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Alkyl Ketene Dimer and Precipitated Calcium Carbonate Interactions in Wet-End Papermaking

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Alkyl Ketene Dimer and Precipitated Calcium Carbonate Interactions in Wet-End Papermaking Alkyl ketene dimer and precipitated calcium carbonate interactions in wet-end papermaking by Agatha Poraj-Kozminski Department of Chemical Engineering McGill University, Montreal March 2006 A thesis submitted to McGiII University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Engineering ©Agatha Poraj-Kozminski 2006 Library and Bibliothèque et 1+1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-25006-8 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-25006-8 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans loan, distribute and sell th es es le monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, électronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. ln compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privée, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont été enlevés de cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. ••• Canada f/-'" ABSTRACT This thesis investigates the interactions between alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) and precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC). Although the mechanisms behind AKD sizing and reactions with cellulose have been studied in-depth, methods describing AKD retenti on are poorly understood. The aim of this research was to determine the conditions and time-scale under which AKD and PCC heteroflocculate, and to determine the influence of PCC on non-retained AKD. We also wanted to understand the mechanisms behind AKD interactions with cP AM, and perform experiments on the twin-wire sheet former. We outline a procedure for creating an AKD emulsion coated by cationic starch and free of extraneous substances. We find that AKD and PCC each homoflocculate, but no heteroflocculation occurs between the two chemicals. This suggests that PCC and AKD do not directly interact. Instead, starch removal from the AKD partic1e surface aids the homoflocculation of PCC (via polymer bridging). This indicates that the alkaline environment is the most significant factor contributing to AKD hydrolysis. More importantly, we find that AKD and PCC are not likely to interact in the whitewater cycle. This refutes the general idea that PCC lowers AKD retention. Adsorption kinetic experiments revealed that although cationic AKD and cP AM do not flocculate, cP AM does increase the retention of AKD by assisting its deposition onto fibers. Asymmetrical polymer bridging explains both the increase in AKD retention and the behavior of AKD flocculation kinetics with cP AM. Although the initial kinetics are nearly independent of cP AM dosage, excess cP AM delays the achievement of maximum possible AKD retention due to starch and cP AM re-conformation. Lastly, it was found that the addition of cP AM results in an increase in the bond strength between AKD and fibers, thereby eliminating AKD detachment. Studies on the twin-wire sheet former found that cP AM increases the first-pass retenti on of AKD three-fold. The twin-wire former was proven to be a useful tool for studying AKD retention. ~ .. ii RESUMÉ Le sujet de cette thèse porte sur l'étude des interactions entre le dimère de cétène alkylé (AKD) et le carbonate de calcium précipité (PCC). Bien que les mécanismes de l'encollage à l'AKD et de sa réaction avec la cellulose aient été étudiés en profondeur, ceux qui gouvernent la rétention de l'AKD sont encore mal définis. Nos recherches visaient à déterminer les conditions et l'échelle de temps sous lesquelles l' AKD et le PCC hétéro-floculent et à déterminer l'effet du PCC sur l'AKD non retenu. Nous voulions aussi comprendre les mécanismes de l'interaction de l'AKD avec le polyacrylamide cationique (cP AM) et réaliser des expériences sur la machine à p_apier à double toile. Nous décrivons un procédé pour créer une émulsion d'AKD englobé par de l'amidon cationique sans aucune autre substance. Nous avons observé que l'AKD et le PCC homo-floculent, mais qu'il n'y a pas d'hétéro-floculation entre les deux produits. Ceci indique que le PCC et l'AKD n'interagissent pas directement. Ce qui se produit plutôt est que l'amidon détaché de la surface des particules d'AKD contribue à l'homo-floculation du PCC (par le biais de ponts polymériques). Ceci indique qu'un environnement alcalin est le facteur dominant qui contribue à l'hydrolyse de l'AKD. De plus grande importance est notre découverte que l'AKD et le PCC sont peu enclin à interagir dans le cycle de l'eau blanche. Ceci réfute la théorie que le PCC réduit la rétention de l'AKD. Des expériences de cinétique d'adsorption ont révélé que même si l' AKD cationique et le cP AM ne floculent pas, le cP AM augmente la rétention de l' AKD en contribuant à sa déposition sur les fibres. La formation de ponts de polymères asymétriques explique à la fois la hausse de la rétention de l' AKD et le comportement de la cinétique de floculation de l'AKD avec le cPAM. Même si la cinétique initiale est indépendante du dosage de cPAM, un excès de cPAM retarde l'atteinte du niveau maximal de rétention à cause de la re-conformation de l'amidon et du cPAM. Enfin, nous avons découvert que l'ajout de cPAM augmente la force des liens entre l'AKD et les fibres, ce qui empêche le détachement de l'AKD. Nos expériences sur la machine à papier à double toile démontrent que le cP AM multiplie par trois le niveau de rétention de première passe de l'AKD. La machine à papier à double toile s'avère être un outil utile pour l'étude de la rétention de l' AKD. 111 Acknowledgements 1 would like to thank Dr. Theo van de Ven and Dr. Reghan Hill for their continued guidance and encouragement, and for their dedication to the project. They have made me a better researcher, and 1 am etemally grateful to them for their support. My sincere thanks to my colleagues at the Pulp and Paper Center, and particularly to the members ofmy research group: Lojza, Marcius, Jimmy, Prasad, and Meng. Many thanks to Louis Godbout, Dr. Alince, Dr. Petlicki, Lou Cusmich, Helen Campbell and Ed Siliauskas, for their invaluable contributions to this project. A special thanks to Christopher Hammock, creator of the laboratory twin-wire former. My sincere gratitude to B. Sithole, J. Pimentel, and A. Gagne at Paprican, Pointe Claire, for their help with AKD analysis. And finally, thank you to my parents and friends, and to my husband Christopher, for all your love and support, and without whom, none of this would have been possible. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ii Resumé 111 Acknowledgements iv Contents v List of Figures ix List of Tables XlI Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background 2 1.2 Objectives of the Thesis 5 1.3 Literature Review 7 1.3.1 Major Chemical Components 7 1.3.1.1 Alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) 8 1.3.1.2 Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC) 10 1.3 .1.3 Retention Aids 11 1.3.1.4 Fibers 12 1.3.2 Retention Mechanisms 13 1.4 References 14 Chapter 2: AKD and PCC Interactions 2.1 Abstract 17 2.2 Introduction 18 v r--, 2.3 Emulsification of AKD Stabilized with Cationic Starch 19 2.3.1 Materials and Methods 20 2.4 Emulsion Analysis 21 2.4.1 Particle Size Analysis 21 2.4.2 Electrophoretic Mobility Analysis 23 2.4.3 Effect of Starch Concentration and Ratio 25 2.4.4 Comparison to Commercial Emulsion 27 2.5 Photometrie Dispersion Ana1yzer Experiments 27 2.5.1 Materials and Methods 28 2.5.2 PDA Parameters 30 2.5.3 Results and Discussion 32 2.5.3.1 PCC Homoflocculation 32 2.5.3.2 PCC and AKD F10cculation 32 2.5.3.3 PCC and Starch Flocculation 34 2.5.3.4 Effects of Starch filtration 36 2.6 Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis 39 2.7 Conclusions 42 2.8 Acknowledgements 43 2.9 References 44 VI Chapter 3: AKD Interactions with cPAM and Fibers 3.1 Abstract 47 3.2 Introduction 48 3.3 Materials and Methods 50 3.4 Materials 50 3.4.1 Methods: Photometric Dispersion Analyzer 51 3.4.2 Methods: Adsorption Kinetics 52 3.5 Results 53 3.5.1 AKD Flocculation 53 3.5.2 Cationic AKD Deposition on Fibers 54 3.5.3 Anionic AKD Deposition on Fibers 60 3.6 Conclusions 62 3.7 Acknowledgements 62 3.8 References 64 Chapter 4: Interactions of AKD and Other Papermaking Additives on a Laboratory Twin-wire Sheet Former Machine 4.1 Abstract 66 4.2 Introduction 67 4.3 Machine Description 67 4.4 Materials and Methods 72 4.5 Analysis of Results 74 4.6 Outline of Experiments 75 vu 4.6.1 Reproducibility Experiments 75 4.6.2 PCC Retention with Cationic Retention Aid 77 4.6.3 First-Pass Retention vs.
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