxygen demand (BOD) 1068 1052 biological sludge 538 artificial leather raw materials 1055–1056 birdeyes 266 artificial parchment 228 bitumen 330 aspect ratio 240 black liquor evaporation plant 42 associative cellulosic thickeners (ACTs) blade and rod coating 775–777 262 blade coating 747 associative thickeners 260–263 blade-coated LWC/offset and rotogravure ATMOS tissue machine 832 796–797 Austrian National Library process 1103 blades 263, 663, 669, 670 automation 856–857 bleaching 44, 54–55, 353 automation system 862, 863, 864 bleed fastness 177 autooxidation 1091 blistering 763 auxochromes 163 blotting papers 1047 blow box 704 b Blue Wool Scale 177, 190 bacteria 310 board 1052 bacteria level 277–278 board for cups 1053 balance of plant (BoP) 1006–1007 board for playing cards 1057 barring board grades 1048–1049, 1051–1053 – in calenders 884–886 boil-out 295, 333, 334 – monitoring system 877 book and paper preservation 1087–1088 base paper 1046–1047, 1056–1057 – by aging 1088–1090 base paper properties 760–764 – alterations due to aging 1091–1092 basic dyes 168–169 – oxidative deterioration process basicity 292–293, 339 1090–1091 basis weight 1071 – – aqueous processes 1102–1103 – machine direction control 869–870 – – bookkeeper process 1101–1102 – measurement 865–866 – – CSC booksaver 1102 basis weight control 872 – – magnesium oxide dust 1102 ® basis weight measurement 865–866 – – Papersave process 1098–1101 basis weight profile 654–656, 881, 887–890 bookbinding (adhesive binding) 950–951 batch coating color preparation 279 bookbinding board 1057 Battelle process 1098 bookkeeper process 1101–1102 beating degree 1066–1067 bookkeeping transparent paper 1046 Bekk smoothness 1079 Book Preservation Associates (BPA) 1095 belt calender 792, 793, 825 bound air 319 belt conveyor 855 BPA process and DAE process 1095 belt filters and twin-wire presses 437, 438 Braille codes 945 bending stiffness 915, 947, 1079 breaking length 1075 bent blade 776–777 bridging–dewetting mechanism, for fast bentonite 140 film rupture 321 Beta technique 1085 brightness 117–118, 269, 423–425, 1070, binders 250–252 1080 – natural polymer binders derivatives British Library process 1097–1098 252–253 broke pulpers 370–371 – processing 283–284 broke treatment systems 487–488 – synthetic latex binders 253–254 brown mechanical pulp board 1052 – systems, comparison 255 Buckenburger¨ process 1102–1103 Index 1115 building papers and boards 1055 cationic starch 154, 155, 156, 198–199, 204 build–own–operate (BOO) models 496 causticizing 42 build–own–operate–transfer (BOOT) model cellulose derivatives 252 496 cellulose-reactive sizing agents 194 bursting strength 1076 cellulose wadding 1053 butyl acrylate 254 cellulosic fibers 166 center-supported guide rolls 562 c central distributor tank headbox 650 cable and condenser paper 1055 centrifugal cleaning 352, 397 calcined clay 136 centrifuges 530–531 calcium stearate 264 ceramic coatings 587 calender bowl paper 1056 CD main fiber orientation profile 656–657 calender paper shafts 589 Chain of Custody (CoC) 1029 calender rolls 568–570 changing of fabrics 615–617 calender stack barring 998 charge control 307–309, 871 calendering 793–794 charge control with cationic polymers – embossing calenders 793–794 307–309 – extended nip calenders 792–793 chelating agents 322–325 – friction calenders 794–795 chemical additives interactions 344–347 – history 786–789 chemical oxygen demand (COD) 305, 1068 – machine calenders 789 chemical pulp 33, 34–36, 1042 – multinip calenders 791–792 chemimechanical pulp (CMP) 51, 57 – soft calenders 790–791 chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP) – supercalenders 789–790 36, 51, 57 calenders 825 chemistry of agents 302 caliper 1071 Chinese paper 16–17 – measurement 867 chipboard 1052 – profile 884–886 chromatography papers 1054–1055 caliper control 874–875 chromium coatings 588 caliper measurement 867 chromo board 1052 caliper profile 884–886, 897–900 chromophores 163 Canadian Standard Association (CSA) 1029 CIELAB 269, 868, 966, 1080 Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF) 56, CIE whiteness 180–181 459, 1066 cigar and cigarillo casing paper 1057 – Shopper Riegler 1067 circular sedimentation clarifier 535 cantilever beams 616–617 cleaner cascade system 405 car body cardboard 1057 cleaner with rotating housing 407 carbon copy paper 1046 cleaning agents and fabric conditioning carbonizing base papers 1047 331–333 carbonless copy papers 1046 cleaning and conditioning of fabrics carboxylated celluloses 211–212 609–615 carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) 249, 252, cleanliness efficiency 357 257 climate tests 953 cardboard for beer mats 1057 closed filter systems 285, 286 carousel conveyor 855 closed water circuit 538–539 carton boards 756, 823–827, 1051 clothing, cleaning and conditioning cartridge papers and boards 1053 334–336 casein 252, 256–257 cloudiness 1036 cast coated pulp board 1052 Clupak process 823 cast functional layer (resin covers) 586–587 coagulation 338 cationic additives 187–188 coarse hole screening rejects 516 cationic demand of the liquid 1068 coarse rejects handling 501, 520 cationic direct dyes 168 coarse screening 385–388 cationic polymers charge control 307–309 coat weight measurement 868 1116 Index

coat weight profile 886 colorimetric space 176, 177 coated board 799 colorimetry 176 coated packaging papers 1050 color measurement 868 coated paper grades 798 color origin 161–162 coated papers 1050 Combi cleaners 626–627 coated printing papers 1043–1045 combined heat and power (CHP) 1026, coated pulp board 1052 1031 coated surface measurements 1085 combustion technology choice 548 coater blade backing rolls 571 commercial mass deacidification history coating 159–160, 933 1094–1098 coating coloration 176 composite roll covers 585–587 coating color formulations 747–749, composition and chemical paper testing 768–769 1072–1074 – binders 765–767 compression resistance test 951 – drying 780, 783 compression tests 948–949, 953 – machines 772–773 computer-to-plate (CtP) technology 953 – penetration and migration 757 Concoramedium test 1078 – pigments 765 conditioning agents 333–334 coating base papers 1055 Conservacion´ de Sustratos Celulosicos´ coating color preparation (CSC) Booksaver process 1102 – batch preparation 287, 288 consistency 881–882 – binder processing 281–284 consistency sensor calibration 871 – continuous coating color preparation contact angle testers 943 287–288, 289 contact drying with steam heated cylinders – degassing of coating colors 285–287 715–720 – dispersing of pigments 279–281 contacting caliper measurement 867 – screens and filters 285 contact rewetting 687 – supply systems for coaters 288–289 contact time 166–167 – tanks 284–285 contactless coating 748–749 coating color properties 272 contamination factors for successful – structures 276 cleaning result 330–331 coating colors 176, 235–237 continuous inkjet systems 962, 963 – additives 254–256, 266–272 controlled nip line load distribution 572 – binders 250–254 control of basis weight and fiber orientation – dispersants 247–250 642 – pigments 238–240 control system 859–864 – structures 236 conventional tissue machines coating color requirements from consecutive conventional wrapping machines 850–851 processes 755–756 converting process 911 coating colors components and properties converting products testing 937–938 764–765 – bookbinding (adhesive binding) 950–951 coating holdout 288, 776 – cores 949, 950 coat weight measurement 868, 1085 – corrugated board 947–948 Cobb Unger oil test 904 – labels 949 cobinders 251, 255–258 – packages 948–949 Cobra system 256, 809 – specific material tests 938–947 cockling 906–907 – transportation tests 951–952 co-cross-linking 218, 223 conveying systems 526–527 coffee stain effect 963, 979 coordinated speed change control 869, 950 coldset printing 975 copy base papers 1047 collecting effect 415 copying papers 1046–1047 colloids 337–338 correction press rolls 698 colorants 160, 175 correspondence envelope paper 1046 color measurement 868 corrugated and kraft grades 67 Index 1117 corrugated board 947–948 decor base paper 1056 corrugated crush test (CCT) 1078 decor´ paper 838 corrugated papers 1050–1051 deculators 320 corrugating 917–918 Define Measure Analyze Improve and corrugation 846, 854, 917–918 Control (DMAIC) process 1060 – corrugating medium 1048 deflaker 372 counterflow cleaner deflaking effect 392 covering papers and cardboards 1055 deflection control rolls 572–575, 787–788 cover paper and board 1057 deflocculation 248, 279, 640, 644, 645 ‘‘Cradle to Cradle’’ concept 1027–1028 defoamers and deaerators 265, 316 creasing and folding properties 944 – application and air/gas measurement crepe packing material 1049 321–322 crepe paper 1054 – chemical composition 321 creping 829–830 – chemicals 319–320 – additives 227 defoaming and deaeration chemicals Crescent former 827–828 319–320 critical strain 276 degassing, of coating colors 285–286 Croda test 1082 deinkability 72–76 cross direction control 872–875 deinked pulp (DIP) 478, 795, 814, 817, 818 cross-linkers 267, 268 deinking 34, 411 cross machine direction (CD) 740, 860, 872 – additives 327–330 cross machine (CD) control of basis weight –grades 68 and fiber orientation 642 – material 478 crown control (CC) roll 573, 893 – sludges 529 crushing 688–689 – sorted graphic paper for 67 crush resistance 1078 – test 72–76 curl 904–906 deinking additives 327–330 – causes and cure 905–906 delignification 34 – mechanism 905 Dennison wax-picking test (TAPPI T459om) curl index 1062–1063 1083 curtain coating 778–779 deposit control 309 cushion stop lines, segmented 854 – applications survey 314–315 cut cross section 923, 924 cutting edge length per second – impairments due to microorganisms (CEL) 456 310–311 cutting point 924 – microbiology 309 Cybercell 417 – prevention 312 cylinder drying 780 – project 315–316 cylinder former 665, 669–670, 824 – regulatory affairs 315 cylindrical screens 385–387 dewatering 353, 620, 623–624, 681, 829 dewatering in nip phases 683–685 d dewatering–pressing 525–526 dandy roll 566–567, 664, 671–672 DEZ process 1096 Darcy’s law 661, 684 dialdehyde starch (DAS) 225 data papers and boards 1046 diapers and sanitary towel covers 1054 deacidification 1092–1098 diethyl zinc (DEZ) 1094, 1096 deaeration 624–625 diffusional mixing of microfibrils 209 – by centrifugal forces 626–628 digital printing 977–979 –cleaner 627 dilution actuators 872 –foampump 423 dimensional analysis single-curve method – by gravity 625 103 – by vacuum 625–626 DIN standards 177, 913, 938, 943, 944, 946, debarking 627, 637 949, 981, 1059, 1060, 1065, 1072, 1079, decoration crepe 1057 1080 1118 Index

direct dyes 164–168 drum thickeners 436–437 – anionic 165–167 dry ammonia ethylene oxide (DAE)-process – cationic 168 1095 dirt 1069–1070, 1081 dryer fabrics dirt specks 411, 425 – cleaning 614–615 – reduction 425, 426, 463 – fabric design and history 604–605 disk filters 438–439, 440, 441 – manufacture 605–606 disc refiners 53 – requirements 603–604 disc thickeners 437–438, 439, 530 dryer hood ventilation 737 disintegration 352, 371 dryer section 713 – continuous and discontinuous 373–374 – types 730–732 disk disperser drying 829 – mechanism model 467–468 drying curve 725–726 – principle design and operating parameters drying of coated and surface-sized paper and 465–467 board 742–744 disk filters 438–439, 440, 441 drying rate and energy balance 713–715 disk screen 372–373 dry lamination 933 disk screening 372–373, 385 dry strength additives (DSAs) 209–210, disk thickener 437–438, 439 211–213 dispersants 247–250 – application 213 dispersed size particle 195 – cellulose derivative 211–212 dispersing 279–281, 353, 474, 475–476, – synthetic 212–213 480–481, 486 dusting 1083 dispersion dyeing mechanism 162–164 dispersion system dyes 269 disk disperser 465–468 dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) 1078 displacement dewatering 696–698 dryness 679, 680, 682, 698 – by pressure 697 – by vacuum 697–698 e dissolved air flotation (DAF) 426, 429, 481, Eastern spread of paper making 17 488, 505, 506 Eco-Efficiency Analyses (EEAs) 1027 dissolved soyabean proteins 253 eco-label 1029–1031 dissolved substances fixation 303 edge crush resistance 1078 distributed control system (DCS) 860, 862, edge crush test (ECT) 947, 1076 864 efficiency assessment 1014–1016 distributor rollers 961 efficient equipment and investment 1017 distributor tank 640 electricity and hazards 987 dithionite 453 electromagnetic sensor 867 doctor blade 955, 957 electromagnetic spectrum 161 dosing of dyes 173–174, 175 electronic nose 1073 double coating 774 electrophotographic printing (laser printing) double-felted nip 704–705 977–978 double-layer press felt 600 electrophotography 965–966, 977–978, drag reduction 86 1047 drainage index (DI) 596 electrostatic assist (ESA) 955, 973 drawing cut 921 electrostatic stabilization 248 drop-on-demand (DOD) inkjet technologies elementary chlorine-free (ECF) pulp 461 962, 963 embossing 916, 931, 945 drop test 949 embrittlement, of paper 1092 drum debarker 37 emulsion adhesives 929 drum pulper 368–370 energy 1026 – reject handling 520–521, 522 – optimal energy layout for entire paper mill drum pulping rejects 513–514 1018–1020 drum pulpers 368–370 – optimization 1016–1017 Index 1119

– process modifications to reduce intake fiber surface schematic models 209 1017–1018 fiber suspension testing – significance 1013 – beating degree 1066–1067 energy balance 713–715 – brightness 1070 energy recovery from backflows 628–629 – consistency 1065 entrained air (air bubbles) 317 – dirt 1069–1070 envelope lining tissue 1046 – fiber classification 1066 environmentally friendly production 1021 – sampling 1064–1065 – energy 1026 – shives and flake content 1066 – in paper and board production 1023 – stickies 1068–1069 – resource utilization 1023–1024 – water properties 1068 – secondary pulps 1025 – water retention 1067–1068 – virgin pulps 1024–1025 fibers 28, 29–30 – water 1026 fibers as individuals 26–27 – worldwide and European efforts 1023 fiber flocs and vicissitudes 28 epoxidized polyamide resins 218–224 fibrous materials 33 equivalent black area (EBA) 1070, 1081 – chemical pulp 34–36 European papermaking, processing steps in – grades list 66–68 21 – use of grades 68–69 European Recovered Paper Council (ERPC) fibrous material testing 1061 34, 72, 73, 74 – composition 1061–1062 evaporation plants 41–42 – fiber fractionation 1063–1064 evener roll headbox. See rectifier roll – length and length-related properties headboxes 1062–1063 exclusion of gases and vapors 1084 filing board 1048 expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) filled/paper rolls 786 reactors 537 filler machine direction control 870 extended nip calenders 792–793 fillers measurement 866 extensible kraft sack paper (Clupak) 1049 fillers 167 extrusion method 583 fillers (white pigments) 186–187 film-coated LWC offset 797 f film coating 777–778 fabrics 591 film press 158 fabrics in operation 606 film size press 570–571 facial tissue and handkerchiefs 1054 filter encasing paper 1056 fancy cardboard 1048 filter mass 1055 fatty acid soap 414–416 final stage screens 387–388 FEFCO 947 – coarse screening 387–388 felt and wool-felt board 1055 – fine screening 389–390 felt dewatering. See suction box dewatering FINAT 949, 951 felting techniques 14–15 fine rejects 501 felts 699–701 – difference with sludge 516–517 f -factor 801 – handling, and combined systems 523, fiber fractionation 1063–1064 525 fiber materials feeding 359 – from low-consistency cleaning 517 fiber orientation anisotropy in web – from slotted fine screening 517–518 676–678 fine screening 388–391 fiber-reinforced functional layer – basket types 388–389 585–586 – final stage screen 389–390 fiber stock preparation systems – machine types 388 – primary 476–477 – systems 390–391 – secondary 478 fines and filler distribution 903–904 – peripheral systems 488 finishing 841 fiber support index (FSI) 595–596 – reel slitting 1120 Index

fire protection 992–993 Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) 1025, first aid 990–991 1029 fisheyes 266 forming board 670 fixatives and charge control 300 forming fabrics – dissolved substances fixation 303 forming process 913–914 – particular substances treatment 303–305 forming roll 563–564, 670 – test methods for agents 305–306 formulations 272–274 – treatment strategies for interfering Fourdrinier machines 643, 824 substances 300–302 Fourdrinier wire section 663–664, fixed point measurement 865 666–667 flame-retardant paper 231 fractionation 352 flake content 374–376 – machinery 432–433 flake reduction 376 – technical aspects 433–434 flat-back embossers 794 freeness. See beating degree flat crush test 947 frequency shifting, of roll system 886 flavonic acid-based FWAs, structural freshwater treatment 342–343 formula of 182 frictional connection 931 flexographic printing 956–959, 971–972 friction calenders 794–795 flotation cells 417–420 functional chemicals 145–146 flotation system and flotation selectivity functional printing 205, 953 420–421 furnish type influence 685–686 flocculation 86–87, 98, 104, 298, 338–341 g flocks. See agglomerates gap former 665–666, 668–669 flong 1057 gardener’s crepe 1057 flow 87–88 gas chromatography (GC) 1073 flow approaching screen openings gas control 871 380–382 ghosting effect 975 flow mechanisms 88–90 glassyne 1050 flower crepe paper 1057 gloss 270, 1081 fluid dynamics, on substrate and – measurement 868 solidification 955–956, 958, 960–961, gloss control 875 963 gloss measurement 868 fluidization 99 glueability 271, 928–930, 946–947 fluidized bed incineration 545–546, 547 gluing 928–930 fluorescence hue 184 glutinous rice 152 fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) glyoxal 267 178–179, 181. See also optical brightening glyoxalated polyacrylamide resins 222–224 agents (OBAs) gooseneck system 809 – cationic additives 187–188 grade change control 869 – cis-trans isomerism 182 granite rolls 589 – fluorescence hue 184 granite rolls and calender paper shafts 589 – greening/graying limit 188–189 graphic papers 506–508, 813–814, – light fastness 190 1041–1048 fluting 1051 – approach flow system 630–631 FMC and Lithco process 1098 – grades systems 478 foam 265 – – wood-containing natural printing papers foam handling 421–422 1042–1043 foils 670 grate incineration 544–545, 547 foil boxes 670 gravity table 530 folding 914–916 gravure paper 972–974 folding boxboard (FBB) 761, 1049 gravure printing 954–956, 969 folding strength 1078 graying point. See saturation point footprint approach 1031 grease permeability 1084 Index 1121 grease proofness 942 Hemhoff test 1072 greaseproof papers 1048, 1050 hemicelluloses 45 greenhouse gas (GHG) 1023, 1026 hemocytometer 305 greening/graying limit 188–189 hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) grinding process 48–49 1098–1099 ground calcium carbonate (GCC) 127–130, high-consistency cleaning rejects 515 238, 242–243, 750–751 high-consistency cleaners and systems guide rolls 245, 560–561 403, 404 guillotine cutter 921 high consistency pulpers 367–368 gypsum (calcium sulfate) 135–136, high consistency pulping rejects 514–515 245–246 high consistency refining 459 gypsum liner board 1055 high consistency refining machines 459 h high-pressure water jet turnup 810–811 Haindl fractionators (for shive analysis) high-turbulence headboxes. See hydraulic 1063 headboxes hand-build method 583 high velocity hood. See tissue dryer hood handling technology 518–525 high-weight coated (HWC) papers 761 hard metal coatings 587 hollow sphere 246–247 hasp 802, 803 homo-cross-linking 218 hazardous substances 985–986 Hookean behavior 275 headbox horizontal impact tests 952 – acoustics basics 995–996 hornification 81 – falling hazards on papermaking plants hotmelt 929 994–995 hot sealing paper 1057 – fire protection 992–993 hot setting paper 1057 – industrial trucks 993 household filter papers 1054 – load-lifting equipment in hoisting humic acids 184 operation 993–994 hybrid former 665, 668, 824 – operational parameters 651 hydraulic headboxes 644–650 – of paper mills neighborhood 1002 – for Fourdrinier wire section – pressure equipment 991–992 – secondary headbox 649–650 – primary measures 997–998 – for twin-wire gap formers 647–648 – protection 984–991 – two-layer headbox 648–649 – secondary measures 998–1002 hydraulic pressure and fiber structure – sound sensitivity to individual 996–997 resistance 681–683 – state-of-the-art headboxes 642–643 hydraulic punch presses 525 – suspension acceleration, deflocculation, hydrein roll 574 and delivery 640–641 hydrocyclones 354, 397, 398, 399–403 – uniform distribution across machine – basics width 636 – selection and operation rules 402–403 headbox with central distributor tank 650 hydrophobic alkali-swellable emulsions headbox flow rate 882–883 (HASEs) 262, 400 heat flux 714 hydrophobic ethoxylated urethanes (HEURs) high-intensity pressing 696 261 heat recovery system 738–739 hydrophobic modified hydroxyethyl cellulose heat resistance 178 (HMHEC) 262 heat sealing 946 hydro vario roll 575 heatset printing 975–976 hygienic papers 1053–1054 heat-setting principle 598 hygroscopicity 1036 heat-set web offset (HSWO) 763 heat transfer 88, 714, 715–717, 720, 721 i 722, 726, 740 IC cleaners 403 Helio-test 1079 imitation cork paper 1056 1122 Index

impeller flotation cell 417 internal water treatment 343 impregnation 933 International Electrotechnical Commission impulse drying 723 (IEC) 1055 impulse pressing technique 696 intoxication 987 incineration technologies ion chambers 865 – industries 548 ISO brightness 180 inclined wire 667–668 index board 547, 1046 j industrial trucks 993 Jacquard system 597 information system 862, 864 Janus calender 791 infrared drying 722, 780 Janus MK 2, 791 infrared heating 874 jet direction 638 INGEDE methods 70, 71, 72–73, 76–78, jet velocity 637 1070, 1085 jet quality 662 ink absorption 1082 joining 927–928 ink acquisition 955, 957, 960, 962 joining process 927–928 ink corrosion 1091 ink-jet printing 1047 k inkjet printing 962–965, 978–979 K&N test 1082 inks and process properties 956, 958, 961, kaolin 124–127 964 – clays 242 ink transfer, to substrate 955, 958, 960, 963 kaolin (hydrous) 124–127 input–output configurations, for paper kitchen towels 1053–1054 converting machines 934 KIT test 1084 insect resistant and insecticide paper kneading disperser 468–469 1057 knott method 583 insolubilizers 266–268 kraft-faced liner 1051 intaglio printing 954–955 kraft liner 1048, 1051 integrated recycled paper mill (IRPM) kraft packing papers 1049 – dewatering–pressing 525–526 kraft paper 1046, 1049 – handling technology 518–525 kraft sack paper 1049 – freshwater 502 kraft tissue 1049 – metal detection and magnetic separation 526 l – shredding 525 labels 949 – storage systems 528 laminated base paper 799 – types 512–518 laminating 933–934 – – peripheral sludge systems and primary latexes 281 and biosludge integration 529–531 latex properties 767 – – process stage sludges and characteristics layout and load plans 1007–1009 529 leather fiberboard 1057 – – sludge pressing 531–532 leave bleached kraft pulps (LBKPs) 461 – subsystems and peripheral systems letter file cardboard 1048 493–494 letterpress board 1048 – technical and operational aspects letterpress printing 957 494–496 leuko dye 230 – process water 502–503 life cycle approach 1031 – typical paper mill water loops 503–510 Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs) 1027 – reject subsystems 501 life lessons 26 – sludge subsystems 500–501 light fastness 177, 190, 946 – water subsystems 500 lightweight coated (LWC) paper machines interface controlled dewatering 497, 682 817 internal sizing steps 195 lightweight reject handling 522–523 internal water and effluent treatment lignin sulfonates 250 Index 1123 limitations in use 761 MD/MC ratio of paper properties 651–652 limiting dry content 685 mechanical deaeration 626–628 linting 1083 mechanical pulp 33, 47–48, 1042 lip 670 – machines and aggregates 53 liquid penetration, into paper surfaces 943 – mechanical, thermal, and chemical Lithco process 1098 impacts in refiner process 51–53 load-deformation properties 1078–1079 – principles 50–51 load-lifting equipment in hoisting operation mechanical shear stress 774 993–994 mechanism 162–164 long dwell time applicator (LDTA) 775 mechanistic-based models 103–104 long fiber fraction 486–487 mechanization and industrialization long-fiber paper 1057 19–21 Lorilleux Porometrique test 1082 MedienStandard Druck 969 low consistency (LC) cleaners medieval European paper 18–19 low consistency cleaners and systems 403, medium consistency MC flow 98–100 405–407 melamne–formaldehyde resins 216, 267 low consistency pulpers 365–366 metal–EDTA chelate complex 323 low consistency pulping rejects 514 metals and alloys 587–588 low consistency refining machines metered size press (MSP) 745, 746, 747, 458–459 752 lubricants 263–264 metering 773–774 LWC paper machines 817 microbial-induced corrosion 311 Microcontour test 1082 m microflocs 338–339, 340 machine calenders 786, 788, 789, 797 microflotation and circuit cleaning sludge machine condition monitoring system 876 529 machine control system (MCS) 859–860, micronized talc 133 864 micropolymers 299 machine direction control 869–872 mill board 1053 machine direction (MD) 860–861, millwide water circuit systems 869–872. See also cross machine direction mineral fillers 109 (CD) mixed office waste (MOW) 478, 481 machine glazed (MG) machines 825, 836 mixed soda pulp paper 1049 machine-made board 1049 mixing 446, 447 machine room ventilation 738 mixing and storing 353 machinery cleaning and water circuit 334 modified natural ground calcium carbonate macroflocs 339–340 138–139 macrostickies 1069 moisture content 1072 magnesium ethanolate (METE) 1098–1099 moisture control 872–874 magnesium oxide dust 1102 moisture expansion (ME) 1072 main coating pigments 242–245 moisture machine direction control 870 main fiber orientation (MFO) profile moisture measurement 866 656–657, 890–892, 893–894 moisture profiles 698, 892, 894–897 manifold distributor 640 moisturizers 873 map and nautical chart papers 1048 Moller method 103 mass balance and definitions, in separation monitoring systems 862, 864 system 356 motor control center (MCC) 861–862 mass deacidification history 1094 mottling 271–272, 763, 1082 mass deacidification process development multicylinder dryer section 1092–1094 multinip calenders, modern 791–792 mass spectrometry (MS) 1073 multiparameter modeling 83–85 material paper 1035–1036, 1039–1040 multiple carbon base papers 1047 matrix embossing machines 794 multiple paper recycling 81–85 McNett fiber classifier 1063 multi-ply production 824 1124 Index

multipurpose paper 980 opaque drawing papers 1056 multistage pressure screen 55 open screens 285 multi-station winders. See single-drum optical brightening agents (OBAs) 158, winders 268–269. See also fluorescent whitening multizone rolls 573–575, 788 agents (FWAs) optical caliper measurement 867 n optical laser pitch counter, tests with nanofibrillized cellulose (NFC) 142 305–306 natron pulp 38 optical properties 1080–1081 natural ground calcium carbonate (GCC) optical sensor 867 127–130 OptiLoad calender 791 natural polymer binders derivatives originals preservation by mechanical paper 252–253 splitting 1104–1105 natural products 256–257 NCR-paper (noncarbon required) 229 p needle-bleached kraft pulp (NBKP) 461 packaging paper 820–823, 850 neutral sulfite semichemical (NSSC) pulping – approach flow system 631–632 36, 45, 46 packaging paper and board grades neutral wet-strength resins 219 1048–1053 newsprint 795, 814–815, 1042 pad printing 955 newsprint paper machines 814–815 pair test 1073 Newtonian behavior 275 pan dewatering. See nip dewatering nip 683, 811, 955 paper and board for technical and specialty ® Nipcorect roll 575 uses 1054–1057 Nipco roll 573–574, 787, 885 paper and board grades 783 nip dewatering 681 paper associations 1109–1111 nip load system 805 paper color 868 noise 986–987 paper curl 729 noise abatement and protection 995 PAPERDAM 968 noise propagation 995–996 paper deterioration nonadhesive labels 949 paper for continuous forms 1046 nonionic polymers 250 paper invention 16 nonselective flotation 353, 425–430 Paper Machine Clothing Association (PCA) Nordic turnup 428, 809 598 paper machine 21, 334–336 o paper machine clothing cleaning and objective and description 849 conditioning 334–336 occupational health and safety 983 papermaking into Central and Southern office and administration papers 940, Asia 17–18 1046–1048 paper mill water loops, typical 503–504 off-line coating 772 – circuit closure current limits 508–509 off-line multinip calender 838 – zero-effluent systems 509–510 off-machine coaters (OMC) 772 paper–printing process and print results offset paper 974–976 968 ® offset printing 959–961, 971 Papersave process 1098–1100 offset wrapping machines 851 – ZFB:2 procedure 1100–1101 old and brittle paper strengthening paper shrinkage 727–728 1103–1104 paper splitting machine 1104–1105 old corrugated containers (OCCs) 476, 484, paper strength theory 208–210 486 paper testing 1059 one-time carbon (OTC) base paper 1047 Papiertechnische Stiftung (PTS) 947, 1028, one-zone rolls 575 1029 online multinip calender 814, 816 papyrus 15–16 opacity 270, 1081 parchment and barrier papers 227–229 Index 1125 parchment base paper 1050 polyethylene 264 Parker-Print-Surf (PPS) 1079 polyethyleneimine (PEIs) 224, 296 particle charge 123 polyisocyanate 225 particle charge-detecting devices 1069 polymeric sizing agents 204–207 particle clusters disruption 248 polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) 604, 605 particle morphology 120 polyphosphates 249 particle size 240–241 poly(propylene glycols) 264 particle size distribution (PSD) 241–242 polyurethane roll covers 583–585 particle size and particle size distribution polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) 257, 751 120–122 poly(vinyl acetate) latexes (PVAc) 253 Parylene process 1104 polyvinylamine (PVA) 154, 213, 225, passivation 333, 335 283–284 pasted board 1052 polyvinylformamide/polyvinylamine resins penetration tests 193 (PVF/PVAm) 213 perforated (open) rolls 562–563 poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) 257 periodic bulging 963, 964 pond size press 570 peroxide bleaching 452–453 Pope reel 802, 803, 804, 808, 826 personal protection 989 porosity 270–271 photographic base paper 1056 positive locking 931–932 photographic protective wrapping (black potassium zirconium carbonate 267 photo) paper 1057 potato starch 148, 150 pH 277 precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) pH-value and sizing 167 130–133 picture postcard board 1048 – amorphous 139 pigment slurries preservation 140–141 – as coating pigment 238, 244 pigments 171–176, 238–240, 279–281. See – as mineral fillers 130–133 also individual entries predewatering, of sludge 246, 530–531 – inorganic 171–172 press designs with roll press nips 689–690 – main coating pigments 242–245 press drying 723 – make-down process 281 press felts – organic 172–173 – cleaning 612, 614 – particle size 240–241 – design and history 600–601 – particle size distribution (PSD) 241–242 – manufacturing 601–602 – slurries preservation 140–141 – requirements 598–600 – special 245–247 – transfer belts 602–603 piling 1083 press impulse 682–683 pinadhesiontest(PAT) 947 press nip geometry 577 pinholes 955 press rolls 567–572 plant engineering press section 568, 679 – basic engineering 1005–1006 press span 1055 – detail engineering 1009–1110 pressure cutting 919–922 – principle methods 1004–1005 pressure equipment 991–992 – procurement engineering 1012–1013 Pressure Equipment Directive 1011 plasma coating 588 pressure grinding 49 plastic films 932 pressure groundwood (PGW) 48, 685 plastic pigments printability 967, 1081–1083 – in coating 246–247 – influencing 271 pocket ventilation 736–737 – properties 943–944 polyacrylamides (PAMs) 212–213, 296 – sensors 869 polyacrylate salts 249 print gloss 270–271 polyamidoamine epichlorohydrin (PAAE) printing and press papers 1041 218, 219–221 printing properties 1081–1083 poly(cyclohexylenedimethylene printing technologies 953–954 terephthalate) (PCTA) 604 print unevenness 1082 1126 Index

private–public shared peripheral systems q (PPP) 496 quality control system (QCS) 860–861, process and instrumentation diagrams 864, 868–869 (P&IDs) 1007 quality management 1059, 1060 process and quality parameters 966 process chemicals 291 r – application 298–299 radial and axial stretch wrapping 853, 854 – flocculation 338–341 radial stretch wrapping 853, 854 – freshwater treatment 342–343 radiation and hazards 988 – functionality 295–296 reagent and indicator papers 1054 – internal water treatment 343 recalled paper with spots 311 – microbiology 309 recovered paper 59–61, 1025 – prevention 312 – grades list 66–68 – regulatory affairs 315 – resources 65–66 – trends 299 – use of grades 68–69 – potential problems by use of aluminum – utilization rates for paper grades salts in water systems 341–342 63–64 – wastewater treatment 343–344 recovered pulp 359, 361 – water 337–338 rectifier roll headboxes 643–644 – water systems in paper and board mills recyclability and paper products 336–337 requirements 69–72 process condition monitoring system recycled fibers (RCFs) 759, 760–761 876–877 – limitations in use 761 processing 53–54 recycling 34, 761 procurement engineering 1012–1013 reductive bleaching 453–454 Product Carbon Footprint (PCF) reel drum design 806–807 1027 reel drums 571 production maximization control reeling 869 – air-supported turnup systems 809 profile roll 573 – center drive 804 promethium 865 – new generation reels 804 properties 56–59 – Nordic turnup 809 ProSoft calender 791 – oscillation 806 protective colloids 249 – tape turnup system 810 proteins 283, 284 – turnup with high-pressure water jet PTS Method 70 810–811 pull test (tear out test) 950–951 reel slitting pulp 13 – automatic functions 848–849 pulp brightening 186 – automation/operation 849 pulper reject handling 521–522 refiner fillings 997, 998 pulper ropes 522 refiner mechanical pulp (RMP) 51 pulper ropes handling 522 refiner process 50–53 pulpers 364–365 refining 353 pulping and detrashing 513–516 – basics 455–456 pulp flow in open channels 100 – for fiber preparation 477, 481 pulping and sizing 21, 23 – operational and technological aspects pulp stone 49 459–462 pulsation dampening 638–639, 644, – principle solution 455 646–647, 648 reflection curves of white and colored paper pulsation elimination (for MD basis weight 162 control) 641 refractive index 118 puncture energy test 947, 948 reject systems 501 puncture resistance 1076 – metal detection and magnetic separation pyrophyllite 135 526 Index 1127

– types 512–518 SC-B/offset and rotogravure 795–796 reject thickening factor 395 scanning electron microscope (SEM) 753 reject subsystems 501 scanning measurement 864–865 replacement fuels 396, 543–544 school writing paper 1046 residuals, definition of 511 screening 352. See also fiber stock resistance to picking (ISO 3783) test 1083 preparation systems resource utilization 1023–1024 – efficiency 394–397 retaining paper strength 210 – fine screening 388–391 retention 660, 882 – flow approaching screen openings retention aids and drainage accelerators 380–382 – application 298–299 – flow in accept area 382–383 – functionality 295–296 – flow through screen openings 382 – trends 299 screening gap 392–394 ™ retention time, temperature, speed (RTS ) – separation probability 379–380 51 – thickening factor 394 retrogradation 152, 282 screening residue 277 return on invest (ROI) 1061 screwing 931 rewetting 686–688, 825, 873 screw presses 439–440, 441, 442, 525, 532 riveting 931 sealability 930–931, 946 Robinson test 1072 sealing 930–931 rod coating 775–777 seamed felts 600 roll applicator 775–776 seamless felts 600 roll covers and coatings secondary kraft sack paper 1049 – application and function 577–581 secondary pulps 1025 – objectives and basic design criteria 577 security, banknote, and archival papers roll doctor 557 1048 roll-to-roll transport 934–936 selective flotation 352, 411 roller refiner 457 – brightness 423–425 roll conveying 854–856 – dirt specks 425 roll handling – two-phase flow 412–414 – automation 856–857 self-adhesive products 949 – offset wrapping machines 851 semichemical paper 1051 – wrapping machines using stretch film semimechanical pulp properties 46–47 853–854 semimechanical pulp 44–45 roll hardness 801, 802, 804 semipermeable belts 695 rolls 560 separating 918 roofing felt base 1055 separating process 353–354, 918 rope marks 846 separation diagram 357 rosin size 187, 195–198 separation rewetting 686–687 rotating-drum sludge thickener 530 serviettes 1054 rotogravure 954 setback 282 rotor–stator dispersing principle, with sewing 931 variable shear technology 280 shear cutting 922–926 rubber roll covers 582–583 shear force effects 400 rub resistance 178, 945 sheet cutting 841 runnability 1081, 1083 sheet-fed machines 937 sheet-fed offset printing 763, 976 s sheet forming 663, 667, 675 Sankey diagram 1015, 1016 sheet-lined board 1053 satin white 247 sheet stealing 705 saturating base papers 1055, 1056 sheet support binder (SSB) 593 saturation point 269 sheet-to-sheet transport 936–937 SC paper machines 815–816 shoe calender 792–793 SC-A/offset and rotogravure 796 shoe nips 691–692 1128 Index

shoe press 690–691 spray nozzles 557 short dwell time applicators (SDTAs) spray sizing 747 752, 777 spraying starch 157 shredding 525 spreader rolls 561–562 shrink wrap 849 stacking test 949 silicon base paper 1050 staling 152 silicone base paper 798–799 stapling 931 silicone derivatives 416 starche 146–147, 211, 281–283 simple presses 525 – applications 155–157 single coating 774 – as binders 281–283 single-drum winders 847–848 – coating 159–160, 933 single-felted nip 705 – cooking process 283, 284 single issue approach 1031 – derivatives 252 single-nip shoe press 692–694 – sources 148–149 Sinner’s circle 331 – spraying starch 157 size emulsions preparation 203 – structural unit and starch processing sizing features 203 149–152 size press 746 – surface sizing 157–159 sketching papers 1056 starch gelatinization 151, 642 slat conveyor 855 start-up control 869 slice lip actuators 872 state-of-the-art headboxes 642–643 slime pins 310 state-of-the-art press sections sludge dewatering systems 528 state-of-the art web forming designs 666 sludge handling 430 steam and condensate systems 735–736 sludge pressing 531–532 steambox actuators 872–873 sludge subsystems 500–501 stepwise approximation method 101–103 smoothness and gloss 270 sterilization paper 1057 smoothness and gloss profiles 900 stickies 330, 463, 1068–1069 sodium tripolyphosphate 250 stock consistency 167 soft calender 788, 790–791, 799 stock dyeing 174 soft sensors 869, 871, 878 stock freeness 166 sole-binder 251, 254 stock preparation systems processes solid-state detectors 865 354–355 solid waste composition and characteristics stone groundwood (SGW) 48 539 storage systems 528 solids content 277 storing 446 solvent resistance 178 straight-through presses 689, 691, 694, 695 sorted graphic paper, for deinking 67 strain at rupture 1074 sorting deck 857 strength properties 1074–1078 sound sensitivity, to individual 996–997 stress-growth test 276 soyabean protein 253 stress-relaxation test 276 soy lecithin/oleic acid blends 264 stretch wrap 849–850 specialty filler pigments 139–140 stretching and guiding of fabrics and belts specialty papers 833–839 606–609 – approach flow system 632–634 strontium 865 – chemical additives 226, 231–233 structural cohesion 918 specialty papers and chemical additives styrene-acrylic ester (SAE) copolymers 226, 231–233 206–207 specific edge load (SEL) 456, 461 styrene–butyl acrylate dispersion (SBA) specific surface area 122 253 spent cooking liquor regeneration 41 styrene-maleic anhydrides (SMAs) spiral wrapping machines 851–853 204–206 splitting 918–926 substantivity 164 spore-forming fungi 310 substrate papers 1055 Index 1129 suction box 671 tensile strength 1073 suction couch roll 564, 664 testing, of paper and board 1070 suction press roll 564–566 test liner 1051 suction rolls 671, 997 test methods for agents 305–306 suitcase board 1057 tetrasodium pyrophosphate 250 sulfate process 36, 38–42 The Programme for the Endorsement of sulfite pulp 42, 44 Forest Certification (PEFC) 1025, 1029, sulfite wrapping paper (ZP) 1049–1050 1030 sulfur dyes 169–170 thermal coatings 587–588 supercalendered base paper for waxing thermographic paper 230 1050 thermomechanical pulp (TMP) 51 supercalenders 786–788, 789–790, thermoplastic covers, sleeves and coatings 815–816 588 surface coloration 176 Thermopulp™ (Thermo pulp) 51 surface densification 707–710, 904 thickeners 258–260 surface open area (SOA) 596 – associative 260–263 surface pH 942 – and cobinders 256, 266 surface properties 1079–1080 – mechanisms in aqueous phase 260 surface roughness 705–707 – role in coating colors 259 surface sizing 147, 157–159, 745 thickening 475, 480–481, 486 surface smoothness 904 thickening factor 394 surface tension 1083 through air dryer (TAD) 740–742 suspended solids removal 534–535 through air drying 721–722 sustainability ticket board 1048 Sustainable Forest Initiative (SFI) 1029 tinting (shading) 268 sweep coagulation 339 tissue 226–227, 1053–1054 swimming roll 573, 786–787, 886 tissue cylinder 739–740 symmetry in z-direction 880, 903 tissue dryer hood 740 synchro-cross-cutter 925, 926 tissue dryer section 739–742 synchronized and unsynchronized profiles tissue grade machines and approach flow 902–903 system 632 synthetic dry strength additives 212–213 tissue machines 827, 830–831 synthetic latex binders 253–254 tissue paper and products test methods 952 synthetic products 257 titanium dioxide 137, 186 synthetic surfactants 416 – in coating 247 system 464–465 – as specialty filler pigment 137 systems in paper and board mills 336–337 toilet paper (bathroom tissue) 1053 torque 844, 847, 848 t transfer belts 602–603, 695 table rolls 664, 670 translucent drawing paper 1056 tail threading and web handling 732–735 transparency 1081 talc 133–135, 245 transport in machines 934 tapa (bark cloth) 14 transportation tests 951–952 tape turnup system 810 trash, definition of 511 tapioca starch 149 triangle test 1073 TAPPI 180, 186, 685, 1069, 1077 tri-nip press 689, 705 tear resistance 1076 turbulence 636–637 technical drawing papers 1056 turntable 856 tenax migration 1073 turnup systems 808 tensile energy absorption (TEA) 729, 1075 turnup with high-pressure water jet tensile index 1074 810–811 tensile stiffness index (TSI) 941–942, 1075 twin-wire formers 665–666 tensile stiffness orientation (TSO) two-drum winders 844–847 941–942, 1075–1076 – with air relief 845–846 1130 Index

two-drum winders (contd.) vulcanization 583 – with belt support 846 vulcanized fiber 227–228 – classical 844–845 – modified 845 w – with soft covered drums 846 warp bound sheet support binder two-layer paper 1051 593 two-phase flow, in flotation washing 353 – bubble aggregate to suspension surface – machinery 443–444 413 – technological aspects 444–445 – bubble generation 412–413 washing process 41 – collision of dirt particles with bubbles washing process stage sludge 529 413 waste, definition of 511 – foam removal 414 waste to energy and incineration of rejects two-sidedness, of paper 1039 and residuals 542–548 wastewater 532 u – biological sludge 538 ultralightweight coated (ULWC) papers – biological treatment 535–537 761 – characterization 533 ultrasonic penetration test 943 – COD as parameter 533 uncoated board 799 – closed water circuit 538–539 uncoated papers 797–798 – treatment 343–344, 534 unfixed particles in filtrate, volume – sludges 540 distribution of 306 – suspended solids removal 534–535 unidirectional flow 401 water, reject, and sludge (WSR) subsystems – recovered pulp 359, 361 499–500 – virgin pulp 359 water 337–338, 1026 – at low consistencies 448 – for anionic direct dyes 167 – at medium and high consistencies – chemical and physical parameters 449–450 337–338 up-ender 404, 857 water absorption 1084 urban mill model 498–499 – water circuit systems urea–formaldehyde resins 217, 267 water circuit systems water circuits 501 v – freshwater 502 vacuum boxes 612, 614 – process water 502–503 vacuum deaeration 624, 628 – typical paper mill water loops 503–510 vacuum degassing for curtain coating Water Footprint (WF) 1027, 1031 287 watermarking and security 24–26 vacuum rolls in dryer section 567 water retention 276–277 vacuum variation 883–884 water retention value (WRV) 276–277, 685, vegetable gums 211 1068 vegetable parchment 227, 1050 water-soluble binders 251 ventilation systems 736–739 water systems, in paper and board mills vertical drop tests 952 336–337 virgin pulps 1024–1025 water subsystems 500 vibration tests 952 water vapor permeability 942 virgin fibers 33, 477 waste regulations 540–541 virgin pulp 359, 1024–1025 wastewater treatment 343–344 viscoelasticity 275–276, 1039 wastewater treatment sludges 540 viscoelastic suspension behavior 96–97 wax emulsions 264 viscosity 274–275 waxy maize 152 viscous fingering 955, 958 waxy potato starch 152 void volume 596 weaving principle 597 volumetric and stock mass flow 638 web break monitoring 877 Index 1131 web forming 827–828 – fiber deposition and orientation 662 web guiding 704 – flocculation level and dispersing in web web inspection system 877 formation 663 web properties uniformity 879 – machine elements 670–672 – CD profiles 887–900 wires 672 – formation 907–908 wires, retention aids, and chemical additives – MD and CD basis weight profile tests in 666 laboratory 900–901 web formation 675 – test samples 902 web symmetry in fines and filler distribution – MD and CD profiles requirements and 676 interdependencies 880 wood-containing and fine (WF) papers 760 – MD profiles 881–887 wood-containing natural printing papers – profile deviations definition by statistical 1042–1043 methods 879 wood-containing paper grades web transfer 701 wood-containing papers 48 – closed 702–704 wood-containing systems 478–481 – in closed draw 701 woodfree coated (WFC) paper production – in open draw 701–702 machines 819–820 web transfer and guiding 701–705 woodfree DIP grades and systems 481, 483 web-wide cutting knife 809 wood-free natural printing papers 1043 Wei T’o process 1096–1097 woodfree paper grades wet creped tissue 830 – uncoated papers 797–798 wet end chemistry woodfree uncoated (WFU) paper production – dewatering and retention 156–157 machines 817–818 – strength additive 155–156 wood log chipping 37 wet end control 175, 870–871 wood preparation for pulping processes wet-end process (WEP) 619, 1016, 1017 36–38 wet lamination 934 wood pulp fiber suspensions 85–86 wet moulding (ATMOS) tissue machines work-horse 845 832–833 wrapped drum 844, 846 wet pressing impact on paper surface wrapping material 849–850 properties 705 wrapping machines 853–854 – surface densification 707–710 – conventional – surface roughness 705–707 –offset wet strength 1078 –spiral wet strength change during drying wrapping machines using stretch film 728–729 853–854 wet-strength resins (WSRs) 210, 214–215, writing papers 1046 224–226 wet suction boxes 670–671 x wetting 248 xerography. See electrophotography WFC paper production machines 819–820 X-ray absorption method 1085 WFU paper production machines 817–818 wheat starch 149 y white line chipboard (WLC) 826, 1049 Yankee cylinder 799, 829, 832, 836 whiteness 179–180, 269 Yankee dryer 894. See also tissue cylinder white water 557, 621, 660 yellowing 1091 winder 841–844 – drums 571–572 z winder drums 571–572 z-directional strength 1077–1078 winder types 844–847 z-direction symmetry 903 winding 916–917 ZELLCHEMING methods 1063, 1066 wire section zero-effluent systems 509–510 – drainage and retention 659–661 ZFB:2 procedure 1100–1101 1132 Index

zirconium acetate 267 zone-controlled calender rolls 874 0-line position 737 zone-controlled deflection rolls zonal heating of rolls 874–875 787–788 – zonal heating and cooling 875