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La Arquitectura De La Revolución Cubana 1959-2018

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La Arquitectura De La Revolución Cubana 1959-2018 Manuel Cuadra, Editor LA ARQUITECTURA DE LA REVOLUCIÓN CUBANA 1959-2018 Relatos históricos regionales – Tipologías – Sistemas Manuel Cuadra, Editor LA ARQUITECTURA DE LA REVOLUCIÓN CUBANA 1959-2018 Relatos históricos regionales – Tipologías – Sistemas Documentación de las contribuciones al Encuentro Académico Cubano-Alemán: La Arquitectura de la Revolución Cubana 1959-2017 realizado en Kassel, Alemania, el 30 y 31 de marzo 2017 Universidad Tecnológica de La Habana “José Antonio Echeverría” Prof. Dr. María Victoria Zardoya Loureda Prof. MSc. Ruslan Muñoz Hernández Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas Prof. Dr. Roberto Severino López Machado Prof. Dr. Ernesto Pereira Gómez Universidad de Camagüey “Ignacio Agramonte Loynaz” Prof. Dr. Adela María García Yero Universidad de Oriente Prof. Dr. Flora de los Ángeles Morcate Labrada Prof. Dr. Milene Soto Suárez Universität Kassel Prof. Dr. Manuel Cuadra LA ARQUITECTURA DE LA REVOLUCIÓN CUBANA 1959-2018 Relatos históricos regionales – Tipologías – Sistemas Documentación del Encuentro Académico Cubano-Alemán de 2017 en la Universidad de Kassel Dokumentation des Deutsch-Kubanischen Akademischen Treffens von 2017 an der Universität Kassel En el marco del proyecto de investigación / im Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes: TRÄUME UND RÄUME EINER REVOLUTION – ARCHITEKTUR IN KUBA 1959-2018 Historische und theoretische Hintergründe / Periodisierung / Referenzobjekte desarrollado en / realisiert am: Fachgebiet Architekturgeschichte Fachbereich Architektur, Stadtplanung, Landschaftsplanung Universität Kassel Prof. Dr. Manuel Cuadra con el apoyo de / gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft GZ: CU 20/5-1 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. ISBN 978-3-7376-5049-6 DOI: http://dx.medra.org/10.19211/KUP9783737650496 URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0002-450496 © 2018, kassel university press GmbH, Kassel © 2018 de los artículos: los autores www.upress.uni-kassel.de Printed in Germany Layout: Line Umbach, MSc Motivo de la cubierta: Restaurante "Las Ruinas", arq. Joaquín Galván Foto: Manuel Cuadra CONTENIDO Manuel Cuadra Prefacio Página 7 María Victoria Zardoya Loureda LA HABANA Página 9 Una introducción necesaria 10 Los años 60 19 Los años 70 25 Los años 80 28 Los años 90 32 La Habana en el siglo XXI Roberto Severino López Machado Oscar López Luis Milvia Amelí Maribona García-Robés LA REGIÓN CENTRO OESTE Página 37 Antecedentes 38 La década de 1960 44 La décadas de 1970 y 1980 50 De 1990 a la actualidad 54 Reflexiones finales Adela María García Yero CAMAGÜEY Y CIEGO DE ÁVILA Página 59 Revolución y cambio de paradigmas 60 Camagüey, de la colonia al cambio revolucionario 62 Los años iniciales: la década de los 60 63 El reparto INAV 65 Del Parque Agramonte a la Plaza de la Revolución 69 Arquitectura escolar 72 De Montecarlo al reparto Julio Antonio Mella 74 La otra obra: la preservación del patrimonio 76 Ciego de Ávila, de municipio a provincia 78 A modo de conclusión Flora de los Ángeles Morcate Labrada Milene Soto Suárez LA REGIÓN ORIENTAL Página 81 Síntesis histórica 81 Los años 60 90 Los años 70 96 Los años 80 103 Los años 90 110 Del año 2000 a la actualidad Contenido 5 Ruslan Muñoz Hernández VIVIENDA Página 129 Los años 60: vivienda para todos 133 El reinado de la prefabricación 136 Vivienda y el rescate de la ciudad 137 Crisis y alternativas 138 Vivienda por esfuerzo propio y arquitecto de la comunidad 139 El siglo XXI: desafíos y oportunidades Milene Soto Suárez María Victoria Zardoya Loureda Flora de los Ángeles Morcate Labrada EDUCACIÓN Página 145 Los años 60 155 Los años 70 166 Los años 80 168 De los años 90 al presente 169 Del año 2000 a la actualidad 174 Una síntesis ineludible Ernesto Pereira Gómez TECNOLOGÍA Y CONSTRUCCIÓN Página 179 El movimiento moderno: materiales y estructuras 180 Pluralidad y experimentación 188 Industrialización 196 Cambios estructurales y universalización Manuel Cuadra ESPACIO – TIEMPO – REVOLUCIÓN Página 205 La evolución cultural en el período industrial 208 El otro lado de la medalla: América Latina 210 Apropiación del espacio: los primeros días de la Revolución 210 Problemas y potenciales: los años 60 216 Industrialización: los años 70 220 Re-cubanización: los años 80 224 Crisis y nuevo dualismo: del Período Especial al presente 226 El camino propio hacia lo propio continúa Manuel Cuadra EL PROYECTO DE INVESTIGACIÓN Página 229 El tema 229 Historiografía 229 Enseñanza 229 Patrimonio 230 Identidad, sociedad y cultura 230 Cuestiones tratadas 230 Generando documentos 6 Contenido PREFACIO La presente publicación documenta las ponencias presentadas Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas se dedicaron a la región en el marco del “Encuentro Académico Cubano-Alemán” centro oeste, Dr. Adela María García Yero de la Universidad desarrollado en la Universidad de Kassel en marzo 2017. de Camagüey “Ignacio Agramonte Loynaz” a Camagüey y Constituye uno de los resultados del proyecto de investigación Ciego de Ávila, y Dr. Flora Morcate Labrada y Dra. Milene dedicado a la Arquitectura de Revolución Cubana, dedicado Soto Suárez de la Universidad de Oriente a la región oriental. a la producción arquitectónica en Cuba de 1959 al presente. A MSc. Ruslan Muñoz Hernández de la Universidad El título del proyecto de investigación en alemán – “Träume Tecnológica de La Habana “José Antonio Echeverría” le und Räume einer Revolution” – expresa muy bien la intención agradecemos la profundización del tema vivienda, a Milene de contemplar a la vez lo que han sido y son las aspiraciones Soto, Flora Morcate y María Victoria Zardoya aquella sobre de los cubanos de 1959 en adelante y los espacios que han educación, y a Dr. Ernesto Pereira Gómez de la Universidad construido como contenedores de estas aspiraciones: se Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas la profundización de los trata pues de captar un espíritu tal como se manifiesta en la aspectos tecnológicos y constructivos. arquitectura y el urbanismo, y, a la vez, se trata de reconocer a través de la obra arquitectónica realizada el espíritu que Cierra la documentación con la transcripción de una contiene. Una labor así requiere registrar la obra realizada, conferencia dada en octubre del 2017 en la Universidad documentarla, y estudiarla críticamente. Nacional de Rosario, Argentina. El compartir con los profesores y estudiantes allí las experiencias cubanas fue A la hora de encaminar este proyecto fue sustancial la motivación suficiente para enfatizar las particularidades del inspiración que le debemos a Mario Coyula, lamentablemente camino andado en Cuba en un contexto latinoamericano e fallecido demasiado temprano. A la hora de pasar a la internacional – remercando pues las particularidades no sólo implementación el saber de nuestro lado a José Fornés nos geográficas, sino ante todo, históricas y culturales de países significó un aliciente permanente. como los nuestros con un pasado colonial reciente y grandes dificultades para superar las dependencias neocoloniales Una aproximación fundamental al material trabajado ha propias de los países del Tercer Mundo. sido a través de los historiadores de la arquitectura cubanos, concretamente a través de los profesores de historia de la Queda este material a disposición de los estudiantes y arquitectura de las cuatro universidades con facultades estudiosos de la arquitectura en Cuba y el mundo, esperando o departamentos de arquitectura: son los autores de las que contribuya a lograr la meta de nuestro proyecto: darle ponencias aquí documentadas. Estamos muy agradecidos a la arquitectura cubana de los años sesenta en adelante el por los relatos que nos han presentado: relatos referidos a las lugar que le corresponde en el contexto latinoamericano regiones en las que se ubican las cuatro universidades, y otros por los desarrollos y las experiencias realizadas andando un referidos a temas puntuales. camino diferente, andando un camino propio: el camino de la Revolución Cubana. A Dr. María Victoria Zardoya de la Universidad Tecnológica de La Habana “José Antonio Echeverría” le debemos la historia de arquitectura de la Revolución en la ciudad de La Habana; Dr. Roberto Severino López Machado, MSc. Milvia Maribona Manuel Cuadra García Robés y Arq. Oscar López Luis de la Universidad Kassel, marzo 2018 Prefacio 7 8 Zardoya María Victoria Zardoya Loureda LA HABANA La arquitectura de la Revolución comprende un largo período La Habana se construyó el Jardín Zoológico y Forestal y las de casi seis décadas durante el cual, si bien han existido instalaciones deportivas más completas de Cuba entre las que lineamientos políticos continuos, se han producido diferencias se destacan el Estadio de béisbol en el Cerro y el nuevo Palacio notables en cómo han sido materializados en el ámbito de los Deportes, instalado en la avenida Rancho Boyeros. urbano y arquitectónico, dependiendo tanto de los escenarios internacionales, como de las circunstancias económicas y El auge del automóvil favoreció la conectividad de La Habana culturales nacionales, propias de cada momento. Asimismo, con otros territorios. A las antiguas calzadas que enlazaban la hay una historia común posterior al triunfo de la Revolución capital cubana con el sur y el oeste, se sumó Vía Blanca para en 1959 y a la vez, adecuaciones específicas en cada una de las facilitar el acceso a Matanzas y a Varadero, que ya despegaba regiones del
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