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Bergson's Conception of Time 1 BERGSON’S CONCEPTION OF TIME: ITS EFFECTS ON A POSSIBLE PHILOSOPHY OF LIFE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY DEMET KURTOĞLU TAŞDELEN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY July 2003 iii ABSTRACT BERGSON’S CONCEPTION OF TIME: ITS EFFECTS ON A POSSIBLE PHILOSOPHY OF LIFE Kurtoğlu, Taşdelen, Demet PhD., Department of Philosophy Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. David Grünberg July 2003, 215 pages The aim of this study is to show how a possible philosophy of life can arise from Bergson’s conception of time. In realizing this aim, I appeal to Hadot’s description of the paradox of the human condition. I claim that in order to understand how a Bergsonian philosophy of life through Bergson’s conception of time would arise we need to understand the paradox of the human condition. The reason for this is that there are a lot of dualities in Bergson’s philosophy all of which, I claim, are based on this fundamental duality concerning the human condition. I believe that when this paradox and its possible resolution are restated in Bergsonian notions, a Bergsonian philosophy of life that consists of a life sub specie durationis, that is a life under the aspect of duration, would arise. Hadot considered the paradox within the context of phenomenology alone. This made me proceed by searching for other approaches to the paradox iv within Bergson’s philosophy. I realized that the attempts in finding out possible solutions to this problem cannot be found in the context of phenomenology alone and that the vitalist and the existentialist aspects have to be considered in order to remain faithful to Bergson’s philosophy as well as in order to construct a Bergsonian philosophy of life. The phenomenological aspect of the paradox arises around Bergson’s notion of displacement of attention and when the notion of durée réelle is considered with consciousness in the light of the notion of intensity. The vitalist aspect enters into our discussion when we analyze Bergson’s notion of élan vital around the consideration of true evolution. I believe that the existentialist aspect of the paradox of the human condition comes from Bergson’s notion of freedom around the discussion of the superficial and the fundamental self. It emerges if the individual asks himself how to deal with this paradox that in turn defines his struggle to transform the tension the paradox involves and that tells him to bring his own attitude towards it. Keywords: Paradox of the Human Condition, habits of mind, durée réelle, élan vital, superficial self, fundamental self, life under the aspect of matter, life sub specie durationis, paradox of life ÖZ v BERGSON’UN ZAMAN ANLAYIŞI: OLANAKLI BİR YAŞAM FELSEFESİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ Kurtoğlu Taşdelen, Demet Doktora, Felsefe Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. David Grünberg Temmuz 2003, 215 sayfa Bu çalışmanın amacı Bergson’un zaman anlayışından nasıl bir olanaklı yaşam felsefesinin çıkabileceğini göstermektir. Bu amacı gerçekleştirmek için, Hadot’nun insan durumu paradoksu betimlemesine başvuruyorum. Bergson’un zaman anlayışından nasıl Bergsoncu bir yaşam felsefesi çıkacağını anlayabilmek için insan durumu paradoksunu anlamamız gerektiğini iddia ediyorum. Bunun sebebi, Bergson’un felsefesinde bir çok ikilik bulunması ve iddiama göre bu ikiliklerin hepsinin insan durumunu ilgilendiren temel ikilik üzerinde temellenmiş olmalarıdır. İnanıyorum ki bu paradoks ve bunun olanaklı bir çözümü Bergsoncu kavramlarla yeniden ifade edilirse, sub specie durationis bir yaşamı, yani sürenin görünüşü altında bir yaşamı, oluşturan Bergsoncu bir yaşam felsefesi ortaya çıkacaktır. Hadot, paradoksu yalnızca fenomenoloji bağlamı içerisinde ele almıştır. Bu beni Bergson felsefesi içerisinde paradoksa farklı yaklaşımlar bulmaya yöneltmiştir. Farkettim ki bu sorunsala olanaklı çözümler bulma girişimleri yalnızca fenomenoloji bağlamında bulunamaz ve gerek Bergson’un felsefesine sadık kalabilmek için, gerek Bergsoncu bir yaşam vi felsefesi kurabilmek için, paradoksun dirimsel ve varoluşçu yönleri ele alınmak durumundadır. Paradoksun fenomenolojik yönü, Bergson’un dikkatin yer değiştirmesi kavramıyla birlikte ve durée réelle kavramının, yoğunluk kavramı ışığında bilinçle birlikte ele alınmasıyla ortaya çıkmaktadır. Dirimsel yön, Bergson’un gerçek evrim anlayışını élan vital kavramı temelinde incelediğimiz zaman tartışmamıza dahil olmaktadır. İnanıyorum ki insan durumu paradoksunun varoluşçu yönü Bergson’un özgürlük kavramının yüzeysel ben ve esas ben tartışmasından gelir. Birey kendisine bu paradoksla nasıl başetmesi gerektiğini sorduğunda ortaya çıkar ve bu onun paradoksun içerdiği gerilimi dönüştürme mücadelesini belirleyerek paradoks karşısında kendi tavrını ortaya koymasını söyler. Anahtar Kelimeler: İnsan Durumu Paradoksu, Zihnin Alışkanlıkları, Durée Réelle, Elan Vital, Yüzeysel Ben, Temel Ben, Madde Görünüşü Altında Yaşam, Sub Specie Durationis Yaşam, Yaşam Paradoksu vii In Memory of Suvar Köseraif viii Chapter One Chapter Two ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am very grateful to my supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr. David Grünberg, for his careful guidance and friendly support during the preparation of this dissertation and his invaluable contributions. I would also like to thank to Prof. Dr. Ahmet İnam, Prof. Dr. Sabri Büyükdüvenci and Dr. Ayhan Sol for their helpful comments and criticisms. I express my sincere appreciation to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Medar Atıcı for her supplement of reading materials as well as the benefit I gained from my discussions with her in Galatasaray University. I express my gratitude to all my family for the support and care they have given me throughout my life. I would like to express my deep gratitude to my philosopher husband İskender Taşdelen to whom I feel deep respect and love. Without his support, encouragement and his invaluable contributions, this dissertation could not have been written. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................iii ÖZ.....................................................................................................................v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.............................................................................viii TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................ix CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................1 2. BERGSON AND THE PARADOX OF THE HUMAN CONDITION.........................................23 3. BERGSON’S PHILOSOPHY OFTIME..............................43 3.1 The Immediate Data of Consciousness.........................43 3.2 Consciousness as Intellect and Intuition................................................................48 3.2.1 The Habits of Mind..........................................50 3.2.2 Theory of Image..............................................54 3.2.3 The Point of View of Action Versus The Point of View of Knowledge.....................63 3.3 Consciousness as Memory...........................................69 3.4 Consciousness as Duration...........................................83 3.4.1 The Intensity of The States of Consciousness and The Extensity of Space.....................................86 3.4.2 Homogeneous Time and Concrete Duration............................................99 3.5 The Theory of True Evolution...................................107 3.6 The Ontological Status of Duration............................116 3.7 The Superficial and x The Fundamental Self................................................125 3.8 Causality and Concrete Duration................................136 4. TO LIVE SUB SPECIE DURATIONIS A BERGSONIAN PHILOSOPHY OF LIFE.....................149 4.1 To Live in Society.....................................................152 4.2 The Call of The Great Mystics, The Effort of The Individuals and The Role of The Philosophers....................................155 4.3 The Experience of the Intuition of Time.....................164 4.4 The Paradox of the Human Condition Reflecting a Philosophy of Life..................................175 5. CONCLUSION...................................................................184 REFERENCES.............................................................................................197 APPENDIX A. TURKISH SUMMARY......................................................200 VITA.............................................................................................................215 2 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The aim of this study is to show how a possible philosophy of life1 can arise from Bergson’s notion of time. In realizing this aim, I appeal to Hadot’s description of the paradox of the human condition. I claim that in order to understand how a Bergsonian philosophy of life through Bergson’s notion of time would arise we need to understand the paradox of the human condition. The reason for this is that there are a lot of dualities in Bergson’s philosophy all of which, I claim, are based on this fundamental duality concerning the human condition. In other words, in order to understand why there are dual notions in Bergson’s philosophy, we need to grasp the paradox of the human condition. I believe that when this paradox and its possible resolution are restated in Bergsonian notions, a Bergsonian philosophy of life that consists of a life sub specie durationis, that is a life under the aspect of duration, would
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