Historical Land Use Information (1:2500)

Historical Land Use Information (1:2,500)

Mining and Ground Stability - Segment A13

Order Details Order Number: 242827754_1_1 Customer Ref: 5198061 National Grid Reference: 439350, 557470 Slice: A Site Area (Ha): 6.9 Plot Buffer (m): 100 Site Details Sunderland Footbridge, Site at 439500, 557400

Tel: 0844 844 9952 Fax: 0844 844 9951 Web: www.envirocheck.co.uk

A Landmark Information Group Service v50.0 19-May-2020 Page 1 of 1 Historical Land Use Information (1:10,000)

Mining and Ground Stability - Slice A

Order Details Order Number: 242827754_1_1 Customer Ref: 5198061 National Grid Reference: 439350, 557470 Slice: A Site Area (Ha): 6.9 Search Buffer (m): 1000 Site Details Sunderland Footbridge, Site at 439500, 557400

Tel: 0844 844 9952 Fax: 0844 844 9951 Web: www.envirocheck.co.uk

A Landmark Information Group Service v50.0 19-May-2020 Page 1 of 1 Ground Stability Data (1:50,000)

Mining and Ground Stability - Slice A

Tel: 0844 844 9952 Fax: 0844 844 9951 Web: www.envirocheck.co.uk

A Landmark Information Group Service v15.0 19-May-2020 Page 1 of 3 Ground Stability Data (1:50,000)

Mining and Ground Stability - Slice A

Tel: 0844 844 9952 Fax: 0844 844 9951 Web: www.envirocheck.co.uk

A Landmark Information Group Service v15.0 19-May-2020 Page 2 of 3 Ground Stability Data (1:50,000)

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Appendix C. Coal Authority Information

SCC-NWF-ATK-SBR_BN-RP-CB-000005 | 3 | 16 December 2020 Atkins | SCC-NWF-ATK-SBR_BN-RP-CB-000005

Reproduced by permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of HMSO. © Crown copyright and database right 2018. All rights reserved. Summary of findings Ordnance Survey Licence number: 100020315 The map highlights any specific surface or subsurface features within or near to the boundary of the site.

Key

Approximate position of the enquiry boundary shown

Mine gas remedial works

How to contact us 0345 762 6848 (UK) +44 (0)1623 637 000 (International) www.groundstability.com

Consultants Coal Mining Report

The Beam Plater Way Sunderland SR1 3AD

Date of enquiry: 13 May 2020 Date enquiry received: 13 May 2020 Issue date: 13 May 2020

Our reference: 51002276177001 Your reference: Sunderland Footbridge

Consultants Coal Mining Report

This report is based on and limited to the records held by the Coal Authority at the time the report was produced.

Client name Erin Guy

Enquiry address The Beam Plater Way Sunderland SR1 3AD

How to contact us 0345 762 6848 (UK) +44 (0)1623 637 000 (International) Approximate position of property 200 Lichfield Lane Mansfield Reproduced by permission of Nottinghamshire Ordnance Survey on behalf of HMSO. © Crown copyright and NG18 4RG database right 2018. All rights

reserved. www.groundstability.com Ordnance Survey Licence number: 100020315

@coalauthority /company/the-coal-authority /thecoalauthority /thecoalauthority

Section 1 – Mining activity and geology

Past underground mining

Colliery Seam Mineral Coal Depth (m) Direction Dipping rate Dipped Extraction Year last Authority to working of seam direction thickness mined reference worked of seam (cm) (degrees) worked

unnamed MAUDLIN Coal 3SI9 449 South 1.7 North-East 200 1911

unnamed MAUDLIN Coal 3RS4 462 South 3.9 South 198 1914

unnamed MAUDLIN Coal 3SI8 467 Beneath 0.8 East 200 1900 Property unnamed MAUDLIN Coal 3SIB 467 South-East 1.8 South-East 200 1913

unnamed MAUDLIN Coal 3RT4 468 South 1.3 South-East 198 1900

unnamed MAUDLIN Coal 3SIA 472 Beneath 0.3 South-West 200 1911 Property unnamed MAUDLIN Coal 3SIC 474 North-East 1.7 South-East 200 1913

unnamed MAUDLIN Coal 3RTW 477 South 2.1 East 198 1922

unnamed MAUDLIN Coal 3SIK 484 North 3.7 South-East 180 1900

unnamed HUTTON Coal 3MYC 490 West 0.4 East 168 1900

unnamed HUTTON Coal 3MYF 497 South-West 1.1 North-East 168 1900

unnamed HUTTON Coal 3MYE 500 Beneath 1.3 North-East 168 1900 Property unnamed HUTTON Coal 3MYD 502 West 1.3 North 168 1900

WEARMOUTH HUTTON Coal 3ROY 505 South 0.8 South-East 102 1900

unnamed HUTTON Coal 3SC4 507 North 4.2 North-East 100 1900

unnamed HUTTON Coal 3MY8 508 Beneath 2.1 East 168 1900 Property unnamed HUTTON Coal 3MYB 512 Beneath 2.2 East 168 1900 Property unnamed HUTTON Coal 3MYI 514 Beneath 2.1 East 168 1900 Property unnamed HARVEY Coal 3S8D 534 South-West 1.7 West 100 1922

WEARMOUTH HARVEY Coal 3RM7 551 South 1.8 North-East 86 1925

unnamed HARVEY Coal 3S8C 555 Beneath 0.6 North 120 1922 Property unnamed HARVEY Coal 3S8G 561 North 2.0 North 145 1914

Probable unrecorded shallow workings None.

Spine roadways at shallow depth No spine roadway recorded at shallow depth.

Mine entries None recorded within 100 metres of the enquiry boundary.

Abandoned mine plan catalogue numbers The following abandoned mine plan catalogue numbers intersect with some, or all, of the enquiry boundary:

15029 D1549 D723

D1260 16516 11992

Please contact us on 0345 762 6848 to determine the exact abandoned mine plans you require based on your needs.

Outcrops No outcrops recorded.

Geological faults, fissures and breaklines No faults, fissures or breaklines recorded.

Opencast mines None recorded within 500 metres of the enquiry boundary.

Coal Authority managed tips None recorded within 500 metres of the enquiry boundary.

Section 2 – Investigative or remedial activity

Please refer to the 'Summary of findings' map (on separate sheet) for details of any activity within the area of the site boundary.

Site investigations None recorded within 50 metres of the enquiry boundary.

Remediated sites None recorded within 50 metres of the enquiry boundary.

Coal mining subsidence The Coal Authority has not received a damage notice or claim for the subject property, or any property within 50 metres of the enquiry boundary, since 31 October 1994.

There is no current Stop Notice delaying the start of remedial works or repairs to the property.

The Coal Authority is not aware of any request having been made to carry out preventive works before coal is worked under section 33 of the Coal Mining Subsidence Act 1991.

Mine gas

Distance to gas incident/remediation (m) Direction

131.2 South-West

48.4 North-West

297.2 North

334.6 North

See Section 4 for further information.

Mine water treatment schemes None recorded within 500 metres of the enquiry boundary.

Section 3 – Licensing and future mining activity

Future underground mining None recorded.

Coal mining licensing None recorded within 200 metres of the enquiry boundary.

Court orders None recorded.

Section 46 notices No notices have been given, under section 46 of the Coal Mining Subsidence Act 1991, stating that the land is at risk of subsidence.

Withdrawal of support notices The property is not in an area where a notice to withdraw support has been given.

The property is not in an area where a notice has been given under section 41 of the Coal Industry Act 1994, cancelling the entitlement to withdraw support.

Payments to owners of former copyhold land The property is not in an area where a relevant notice has been published under the Coal Industry Act 1975/Coal Industry Act 1994.

Section 4 – Further information

The following potential risks have been identified and as part of your risk assessment should be investigated further.

Development advice The site is within an area of historical coal mining activity. Should you require advice and/or support on understanding the mining legacy, its risks to your development or what next steps you need to take, please contact us.

Mine gas remedial works The site is within an area of previous interest. It is close to where the Coal Authority has investigated and subsequently remediated the effects of mine or ground gas emissions following specific reported hazards.

The site requires further investigation and may influence your risk assessment. We recommend that you order the Coal Authority Mine Gas Emission Report, which will include more information about the hazard.

For further information on specific site or ground investigations in relation to any issues raised in Section 4, please call us on 0345 762 6848 or email us at [email protected].

Section 5 – Data definitions

The datasets used in this report have limitations and assumptions within their results. For more guidance on the data and the results specific to the enquiry boundary, please call us on 0345 762 6848 or email us at [email protected].

Past underground coal mining Details of all recorded underground mining relative to the enquiry boundary. Only past underground workings where the enquiry boundary is within 0.7 times the depth of the workings (zone of likely physical influence) allowing for seam inclination, will be included.

Probable unrecorded shallow workings Areas where the Coal Authority believes there to be unrecorded coal workings that exist at or close to the surface (less than 30 metres deep).

Spine roadways at shallow depth Connecting roadways either, working to working, or, surface to working, both in-seam and cross measures that exist at or close to the surface (less than 30 metres deep), either within or within 10 metres of the enquiry boundary.

Mine entries Details of any shaft or adit either within, or within 100 metres of the enquiry boundary including approximate location, brief treatment details where known, the mineral worked from the mine entry and conveyance details where the mine entry has previously been sold by the Authority or its predecessors British Coal or the National Coal Board.

Abandoned mine plan catalogue numbers Plan numbers extracted from the abandoned mines catalogue containing details of coal and other mineral abandonment plans deposited via the Mines Inspectorate in accordance with the Coal Mines Regulation Act and Metalliferous Mines Regulation Act 1872. A maximum of 9 plan extents that intersect with the enquiry boundary will be included. This does not infer that the workings and/or mine entries shown on the abandonment plan will be relevant to the site/property boundary.

Outcrops Details of seam outcrops will be included where the enquiry boundary intersects with a conjectured or actual seam outcrop location (derived by either the British Geological Survey or the Coal Authority) or intersects with a defined 50 metres buffer on the coal (dip) side of the outcrop. An indication of whether the Coal Authority believes the seam to be of sufficient thickness and/or quality to have been worked will also be included.

Geological faults, fissures and breaklines Geological disturbances or fractures in the bedrock. Surface fault lines (British Geological Survey derived data) and fissures and breaklines (Coal Authority derived data) intersecting with the enquiry boundary will be included. In some circumstances faults, fissures or breaklines have been known to contribute to surface subsidence damage as a consequence of underground coal mining.

Opencast mines Opencast coal sites from which coal has been removed in the past by opencast (surface) methods and where the enquiry boundary is within 500 metres of either the licence area, site boundary, excavation area (high wall) or coaling area.

Coal Authority managed tips Locations of disused colliery tip sites owned and managed by the Coal Authority, located within 500 metres of the enquiry boundary.

Site investigations Details of site investigations within 50 metres of the enquiry boundary where the Coal Authority has received information relating to coal mining risk investigation and/or remediation by third parties.

Remediated sites Sites where the Coal Authority has undertaken remedial works either within or within 50 metres of the enquiry boundary following report of a hazard relating to coal mining under the Coal Authority’s Emergency Surface Hazard Call Out procedures.

Coal mining subsidence Details of alleged coal mining subsidence claims made since 31 October 1994 either within or within 50 metres of the enquiry boundary. Where the claim relates to the enquiry boundary confirmation of whether the claim was accepted, rejected or whether liability is still being determined will be given. Where the claim has been discharged, whether this was by repair, payment of compensation or a combination of both, the value of the claim, where known, will also be given.

Details of any current ‘Stop Notice’ deferring remedial works or repairs affecting the property/site, and if so the date of the notice.

Details of any request made to execute preventative works before coal is worked under section 33 of the Coal Mining Subsidence Act 1991. If yes, whether any person withheld consent or failed to comply with any request to execute preventative works.

Mine gas Reports of alleged mine gas emissions received by the Coal Authority, either within or within 500 metres of the enquiry boundary that subsequently required investigation and action by the Coal Authority to mitigate the effects of the mine gas emission.

Mine water treatment schemes Locations where the Coal Authority has constructed or operates assets that remove pollutants from mine water prior to the treated mine water being discharged into the receiving water body.

These schemes are part of the UK’s strategy to meet the requirements of the Water Framework Directive. Schemes fall into 2 basic categories: Remedial – mitigating the impact of existing pollution or Preventative – preventing a future pollution incident.

Mine water treatment schemes generally consist of one or more primary settlement lagoons and one or more reed beds for secondary treatment. A small number are more specialised process treatment plants.

Future underground mining Details of all planned underground mining relative to the enquiry boundary. Only those future workings where the enquiry boundary is within 0.7 times the depth of the workings (zone of likely physical influence) allowing for seam inclination will be included.

Coal mining licensing Details of all licenses issued by the Coal Authority either within or within 200 metres of the enquiry boundary in relation to the under taking of surface coal mining, underground coal mining or underground coal gasification.

Court orders Orders in respect of the working of coal under the Mines (Working Facilities and Support) Acts of 1923 and 1966 or any statutory modification or amendment thereof.

Section 46 notices Notice of proposals relating to underground coal mining operations that have been given under section 46 of the Coal Mining Subsidence Act 1991.

Withdrawal of support notices Published notices of entitlement to withdraw support and the date of the notice. Details of any revocation notice withdrawing the entitlement to withdraw support given under Section 41 of the Coal Industry Act 1994.

Payment to owners of former copyhold land Relevant notices which may affect the property and any subsequent notice of retained interests in coal and coal mines, acceptance or rejection notices and whether any compensation has been paid to a claimant.

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VAT receipt

Issued by The Coal Authority 200 Lichfield Lane Mansfield Nottinghamshire NG18 4RG

Tax point date 13 May 2020

Issued to ERIN GUY 1 SUN STREET SUNNISIDE WHICKHAM GATESHEAD NE16 5LR

Property search for THE BEAM PLATER WAY SUNDERLAND SR1 3AD

Reference number 51002276177001

Date of issue 13 May 2020

Cost £112.13

VAT @ 20% £22.43

Total received £134.56

VAT registration 598 5850 68

Issued by: The Coal Authority, Property Search Services, 200 Lichfield Lane, Berry Hill, Mansfield, Nottinghamshire, NG18 4RG Website: www.groundstability.com Phone: 0345 762 6848

KELLY MILLWARD Our reference: 51002277894001 81 GRANVILLE ROAD Your reference: Sunderland Footbridge GOSFORTH Date of your enquiry: 12 June 2020 NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE Date we received your enquiry: 12 June 2020 NE3 5LD Date of issue: 17 June 2020

This report is for the property described in the address below. Mine Gas Emissions Report THE BEAM, PLATER WAY, SUNDERLAND, SR1 3AD I refer to the enquiry dated 12 June 2020, received 12 June 2020, in connection with the above.

I acknowledge receipt of your request and payment of £133.37 inclusive of VAT.

As requested, I enclose details of the claim/Hazard(s).

Yours faithfully,

S Leeming.

Principal Manager, Information Management

This matter was dealt with by Rachel Norton

All rights reserved. You must not reproduce, store or transmit any part of this document unless you have our written permission. -- © The Coal Authority -- -- Mine Gas Emissions Report - 51002277894001 Page 1 of 3

Issued by: The Coal Authority, 200 Lichfield Lane, Mansfield, Nottinghamshire, NG18 4RG Tax Point Date: 12 June 2020 Issued to: KELLY MILLWARD 81 GRANVILLE ROAD GOSFORTH NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE NE3 5LD Property Search for: THE BEAM, PLATER WAY, SUNDERLAND, SR1 3AD Reference Number: 51002277894001 Date of Issue: 17 June 2020 Cost: £111.14 VAT @ 20%: £22.23 Total Received: £133.37 VAT Registration 598 5850 68

GENERAL CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT FOR THE SUPPLY OF MINING INFORMATION

1. In the General Conditions, the Coal Authority is referred to as the (5) The Purchaser shall insure his liabilities under this Condition with CA and the Company, firm or person to whom the information and/or an insurer acceptable to the CA and shall, if required by the CA, material is to be supplied is referred to as the Purchaser. The supply produce satisfactory evidence that such a policy of insurance has of any information and/or material by the CA to the Purchaser shall be been affected and maintained in full. subject to these General Conditions of Contract. 5.(1) Copyright in any information supplied remains with the CA and 2. The following should be taken into account by the Purchaser when the making use of any information and/or material supplied. Purchaser shall only use the information and/or material for the (1) The information supplied is constantly updated. The CA will supply purpose of the assignment to which their request for information the Purchaser with the most up to date information and/or material at and/or material relates. the time of supply, but give no warranty or representation that such (2) All information and/or material and any interpretation thereof shall information and/or material will not become obsolete or incorrect over be kept strictly confidential and shall not be supplied to any third party any period of time. (or any employee or member or officer of the Purchaser not directly (2) Information supplied should not be enlarged to any greater scale employed by the Purchaser in the assignment to which the request for than that at which it is supplied or accuracy will be affected. information and/or material relates) without the written consent of the 3. The information and/or material supplied is composed from data CA. Any Consent shall be on such conditions as the CA thinks fit. based in many cases on measurements and records of various(3) The information and/or material or any interpretation thereof shall standards of reliability and age. Under no circumstances should the not be published by the Purchaser (or any employee not directly information and/or material be relied on as the sole or major basis for employed by the Purchaser in the assignment to which the request for any production, construction or financial decisions. The CA make no information relates) either independently or as part of any other financial decisions. The CA make no representations and do not document without the prior written consent of the CA. Any consent warrant the accuracy or completeness of the information and/orshall be on such conditions as the CA thinks fit. material. (4) The Purchaser shall maintain such security as is necessary to 4.(1) Subject to sub-clause 3 of this Condition, the CA shall indemnify ensure that it complies with its obligations under this Condition and the Purchaser against all and any claims for loss or damage suffered that the information and/or material and any interpretation thereof or expense incurred arising out of death or personal injury to any remains secure and is not obtained by any person not directly person to the extent that such death or injury results from negligence employed by the Purchaser in the assignment to which their request in the supply of the information and/or material by the CA or itsfor information relates, without the Purchasers knowledge. employees. 6. Unless payment is made in advance, the CA shall issue an invoice (2) Save as set out in the sub-clause 1 of this Condition, the CA 's to the Purchaser on supply of the information and/or material and liability to the purchaser for the loss or damage suffered or expenses payment shall be made by the Purchaser to: Finance Department, The incurred to persons and property arising directly or indirectly from the Coal Authority, 200 Lichfield Lane,Berry Hill, Mansfield, Notts, NG18 supply of the information and/or material by the CA and/or 4RGits within 30 days from the date of the invoice. Any sums interpretation by the Purchaser or any third party shall be limited to a outstanding after 30 days shall bear interest, at the rate of 5% per sum equal to the total sum payable by the Purchaser to the CA for the annum above the Lloyds TSB Bank PLC base, from the date of the supply of information and/or material; but there shall be no liability invoice to the date of actual payment. In the event that payment is not whatsoever on the CA (save as set out in sub-clause 1) where the made within 30 days from the date of invoice, the CA shall have the information and/or material is supplied free of charge. absolute right to require the return of the information and/or material (3)In any event, the CA shall not be liable for any indirect economic forthwith by written notice. loss (including, but not limited to, loss of profits, loss of value, loss of 7. Copies of any results from tests on materials, or based on contracts, loss of production or wastage of labour) arising directly or information, supplied by the CA will be made available to the CA free indirectly out of the supply of the information and/or material and/or its of charge. use or interpretation by the Purchaser or any third party. 8. The Purchasers shall ensure that these General Conditions (and in (4) The Purchaser shall fully indemnify the CA and its employees particular Conditions 2, 3 and 5) are brought to the attention of any of against all and any claims for loss or damage sufferred or expense its employees using the information and/or material and any other incurred save for death or personal injury resulting from the CA's person to whom the information and/or material is disclosed with the negligence (but including any indirect or consequential loss or damage consent of the CA. to CA property) arising directly or indirectly from the supply of the information and/or material by the CA and/or its use or interpretation by the Purchaser or any third party.

OFFICIAL-SENSITIVE

Mine Gas Emissions Report The Beam Platter Way Sunderland SR1 3AD

This report is based on and limited to the records held by the Coal Authority at the time the report was produced.

17 June 2020

Making a better future for people and the environment in mining areas

Location Plan

Making a better future for people and the environment in mining areas

L94 Wearmouth Background

There are 3 mine gas vents situated outside of the Stadium of Light in Sunderland. The vents are connected to abandoned mine workings via hafts.

One of the vents is owned and maintained by the Coal Authority, the others the responsibility of Sunderland Football club.

Two of the vents are disguised by sculptures.

Incident

In 1998 methane, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide were detected at the Stadium of Light (Sunderland FC) which was built on the abandoned Wearmouth Colliery.

The stadium was built in 1996/97 on the former Wearmouth Colliery site. The area is predominantly underlain by colliery spoil and there are shallow mine workings in the locality.

Subsequent investigations concluded the likely source of the gas was Wearmouth D Shaft located beneath the site.

To remediate the issue the Coal Authority treated and vented the only shaft it owns on the site, the B Shaft, and the others were remediated and vented by consultants on behalf of Sunderland Football Club.

Monitoring

The monitoring points are all visited quarterly or six monthly by contractors on behalf of the Coal Authority.

During these visits spot readings are taken from the monitoring point recording concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, oxygen and atmospheric pressure.

Making a better future for people and the environment in mining areas Data L94 Wearmouth B Shaft 25 1200

1000 20

800

600 Carbon Dioxide (%) Ap(mb) Methane (%) Concentration 10 Oxygen (%)

400 Barometer (mb)

5 200

0 0

Date

Making a better future for people and the environment in mining areas L94 Wearmouth C Shaft 25 1,200.00

1,000.00 20

800.00

600.00 Carbon Dioxide (%) Ap(mb) Methane (%) Concentration 10 Oxygen (%)

400.00 Barometer (mb)

5 200.00

0 0.00

Date

Making a better future for people and the environment in mining areas L94 Wearmouth D Shaft 25 1,200.00

1,000.00 20

800.00

600.00 Carbon Dioxide (%) Ap(mb) Methane (%) Concentration 10 Oxygen (%)

400.00 Barometer (mb)

5 200.00

0 0.00

Date

Appendix D. Zetica UXO Report

SCC-NWF-ATK-SBR_BN-RP-CB-000005 | 3 | 16 December 2020 Atkins | SCC-NWF-ATK-SBR_BN-RP-CB-000005

River Wear, Sunderland - UXO Desk Study & Risk Assessment

Drafted by Sven Leman Checked by Maciej Wencel Authorised by Stefan Lang

River Wear, Sunderland UXO Desk Study

Document Title UXO Desk Study & Risk Assessment Document Ref. P9849-20-R1 Revision A Project Location River Wear, Sunderland Client Atkins Date 7th July 2020

This report has been prepared in relation to the specific requirement of the contract or commission. The report should not be used by third parties without prior consultation with Zetica Ltd. The copyright for this report remains with Zetica Ltd. No part of this report may be reproduced, published or amended without prior written consent from Zetica Ltd. The report refers to the conditions of the Site at the time of investigation/ reporting. Zetica Ltd cannot accept liability for subsequent changes of Site conditions. Zetica Ltd may have relied on externally provided information. Zetica Ltd cannot be held responsible for the accuracy of such information or data supplied. The report has been written utilising relevant guidance and legislation in use at the time of report compilation. Subsequent improvement in techniques, changes in legislation or in site conditions may render parts of this report obsolete. If the report is utilised after such changes have occurred or at a time in excess of 1 year of the issue date, it would be prudent to contact Zetica Ltd to reassess the report under a new contract.

P9849-20-R1-A 1

River Wear, Sunderland UXO Desk Study

UXO DESK STUDY & RISK ASSESSMENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Key findings: Potential hazard from Unexploded Bombs (UXB) in the marine part of the Site. Key actions: Deep UXB detection is required to clear any proposed borehole or pile locations in the River Wear. UXO Hazard Assessment Records have been found indicating that at least 1No. High Explosive (HE) bomb fell on the Site during World War Two (WWII) and a further 9No. HE bombs and Explosive Incendiary Bombs (EIBs) fell within approximately 0.1km of the Site. It is considered prudent to assign the part of the Site comprising open water a moderate UXO hazard level due to the potential for a UXB to have fallen unnoticed. It is considered unlikely that a UXB would have been missed on the landward part of the Site, which comprised a coaling station and dockside occupied throughout WWII. It is considered that the UXO hazard level on the Site can be zoned from low to moderate, as shown in the figure below, reproduced as Figure 4 in the main report. The UXO hazard zone plan of the Site is also given in the accompanying P9849-20-R1-MAP01-A.

Figure UXO hazard zone plan of the Site

Source: OpenStreetMap Not to Scale Very Low Low Moderate Legend High Very High Site boundary

Note that the UXO hazard will have been mitigated within the depth and extents of any post- WWII dredging or other intrusive works.

P9849-20-R1-A 2

River Wear, Sunderland UXO Desk Study

The main findings of the report are summarised below.

• No records of bombing or military activity on the Site during World War One (WWI) have been found.

• During WWII the main strategic targets in the vicinity of the Site included Sunderland Docks, shipyards, wharves and warehouses along the River Wear.

• Records have been found indicating that at least 1No. HE bomb fell on the Site during WWII and 9No. further HE bombs and EIBs fell within approximately 0.1km of the Site.

• Estimated average maximum bomb penetration depths on the Site range from 2.5m to 14.0m depending on the weight of the bomb.

• No records of military activity on the Site post-WWII have been found. Data Confidence Level The findings of this report were based on good corroborative evidence of the military activity and bombing on the Site. Proposed Works It is understood that initial works on the Site will comprise a ground investigation, including boreholes to a maximum depth of 40m below ground level (bgl). Future works on the Site may include excavations and piling associated with the construction of 2No. footbridges over the River Wear. Risk Assessment The Table below, reproduced as Table 5 in the main report, provides a UXO risk assessment for the proposed works on the Site. Further details on the methodology for the risk assessment are provided in Section 8.2 of the main report.

Table UXO risk assessment for the Site

Potential PE

Hazard Zone Anticipated Works PD UXO Risk

UXO Hazard

Severity

Likelihood

P = PE x PD PE = P x Rating Risk

UXB Boreholes/Piling 2 3 6 3 4 12 Moderate Moderate UXO Boreholes/Piling 1 1 1 1 3 3 Low Shallow Excavations 1 1 1 1 5 5 Low UXB Deep Excavations 1 1 1 1 5 5 Low Boreholes/Piling 1 1 1 1 4 4 Low Low Shallow Excavations 1 1 1 1 4 4 Low Other UXO Deep Excavations 1 1 1 1 4 4 Low Boreholes/Piling 1 1 1 1 3 3 Low PE (Probability of Encounter), PD (Probability of Detonation), P (Overall Probability) Shallow Excavations defined as <1.0m bgl. Risk Mitigation Plan The Table below, reproduced as Table 6 in the main report, summarises the UXO risk for proposed works on the Site and recommended techniques to mitigate the risk.

P9849-20-R1-A 3

River Wear, Sunderland UXO Desk Study

Table Summary of UXO risk and mitigation recommendations

Proposed Works UXO Risk Recommended Mitigation

Proceed with works – if additional comfort is required to address the residual UXO hazard, Excavations a formal UXO awareness briefing can be provided.

Boreholes/Piling Proceed with works

Deep UXB detection – to clear borehole and pile locations of potential UXB, an intrusive Boreholes/Piling magnetometer survey should be undertaken until either the maximum bomb penetration or maximum drilling/piling depth is reached.

In summary, we recommend that deep UXB detection is undertaken as part of borehole or pile construction in the moderate UXO hazard zone. What Do I Do Next? If you wish to proceed with UXO risk mitigation, Zetica would be happy to assist. Just contact us via phone (01993 886682) or email ([email protected]) and we can provide a proposal with options and prices. If you have requirements to identify other buried hazards (such as mapping utilities or obstructions) we can provide these surveys. If proposed works on the Site change, or additional works are planned, contact Zetica for a re- assessment of the UXO risk and the risk mitigation requirements.

P9849-20-R1-A 4

River Wear, Sunderland UXO Desk Study

CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ABBREVIATIONS 7 1 INTRODUCTION 8 1.1 Project Outline 8 1.2 Sources of Information 8 1.3 Data Confidence Level 9 2 THE SITE 10 2.1 Site Location 10 3 MILITARY ACTIVITY 12 3.1 Defences 12 3.2 Military Airfields 13 3.3 Aircraft Crashes 13 3.4 Explosives Factories, Munitions Depots and Disposal Areas 13 3.5 Firing Ranges and Military Training Areas 14 3.6 Other Military Establishments 14 4 BOMBING 16 4.1 WWI Bombing 16 4.2 WWII Bombing 16 5 UXO IN THE FLUVIAL AND MARINE ENVIRONMENT 25 5.1 AA Defences 25 5.2 Marine Ranges and Training Areas 25 5.3 Marine Mines 25 5.4 UXO Migration in the Marine and Estuarine Environment 26 6 EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE CLEARANCE ACTIVITIES 28 6.1 Abandoned Bombs 28 6.2 EOC Tasks 28 7 UXO HAZARD ASSESSMENT 30 7.1 UXO Hazard Level 30 8 UXO RISK ASSESSMENT 32 8.1 Proposed Works 32 8.2 Risk Assessment Methodology 32 8.3 UXO Risk Level 33 9 RISK MITIGATION PLAN 34 9.1 UXO Risk Summary 34 9.2 Risk Mitigation Techniques 34 9.3 What Do I Do Next? 35

P9849-20-R1-A 5

River Wear, Sunderland UXO Desk Study

APPENDICES 36 Appendix 1 Anticipated Ordnance Types 36 Appendix 2 Sources of UXO Hazard 42 Appendix 3 Recent UXO Finds 47 Appendix 4 Glossary and Definitions 49 Appendix 5 WWII Bombing Incident List 52 Appendix 6 Bibliography 54

Figures, Plates, Tables & Drawings Figure 1 Site location map Figure 2 Historical map, 1897 Figure 3 Compiled bomb impact map for the vicinity of the Site Figure 4 UXO hazard zone plan of the Site

Plate 1 Recent aerial photograph of the Site Plate 2 Barrage Balloons on the River Wear, c.1940 Plate 3 Luftwaffe target photograph of shipbuilding yards, 13th August 1939 Plate 4 Luftwaffe reconnaissance photograph, 7th June 1942 Plate 5 Aerial photograph of the western part of the Site, 6th June 1946 Plate 6 Aerial photograph of the eastern part of the Site, 6th June 1946

Table 1 Luftwaffe targets in the vicinity of the Site Table 2 Bombing statistics Table 3 Estimated average maximum bomb penetration depths (onshore) Table 4 Estimated average maximum bomb penetration depths (river bed) Table 5 UXO risk assessment for the Site Summary of UXO risk and mitigation recommendations

Accompanying GIS Data P9413-20-R1-MAP01-A (UXO Desk Study)

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ABBREVIATIONS AA Anti-Aircraft ALARP As Low As Reasonably Practicable ARP Air Raid Precaution AXO Abandoned Explosive Ordnance BD Bomb Disposal BDO Bomb Disposal Officer BDU Bomb Disposal Unit CMD Conventional Munitions Disposal DAB Delayed Action Bomb DCLG Department of Communities and Local Government DEM Defensively Equipped Merchant EIB Explosive Incendiary Bomb EO Explosive Ordnance EOC Explosive Ordnance Clearance EOR Explosive Ordnance Reconnaissance ERW Explosive Remnants of War ESA Explosive Substances and Articles FFE Free From Explosives GBC Greenwich Borough Council GILC Greenwich Inlaid Linoleum Company HAA Heavy Anti-Aircraft HE High Explosive HSE Health and Safety Executive IB Incendiary Bomb IED Improvised Explosive Device IEDD Improvised Explosive Device Disposal JSEODOC Joint Services EOD Operations Centre LAA Light Anti-Aircraft LNER London North Eastern Railway MoD Ministry of Defence OB Oil Bomb PM Parachute Mine PUCA Pick Up and Carry Away RAF Royal Air Force RFC Royal Flying Corps TEP Time Expired Pyrotechnics UXAA Unexploded Anti-Aircraft UXB Unexploded Bomb UXIB Unexploded Incendiary Bomb UXO Unexploded Ordnance WWI World War One WWII World War Two

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UXO DESK STUDY & RISK ASSESSMENT

Please read: Zetica has colour coded each paragraph. Paragraphs with black text on a white background are paragraphs that provide site-specific information or information specifically researched as part of this project.

Boxed paragraphs in a dark green text with a green background are paragraphs providing general information and, where appropriate, links to online resources giving further detail. These are all available at www.zeticauxo.com. If you cannot gain access to these resources, Zetica can forward them on request.

1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Outline Zetica Ltd was commissioned by Atkins to carry out an Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) Desk Study and Risk Assessment for an area of approximately 6.7 hectares (ha) to the west of Wearmouth Bridge in Sunderland, Tyne and Wear (‘the Site’). The aim of this report is to gain a fair and representative view of the UXO hazard for the Site and its immediate surrounding area in accordance with the Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA) C681 ‘Unexploded Ordnance (UXO), a Guide for the Construction Industry’ and C754 ‘Assessment and Management of Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) Risk in the Marine Environment’. Where appropriate, this hazard assessment includes:

• Likelihood of ordnance being present. • Type of ordnance (size, filling, fuze mechanisms). • Quantity of ordnance. • Potential for live ordnance. • Probable location. • Ordnance condition. It should be noted that some military activity providing a source of UXO hazard may not be recorded and therefore there cannot be any guarantee that all UXO hazards affecting the Site have been identified in this report. 1.2 Sources of Information Zetica Ltd researched the military history of the Site and its surrounding area using a range of information sources. The main sources of information are detailed in the following sections and referenced at the end of this report. 1.2.1 Zetica Ltd Defence Related Site Records Zetica Ltd’s in-house records were consulted, including reference books and archived materials from past work in the region. Relevant documents have been cited within the bibliography of this report. 1.2.2 Zetica Ltd Bombing Density Records and Maps Reference has been made to the Zetica Ltd bomb risk maps located on Zetica’s website (http://zeticauxo.com/downloads-and-resources/risk-maps/)

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1.2.3 Ministry of Defence and Government Records Government departments and units within the Ministry of Defence (MoD) were approached for information of past and present military activity in the area. These included the Department of Communities and Local Government (DCLG) records of abandoned bombs. 1.2.4 Other Historical Records, Maps and Drawings Numerous reference documents including historical maps, aerial photographs and drawings have been consulted from sources such as the National Archives, the US National Archives & Records Administration (NARA), the Imperial War Museum (IWM), Historic England and the Defence of Britain Project. The British Geological Survey (BGS) was consulted for borehole information. 1.2.5 Local Authority Records Information has been obtained from Sunderland City Council. 1.2.6 Local Record Offices and Libraries Information was obtained from the Tyne and Wear Archives, the Sunderland Record Office, the Sunderland Museum and Sunderland City Library. 1.2.7 Local Historical and Other Groups Local history groups and archaeological bodies were consulted, including the Tyne and Wear Historic Environment Record (HER). 1.3 Data Confidence Level In general, there is a high level of confidence in the researched information sources used for this report. Exceptions to this are specifically detailed in the text of the report. It should be noted that it has not been possible to obtain detailed historical aerial photography for the Site, as the Historic England archive is shut due to the Covid-19 outbreak. Readily available aerial photography has been used where possible.

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2 THE SITE 2.1 Site Location The Site is centred on Ordnance Survey National Grid Reference (OSNGR) NZ 393574. It is located to the west of Wearmouth Bridge, approximately 0.3km northwest of central Sunderland. The Site comprises a stretch of the River Wear, riverbanks, open ground, roadways and commercial premises. It is bounded to the north by commercial premises off Easington Street, to the east and west by the River Wear, and to the south by commercial developments of Livingstone Road. Figure 1 is a Site location map and Plate 1 is a recent aerial photograph of the Site.

Figure 1 Site location map

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Plate 1 Recent aerial photograph of the Site

Source: Google Earth Not to Scale Legend Site boundary

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3 MILITARY ACTIVITY The following sections outline the recorded military activity in the vicinity of the Site. The potential UXO hazard from WWI and WWII bombing is detailed in Section 4. Each sub-section provides hyperlinks to further information on potential sources of UXO hazard. These are also available at www.zeticauxo.com. If you cannot gain access to these resources, Zetica can forward them on request. 3.1 Defences

For further information on military defences, and the potential UXO hazards associated with them, follow the links below: • Anti-Aircraft Guns • Anti-Invasion Defences • Barrage Balloons • Bombing Decoys • Home Guard • Mined Locations • Mortar & Gun Emplacements • Pillboxes

Anecdotal evidence indicates that 1No. Anti-Aircraft gun emplacement was located on the Site during WWII. Further information about defences located on and in the vicinity of the Site are discussed below. 3.1.1 Anti-Aircraft Guns Records indicate that there were at least 8No. Anti-Aircraft (AA) gun batteries within 10km of the Site during WWI. The nearest was located in Carley Hill (NZ 385599), approximately 2.6km northwest of the Site. It was armed with 1No. 18-pounder (-pdr) gun. During WWII records indicate that there were at least 10No. Heavy AA (HAA) batteries within 10km of the Site. The nearest recorded battery was located at Grindon (NZ 367549), approximately 3.2km southwest of the Site. Its armament is unknown. Potential UXO Hazard Given the number of HAA gun batteries in the surrounding area during WWII, the potential for a UXAA shell to have fallen on the Site unnoticed cannot be totally discounted. Anecdotal evidence indicates that 1No. AA gun (type unspecified) was also established on the London North Eastern Railway (LNER) stables on Easington Street, opposite Richmond street, on the Site. It is possible that Light AA (LAA) guns were established around the shipyards in Sunderland as a defence against low-flying bombers. These defences would have had associated caches of Small Arms Ammunition (SAA) which were typically removed at the end of the war. Though unlikely, the potential for encountering SAA in undisturbed ground as a result of localised disposal or spillages cannot be totally discounted. SAA is not considered to provide a significant UXO hazard (see Appendix 1).

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3.1.2 Barrage Balloons Records indicate that barrage balloons were flown from Naval and Defensively Equipped Merchant (DEM) ships, as shown in Plate 2, aerial photographs of Barrage Balloons flying on the River Wear, dating from circa 1940.

Plate 2 Barrage Balloons on the River Wear, c.1940

Source: BBC Legacies Not to Scale The nearest recorded land based static barrage balloon was located at Monkwearmouth (NZ 395580), approximately 0.3km north-northeast of the Site. Barrage balloons are not considered to provide a source of UXO hazard to the Site. 3.2 Military Airfields

For further information on military airfields, and the potential UXO hazards associated with them, follow the links below: • Military Airfields

No records of any military airfields on or in close proximity to the Sites have been found. The nearest military airfield was Royal Air Force (RAF) Usworth (NZ 340585), approximately 5km northwest of the Site. In 1916, the airfield opened as Royal Flying Corps (RFC) Hylton and functioned as the home base of RFC No. 36 (Fighter) Squadron. After WWI, the airfield was abandoned and then reclaimed by the military in 1932 as RAF Usworth. It was primarily used to station fighter aircraft before becoming a training centre in 1941. RAF Usworth continued to function as a gliding school until 1963 when it was sold privately. Military airfields are not considered to provide a source of UXO hazard to the Sites. 3.3 Aircraft Crashes

For further information on military aircraft crashes, and the potential UXO hazards associated with them, follow the links below: • Aircraft Crashes

No records of any aircraft crashes on or in close proximity to the Site have been found. 3.4 Explosives Factories, Munitions Depots and Disposal Areas

For further information on explosives factories, munitions depots and disposal areas, and the potential UXO hazards associated with them, follow the links below:

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• Explosives Factories • Munitions Depots • Munitions Disposal Areas

No records of any explosives factories, munitions depots or munitions disposal areas on or in close proximity to the Site have been found. It is possible that the Drill Hall located approximately 0.1km south of the Site may have been used to store ammunition during WWI (see Section 3.6.1) 3.5 Firing Ranges and Military Training Areas

For further information on firing ranges and military training areas, and the potential UXO hazards associated with them, follow the links below: • Artillery Ranges • Bombing Ranges • Military Training Areas • Small Arms Ranges

No records of any firing ranges or military training areas on or in close proximity to the Site have been found. 3.6 Other Military Establishments No other military establishments have been identified on the Site. The nearest is described below 3.6.1 Livingstone Road Drill Hall In 1880 a drill hall and parade ground were constructed on Livingstone Road, approximately 0.1km south of the Site. This initially functioned as a base for the 3rd Durham Rifle Volunteers (Sunderland). The drill hall and parade ground are shown in the historical map of 1897 (Figure 2).

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Figure 2 Historical map, 1897

Records indicate that 1914, the 7th (Territorial Force) Battalion Durham Light Infantry were stationed at the drill hall and parade ground. During WWI, the drill hall was known as No. 74 depot Northern Command and may have stored munitions for the Durham Light Infantry. Records indicate that the drill hall continued to function during WWII. In the 1960s the drill hall was closed and redeveloped as a garage. Livingstone Road Drill Hall is not considered to provide a source of UXO hazard to the Site.

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4 BOMBING 4.1 WWI Bombing

For further information on WWI bombing in the UK, and the potential UXO hazard associated with it, see Appendix 2.1. Alternatively, use the following link. • WWI Bombing

No records have been found indicating that the Sites were bombed during WWI. The nearest recorded air raid to the Sites is described below. 1st April 1916 Zeppelin L11 dropped 14No. High Explosive (HE) bombs and 7No. Incendiary Bombs (IBs) on both sides of the River Wear in Sunderland. The nearest incidents to the Site are discussed below. 1No. HE bomb fell on North Bridge Street, approximately 0.3km northeast of the Site. 1No. HE bomb fell on Fern Street, within approximately 0.4km west of the Site. WWI bombing is not considered to provide a source of UXO hazard to the Sites. 4.2 WWII Bombing

For further information on WWII bombing in the UK, and the potential UXO hazard associated with it, see Appendix 2.2. Alternatively, use the following link. • WWII Bombing

Records indicate that parts of the Site were bombed during WWII. Further details on bombing in the vicinity of the Site are given in the following sections. 4.2.1 Bombing in Sunderland 42No. air raids were officially recorded in Sunderland between 1940 and 1943. The heaviest of these, known as the ‘Sunderland Blitz’, took place in May 1943, when more than 300No. HE bombs were recorded falling. Heavy raids were also undertaken against docks and shipyards on Wearside and airfields in the Sunderland region. Details of attacks on airfields and strategic targets important to the war effort were often suppressed and the number of bombs dropped on military or naval targets was not typically included in official figures for the region. Bombing densities generally decreased away from the River Wear and city centre and less damage was sustained by properties in these areas. 4.2.2 Strategic Targets The Site was located in an area which contained numerous strategic targets, including Sunderland harbour, shipbuilding yards and engineering works, and major transport infrastructure. Plate 3 is a Luftwaffe target photograph of shipbuilding yards along the River Wear, dated the 13th August 1939. It identifies various ship building facilities along the River Wear, as detailed in Table 1 below.

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Table 1 Luftwaffe targets in the vicinity of the Sites

Targets Target A Ship Repair Works, Greenwell B Hudson Dock Port Facilities C Thompson shipyard/building site D Austin Ship Repair Works

Plate 3 Luftwaffe target photograph of shipbuilding yards, 13th August 1939

Source: NARA Not to Scale Legend Site location

4.2.3 Bombing Densities and Incidents

Table 2 gives details of the overall bombing statistics recorded for the Local Authority Districts of the Site and surrounding districts. These were categorised as Rural Districts (RD), Urban Districts (UD), Municipal or Metropolitan Boroughs (MB) and County Boroughs (CB). WWII bomb density levels are defined below: <5 bombs per 405ha is a Very Low regional bombing density. 5-15 bombs per 405ha is Low. 15-50 bombs per 405ha is Moderate. 50-250 bombs per 405ha is High. >250 bombs per 405ha is Very High.

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Table 2 Bombing statistics Bombs Recorded

Area High Parachute Bombs per 405ha Other Total Explosive Mines (1000 acres)

Sunderland CB 314 28 0 342 49.3 Bolden UD 149 9 0 158 18.8 Sunderland RD 55 12 0 67 8.0 Note that Table 2 excludes the figures for Incendiary Bombs (IBs). Discrepancies between this list and other records, such as bomb clearance records, demonstrate that this data is likely to under-represent actual bombing. Details of the nearest recorded bombing incidents to the Site are given in the following section. Appendix 5 provides further details of recorded bombing incidents in the immediate vicinity of the Site. 7th November 1941 1No. 50kg HE bomb fell on a path adjoining railway embankments at Lambton Drops, on the Site. This caused damage to the walkway below the coal drops. 1No. 50kg HE bomb fell on an Allotment Garden, approximately 0.1km west of the Site. 1No. 250kg HE bomb fell in the yard of an Electric Power Station on Farringdon Row, approximately 0.1km west of the Site. 4th June 1942 2No. Delayed Action Bombs (DABs) fell in the River Wear at Lambton Drops, in close proximity to the Site. 1No. DAB fell on the riverbank at Lambton Drops, approximately 50m west of the Site. 1No. 500kg HE bomb fell on railway sidings on the river bank, approximately 0.1km west of the Site. Plate 4 is a Luftwaffe reconnaissance photograph of Sunderland, dated the 7th June 1942. This identified coal transport boats located on the Site (target 3). Bomb damage in the vicinity of the Site was highlighted with white circles.

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Plate 4 Luftwaffe reconnaissance photograph, 7th June 1942

Source: NARA Not to Scale Legend Site location

15th May 1943 7No. 1kg IBs fell on Easington Street near Brook Street, adjacent to the northeast boundary of the Site. 16No. 1kg IBs fell east of Gillbridge Avenue, within approximately 10m south of the Site. 1No. 1kg IB fell on Brook Street, approximately 0.1km northeast of the Site. 1No. Explosive IB (EIB) fell on the brickworks at the Wearmouth Colliery, approximately 0.1km north-northwest of the Site. 1No. EIB fell on the north side of the River Wear at the Wearmouth Drops, approximately 0.1km northwest of the Site. 23rd May 1943 1No. EIB fell on a garage, approximately 50m south of the Site. 1No. 50kg HE bomb fell on the Avenue Theatre, approximately 0.1km south of the Site. 1No. 50kg HE bomb fell on Castle Street, approximately 0.1km south of the Site. It should be noted that during WWII, many UXB were mapped and subsequently removed as and when conditions and demands on Bomb Disposal teams allowed. Their removal was not always accurately recorded and sometimes records were later destroyed. In practice, most UXB were probably removed and only a much smaller number were actually registered as officially abandoned bombs.

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Figure 3 is a map showing the approximate location of recorded bomb impacts in the immediate vicinity of the Site. IBs shown are indicative of larger numbers of similar devices that fell within the given area. The map has been compiled from a number of different sources, including air raid incident reports, historical aerial photographs and bomb census maps. The bomb map is also given in the accompanying P9849-20-R1-MAP01-A.

Figure 3 Compiled bomb impact map for the vicinity of the Site

Source: OpenStreetMap Not to Scale Site boundary HE bomb UXB IBs UXIB Legend DAB EIB

Plate 5 is an aerial photograph of the western part of the Site dated the 6th June 1946. No damage has been identified on the landward parts of the Site. Possible damage has also been identified in the vicinity of the northern part of the Site. This also shows a dredging operation in progress in the River Wear, adjacent to the Site.

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Plate 5 Aerial photograph of the western part of the Site, 6th June 1946

Source: Britain from Above Not to Scale Legend Site boundary Possible bomb damage Dredging

Plate 6 is an aerial photograph of the eastern part of the Site dated the 6th June 1946. No damage has been identified the Site.

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Plate 6 Aerial photograph of the eastern part of the Site, 6th June 1946

Source: Britain from Above Not to Scale Legend Site boundary

Potential UXO Hazard Records have been found indicating that at least 1No. HE bomb fell on the Site and exploded. At least 9No. further HE bombs and EIBs fell within approximately 0.1km of the Site. Where possible, authorities kept records of the fall of bombs within strategic waterways. Whilst many bombs were recorded by their explosions, those that did not explode were more likely to be missed, particularly at night. It is considered that UXBs falling in the River Wear during heavy raids on the Site may have been missed and are unlikely to have been retrieved. No damage on the landward parts of the Site likely to mask the impact of a UXB has been identified on historical aerial photography. Given this, and that the area comprised a busy coaling station and dockside area, it is considered unlikely that a UXB could have fallen unnoticed on the landward part of the Site. WWII bombing is considered to provide a possible source of UXO hazard to the marine part of the Site.

4.2.4 Geology and Bomb Penetration Depths

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It is important to consider the geological materials present at the time that a bomb was dropped in order to establish its maximum penetration depth. British Geological Survey BGS 1:50,000 Sheet 21 Sunderland (Solid & Drift and BGS borehole records from on and near the Site were consulted to get an indicative overview of the Site geology. The geology of the Site on shore during WWII comprised Made Ground, including some areas of hard standings, underlain by Alluvial and Glaciolacustrine Deposits, with some peat layers, over Glacial Till (Diamicton) overlying limestones and dolostones of the Roker Formation. Table 3 provides an estimate of average maximum bomb penetration depths on shore assuming ground conditions during WWII of 5m of Made Ground, over 3m of loose to medium dense sand and 3m of soft to firm clay over 6m of firm to stiff gravelly clay overlying more than 10m of weak rock.

Table 3 Estimated average maximum bomb penetration depths (onshore)

Estimated average bomb penetration depths for anticipated geology 50kg 2.5m Bomb 250kg 3.5m Weight 500kg 7.0m The geology of the Site in the river bed during WWII is assumed to comprise Alluvial and Glaciolacustrine Deposits, with some peat layers, over Glacial Till (Diamicton) overlying limestones and dolostones of the Roker Formation. Table 4 provides an estimate of average maximum bomb penetration depths in the river bed assuming ground conditions during WWII of 3m of loose sand and 5m of soft to firm clay over 6m of firm to stiff gravelly clay overlying more than 10m of weak rock. The localised presence of scrap metal on the river bed or shallow areas of rock will reduce these theoretical maximum depths.

Table 4 Estimated average maximum bomb penetration depths (river bed)

Estimated average bomb penetration depths for anticipated geology 50kg 7.0m Bomb 250kg 9.5m Weight 500kg 14.0m These calculations can be refined on receipt of Site-specific information. Vertical or near vertical deployment of ordnance to the riverbed at high tide is unlikely due to deflection by waves at the water surface and the initial aerial trajectory of air-delivered ordnance. This is especially true from low level, dive bombing or extra low (sub-radar) mine laying and torpedo attacks. As ordnance passes through a water column, it loses its’ air-water interface impact velocity, and hence momentum, due to hydrodynamic drag during its’ submarine trajectory. Initial impact energy is dissipated exponentially as the ordnance travels through the denser water media. At a critical depth, the ordnance loses enough forward momentum to assume a low angle ‘glide’ path downwards. It penetrates with less impact velocity and momentum into the riverbed. For sites located in deeper water penetration depths are likely to be less than the theoretical ones given in Table 4.

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Most UXB are likely to be prone to tidal marine or fluvial current processes, as outlined in Section 5.5.

The estimated bomb penetration depths given in Tables 3 and 4 are from the WWII ground level and are based on the following assumptions: a) High level release of the bomb resulting in an impact velocity of 260m/s (>5,000m altitude). b) A strike angle of 10 to 15 degrees to the vertical. c) That the bomb is stable, both in flight and on penetration. d) That no retarding units are fitted to the bomb. e) That the soil type is homogenous. A high altitude release of a bomb will result in ground entry at between 10o and 15o to the vertical with the bomb travelling on this trajectory until momentum is nearly lost. The bomb will then turn abruptly to the horizontal before coming to rest. The distance between the centre of the entry hole and the centre of the bomb at rest is known as the ‘offset’. A marked lateral movement from the original line of entry is common. Low-level attacks may have an impact angle of 45 or more, which will frequently lead to a much greater amount of offset movement during soil penetration. The average offset is one third of the penetration depth, i.e. an offset of 2m may be expected for a 50kg bomb in dry silts and clays. If hard standings or Made Ground were present during WWII, bomb penetration depths would have been significantly reduced but offset distances may have been up to four times greater.

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5 UXO IN THE FLUVIAL AND MARINE ENVIRONMENT The following sections outline the recorded military activity in marine environment in the vicinity of the Site. The potential UXO hazard from WWI and WWII bombing is detailed in Section 4 and from onshore military activity in Section 5. Each sub-section provides generalised background information about particular sources of UXO hazard shaded in green, with hyperlinks to further information. These are also available at www.zeticauxo.com. If you cannot gain access to these resources, Zetica can forward them on request.

Both wartime and peace time military and naval activities provide numerous sources of UXO within the fluvial and marine environments. The principal sources of UXO hazards are from ordnance disposal at sea, WWII aerial laid mines and bombing, mines laid as beach and riverbank defences, crashed aircraft and wrecks containing ordnance. Clearance certification for UXO within a fluvial or marine environment may be valid only for a limited period as storms, floods, tides and general current movement can cause UXO to migrate into an area that may have been cleared of UXO only hours before. This also makes it very difficult to accurately predict where UXO may be found. UXO is most likely to be concentrated on and immediately around the principal sources of the UXO hazard. These are typically ordnance disposal sites, WWII mines, bombed areas, offshore ranges and wrecks containing ordnance.

5.1 AA Defences Sunderland had extensive AA defences during WWII (see Section 3.1.1). These are likely to have contributed UXAA shells to the marine environment in the vicinity of the Site. Whilst maintenance dredging in the River Wear is likely to have removed any such shells on the Site, the potential for them to migrate along the riverbed post-dredging, whilst unlikely, cannot be totally discounted. 5.2 Marine Ranges and Training Areas No records of any offshore ranges on or in close proximity to the Site have been found. By the end of WWII several offshore ranges had been established along Britain’s east coast for coastal artillery and AA batteries to train. The nearest firing points were located at Whitburn, approximately 6.8km north-northeast of the Site. Marine ranges and training areas are not considered to provide a source of UXO hazard to the Site. 5.3 Marine Mines

For further information on marine mines, and the potential UXO hazards associated with them, see Appendix 2.4. Alternatively use the following link: • Marine Mines & Minefields

No records have been found indicating that marine mines were present on the Site. There are records that the sea area off the mouth of the River Wear was protected by defensive marine minefields.

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Records indicate that marine mines were also laid at the entrance to Sunderland Harbour, approximately 2.4km east-northeast of the Site and in the North Sea, within approximately 4km of the Site, by Luftwaffe minelaying aircraft during WWII. These were cleared during and after WWII. Given the importance of the Sunderland Docks and shipping in the River Wear, waters in the vicinity of the Site were regularly swept for mines in order to protect convoys. No records have been found of vessels striking magnetic mines and sinking in close proximity to the Site. Marine mines are not considered to provide a source of UXO hazard to the Site with the possible, albeit very unlikely exception, of buoyant marine mines migrating onto the Site. 5.4 UXO Migration in the Marine and Estuarine Environment There are several identified potential sources of UXO hazard in the marine and estuarine environment in the vicinity of the Site. The factors controlling UXO migration in the marine and estuarine environment surrounding the Site are discussed below. Tidal and Fluvial Currents Sunderland has a maximum recorded tidal range of approximately 6m. The Site is within the tidal stretch of the River Wear. The tidal current pattern in Sunderland Harbour is controlled by the funnelling effect of the mouth of the Wear and the Sunderland harbour piers, coupled with the downstream flow of the River Wear. Offshore tidal streams vary between maximum flows of approximately 2.5ms-1 and 4.5ms-1, but have little effect on the River Wear in the vicinity of the Site due to the protection of the Roker and South Piers at the harbour mouth. Wave Action Low energy wave action dominates the near shore and intertidal sediment transport in the vicinity of the Site. Although extreme storm condition waves and tides may move sediments into the harbour and upstream in the River Wear, the dominant control on the sediment transport across the Site is river flow from upstream of the Site. Sediment Pathways The bed sediments in the River Wear consist mainly of sands and clays. Within a fluvial environment, flood flow conditions and general current movement can cause considerable quantities of sediment to migrate downstream. The combined influences of wave action, tidal currents and river flood flow conditions create a dynamic environment which may allow the migration of UXO onto the Site, primarily from upstream. Dredging The River Wear has been routinely dredged since the early 18th century to improve conditions for Sunderland’s growing shipping industry. Records indicate that the navigation channel of the River Wear was regularly dredged during WWII. Aerial photography from 1946 (see Plate 5) indicates that the river in the vicinity of the Site was dredged immediately after WWII.

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It is understood that the River Wear navigation channel west of the Wearmouth Bridge, in the vicinity of the Site, is maintained today at a depth of ~5.7m. Potential for Marine UXO Migration Given the tidal currents, wave action and pattern of sediment movement in the vicinity of the Site, it is considered that the largest UXO, too heavy for the waves and near shore currents to move, are unlikely to be transported far. Such items would instead be exposed by scour around them and then be left proud of the sediments. In such cases, the UXO are unlikely to move from source unless fishing or later dredging activities disturb the exposed UXO. Buoyant and semi-buoyant UXO (as may be the case with some marine mines or degrading ordnance), smaller, lighter items of UXO (such as SAA and small or medium calibre shells) and UXO with neutral buoyancy could move by saltation or roll as bed load particles during ebb or flood tides. There is a possibility that such UXO may also move during high wave energy storm conditions or during past high energy river flood events. Such conditions may provide a pathway for UXO migration onto the Site. This forms part of the low background risk of encountering UXO on any similar site in the UK.

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6 EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE CLEARANCE ACTIVITIES

Official UK bombing statistics have been compiled from both British and German sources. There were differences in the way the figures were originally reported and collated which has led to discrepancies in the summary data. Based on data from 1939 to 1945, War Office statistics indicate that 200,195No. HE bombs exploded within Great Britain. Additionally, 25,195No. HE bombs (representing 11%) were recorded as UXBs. However, records from the Royal Engineers who were responsible for bomb disposal at the time indicate that as of 27th February 1946 upwards of 45,000No. UXBs were disposed of. On average 8.5% of UXBs later self-exploded. In some cases the bombs had delayed action fuzes or were never intended to explode, their purpose being to cause inconvenience and fear. Given the discrepancy in records and the fact that UXBs are still being found unexpectedly, it is clear that the original figures are understated and provide only an approximation of the number of potential UXBs in the UK. War Office statistics also show that between October 1940 and May 1941 most of the UXBs (93%) were either 50kg or 250kg. It should be noted that details of the recovery and the size of the UXB were not always accurately reported. The larger WWII UXBs are often difficult to recover due to both penetration depths and the presence of two or more fuzes, combined with more sensitive fillings of explosive mixtures including Amatol and Trialen.

6.1 Abandoned Bombs

For further information on abandoned bombs, and the potential UXO hazard associated with them, follow the link below: • Abandoned Bombs

No records have been found indicating that any officially abandoned bombs are located on the Site. 6.2 EOC Tasks Records held by Zetica Ltd show that the following post-WWII EOC tasks have taken place in the vicinity of the Site. 17th October 2002 1No. 500kg UXB was found at Deerness Health Centre, Suffolk Street, approximately 1.4km southeast of the Site. The UXB was considered to be a part of the bomb load carried by a Heinkel He111 bomber aircraft that had crashed in the vicinity. The bomb was activated by the construction workers that dug it up. A Bomb Disposal Unit (BDU) first made the bomb safe to transport and it was then taken to a beach south of Hendon, approximately 2km south-southeast of the Site, to be destroyed in a controlled explosion. 29th October 2004 1No. UXB was found below high tide mark on Hendon Beach, off Commercial Road, approximately 2.5km southeast of the Site. It was blown up in situ by a bomb disposal team.

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29th June 2016 1No. WWI torpedo was found near Roker Pier, within approximately 2.4km northeast of the Site. It was later destroyed at sea.

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7 UXO HAZARD ASSESSMENT 7.1 UXO Hazard Level The definitions for the levels of UXO hazard are provided below.

Definitions of UXO Hazard Level for a Site

Hazard Level Definition There is positive evidence that UXO is not present, e.g. through physical Very Low constraints or removal. There is no positive evidence that UXO is present, but its occurrence cannot Low be totally discounted. There is positive evidence that ordnance was present or that other uncharted Moderate ordnance may be present as UXO. High There is positive evidence that UXO is present. As high, but requires immediate or special attention due to the potential Very High hazard. Records have been found indicating that at least 1No. HE bomb fell on the Site during WWII and a further 9No. HE bombs and EIBs fell within approximately 0.1km of the Site. It is considered prudent to assign the part of the Site comprising open water a moderate UXO hazard level due to the potential for a UXB to have fallen unnoticed. It is considered unlikely that a UXB would have been missed on the landward part of the Site, which comprised a coaling station and dockside occupied throughout WWII. It is considered that the UXO hazard level on the Site can be zoned from low to moderate, as shown in Figure 4 below. The UXO hazard zone plan of the Site is also given in the accompanying P9849-20-R1-MAP01-A.

Figure 4 UXO hazard zone plan of the Site

Source: OpenStreetMap Not to Scale Very Low Low Moderate Legend High Very High Site boundary

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Note that the UXO hazard will have been mitigated within the depth and extents of any post- WWII dredging or other intrusive works.

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8 UXO RISK ASSESSMENT 8.1 Proposed Works It is understood that initial works on the Site will comprise a ground investigation, including boreholes to a maximum depth of 40m bgl. Future works on the Site may include excavations and piling associated with the construction of 2No. footbridges over the River Wear. 8.2 Risk Assessment Methodology A UXO risk assessment has been undertaken for the proposed works, taking into consideration the identified UXO hazard. Firstly, the probability of encountering UXO (PE) has been considered and rated for the different construction techniques, as detailed below. Probability of Encounter (PE) Rating Frequent, highly likely, almost certain. 5 Probable, more likely to happen than not. 4 Occasional, increased chance or probability. 3 Remote, unlikely to happen but could. 2 Improbable, highly unlikely. 1 Impossible 0 Secondly, the probability of detonating a UXO (PD) has been considered and rated for the different construction techniques, as detailed below. Probability of Detonation (PD) Rating Frequent, highly likely, almost certain. 5 Probable, more likely to happen than not. 4 Occasional, increased chance or probability. 3 Remote, unlikely to happen but could. 2 Improbable, highly unlikely. 1 Impossible 0 Next, the probability of encountering and detonating the UXO (PE x PD) have been used to generate an overall likelihood rating (P). P = PE x PD LIKELIHOOD of Encounter and Detonation Rating 21 to 25 Frequent, highly likely, almost certain. 5 16 to 20 Probable, more likely to happen than not. 4 6 to 15 Occasional, increased chance or probability. 3 2 to 5 Remote, unlikely to happen but could. 2 1 Improbable, highly unlikely. 1 0 Impossible 0 P ranges from 25, a certainty of UXO being encountered and detonated on the Site by engineering activity, to 0, a certainty that UXO does not occur on the Site and will not be detonated by engineering activity.

The likelihood of encountering and detonating UXO during site works is multiplied by the severity of such an event occurring (P x S), in order to provide a risk level using the following matrix.

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Severity (S) Rating Multiple fatalities 5 Major injury, long term health issues, single fatality. 4 Minor injury, short term health issues, no fatalities. 3 First aid case but no lost time or ill health. 2 Minor injuries, no first aid. 1 No injuries. 0

UXO Risk Matrix SEVERITY (S)

5 4 3 2 1 0 5 25 20 15 10 5 0 4 20 16 12 8 4 0 3 15 12 9 6 3 0 2 10 8 6 4 2 0

1 5 4 3 2 1 0 LIKELIHOOD(P) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.3 UXO Risk Level The UXO risk assessment for proposed works on the Site is given in Table 5.

Table 5 UXO risk assessment for the Site

Potential

Hazard Zone Anticipated Works PE UXO Risk

UXO Hazard PD

Severity

Likelihood

P = PE x PD PE = P x Rating Risk

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9 RISK MITIGATION PLAN Key findings: Potential hazard from UXB in the marine part of the Site. Key actions: Deep UXB detection is required to clear any proposed borehole or pile locations in the River Wear. 9.1 UXO Risk Summary Table 6 summarises the most appropriate risk mitigation recommendations for the proposed works on the Site.

Table 6 Summary of UXO risk and mitigation recommendations

Proposed Works UXO Risk Recommended Mitigation

Proceed with works – if additional comfort is required to address the residual UXO hazard, Excavations a formal UXO awareness briefing can be provided.

Boreholes/Piling Proceed with works

In summary, we recommend that deep UXB detection is undertaken as part of borehole or pile construction. 9.2 Risk Mitigation Techniques The section below provides further details of the recommended techniques for mitigating the UXO risk on the Site. 9.2.1 Deep UXB Detection To clear borehole or pile positions of potential UXB, an intrusive magnetometer survey should be undertaken. The survey should be carried out to either the maximum bomb penetration depth or maximum drilling/piling depth, whichever is shallower. There are two main systems available:- MagDrill (Boreholes) – this is a system that is suitable for working with ground investigation drillers. It allows a magnetometer to be lowered into the borehole to ensure the route is clear of potential UXB. MagCone (Piles) – this is a CPT-based system that facilitates the pushing of a magnetometer into the ground at the proposed location of a pile.

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MagCone is suitable for cohesive/loose soils and has a much higher speed of operation compared to MagDrill. It should be noted that where dense soils or buried obstructions are encountered, MagCone is unlikely to be able to penetrate to the required depth. Detection - Typical radius of detection should be assumed as approximately 1.0m for a 50kg UXB until site conditions are confirmed. Assuming no objects comparable to the UXB detection range are identified, then the borehole or pile position can be considered clear of UXB. If any ferrous anomalies are identified at the borehole or pile position, then it may need to be relocated or the anomaly investigated. It should be noted that in Made Ground or close to buried/adjacent structures, effective UXB detection is compromised due to geophysical noise. A clearance report should be issued on completion of the site works. 9.2.2 UXO Awareness Briefing Typically ~1hour in duration, these briefings will be expected to provide site workers with:- • Background to the potential UXO hazards that could be encountered. • Awareness of how the UXO hazard could present a risk. • Knowledge of what to do in the event that a suspect item is encountered. The briefing is to be provided along with back-up materials such as UXO awareness posters, emergency contact numbers and other background information to assist site workers in becoming familiar with what potential UXO can look like. The materials can also be used by key staff to pass on the relevant points of the induction to others who visit or work on the Site. By providing the UXO awareness briefing, it ensures that in the unlikely event that UXO is encountered:- • All site staff take appropriate action. • A support mechanism and points of contact are established. • The likelihood of harm to people or property is reduced. • Significant delays to site work are prevented. 9.3 What Do I Do Next? If you wish to proceed with UXO risk mitigation, Zetica would be happy to assist. Just contact us via phone (01993 886682) or email ([email protected]) and we can provide a proposal with options and prices. If you have requirements to identify other buried hazards (such as mapping utilities or obstructions) we can provide these surveys. If proposed works on the Site change, or additional works are planned, contact Zetica for a re- assessment of the UXO risk and the risk mitigation requirements.

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APPENDICES Appendix 1 Anticipated Ordnance Types

The most likely ordnance types to be encountered on the Site are detailed below. For a more comprehensive set of ordnance data sheets, see http://zeticauxo.com/downloads- and-resources/ordnance-data-sheets/.

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Appendix 2 Sources of UXO Hazard

The sections below provide background information on the most likely sources of UXO hazard affecting the Site. For a more comprehensive set of UXO information sheets, see http://zeticauxo.com/downloads-and-resources/uxo-information-sheets/.

Appendix 2.1 WWI Bombing

It is not generally realised that during World War One (WWI) significant bombing took place across some areas of the UK. An estimated 9,000No. German bombs were dropped on Britain during the course of 51No. airship and 52No. aircraft raids. It was the first time that strategic aerial bombardment had been used. More than 1,400No. people were killed during these raids. Most air raids were carried out on London and Southeast England. Areas along the East Coast were also targeted regularly due to their proximity to the European continent. Bombing raids further inland were rare and West England and Wales were out of reach for German aircraft of the time. Aerial bombing during WWI initially relied on visual aiming, with bombsights not developed until later in the war. The inaccuracy inherent in this method meant that bombs often fell some way from their intended targets. The first recorded raid against England occurred on the 21st December 1914 when 2No. high explosive bombs fell near the Admiralty Pier at Dover. Zeppelin raids intensified during 1915 and 1916, with aircraft raids becoming more frequent after 1917. The last raid of WWI took place on the 19th May 1918, when 38 Gotha and 3 Giant aircraft bombed London and surrounding districts, dropping a total of more than 2,500lbs of bombs.

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The potential of coming across an Unexploded Bomb (UXB) from WWI is far less likely than a WWII UXB given the lower bombing densities during raids in the Great War. Some areas which were subjected to sustained bombing raids, such as parts of London and coastal towns, recorded a higher number of UXB. In these areas, where there has been no significant development for the last century, the potential of a UXB remaining from WWI cannot be totally discounted.

Appendix 2.2 WWII Bombing

Bombing raids began in the summer of 1940 and continued until the end of WWII. Bombing densities generally increased towards major cities or strategic targets such as docks, harbours, industrial premises, power stations and airfields. In addition to London, industrial cities and ports, including Birmingham, Coventry, Southampton, Liverpool, Hull and Glasgow, were heavily targeted, as well as seaside towns such as Eastbourne and cathedral cities such as Canterbury. The German bombing campaign saw the extensive use of both High Explosive (HE) bombs and Incendiary Bombs (IBs). The most common HE bombs were the 50kg and 250kg bombs, although 500kg were also used to a lesser extent. More rarely 1,000kg, 1,400kg and 1,800kg bombs were dropped. The HE bombs tended to contain about half of their weight in explosives and were fitted with one or sometimes two fuzes. Not all HE bombs were intended to explode on impact. Some contained timing mechanisms where detonation could occur more than 70 hours after impact. Incendiary devices ranged from small 1kg thermite filled, magnesium bodied Incendiary Bombs (IBs) to a 250kg ‘Oil Bomb’ (OB) and a 500kg ‘C300’ IB. In some cases the IBs were fitted with a bursting charge. This exploded after the bomb had been alight for a few minutes causing burning debris to be scattered over a greater area. The C300 bombs were similar in appearance to 500kg HE bombs, although their design was sufficiently different to warrant a specially trained unit of the Royal Engineers to deal with their disposal.

Anti-Personnel (AP) bombs and Parachute Mines (PMs) were also deployed. 2No. types of anti-personnel bombs were in common use, the 2kg and the 12kg bomb. The 2kg bomb could inflict injury across an area up to 150m away from the impact. PMs (which were up to 4m in length) could be detonated either magnetically or by noise/vibration.

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Anti-shipping parachute mines were commonly dropped over navigable rivers, dockland areas and coastlines. The Royal Navy was responsible for ensuring that the bombs were made safe. Removal and disposal was still the responsibility of the Bomb Disposal Unit of the Royal Engineers. In 1944, the Germans introduced new weapons; the V1, a ‘flying bomb’ and guided missile, and the V2, a ballistic missile rocket that travelled at such speed that no one could see or hear its approach. London was the main target for these attacks. WWII bomb targeting was inaccurate, especially in the first year of the war. A typical bomb load of 50kg HE bombs mixed with IBs which was aimed at a specific location might not just miss the intended target but fall some considerable distance away.

It is understood that the local Civil Defence authorities in urban areas had a comprehensive system for reporting bomb incidents and dealing with any Unexploded Bombs (UXB) or other UXO. In more rural areas, fewer bombing raids occurred. It is known that Air Raid Precaution (ARP) records under-represent the number and frequency of bombs falling in rural and coastal areas. Bombs were either released over targets or as part of ‘tip and run’ raids where bomber crews would drop their bombs to avoid anti-aircraft fire or Allied fighter aircraft on the route to and from other strategic targets. Bombs dropped as a result of poor targeting or ‘tip and run’ raids on rural and coastal areas often went unrecorded or entered as ‘fell in open country’ or ‘fell in the sea’. The Luftwaffe are thought to have dropped approximately 75,000 tons of bombs on Britain throughout the Second World War and an estimated 11% of all bombs dropped during the war failed to detonate. The potential for a UXB hazard to exist on a site depends on a variety of factors. Were there strategic targets in the surrounding area? Was the site bombed? Could a UXB impact have been missed? Even in rural areas, the potential for UXB cannot be totally discounted and therefore it is essential that detailed local bombing records are obtained when assessing the UXB hazard on any site.

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Appendix 2.3 Anti-Aircraft Guns

As aerial bombardment first began during WWI, Anti-Aircraft (AA) gun batteries were established were gradually established throughout much of England to counter German bombing raids. By June 1916, there were approximately 271No. AA guns and 258No. searchlight installations defending London alone. Common AA defences during WWI included 3-inch, 75 millimetre, 6-pounder and 1-pounder guns. Many of these guns were mobile, being mounted on lorry chassis. They were driven about following the course of an airship and fired from any area of open land. During WWI, Unexploded AA (UXAA) shells, could land up to 13km from the firing point, although more typically fell within 10km.

AA gun batteries were used extensively during WWII to counter the threat posed by enemy aircraft. In many instances, AA shells caused damage to Allied territory and in some areas caused significant numbers of civilian fatalities. During WWII, AA shells could land up to 27km from the firing point, although more typically fell within 15km. These could be distributed over a wide area.

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3No. types of AA batteries existed: • Heavy Anti-Aircraft (HAA) batteries of large guns (typically 3.7”, 4.5” and 5.25” calibre) designed to engage high flying bomber aircraft. These tended to be relatively permanent gun emplacements. • Light Anti-Aircraft (LAA) weaponry, designed to counter low flying aircraft. These were often mobile and were moved periodically to new locations around strategic targets such as airfields. They typically fired 40mm shells and machine gun ammunition. • Rocket batteries (ZAA) firing 3” or 3.7” AA rockets with a maximum altitude of 5,800m and a ground range of 9km were typically permanent emplacements. Unexploded AA (UXAA) shells were a common occurrence during WWII. As the figure below demonstrates, shells were unlikely to fall in the immediate vicinity of a gun battery but in the surrounding area. This would be dependent upon the angle of fire and the flight height of the attacking aircraft.

AA batteries were deliberately targeted by the Luftwaffe and therefore areas surrounding a gun battery may have a greater risk of UXB being present. Munitions stores were also established around AA batteries. These stored the shells for the batteries and small arms ammunition for troops manning the position. Such stores were typically removed at the end of WWII, although some disposal may have occurred in the immediate vicinity of the gun battery.

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Appendix 3 Recent UXO Finds

UXO finds in the UK are a regular occurrence, although they almost never result in an accidental detonation. It is still important to note that explosives rarely lose effectiveness with age. In some instances, mechanisms such as fuzes and gaines can become more sensitive and more prone to detonation, regardless of whether the device has been submersed in water or embedded in silt, clay or similar materials. The effects of an accidental UXO detonation are usually extremely fast, often catastrophic and invariably traumatic to any personnel involved. Such occurrences are largely restricted to current theatres of war and overseas minefields, with occasional events in mainland Europe. The sections below provide a brief summary of recent significant UXO finds in the UK. To keep up to date with the latest UXO finds, visit http://zeticauxo.com/news/. On the 4th September 2017, 1No. 50kg UXB was found in a ragstone quarry at Kings Hill near West Malling in Kent. It was destroyed in situ in a controlled explosion by an EOD team. On the 11th February 2018, 1No. 500kg UXB was found in King George V Dock in London, resulting in the temporary closure of the adjacent London City Airport. The UXB was freed from a silt bed and towed along the River Thames to Shoeburyness where it was destroyed in a controlled explosion. On the 26th February 2018, an EOD team destroyed numerous items of ordnance including shells and 20mm ammunition which had been exposed by storms on Selsey beach. A similar operation was required after more UXO finds on the beach in April 2018. On the 31st March 2018, 2No. 870lb British PMs were found in waters off Guernsey. They were destroyed in controlled explosions. On the 20th May 2018, a 1,000kg German sea mine washed ashore at Elmer beach near Bognor Regis, West Sussex. A 1 mile exclusion zone was enforced before an EOD team towed the device out to sea for a controlled explosion. On the 24th May 2018, numerous ordnance-related items were found on a proposed residential development in Burntwood, Staffordshire. On the 10th July 2018, a suspected 1,000kg German UXB was found by scuba divers near Teignmouth Pier in Devon. The UXB was towed out into open sea by a RN EOD team for a controlled explosion. On the 30th August 2018, a 2,000lb German PM was trawled up by a fishing vessel off Mersea in Essex. The PM was moved to an area of open sea where it was destroyed in a controlled explosion by a RN EOD team. On the 29th November 2018 a large naval projectile was found at Wembury Point, Plymouth. It was destroyed in a controlled explosion. During January and February 2019 a military EOD was called out to deal with several items of UXO washed up at Medmerry Beach in Selsey. The site of a former gunnery range, it followed on from several similar incidents in 2018. On the 21st January 2019 a suspected 1,000lb torpedo was brought into Brixham Harbour by a fishing trawler. It was towed back out to sea and destroyed by a Naval EOD team.

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On the 6th February 2019 3No. WWII projectiles were found on Chalkwell Beach near Southend-on-Sea, Essex. They were destroyed in a controlled explosion. On the 19th February 2019 6No. projectiles were found on the beach at Lilstock, Somerset. On the 14th March 2019 an unexploded pipe mine was found at the former RAF Manston airfield near Ramsgate, Kent. It was destroyed in a controlled explosion. On the 21st March 2019 2No. unexploded shells were found on a building site in Brighton. They were removed by an EOD team. On the 25th March 2019 an unexploded shell was found in Stechford, Birmingham. It was removed to a field and destroyed in a controlled explosion. On the 22nd May 2019 70No. Self-Igniting Phosphorus (SIP) grenades were found during development works at Tongland Dam in Dumfries & Galloway, Scotland. They were destroyed in a controlled explosion. On the 23rd May 2019 a 250kg German UXB was found by workers on a building site at Kingston University in London (see plate below). The UXB could not be safely removed and was consequently destroyed in situ by an EOD team.

On the 27th May 2019 24No. SIP grenades were found in a field near Sibton in Suffolk. An EOD team constructed a 2ft deep trench into which the grenades were placed before being destroyed in a controlled explosion. On the 7th June 2019 a 50kg German fragmentation UXB was found at a building site in Kings Hill at the former RAF West Malling airfield. It was destroyed in a controlled explosion by an EOD team the following day. On the 26th September 2019 another 50kg German UXB was found at Kings Hill and was destroyed in a controlled explosion the next day. On the 20th September 2019 a suspected 250kg German UXB was found on a construction site in Bordon, Hampshire. It was destroyed in a controlled explosion by an EOD team. In September 2019 a German PM was found by divers off Southend-on-Sea, Essex. It was towed out to open water off Shoeburyness by a Royal Navy EOD team and destroyed in a controlled explosion. On the 3rd February 2020, a 500kg German UXB was found on a building site in Soho, London. It was removed by an EOD team.

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Appendix 4 Glossary and Definitions

Abandoned Abandoned Explosive Ordnance is explosive ordnance that has not Explosive been used during an armed conflict, that has been left behind or Ordnance disposed of by a party to an armed conflict, and which is no longer (AXO) under control of that party. Abandoned explosive ordnance may or may not have been primed, fuzed, armed or otherwise prepared for use.

Close Combat Items of ordnance thrown, propelled or placed during land warfare, to Munitions include grenades, mortars, projectiles, rockets and land mines.

Demil Derived from the term ‘Demilitarisation’, it refers to the break down and the recycling or disposal of ordnance components.

Detonation The high-speed chemical breakdown of an energetic material producing heat, pressure, flame and a shock wave.

Device This term is used for any component, sub-assembly or completed ordnance, which may or may not have an explosive risk. It can apply to detonators, primers, gaines, fuzes, shells or bombs.

Explosive The term explosive refers to compounds forming energetic materials that under certain conditions chemically react, rapidly producing gas,

heat and pressure. Obviously, these are extremely dangerous and should only be handled by qualified professionals.

Explosive Explosive Ordnance is all munitions containing explosives, nuclear Ordnance (EO) fission or fusion materials and biological and chemical agents. This includes bombs and warheads, guided and ballistic missiles, artillery, mortar, rocket, small arms ammunition, mines, torpedoes, depth charges, pyrotechnics, cluster bombs & dispensers, cartridge & propellant actuated devices, electro-explosive devices, clandestine & improvised explosive devices, and all similar or related items or components explosive in nature.

Explosive Explosive Ordnance Clearance is a term used to describe the operation Ordnance of ordnance detection, investigation, identification and removal, with Clearance (EOC) EOD being a separate operation.

Explosive Explosive Ordnance Disposal is the detection, identification, on-site Ordnance evaluation, rendering safe, recovery and final disposal of unexploded Disposal (EOD) explosive ordnance.

Explosive Explosive Ordnance Reconnaissance is the detection, identification and Ordnance on-site evaluation of unexploded explosive ordnance before Explosive Reconnaissance Ordnance Disposal. (EOR)

Explosive Explosive Remnants of War are Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) and Remnants of Abandoned Explosive Ordnance (AXO), excluding landmines. War (ERW)

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Explosive Explosive substances are solid or liquid substances (or a mixture of Substances and substances), which are either: Articles (ESA) • capable by chemical reaction in itself of producing gas at such a temperature and pressure and at such a speed as to cause damage to the surroundings. • designed to produce an effect by heat, light, sound, gas or smoke, or a combination of these as a result of a non-detonative, self- sustaining, exothermic reaction. Explosive article is an article containing one or more explosive substances.

Fuze A fuze is the part of an explosive device that initiates the main explosive charge to function. In common usage, the word fuze is used indiscriminately, but when being specific (and in particular in a military context), fuze is used to mean a more complicated device, such as a device within military ordnance.

Gaine Small explosive charge that is sometimes placed between the detonator and the main charge to ensure ignition.

Geophysical A geophysical survey is essentially a range of methods that can be used survey to detect objects or identify ground conditions without the need for intrusive methods (such as excavation or drilling). This is particularly

suited to ordnance as disturbance of ordnance items is to be avoided where ever possible.

Gold line This is the estimated limit of blast damage from an explosive storage magazine. It usually means that development within this zone is restricted.

High Explosive Secondary explosives (commonly known as High Explosives (HE)) make up the main charge or filling of an ordnance device. They are usually less sensitive than primary explosives. Examples of secondary explosives are: Nitro glycerine (NG), Trinitrotoluene (TNT), AMATOL (Ammonia nitrate + TNT), Gunpowder (GP), and Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX).

Munition Munition is the complete device charged with explosives, propellants, pyrotechnics, initiating composition, or nuclear, biological or chemical material for use in military operations, including demolitions. This includes those munitions that have been suitably modified for use in training, ceremonial or non-operational purposes. These fall into three distinct categories:- • inert - contain no explosives whatsoever. • live - contain explosives and have not been fired. • blind - have fired but failed to function as intended.

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Primary Primary explosives are usually extremely sensitive to friction, heat, and Explosive pressure. These are used to initiate less sensitive explosives. Examples of primary explosives are: Lead Azide, Lead Styphnate, and Mercury Fulminate. Primary explosive are commonly found in detonators. Propellants Propellants provide ordnance with the ability to travel in a controlled manner and deliver the ordnance to a predetermined target.

Propellants burn rapidly producing gas, pressure and flame. Although usually in solid form they can be produced in liquid form. Examples of propellants are: Ballistite often found in a flake form and Cordite used in small arms ammunition.

Pyrotechnic A pyrotechnic is an explosive article or substance designed to produce an effect by heat, light, sound, gas or smoke, or a combination of any

of these, as a result of non-detonative, self-sustaining, exothermic chemical reactions.

Small Arms SAA includes projectiles around 12mm or less in calibre and no longer Ammunition than approximately 100mm. They are fired from a variety of weapons, (SAA) including rifles, pistols, shotguns and machine guns.

Unexploded UXAA shells are army ordnance commonly containing HE, though they Anti-Aircraft can also contain pyrotechnic compounds that produce smoke. (UXAA) Shell Most commonly, these were 3.7” and 4.5” HE shells, although they ranged from 2” to 5.25” calibre.

Unexploded UXB is a common term for unexploded air-dropped munitions. Bomb (UXB)

Unexploded UXO is explosive ordnance that has been either primed, fuzed, armed Ordnance or prepared for use and has been subsequently fired, dropped, (UXO) launched, projected or placed in such a manner as to present a hazard to operations, persons or objects and remains unexploded either by

malfunction or design.

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Appendix 5 WWII Bombing Incident List 9th August 1940 3No. HE bombs fell on Wearmouth Colliery, within approximately 0.3km north of the Site. 3rd March 1940 6No. HE bombs fell between Farringdon Row and Rectory Park School, approximately 0.2km southwest of the Site. 7th November 1941 1No. 50kg HE bomb fell on a path adjoining railway embankments at Lambton Drops, on the Site. 1No. 50kg HE bomb fell on Allotment Gardens, approximately 0.1km west of the Site. 1No. 250kg HE bomb fell in the yard of an Electric Power Station on Farringdon Row, approximately 0.1km west of the Site. 1No. 50kg HE bomb fell on No. 6 Lily Street, approximately 0.4km west-southwest of the Site. 4th June 1942 2No. DABs fell in the River Wear at Lambton Drops, in close proximity to the Site. 1No. DAB fell on the riverbank at Lambton Drops, approximately 50m west of the Site. 1No. 500kg HE bomb fell on railway sidings on the river bank, approximately 0.1km west of the Site. 2No. 500kg HE bombs fell on Hetton Staiths, approximately 0.3km west of the Site. 2No. 50kg HE bombs fell in the River Wear, approximately 0.3km west-northwest of the Site. 14th March 1943 1No. 500 HE bomb fell on the junction of South Street and Union Street, approximately 0.4km southeast of the Site. 1No. 500kg HE bomb fell on John Street, approximately 0.4km southeast of the Site. 1No. 50kg IB fell near the junction of Rose Street and Deptford Road, approximately 0.5km west-southwest of the Site. 15th May 1943 7No. 1kg IBs fell on Easington Street near Brook Street, adjacent to the northeast boundary of the Site. 16No. 1kg IBs fell east of Gillbridge Avenue, within approximately 10m south of the Site. 1No. 1kg IB fell on Brook Street, approximately 0.1km northeast of the Site. 1No. EIB fell on brickworks at the Wearmouth Colliery, approximately 0.1km north-northwest of the Site. 1No. EIB fell on the north side of the River Wear at the Wearmouth Drops, approximately 0.1km northwest of the Site. 1No. EIB fell on the Tramway Depot, approximately 0.2km west of the Site. 1No. 50kg HE bomb fell on Wearmouth Colliery, approximately 0.2km north-northwest of the Site. This was recorded as UXB.

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1No. EIB fell on engineering works located on Wreath Quay, approximately 0.2km northwest of the Site. 4No. IBs fell on Sunderland Power Station, approximately 0.2km west of the Site. 18No. 1kg IBs fell on the Police Station on Gillbridge Avenue, approximately 0.2km south of the Site. 19No. 1kg IBs fell on streets either side of the High Street, approximately 0.3km south of the Site. 1No. EIB fell on the junction of Lily Street and Trimdon Street, approximately 0.4km west- southwest of the Site. 1No. EIB fell on Waterworks Road, approximately 0.4km southwest of the Site. 1No. 500kg HE bomb fell on buildings to the north of Panns Bank, approximately 0.4km east of the Site. 1No. 50kg HE bomb fell in the River Wear, east of Wearmouth Bridge, approximately 0.4km east of the Site. This was recorded as UXB. 1No. 50kg HE bomb fell on the junction of Alderson and Allonby Street, approximately 0.4km west of the Site. 1No. 50kg HE bomb fell on Black Road, approximately 0.4km north-northeast of the Site. 3No. 1kg IBs fell west of the junction between the High Street and Brougham Street, approximately 0.4km south of the Site. 1No. 50kg HE bomb fell on Cecil Street, approximately 0.5km southwest of the Site. This was recorded as UXB. 1No. 50kg HE bomb fell on Cecil Street, approximately 0.5km southwest of the Site. This was recorded as UXB. 1No. 50kg HE bomb fell in the River Wear, north of Deptford Yard, approximately 0.5km northwest of the Site. This was recorded as UXB. 23rd May 1943 1No. EIB fell on a garage, approximately 50m south of the Site. 1No. 50kg HE bomb fell on the Avenue Theatre, approximately 0.1km south of the Site. 1No. 50kg HE bomb fell on Castle Street, approximately 0.1km south of the Site. 1No. 1000kg HE bomb fell on a garage on High Street West, approximately 0.2km south of the Site. 1No. 1000kg HE bomb fell on Dun Cow Street, approximately 0.2km south of the Site. 1No. 50kg HE bomb fell on Wreath Quay, approximately 0.2km northwest of the Site. 1No. 50kg HE bomb fell on Wearmouth Colliery, approximately 0.2km northwest of the Site. 1No. 50kg HE bomb fell on Hopper Street, approximately 0.2km southwest of the Site. 1No. 500kg HE bomb fell behind St Michael's Church, approximately 0.3km south-southwest of the Site. 1No. 500kg HE bomb fell on Bonner's Field, approximately 0.3km east-northeast of the Site. 1No. 50kg HE bomb fell on Hetton Staiths, approximately 0.3km northwest of the Site. 1No. EIB fell on Margaret Street, approximately 0.3km west-southwest of the Site.

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1No. 500kg HE bomb fell on Bonner's Field, approximately 0.5km east-northeast of the Site. 1No. 500kg HE bomb fell on Hedley Street, approximately 0.5km west of the Site. 1No. 500kg HE bomb fell on No. 15 Abbs Street, approximately 0.5km north-northeast of the Site.

Appendix 6 Bibliography Brady K, The People’s History, Sunderland’s Blitz, 1999 Bulloch G, Steeds J E , Green K, Sainsbury M G, Brockwell J S & Slade N J, Land Contamination: Technical Guidance on Special Sites: MoD Land Bulloch G, Steeds J E, Green K, Sainsbury M G, Brockwell J S, & Slade N J, R&D Technical Report P5-042/TR/03, Land Contamination: Technical Guidance on Special Sites: Explosives Manufacturing & Processing Sites CIRIA, Unexploded Ordnance (UXO), a Guide for the Construction Industry, 2009 Clarke N J, Luftwaffe Target Reconnaissance, German aerial Photography 1939-1942, 1996 Clarke N J, Adolf’s British Holiday Snaps: Luftwaffe Aerial Reconnaissance Photographs of England, Scotland and Wales, 2012 Cocroft W D, Dangerous Energy, 2000 Cocroft W D, Thomas R J, Cold War, 2003

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Department of the Environment, Sampling Strategies for Contaminated Land, Department of the Environment: Contaminated Land Research Report, CLR Report No. 4, 1994. Dobinson C S, Twentieth Century Fortifications in England, Volume I 1, Anti-aircraft artillery, England’s air defence gun sites. 1914 – 46. Council for British Archaeology, 1996 Dobinson C S, Twentieth Century Fortifications in England, Volume I 2, Anti-aircraft artillery, Site gazetteer, WWI. Council for British Archaeology, 1996 Dobinson C S, Twentieth Century Fortifications in England, Volume I. 3. Anti-aircraft artillery, 1914-46, Site gazetteer, WWII HAA & ZAA. Council for British Archaeology, 1996 Dobinson C S, Twentieth Century Fortifications in England, Volume I 4, Anti-aircraft artillery, Site gazetteer, WWII LAA. Council for British Archaeology, 1996 Dobinson C S, Twentieth Century Fortifications in England, Volume I 5, Anti-aircraft artillery, Sources. Council for British Archaeology, 1996 Dobinson C S, Twentieth Century Fortifications in England, Volume II, Anti-invasion defences of WWII. Council for British Archaeology, 1996 Dobinson C S, Twentieth Century Fortifications in England, Volume III, Bombing decoys of WWII, England’s passive air defence 1939-45. Council for British Archaeology, 1996 Dobinson C S, Twentieth Century Fortifications in England, Volume VIII, Civil defence in WWII, Protecting England’s Civil Population. Council for British Archaeology, 1996 Dobinson C S, Twentieth Century Fortifications in England, Supporting paper AA/1 Searchlight sites in WWII. Council for British Archaeology, 1996 Dobinson C S, Fields of Deception, Britain’s Bombing Decoys of World War II, 2000 Dobinson C S, AA Command, 2001 Fegan T, The Baby Killers, 2002 Morris J, German Air Raids on Britain 1914-1918, 1993 Price A, Blitz on Britain 1939-45, 2000 Ramsey W, The Blitz Then and Now, Vol 1, 1987 Ramsey W, The Blitz Then and Now, Vol 2, 1988 Ramsey W, The Blitz Then and Now, Vol 3, 1990 Zetica, ZeticaUXO Handbook: a guide to dealing with UXO during construction, 2018

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Appendix E. Risk Assessment Methodology

The table below shows the qualitative risk matrix, based on CIRIA guidance [37], in which the likelihood or probability of each pollutant linkage being realised is ranked against the severity of the consequences. The result is the relative risk classification, the results of which can inform the due diligence process and allow prioritisation of any further assessments or the implementation of risk management measures.

Table - Qualitative Risk Matrix

Severity of Consequence Risk Matrix Severe Medium Mild Minor

High Likelihood Very High Risk High Risk Moderate Risk Moderate/Low Risk

Likely High Risk Moderate Risk Moderate/Low Low Risk Risk

Low Likelihood Moderate Risk Moderate/Low Low Risk Very Low Risk Risk

Unlikely Moderate/Low Low Risk Very Low Risk Very Low Risk Risk Probability of pollutant linkage

Definitions of the risk classifications presented in the guidance are given in the table below.

Table - Risk Classifications Risk Classification Definition Very High Risk There is a high probability that severe harm could arise to a designated receptor from an identified source, or there is evidence that severe harm to a designated receptor is currently happening. High Risk Harm is likely to arise to a designated receptor from an identified source. Moderate Risk It is possible that harm could arise to a designated receptor from an identified source. However, it is relatively unlikely that any such harm would be severe, or if any harm were to occur it is more likely that the harm would be relatively mild. Low Risk It is possible that harm could arise to a designated receptor from an identified source, but it is likely that this harm, if realised, would at worst normally be mild. Very Low Risk There is a low possibility that harm could arise to a receptor. In the event of such harm being realised it is not likely to be severe.

The individual sources, pathways and receptors identified in previous sections are judged against this risk matrix and professional judgement has been used to estimate the combination of probability of a pollutant linkage being realised and the consequence of the harm that might result in line with CIRIA C552 [38]. Details of the potential contaminant linkages and associated risks are recorded in the initial CSM presented in Table 9- 2.

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