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Home , Alazeya, Amga (river), Amga (rural locality), Amginsky District, Batagay, Central Siberian Plateau

Development. Newell,

SAKHA 226 J. By Newell and Zhou / Sources: Ministry of Natural Resources, 2002; ESRI, 2002. 2004.

N Map 6.1 THE RUSSIAN FAR RUSSIAN THE e w S i b e r i a n I s l a n d s McKinleyville, Yuryung-Khaya Republic of

The Sagastyr 3,103,200 sq. km ANABARSUst-OlenyokKY Taimylyr Delta

Russian Sklad Tit-Ary Amakinsky ! Polyarnoe Logashkino Zhilinda Oyotung NIZHNEKOLYM Chekurovka Ust-Yansk Khaiyr Chkalov ! SKYChersky OLENYOKSKY Kular Siktyakh U ST- Y Tenkeli Nychalakh SAN SKY ALLAIKHOVSKY Kolymskoe Ust-Kuyga Ermolovo BULUNSKY Aleko-Kyuel Namy Omchikandya Argakhtakh UKOTKA

Far

CA: ! Oyusardakh Saiylyk Belaya Gora Svatai Sylgy-Ytar CH Dzhordzhan Aby Ebyakh Saidy Kuldino Aly Druzhina Nalimsk Syagannakh East: SREDNE -ALYTA ABYISKY VERKH N E Daniel Aikhal ZHIGANSKY K KOLYMSKY Batagai-Alta OLYMS Ulakhan-Kyuel Kuonara Satara Tomtor Tamtor Bala KY Suordakh Lena River Buor-Sysy Yunkyur Lazo Khonuu Bakhynai Ugolnoe MIRNINSKY VERKHOYANSKY A MOMSKY

KY E V Barylas Nelemnoe Bestyakh RKHNEV Terbyas & Reference Sebyan-Kyuel YURBINS N Botulu Predporozhny Satagai KOBYAISKY Olchan

Daniel. Syuldyukar Malykai TOMPONSKY Elginsky ! Ust- Chernyshevsky Dalyr Balagachy Oyusut ILY Tas-Tumus ! VILYU I Kysyl-Syr Artyk Mirny !. Mastakh Sangar Segyan-Kyuel Nelkan Almazny Toioku UISKY Tompo Sheya Aryktakh Tas-Yuryakh S SKY Batamai Oimyakon UNTARSK Elgyai Chagda UST-ALDANSKY Bulus Yuchyugei Ilbenge Khara- NAMS Kylayi Orto-Balagan Kempendyai Orto-Surt Teply Klyuch Y Bulun Orto- Bechencha Tuobuya GORNY KY Ogorodtakh LENSKY Magaras Us-Kyuelya 466 Ert !. Tongulakh Yaroslavsky Saldykel P! Cherkekh Dzhebariki-Khaya Guide Tolon Alysardakh Nyuya KY Tuora-Kyuel Okhotsky Perevoz Olom TATTINSKY KHANGALSinskASS Myndagai Chapaevo Olom CHURAPCHINSKY Macha ! Edei Darkylakh Allakh-Yun pages Sanyyakhtakh Abaga Delgei Tokko Bolugur Alexeevka Ulu Onnes Eldikan Byas-Kyuel AMGINSKY Ust- Kudu-Kyuel MAISKY Ynykchansky UST- Yur Tyanya for Ugoyan Verkhnyaya Ust-Mil Yugorenok k Belkachi Torgo ! s MINSKY Lappa Ust- ! Ugino Chagda t Suon-Tit Aldan o

Conservation OLYOK Bolshoi Nimnyr MEGINO-KANGALASSKY h Maly Nimnyr ALDANSKY k Kankunsky Mainline O Baikal- Bolshie Khatymi ¯ ! f !. ! Serebryany Bor o a km Zolotinka KY e Nagorny S NERYUNGRINS 200 and Development. Newell, J. 2004. McKinleyville, The Russian Sakha. ing from 150 , little is There rang- on place . inhabited coldest considered the is and CHAPTER 6 woodlands with scattered Dahurian ( larch Dahurian scattered Tundra with woodlands ( for favored pastures carpets, grow moss intogreen where and great of Sakha, northern defi tundra and coast, mainland the along grows tundra summer. and spring the in there grow vegetation of tundra patches scattered although desert, arctic considered are and snow year for covered with up to mostly elevenmonths each are islands into fi divided (permanently frozen ground), which limits forests mainly to the south. be can Sakha of it covered by is all and Circle, Arctic the within lies percent of Sakha Forty ecology and Geography reached 13 July is in temperature average the short but is Summer warm; of about – temperatures January average prolonged is with Winter severe, and Federation ( ofRussian the of territory the one-fourth for almost accounts Sakha Size text. this interchangeably. in used To used are Yakutia is and beconsistent,Sakha Sakha names the , in and recent years, in times several changed republicborder. has of this name The its southern border, its western border, Eastern and Khabarovsk and eastern Amur form Sakha’s mountainous Magadan and for or nine tenmonths Chukotka of year. the ice covered in hemisphere, are northern and the in coldest the are These Seas). rian ( Island to Henrietta Siberia stretches northeastern in (Yakutia) RepublicThe of Sakha Location Republic of Sakha to south and 2 to south and or, Finland, and , fi England, Germany, Italy, of Austria, France, combined the Sweden, areas than larger is and sq. km) intermontane valleys of northeastern Sakha. Relict patches of steppe grasslands are found are of steppe patches grasslands Relict Sakha. of northeastern intermontane valleys the in type vegetation most widespread the also are south. They further forests from boreal 77 ° n ) in the and is washed by the Arctic (Laptev and Eastern Sibe- Eastern and (Laptev Ocean Arctic by the washed is and north far the ) in 1 39 Far CA: ° c in Yakutsk. In the northeast, the town of town the – reaches northeast, the In Yakutsk. in mm in central Sakha to Sakha central in mm Rangifer tarandus ve great vegetation belts that merge very gradually into one another. gradually mergeThe very belts vegetation ve that great , 500 East: Daniel km east to west. to west. east km A & ). Reference Daniel. ve times the size of Texas. size It the stretches ve times 500 mm in the mountains of eastern and southern and of eastern mountains the in mm 466 Guide Larix gmelini pages for ° c , and temperatures have temperatures , and ) trees separate tundra tundra separate ) trees Conservation 2 , 000 70 40 ° km north north km ° c c 3 nes most most nes (– . , 103

83 , ° 200 227 f )

and

SAKHA Development. Newell,

SAKHA known. not is completely resources of extent its mineral full The oil. and gas, , natural tin, it has , Besides wealth. for its mineral Russia throughout known well is Sakha reserves. of source its massive the crust, ancient of Earth’s portions the of republic the one is of most part the western the In minerals. in rich are structures old, geological its complex diverse and very and is Sakha Geologically, mainland volcano on active Earth. northernmost the is erupted, recently which One Island, of shields. ice Bennet them, covered with are northeast extreme are fl islands and coast Arctic The ridge. mountain by acircular surrounded and diameter in Pobeda ( Pobeda Mount Sakha, in peak highest the of Verkhoyansk the has and east runs Range Chersky The Lena. the feed that tributaries of small hundreds to the rise gives range great This ). (Laptev Ocean Arctic the in ends and of Sea from the not far begins that arc agreat forming of Lena, the east to and parallel Verkhoyansk,the runs cent of republic. the Sakha’s range, mountain longest In the remote northwestern part of Sakha lies the Popigai the Meteor Crater, lies is which of Sakha part remote the In northwestern west. the found in is plateau Siberian central of great the edge The Range. Mountains) (Misty Suntar-Khayata by the connected are major ranges three All fringes. eastern the on only but enter waySakha to the Chukotka, all stretch which Mountains, of spurs gold-rich the are east Plateau.Even further -Oimyakon the lies ranges 228 fi 90 fi defi forests zone. Boreal on this southern slopes in Mountains, highlands, and plateaus cover plateaus and highlands, Mountains, 2 covers basin entire over is River ecology. Lena The ’s immense this supports that river network great the forms ahuge its tributaries, pitchfork with like and, Sakha through It spreads Ocean. delta into Arctic the before fl Rivers, Vilyui and Amga, River,Aldan, followed Olyokma, by Vitim by the the joined is and northeast meanders river then The Baikal. shores border of western Lake the that mountains steep the in begins watershed River Lena great The in area. this called meadows, locally Large moisture. for depend on and permafrost climate arid an grow in they that is Sakha central in offorests lowland the ture fea- unusual An northeast. the in of sheltered border in western canyons and the grow along ( spruce of Siberian stands Isolated tris r ( fth vegetation belt. Dahurian larch dominates—about dominates—about larch vegetation belt. Dahurian fth J. percent coverlarch, offorest is the ) begin to appear in the south. the in to appear ) begin Abies at, with hundreds of thousands of lakes. The volcanic in the the in Islands DeLong volcanic The of lakes. of thousands hundreds with at, 2004. THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE 3 ), spruce ( , 147 McKinleyville, m), as well as one active and many extinct volcanos. Between these two two these Between volcanos. extinct many one and as active well as m), The Picea . 5 million sq. km. sq. km. million Russian ), and Scots pine ( Scots and ), 4 , owing through a wide awide through owing 000 P. obovata P. 2 though stands of stands though km long, and the the long, and km Far CA: alas Pinus silves- Pinus , also grow , also 70 East: ) also ) also per- Daniel ne the A & Reference Daniel. p. 249). (see reserves gold exploit to ofdollars millions investing are miningcompanies Irish and Canadian investment inForeign gold 251–52). pp. (see region 1974 Neryungri inthe in projects -development joint began support, fi government with , and Russia Japanese investmentin coal mining pp. 253–54). (see pipeline by transported be would which gas, natural and oil region’s ofthe consumers allpotential are South and , Japan, exports gas Natural 244). p. (see largest second world’s the be to estimated reserves, diamond immense Sakha’s on capitalize allanglingto are agencies government and Corporation Alrosa industry diamond Sakha’s Key andprojects issues 466 Guide 70 km pages for Conservation nancing and nancing and Development. Newell, J. 2004. McKinleyville, The Russian krai two municipalities. Because Sakha is arepublic is not and a Sakha Because municipalities. two istrative are called ulus called are districts istrative Rivers. and Kolyma the between region to the migrate ducks thousand hundred three and two between and Rivers, Yana Kolyma the and between to the migrate geese ( bears 2 The fauna includes includes fauna The and vast forests. vast and reserves, gas natural and oil tremendous deposits of with precious blessed metals, is Sakha resources Natural president been who had since president elected late was in endorsed Kremlin, by the President Vyacheslav Shtyrov, Alrosa parliament. atwo-tiered and of ministers, council Federation’s apresident, republic has one Each is republics. Russian of the twenty Sakha status Political 976 is populationThe of Sakha Population Yakutsk (pop. Largest cities power (pop. plant. Mirny (pop. ungri Nery- foodindustries. and developed some it manufacturing has onentirely permafrost, Flora and fauna and Flora 1920 In Yukagirs. and NativeChukchi, people , include , , Ukrainian. but with a decline in industry, they now industry, comprise in they but adecline with late territory. to the By the and brought many industry of mining the is almost extinct. and of ObRiver the lowlands the in other is the populations; nesting isolated of just two offi (the of Sakha symbol tional unoffi the is crane Siberian The Rivers. Alazeya and lower the along ( species of birds. Between of Between birds. species 26 Sakha’s coast. northern and subendemics, including some that grow in very limited areas. are them Among or endangered. rare are of plants mushroom.species Many ( of vascular plant, 526 plant, vascular of Ovis nivicola Larus roseus species of reptiles, 43 of reptiles, species , 400 s and oblast s and 1980 , indigenous people, indigenous up made Ursus maritimus 3 ) is in the gold mining region. Lensk (pop. region. Lensk gold the in mining ) is Siberian cranes ( s, indigenous people’ss, indigenous to about shrunk had share Far CA: 76 ), geese, and other waterfowl nest on the left bank of the Khroma River and and River of Khroma the bank on nest left other the waterfowl and geese, ), ), and 250 and ), , 194 000 s of rfe the 7 East: It has 84 It has 4 Daniel Red Data Book Sakha’s Data Red , 000 ) in the south is the center for coal mining and has a large thermal thermal alarge has and mining center for the south is coal the ) in 64 species of moss, more than of more moss, species than species of mammals, of species mammals, species of freshwater fi of freshwater species ) den and hunt in Arctic . Each year over thirty thousand thousand over thirty year Each regions. hunt Arctic ) denand in ), the capital and industrial center, 1632 foundedin was industrial and capital the ), , 000 Grus leucogeranus 70 percent of Russia’s diamond reserves, as well as the largest tin tin largest the as well percent as of Russia’s reserves, diamond 29 A . The Republic of Sakha is divided into thirty-fi divided is Republic. The of Sakha , wild reindeer live in Sakha. Sakha’s fl Sakha. in live reindeer wild , 000 000 1989 & Reference cial symbol is the ). The population in Sakha is one is population Sakha The in horse). the is symbol cial es rather than , 400 and 80 and ) is the center for Sakha’s diamond industry. Aldan (pop. center the for) is Sakha’s industry. diamond Aldan 90 . As a republic, Sakha has more autonomy do has other than arepublic, Sakha . As Daniel. . percent of the total population, percent but of total the rapid expansion 5 The main ethnic groups are Russian, Yakut, and Yakut, and Russian, groups are ethnic main The , 000 contains sixteen species of mammals and fi and of mammals species sixteen contains ), sandhill cranes ( cranes sandhill ), 285 sh, some and 4 moose ( species of species birds, 466 Republic of Sakha Sakha of Republic 550 40 Guide 31 s. species of lichen, and more than of more lichen, species and than , percent. 200 Alces canadensis 2001 pages ) is amajor on) is located river port 33 krai , replacing Mikhail Nikolaev, Mikhail , replacing percent of population, the , G. canadensis 000 6 , oblast for 4 species of insects. Polar of species insects. species of amphibians, of amphibians, species ora includes includes ora , or Conservation ), 50 , ), Ross’s gulls Ross’s), gulls ve districts and and ve districts 000 67 cial na- cial , its admin- . Built . Built snow sheep 1 endemics endemics , 831 species species fty

510 229

and

SAKHA Development. Newell,

SAKHA amount to 300 federal subsidies, the third largest subsidy among all Russian republics. Russian subsidy all among largest third the subsidies, federal 15 nually in Sakha, and the government plans to increase production government to to the 300 increase and plans Sakha, in nually south. About the in mine strip huge Neryungri the 1980 4 from between steadily decreased has over has Sakha fi and products, oil imported basin), Vilyui the (from gas reserves), Zyryanskoe and Dzhebariki-Khaya, Sangarskoe, Kangalasskoe, Neryungri, the in (mined coal are of forms energy main centers. The ing (coal-fi (gas-fi Yakutskaya (hydroelectric), Vilyuiskaya The industries. ondary generation one is production. oil of region’s the Electricity of all half sec- almost consumes of of shipped its fi Indigirzoloto from comes Sakha. Russia in antimony used the all toof provide Russia’s production. used about which Almost north, half the annual region in Deputatsky from the mined is Tin hard. investment have gold hit the industry energy supply, and high transport costs, well as a as declining resource and limited foreign early but, the since majoranother industry larch. There are also large amounts of commercial furs. of commercial amounts large also are There larch. small-sized is much of this mof timber, cu. although billion about nine are There at7 estimated are reserves world, the 844 in rivers tenlongest with the of 1 acombined length with rivers Water include over thousand seven resources of Sakha. power in hydroelectric sources are commercial as viable are that East Far the Siberia and East in rivers the of all About half 230 republic the afl keep subsidies federal underdeveloped.Large is industry colony; processing the resource anatural is Sakha Main industries between Russia, in reserves coal largest the has It also Russia. in reserves Sakha producesabout 10 Sakha only phosphate deposit in the Russian Far East ( East Far phosphateonly Russian deposit the in with Combine Antimony Kyrgystan in to supply company used huge Kadamzhay the mining 13 about totaling reserves gas natural and oil potential, gas and oil has fi exact although Russia, in largest third to bethe bismuth, zeolite, mercury, estimated antimony.including and are Gold reserves Tomtor), (in niobium reserves minerals, other important many as well second-largest as 4 about produced Alrosa, as known Rossii-Sakha, monopoly Almazy state-owned by the trolled Russia’s diamonds and is the second-largest producer in the world. producer the in Russia’s second-largest the is and diamonds of industry, produces its diamond which because to Moscowtant primarily J. . billion tons, with the most extensive reserves in and around Neryungri. around and in reserves most extensive the tons, with billion trillion cu. m, respectively. cu. trillion 4 1 billion tons of ore, mostly located in the southwest (Aldan region), as well as the the as well as region), southwest tons(Aldan billion the of in , located mostly , 000 s to less than 2 than s to less 2004. 70 u.s.$1 red) power stations supply most of the electricity and are based in the major the in min- based are powerred) supply and stations most of electricity the percent of itsantimonyconcentrate. tons of antimony concentrate through Magadan in spring spring in Magadan tons of through antimonyconcentrate THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE . 5 billion in diamonds in in diamonds in billion McKinleyville, billion kW billion or perhour about annually, The 44 million cu. m by the late late mby the cu. million percent of the Russian . 43 million tons of coal annually, annually, tons of coal million rewood. billion cu. m. Commercially feasible hydro-energy resources resources hydro-energy feasible m.Commercially cu. billion 9

. 5 million km. The Lena, 4 Lena, The km. million rfe . oat. In 2000 . 5 gures are unknown. About half of the territory territory of the Abouthalf unknown. are gures ’s volume The stock. of timber wood logged total and 5 and Far CA: , up 32percent 1993 from 1990 billion cu. m of runoff yearly. Groundwater mof runoff cu. billion 1999 14 1990 million cu. m of timber per year in the the in peryear m of timber cu. million

East: s, loss of federal subsidies, an unstable unstable an subsidies, ofs, loss federal Daniel rfe , it received about, it received s. Most logging occurs near the main main the near occurs s. Most logging 142 ). After , Sakha has the world’s the has Sakha Brazil, After ). 60 , 000 A million kW million of power. 75 tons of oil are produced tons an- of are oil percent from comes of which & , Reference 400- Daniel. 11 km long, is one long, is ofkm 5 2000 The industry, The con- 253 . percent of all Russian Russian percent of all 12 red), and Neryungri Neryungri and red), Gold mining is million tons and tons and million 10 rst consignment Sakha is impor- is Sakha . 4 , 13 000 8 . There are are There Indigirzoloto Indigirzoloto 4 98 billion and and billion tons. Alrosa tons. Alrosa percent of 466 Guide pages for Conservation and Development. Newell, J. Vladimir Dinets in Yakutsk is probably the oldest Russian-built structure in the RFE. the in structure Russian-built oldest the probably is Yakutsk in This fi Russians. by the was colonized Sakha RFE ofthe region rst 2004. McKinleyville, The Russian work totals totals work copters are being used increasingly to reach remote to settlements. reach increasingly used being copters are fl aweekly to and frequent service with more regular, republic from the to and is travel spotty. is Air republic, the but service within distances to cover large necessary are Airplanes by travel way of to road awinter Magadan. of cargo machinery for Sakha’s high-quality coking coal. Major include imports coal. consumer goods, coking for Sakha’smachinery high-quality by ship. 1970 Since the Krai) sky (Primor- to Ocean, on Arctic the Tiksi, from transported then and River Lena to the besent via used to Japan Logs to Japan. or ship primarily by rail exported are timber In trade Foreign 2001 , exports totaled about u.s.$1.3 totaled , exports Far CA: 25 , 000 East: Daniel km, but paved roads account for but about account only km, paved roads A ostrog & Reference s, Japan has traded coal extraction and transportation transportation and extraction coal traded has s, Japan Daniel. (fort) (fort) billion, most of which was diamonds. Coal and and Coal diamonds. billion, most of was which and the Baikal-Amur Mainline ( Mainline Baikal-Amur the and Yakutsk, its capital, between of links lack exportsrial out of are limited Sakha by the mate- Raw Unitedsupplies the from States. way to import cheapest the reportedly is This Rivers. Kolyma and Indigirka, Yana, mouthsof up the the and Ocean Arctic the shipped through often summer, are goods Yakutsk remain unpaved. The road net- road The unpaved. remain Yakutsk out of leading roads All way to Yakutsk. oftown Tommot, of the about one-half bam from the runs link manent rail per- only The Railroad. Trans-Siberian to stockpile other foodand supplies. government Sakha forcing the cities, small and to remote costly, particularly winter. in is Shipping cargo surfaces frozen their along driven and short summers the al; traffi season- people.is and goods Most transport to transport its tributaries and River Lena on the heavily relies Sakha underdeveloped. and unbalanced is infrastructure The Infrastructure some industry. light also is There for fur. region, mainly hunting important an is slowly developing. Sakha are farming chicken Pig and grown. are vegetables and potatoes, . Grain, and cattle as well as animals, fur and reindeer husbandry,mainly animal includes raising Sakha, in Farming settlements. nearby and River Lena the along routes and transport 466 Republic of Sakha Sakha of Republic Guide c is shipped along the rivers during rivers during the shippedc is along pages ight to . Heli- Vladivostok. to ight for 11 percent. Small quantities quantities percent. Small Conservation bam to the to the 15 In ) and ) and

231 and

SAKHA Development. Newell,

SAKHA its diamond industry.its diamond of diamonds per year. per diamonds of to process capacity the plant has new The Diamond, Yakutsk. Aurora in plant, government cutting opened diamond anew Sakha the St. Petersburg,in and region. In the within resources these to process would like 11 and diamonds grade the through expanding the diamond cutting industry. cutting diamond the expanding through an agreement with the Russian Federation, the republic retains republic Federation, the retains Russian the with agreement an economy. the to to stabilizing akey According as ment industry of processing adiamond semifi of 232 wrote off reportedly investment. foreign government The to attract incentives providing is and industry ing gold the To min- economy, subsidized the government heavily has diversify Sakha the economy region, about the contributing in largest the republicThe has outlook General cent of Russia’s (in diamonds economy the in largest the With RFE the in importance Economic aboutsaw u.s.$140 region The capital. foreign with Sakha in operating companies thirty more than are There about products oil worth shortage, equipment, fuel Dueto products. oil aconstant and construction and mining foodstuffs, result, production increased in in production increased result, close downunprofi and capacity upgrade they on condition the that gold government the mine, gold hopes production to increase to 20 production Kuranakh from gold the expanded and mine of Nezhdaninskoe the start-up far investment been has limited to feasibility studies. Yakutugol, Sakha’s coal monopoly, much as possibly as of capital, foreign infusions massive need will project, by however, pipeline. toor Korea This China resources gas natural Sakha’s vast some to export of ambitious plans government has The introduced. being ones, also are friendly To environmentally but production, not technologies, new necessarily increase Aldanzoloto. and include Indigirzoloto Majorshare. gold Sakha in producing companies prospectors ( groups of small to more to issue licenses plans government The involveventures also companies. foreign of rfe the area land total power the in station largest the is kaya investment.lion of total the u.s.$100 invested companies development. gas French-based and oil and gold mining J.

31 62 79 43 42 rfe percent of all oil reserves. oil percent of all 2004. percent of all tin reserves. tin percent of all percent of all reserves. reserves. gas natural percent of all percent of all coal reserves. coal percent of all percent of all iron reserves. percent of all ’s product. About regional gross nished diamonds is supported by the Sakha government, which sees the develop- government, the sees which supported by Sakha is the diamonds nished THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE McKinleyville, The million in foreign investment in investment foreign in in million 126 17 19 Alrosa plans to increase revenues to u.s.$2 to increase plans Alrosa . 5 Russian million rubles in taxes due from gold mining companies in in companies due from gold mining taxes in rubles million percent of the gold produced, and so the Sakha government percent of gold Sakha the sothe produced, and , has: 16 artel 2001 1999 rfe s), which are major producers with an increasing market market increasing major an producers are with which s), ), and 23 and ), u.s.$200 to 15 to , Sakha supplies 27 , Sakha rfe 75 Far CA: . 2 percent of Sakha’s annual revenue from percent comes of Sakha’s annual tons, up from 12 . The republic, occupies . The which percent of Russia’s gold production. Vilyuis- million are imported into Sakha annually. annually. into imported Sakha are million East: Daniel 18 The move to expand the production move the The to expand 2001 percent of the total gnp percent oftotal the . Leading investment are sectors . Leading A 2001 . 7 & Reference tons in 1997 in tons 20 , Rus-Almaz, based based , Rus-Almaz, Daniel. billion by billion 2005 percent ofjewelry- the u.s.$23 tons. table operations. As a As operations. table 27 21 84 billion, and so billion, and . 49 percent of Both of these of these Both 20 , Expecting the the Expecting 000 percent of the 466 , 98 carats Guide , mostly , mostly per- 1999 mil- pages

for Conservation and Development. Newell, J. Vladimir Dinets Verkhoyansk, Sakha — considered the coldest inhabited place on earth. on place inhabited coldest the —considered Sakha Verkhoyansk, 2004. McKinleyville, The Russian basins (particularly along the Indigirka and Kolyma Rivers) for building materials and and materials for building Rivers) Kolyma and Indigirka the along (particularly basins river northern Group the along Iprotected forests cutting are ventures logging small costs, transport of high timber. Unable to because obtain must belogged totimber import areas solarge small, are grow slowly trees forests and the climate, cold, dry extremely the In more even rapidly. beexported will materials completed, ever to is Yakutsk raw Oblast fromAmur railway the totinue beoverlogged. If con- will forests continue to bepoisoned fragile and riverswill the materials, raw extract the in other regions like economy by jobs. providing Sakha, If the stabilize and exploitation now slowcould resource rapacious occurs down the that self-suffi be never probably will and consumer goods and abroad and forregions Russia foodstuffs in basic dependent on other highly is Sakha land, of arable lack and climate aharsh With Tokko Bolshoe and deposits. coal Chulmikanskoe, Denisovskoe, to develop vast the for investment foreign looking is and of companies Yakutugol to Japanese shares offered government has butSakha the on So verge ofis mines the of the bankruptcy. all operates Far CA: East: cient. However, industries timber, gold, processing diamond oil, and Daniel A & Reference Daniel. coal for export. coal to mine by plans threatened is which Lake, Tokko protection (Greater) ofthe Bolshoe Sakha’s particular in hotspots, biodiversity of A major preservation stepwould be the efforts. should support these community international The of France). size the protect to ultimately plans ambitious has program, rfe government, The the one in of few the concern. of global issue should bean Sakha in forests of the use sustainable and preservation the and change, climate mitigating in forests of boreal importance the have highlighted studies routes. Recent transportation and settlements near logging heavy and cutting clear- of destructive the because damaging signifi are ventures logging ate scale, fi — Josh Newell rewood. Despite their relatively moder- relatively Despite their rewood. 466 Republic of Sakha Sakha of Republic Guide to develop a comprehensive ecological to develop acomprehensive ecological 25 pages percent of Sakha (an area about area (an percent of Sakha for rfe , continues simply to , continues Conservation cantly

233 and

SAKHA Development. Newell,

SAKHA include: zones forest important Other expensive. prohibitively practice this made has transport and of fuel cost high but the regions, other from imported was wood past, the In forests. protected tolog these locals forced has regions northern cold the in of fi Lack rivers. along zones Group I protected in grow forests of these all Almost logging. is threat main The latitude. northern their considering tive, produc- very are tributaries adjacent and basins River Kolyma and Indigirka of the forests valley river northern the regions, surrounding the with compared diversity animal and plant in High coast. tothe way the all almost sometimes valleys, river along found mainly are forests the north, the In rivers. the along grow larch Dahurian stone pine and of Japanese stands scattered belt, tundra of the part southern the In regions. mountainous the in primarily signifi stoneare pine ( of Japanese areas cant nia ( ( poplar aromatic valleys, river In ( ( spruce Ayan while west, than more total reserves Timber forest. unbroken, or old-growth, 260 almost is area est upto and region, 234 sibirica for accounts larch Dahurian resources. wood total up make reserves. timber overmature region, northwestern the in percent 32 by region: varies ( cover Forests . called locally forests, boreal tundra, subarctic of fi consists tundra, subarctic Sakha tundra woodlands, and low, zero. above are but that still temperatures at remain roots underground the while temperatures, elevated has brush, and trees as such ground, above vegetation the between from vary soil frozen permanently of this Depths region. on the imprint its leaves and of Sakha all covers Permafrost Isaev Alexander Ecology ( Siberian Siberian spruce, East fi pine, Scots primarily remainder the with forests, of the of between toadepth summer in thaws of soil layer upper the type, vegetation and tions condi- soil and on climatic Depending ecosystem. on the of between atadepth temperature soil permafrost Because Sakha. northern and central in world’s(the deepest) m remains constant at– constant m remains J. Betula ermanii Betula 257 million ha) of the territory, but the extent of forest cover cover of territory, forest of extent the but ha) the million Chosenia arbutifolia 9 2004. billion cu. m, including 6 m, including cu. billion ) and Siberian fi Siberian ) and ), and aspen ( aspen and ), 30 THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE and 50 and McKinleyville, ) grow in the mountainous southern regions. regions. southern mountainous the in ) grow The 93 m in southern Sakha to500 Sakha southern min percent in the northeastern region, region, northeastern the in percent percent in the southern region. Total region. southern for- the in percent Populus tremulae Populus million ha, including 150 including ha, million ve natural zones: arctic desert, arctic arctic desert, arctic zones: ve natural r ( 10 ), and willows ( willows and ), Picea ayanensis Abies sibirica Abies Russian ° c rewood and timber for building for building timber and rewood and lower, it has a cooling effect effect lower, and acooling it has r ( 0 . billion cu. m of mature and and mof mature cu. billion Populus suaveolens Populus 4 Abies nephrolepis Abies and 2 and 77 ). Siberian pine ( Siberian ). ) grow in the south- the in ) grow percent in the central central the in percent Salix ) and stone birch stone birch ) and . 0 m. In summer, m.In Far Pinus pumila Pinus CA: ) grow. There million ha of ha million 97 m and more mand 47 percent of percent . ), birch birch ), 5 4 79 East: ), chose- and 10 and percent percent Daniel percent percent Pinus Pinus 78 ),

A fi dry summers. Between 1978 Between summers. dry fi Forest error; about one-tenth are planned burns. planned are about one-tenth error; by human fi one-third of the and by lightning caused are res nigra hooded ( cranes ( curlews Little Rivers. Konkovaya and Kolyma the between nest waterfowl, 250 of more than average 800 40 of almost loss the in 8 However, between were burned. species, ten bushes, fi tenbushes, species, arboreal (two berries include types familiar most Some of the untapped for future generations. for future untapped remain resources some natural that toensure and areas tine that sustainable development. In 1994 toencourage as well as peoples, by indigenous use and tion conserva- for biodiversity ecosystems toprotect necessity the however, government, recognizes Sakha The devastated. still over 25 destroyed have gold mining and diamond of destructive sity. Decades biodiver- and region’s the protected adequately ecosystems 2 than less of tively, anumber and 1984 in Leny Delta and sky l. shmatkova area system Protected ( eiders cranes, sandhill as well as Sakha, ( swans Bewick’s of the half here. Over nest shorebirds, and cranes as well as ducks, and geese, of swans, species several as such of waterfowl, numbers Large medicine. tomake used ently pres- are species thirty more than these, Of of . species fi more than shrubs, and of bushes species twenty-six of trees, species seven include plants Medicinal foods. “famine” as ancestors toour wereknown of plants species twenty than more addition, In mushrooms. of edible species one hundred more than also are There of birch. species two and grasses, of leafy species twenty of pine), species (two plants bearing & res raged over an area of more than 500 of more than area over an raged res fty species of grasses, six species of mushrooms, and ten and of mushrooms, species six of grasses, species fty Reference , The central taiga of the Aldan region. Aldan of the taiga central The region. Lena-Baikal of the forests larch pine and The region taiga northern of the forests larch mountain The Olenyok of the region. forests Larch 500 Edible and medicinal plants abound in Sakha’s forests. forests. Sakha’s in abound plants medicinal and Edible near the Yana and Kolyma Rivers. Kolyma Yana and the near and 1 and 25 Daniel. fi estimated an burned have res ) nest between the Lena and Kolyma Rivers. Kolyma and Lena the between ) nest percent of Sakha would be protected to preserve pris- topreserve protected be would of Sakha percent res are increasingly frequent, especially in the hot, the in especially frequent, increasingly are res , percent of Sakha’s total area, and thus have not have thus and area, total of Sakha’s percent 000 —The government established the Olyokmin- the established government —The forest fi forest Numenius minutus Numenius Grus monachus , 000 466 ve small shrubs, and fi and shrubs, ve small ha of land, and today these areas are are areas these today and of land, ha res are recorded annually, burning an an burning annually, recorded are res Guide million cu. m of timber. Between Between mof timber. cu. million zakaznik ha each. In the record year of year record the In each. ha pages and 1987 and ), and black storks ( storks black and ), 22 s, but these territories occupy occupy territories buts, these 1988 , the government decreed decreed government , the ), Siberian white cranes, cranes, white Siberian ), This decree has served as as served has decree This for 2 and 1998 and , 131 . 5 Cygnus bewickii million ha, resulting resulting ha, million Somateria and 1996, and , , 000 000 Conservation ve grasses), nut- ve grasses), ha. About half half About ha. ha of forest of ha forest , as many as as many , as Ciconia ) and other other ) and respec- ) in ) in 1996 , and Development. Newell, J. is the dominant tree of Sakha forests. ofSakha tree dominant the is gmelini) Dahurian larch (Larix tuolbeler Erkeyi sirder parks), nature Yakutlanguage: the in names given the fi fi republic the areas, of protected To anetwork establish worldwide. regions many in development efforts of sustainable cornerstone the 21 Agenda UN-sponsored of the goals the fulfi toward contribution European main the tobe ered Union October in European the by adopted was which Strategy, Diversity Landscape and cal Biologi- Pan-European of the ahead considerably It appeared of Russia. regions other in areas of protected networks similar of creation for the acatalyst some cases, in and, a predecessor rst created the legal foundations for such territories. for such foundations legal the created rst 2004. rst time in the Russian Federation, protected areas were areas protected Federation, Russian the in time rst (protected landscapes), and and landscapes), (protected McKinleyville, The Russian Uluu Uluu reserves), resource (national 1995 Ayan ayilgy Ayan Ayilba meneler . This strategy is consid- is strategy . This Far CA: , which has become become has , which East: (national (national Daniel (natural (natural 23 For lling A & Reference signifi 6 table (see cance national of unique lakes twenty-six monuments, and natural dozen afew landscapes, protected afew territories, reserved forty-three reserves, resource forty sky, Ust-Vilyuisky), and Stolby, Mom- Sinyaya, (Lenskie parks nature national four ritories conserve habitat for some habitat conserve ritories or 18 about km, two includes ( zakaznik and reserves, source ( ( republic’s system the area aresult, presentprotected As reserves. of the functions the toclarify were developed guidelines standard laws, tonew addition In monuments). Daniel. ulus zapovednik Yityk kere sirder kere Yityk ) and municipal territories into one system. The system system The into one system. territories municipal ) and tects taiga forests composed of Dahurian larch (53 larch of Dahurian composed forests taiga tects species, species, calvum , Anomonastrum adamsii Rhododendron include cies plants, Transbaikalian fl and Yakutian both has region This vegetation. lichen and moss rocky, with are mountaintops deer ( deer 18 and species, bird directorates for each for each directorates by and committees, by -level ministry, the within department protected-area by the istered admin- are areas protected Individual network. the of administration overall for the responsible is tion Protec- of Environmental Ministry Sakha The areas. protected these river, the connect along zones buffer as such corridors, ecological cases, most In Sakha the in listed are of which all and of birds, species highest reaching the with mountains, low-elevation encompasses ( pine ( Scots percent), zibellina Olyokma River and its tributaries. its and River Olyokma of the part protects and highlands Aldan western Zapovedniks. opponents. strongest some of the are peoples enous zapovednik for new proposals ever When- use. of notions land traditional their dicts problems with the zapovednik of anumber have groups indigenous Sakha, In nik wolverine ( wolverine ( lynx Eurasian seen; commonly are 14 s), republic-level areas (national nature parks, re- parks, nature (national areas republic-level s), Olyokminsky. . s are administered by the federal government. government. federal by the administered s are 5 466 percent), and other species ( species other and percent), . Republic of Sakha Sakha of Republic 9 Moschus mosciferus ) combines federal-level protected areas areas protected federal-level ) combines percent, of the republic. The protected ter- protected The republic. of the percent, Guide , and Rosa, and jacutica 67 2 ), and Siberian weasel ( weasel Siberian and ), reptile species, species, reptile are endemic or rare. Notable plant spe- Notable plant or endemic rare. are Gulo gulo pages . 1 s (Olyokminsky and Delta Leny), Leny), Delta and s (Olyokminsky As in other areas of Russia, zapoved- of Russia, areas other in As .) This network protects 587 protects network This .) This zapovednik oras. Of Of oras. 1 , s), and an array of district-level of district-level array an and s), 166 fi for sh species. Moose, musk 311 ) are less common. Rare birds birds Rare common. less ) are zapovednik 25 m. The m.The 17 percent), Siberian pine species of vascular plants, plants, of vascular species ), reindeer,), ( sable 2 species of mammals, 54 of mammals, species . There are 40 are . There 650 amphibian species, species, amphibian Conservation species of vascular of vascular species system, as it contra- as system, zapovednik and national park. park. national and Mustela sibirica Mustela lies on the on the lies 7 s arise, indig- s arise, . 24 5 Red Data Book Data Red percent). The The percent). The area area The Felis lynx mammal mammal pro- Martes Martes , 000

) and ) and 180 sq. 235 )

. and

SAKHA