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79-20 Rorient 73 Z. 1-20.Indd
ROCZNIK ORIENTALISTYCZNY, T. LXXIII, Z. 1, 2020, (s. 119–153) DOI 10.24425/ro.2020.134049 RAJESH KUMAR SINGH (Ajanta Caves Research Programme, Dharohar, SML, Udaipur, India) ORCID: 0000-0003-4309-4943 The Earliest Two and a Half Shrine-antechambers of India Abstract The shrine antechamber is a standard component of the Indian temple architecture. It was originated in the Buddhist context, and the context was the rock-cut architecture of the Deccan and central India. The first antechamber was attempted in circa 125 CE in the Nasik Cave 17. It was patronised by Indrāgnidatta, a yavana, who possibly hailed from Bactria. The second antechamber was created in Bāgh Cave 2 in ca. late 466 CE. The patron remains unknown. The third antechamber was initiated in Ajanta Cave 16 within a few months. It was patronised by Varāhadeva, the Prime Minister of Vākāṭaka Mahārāj Hari Ṣeṇa. When the third antechamber was only half excavated, the plan was cancelled by the patron himself due to a sudden threat posed by the Alchon Hūṇs led by Mahā-Ṣāhi Khingila. The Nasik antechamber was inspired from Bactria, the Bāgh antechamber was inspired from the parrallels in the Greater Gandhāra region, whereas the Ajanta Cave 16 antechamber was inspired from Bāgh Cave 2. Keywords: Buddhist rock-cut architecture, Nasik caves, Bagh caves, Ajanta caves, shrine antechamber, central pillar, Gandhara, Alchon Hun Khingila, Vakataka Introduction This article shows how the earliest two and a half shrine-antechambers of India were developed. The shrine antechamber, as we know, is an integral part of the Indian temple architecture. -
Strategic Elements of Aramas
IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308 STRATEGIC ELEMENTS OF ARAMAS Partha Sarathi Mishra1, Ravindra Patnayaka2 1Assistant Professor, GITAM School of Architecture, GITAM University, Andhra Pradesh, India 2Assistant Professor, GITAM School of Architecture, GITAM University, Andhra Pradesh, India Abstract This paper focuses on selection criteria for strategic location of Buddhist monasteries that influence their way of living. Many physical components influences the livability and in the creation of serene environments. Buddhist history depicts the way of life of Bhikshu-samuha relied upon concentrating and vitalizing their senses in isolation through Ayatana, thus inferring undisturbed abodes. So, Sangha - Dharma had its implications in forming their functional living spaces. So the site selection criteria for Aramas have specific considerations such as: Water as an element control the human emotions and regulates materialistic and non-materialistic aspects. Another element which is nature’s canvas dealing with articulation of built spaces along with its magnificent scenic backdrop. Vista as an element gives us an idea of creating a platform for admiring the available panoramic view for regulating emotional and spiritual conscience. Further, Interaction spaces concentrate on creating a common platform for learning, performing prayers, meditation and social sharing. This paper explains these parameters of selection criteria for site selection through some case studies and -
On the Rock-Cut Temples of India
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland http://journals.cambridge.org/JRA Additional services for Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here Art. II.—On the Rock-Cut Temples of India James Fergusson Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland / Volume 8 / Issue 15 / January 1846, pp 30 - 92 DOI: 10.1017/S0035869X00142728, Published online: 14 March 2011 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/ abstract_S0035869X00142728 How to cite this article: James Fergusson (1846). Art. II.—On the Rock-Cut Temples of India. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 8, pp 30-92 doi:10.1017/S0035869X00142728 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/JRA, IP address: 130.159.70.209 on 09 Apr 2015 30 ABT. II.—On the Bock-Cut Temples of India, by JAMBS FERGUSSON, ESQ. Read, December 5, 1843. THERE are few objects of antiquarian research that have attracted more attention from the learned in Europe, than the history and pur- poses of the Cave Temples of India, but if we except the still unex- plained antiquities of Mexico, I know none regarding which so little that is satisfactory has been elicited, or about which so many, and such discordant opinions exist: and while the age of every building of Greece and Rome is known with the utmost precision, and the dates of even the Egyptian monuments ascertained with almost -
Iasbaba 60 Day Plan 2020 –History Week 7 and 8
IASBABA 60 DAY PLAN 2020 –HISTORY WEEK 7 AND 8 60 DAYS PROGRAMME-2020 IASBABA IASBABA 60 DAY PLAN 2020 –HISTORY WEEK 7 AND 8 Q.1) Which of the following statement about Lakhudiyar rock paintings is/are correct? 1. The paintings depicted of man, animal and geometric patterns are in white, black and red ochre. 2. Hand-linked dancing human figures without superimposition are striking feature of these paintings. 3. Wavy lines, rectangle-filled geometric designs, and groups of dots can also be seen here. Select the correct answer using the code given below: a) 1 and 2 only b) 3 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3 Q.1) Solution (c) Statement 1 Statement 2 Statement 3 Correct Incorrect Correct Lakhudiyar rock shelters on Humans are represented in A long-snouted banks of the River Suyal at stick-like forms. One of the animal, a fox and a Lakhudiyar, Uttarakhand bear interesting scenes depicted here multiple legged lizard prehistoric paintings. is of hand-linked dancing are the main animal Lakhudiyar literally means one human figures. There is some motifs. Wavy lines, lakh caves. The paintings here superimposition of paintings. rectangle-filled can be divided into three The earliest are in black; over geometric designs, categories: man, animal and these are red ochre paintings and groups of dots geometric patterns in white, and the last group comprises can also be seen here. black and red ochre. white paintings. Q.2) Match the following pairs: Arts of The Indus Valley Material used 1. Dancing Girl A. -
February 2021
Current Affairs – February, 2021 1 Art and Culture Madhya Pradesh Government Organises Kamdani: “Raag-Bhopali” Exhibition ♦ This is lighter needlework done on more Why in the news? lightweight materials such as scarves, veils, The Madhya Pradesh Government is organizing the and caps. ‘Raag-Bhopali’ exhibition to promote Zari-Zardozi Mina work: crafts of Bhopal. ♦ It is called because it is similar to enamel Important Points: work. ● The exhibition will be organized at Gauhar ♦ The embroidery is done in gold. Mahal in Bhopal. Ramateertham Temple ● This will give impetus to the ‘Ek Zila- Ek Why in the news? Shilp’ campaign of Madhya Pradesh. A 400-year-old idol of Lord Rama has been van- ● The main zari production Centre is Bhopal, dalised at the Ramateertham temple in Andhra Madhya Pradesh. Pradesh’s Vizianagaram. ● Embroidery done with metal thread is called This has given rise to political unrest in Andhra kalabattu and forms zari. Pradesh. ● Here, the metal ingots are melted into a metal rod called pasa, which is beaten to obtain a certain length after processing. ● Then pull it through a steel plate with holes to make it into a wire, and then perform the Tarkashi process to make it thin through a rubber and diamond mold. ● The last stage is called badla, where the wires are flattened and twisted with silk or cotton thread to form Kasab or kalabattu. Types of Zari Work: Zardozi: ♦ This is a heavy and delicate embroidery Important Points: work, using various gold threads, spangles, ● Ramateertham temple is a 16th-century temple. beads and gota. ● The temple is 12 kilometres away from Vizian- agaram. -
INTACH Efforts to Protect Buddhist Site
INTACH Efforts to Protect Buddhist Site drishtiias.com/printpdf/intach-efforts-to-protect-buddhist-site Why in News The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH), heritage lovers and officials have almost stopped the stone-pelting ritual at Bojjannakonda, a famous Buddhist site at Sankaram, near Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. On the Kanuma day during Sankranti, the villagers used to pelt stones at a belly- shaped object, believing it to be a part of a demon. Kanuma Day It is an important day during the Pongal and Sankranti festivals, which are both ancient harvest festivals that take place in mid-January, celebrating the movement of the sun reversing, marking the start of the end of winter. In Andhra Pradesh, the Kanuma festival is celebrated on the third day of the four- day Sankranti festival. It is an important festival of Telugu people and is dedicated to cattle and other animals that are an important part of the rural economy in Andhra Pradesh. 1/2 Key Points The main stupa is carved out of rock and then covered with bricks, with a number of images of the Buddha sculpted on the rock face all over the hill. Bojjannakonda and Lingalametta are the twin Buddhist monasteries dating back to the 3rd century BC. At Lingalametta, there are hundreds of rock-cut monolithic stupas in rows. These sites have seen three forms of Buddhism- Theravada period: when Lord Buddha was considered a teacher. Mahayana: where Buddhism was more devotional. Vajrayana: where Buddhist tradition was more practised as Tantra and esoteric form. The name Sankaram is derived from the term, ‘Sangharama’. -
Rock Art Research: Changing Paradigms
IFRAO Report No. 31 The Rock Art Society of India (RASI) in collaboration with The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) will hold The RASI-2004 International Rock Art Congress, Agra nominated as The Tenth Congress of The International Federation of Rock Art Organisations (IFRAO) 28 November to 2 December 2004 Rock Art Research: Changing Paradigms Academic Committee Robert G. Bednarik, Australia; S. P. Gupta, India; Joerg Hansen, France; V. N. Misra, India; R. S. Bisht, India; Jack Steinbring, U.S.A.; R. K. Sharma, India; Jean Clottes, France; R. C. Agrawal, India; Fidelis T. Masao, Tanzania; Pisit Charoenwongsa, Thailand; Rakesh Tewari, India; Majeed Khan, Saudi Arabia; Jean-Loïc Le Quellec, France; K. K. Chakravarty, India; Mario Consens, Uruguay; G. L. Badam, India; Yann-Pierre Montelle, U.S.A.; Paul S. C. Taçon, Australia; Yashodhar Mathpal, India; Thomas Wyrwoll, Germany; Ashvini Kumar Sharma, India; Paul Faulstich, U.S.A.; Sadashib Pradhan, India; Alan Watchman, Australia; R. K. Chaudhury, India; Mila Simões de Abreu, Portugal; S. B. Ota, India; B. K. Swartz, Jr., U.S.A.; Graeme K. Ward, Australia; V. H. Sonawane, India; Matthias Strecker, Bolivia; Jane Kolber, U.S.A.; Dario Seglie, Italy; Alok Tripathi, India; Kevin Sharpe, United Kingdom; and Giriraj Kumar, India. Organising Committee S. P. Gupta, V. N. Misra, R. C. Agrawal, Giriraj Kumar, G. L. Badam, Ashvini Kumar Sharma, V. H. Sonawane, S. Chakraverty, R. K. Sharma, Amrendra Nath, K. P. Punacha, B. R. Mani, D. Dayalan, Ragni Roy, N. S. Bhatt, R. K. Agrawal, Munishwar Gupta, S. Pradhan, Dilip Padhi, S. B. Ota, K. K. -
Buddhist Tourism Report
TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE SPIRITUALISM Buddhist Tourism - Linking Cultures, Creating Livelihoods TITLE TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE SPIRITUALISM: Buddhist Tourism - Linking Cultures, Creating Livelihoods YEAR September, 2014 AUTHORS Public and Social Policies Management (PSPM) Group, YES BANK No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form by photo, photoprint, COPYRIGHT microfilm or any other means without the written permission of YES BANK Ltd. & ASSOCHAM. This report is the publication of YES BANK Limited (“YES BANK”) & ASSOCHAM and so YES BANK & ASSOCHAM has editorial control over the content, including opinions, advice, statements, services, offers etc. that is represented in this report. However, YES BANK & ASSOCHAM will not be liable for any loss or damage caused by the reader's reliance on information obtained through this report. This report may contain third party contents and third-party resources. YES BANK & ASSOCHAM takes no responsibility for third party content, advertisements or third party applications that are printed on or through this report, nor does it take any responsibility for the goods or services provided by its advertisers or for any error, omission, deletion, defect, theft or destruction or unauthorized access to, or alteration of, any user communication. Further, YES BANK & ASSOCHAM does not assume any responsibility or liability for any loss or damage, including personal injury or death, resulting from use of this report or from any content for communications or materials available on this report. The contents are provided for your reference only. The reader/ buyer understands that except for the information, products and services clearly identified as being supplied by YES BANK & ASSOCHAM, it does not operate, control or endorse any information, products, or services appearing in the report in any way. -
Syllabus Subtopic: Indian Culture Will Cover the Salient Aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from Ancient to Modern Times
13 January, 2020 Syllabus subtopic: Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times. Prelims and Mains focus: about the ritual and the Buddhist sites associated; about INTACH and its role in conserving Indian heritage News: After a sustained campaign, heritage lovers and officials have been successful in almost stopping the stone-pelting ritual at Bojjannakonda, a famous Buddhist site at Sankaram, 3.5 km from Anakapalle and 41 km from Visakhapatnam. About the ritual on Kanuma day The villagers, as a part of an ancient ritual, would throw stones at a belly- shaped object at the site, believing it to be a part of a demon. About the Buddhist sites Bojjannakonda and Lingalametta are twin Buddhist monasteries dating back to the 3rd century BC. These sites have seen three forms of Buddhism — 1. the Theravada period when Lord Buddha was considered a teacher; 2. the Mahayana, where Buddhism was more devotional; and 3. Vajrayana, where Buddhist tradition was more practised as Tantra and in esoteric form. The name Sankaram is derived from the term, ‘Sangharama’. The site is famous for many votive stupas, rockcut caves, brickbuilt edifices, early historic pottery, and Satavahana coins that date back to the 1st century AD. The main stupa was carved out of rock and then covered with bricks, and a number of images of the Buddha are seen sculpted on the rock face all over the hill. At the nearby Lingalametta, one can see hundreds of rockcut monolithic stupas in rows. Efforts of NTACH to protect the site from damage Following the intervention of the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH), the practice carried out on the Kanuma day during Sankranti has almost been done away with. -
CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN Shamgarh, District Mandsaur Madhya Pradesh
CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN Shamgarh, District Mandsaur Madhya Pradesh City Development Plan 2013 Submitted To: Urban Administration & Development Department Government of Madhya Pradesh Project Coordination: City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh (CMAMP) Submitted By: Urban Management Centre (UMC) City Development Plan, Shamgarh, District Mandsaur, MP CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN Shamgarh, District Mandsaur Madhya Pradesh City Development Plan 2013 Submitted To: Urban Administration & Development Department Government of Madhya Pradesh Project Coordination: City Managers’ Association Madhya Pradesh (CMAMP) Submitted By: Urban Management Centre (UMC) Contact Details: Manvita Baradi Director, UMC III Floor, AUDA Building, Usmanpura Ashram Road, Ahmedabad, Gujarat Tel: 91‐79‐ 27546403/ 5303 Email: [email protected] Web: www.umcasia.org Urban Management Centre; 3rd Floor, AUDA Building, Usmanpura, Ahmedabad 2 www.umcasia.org ; [email protected] City Profile CompanyName Urban Management Centre ULB Name Shamgarh Nagar Parishad Whether the Sectoral Analysis report is as per UADD requisites Yes Latitude 24 ⁰11 Geographical location (Town) Longitude 75 ⁰38 Average rainfall (annual) MM 796 Height above mean sea level Mts 459 Municipal area (1991) Sq kms 3.02 Municipal area (2001) Sq kms 3.02 Municipal area (2011) Sq kms 3.02 Date of Constitution of ULB Date Named after the famous king xyz of Bukara In one or two Historic importance region. Got status of Nagar Parishad in the sentences year 1965 Population Year 1981 (under Municipal 14017 boundary only) Population -
UPSC Civil Services Prelims: Past 10 Years' Questions and Answers (2010 to 2019) Ancient Indian History, Medieval Indian History and Indian Art & Culture
UPSC Civil Services Prelims: Past 10 Years' Questions and Answers (2010 to 2019) Ancient Indian History, Medieval Indian History and Indian Art & Culture Subject No. of Ancient Indian History 14 Medieval Indian History 22 Art & Culture 46 TOTAL 82 Ancient Indian History Medieval Indian History Art & Culture SNo. Year Subject Topic Question Answer 1 2010 Culture Religious Why did Buddhism start declining in India in the early medieval A Philosophy times ? 1. Buddha was by that time considered as one of the incarnations of Vishnu and thus became a part of Vaishnavism. 2. The invading tribes from Central Asia till the time of last Gupta king adopted Hinduism and persecuted Buddhists. 3. The Kings of Gupta dynasty were strongly opposed to Buddhism. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ? (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 2 2010 Culture Cave There are only two known examples of cave paintings of the Gupta A Architecture period in ancient India. One of these is paintings of Ajanta caves. Where is the other surviving example of Gupta paintings ? (a) Bagh Caves (b) Ellora Caves (c) Lomas Rishi Cave (d) Nasik Caves 3 2010 Medieval Bhakti Sufi Among the following, who was not a proponent of bhakti cult ? A Movements (a) Nagarjuna (b) Tukaram (c) Tyagaraja (d) Vallabhacharya 4 2011 Culture Religious The Jain philosophy holds that the world is created and maintained A Philosphy by: (a) Universal Law (b) Universal Truth (c) Universal Faith (d) Universal Soul 5 2011 Ancient India maintained its early cultural contacts and trade links with C Southeast Asia across the Bay of Bengal. -
Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art
Rienjang W. (ed.) 2018. Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art. p103-122. Archaeopress. DOI: 10.32028/9781784918552P103-122. Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd-24th March, 2017 Edited by Wannaporn Rienjang Peter Stewart Archaeopress Archaeology Rienjang W. (ed.) 2018. Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art. p103-122. Archaeopress. DOI: 10.32028/9781784918552P103-122. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978 1 78491 855 2 ISBN 978 1 78491 856 9 (e-Pdf) © Archaeopress and the individual authors 2018 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by Holywell Press, Oxford This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Rienjang W. (ed.) 2018. Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art. p103-122. Archaeopress. DOI: 10.32028/9781784918552P103-122. Contents Acknowledgements ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������iii Note on orthography ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������iii Contributors �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������iii