DOCSLIB.ORG

Native Americans and Diabetes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Native Americans and Diabetes University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Nebraska Anthropologist Anthropology, Department of 1997 Native Americans and Diabetes Kristina K. Lee Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nebanthro Part of the Anthropology Commons Lee, Kristina K., "Native Americans and Diabetes" (1997). Nebraska Anthropologist. 108. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nebanthro/108 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Anthropology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Nebraska Anthropologist by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Native Americans and Diabetes Kristina K. Lee Type II diabetes has reached Almost all Native Americans with epidemic proportions among Native diabetes have Type" diabetes. Americans. It Is estimated that 12.2 There are many warning signs of percent of all Native Americans in the Type " diabetes. These physical U.S. have Type II diabetes. This ailments include: compares with 5.2 percent of the general U.S. population (Diabetes • fatigue Statistics 1997). The highest rate of • initability diabetes in the world is in the Pima • increased thirst or hunger • extreme weight loss Nation. Half of all Pima Indians age 35 • blurred vision and older have diabetes (West 1974). • increased urination Diabetes causes severe health • sore gums complications and is a major cause of • sores that do not heal or are slow to death for Native Americans. heal • frequent infections (skin, gum, bladder) What is Diabetes? • numbness in the hands or feet Diabetes is a chronic disease in (Diabetes and American Indians 1997; which the body does not produce insulin The Dangerous Toll 1997) or properly use insulin. There is no cure. Insulin is a hormone that is needed by One of the most significant the body to convert sugar, starches, and problems associated with diabetes is other food into energy needed for daily that over half of the people with the life. There are two main types of disease, do not know they have it Many diabetes, Insulin Dependent (100M) and people learn they have the disease only Non-Insulin Dependent Mellitus after they develop serious diabetes (NIDDM). Between 80 and 90 percent of related complications. Late diagnosis people with diabetes have Type 11 and increases the risk for more serious this will be the focus of this paper. health problems. Four of the most Non-Insulin dependent diabetes common life-threatening complications mellitus is also known as Type II of diabetes are: blindness (retinopathy), diabetes. It is charaderized by elevated kidney disease (nephropathy) and plasma glucose and plasma cholesterol ultimately, kidney failure, amputations of in blood and urine This is the more digits and limbs, heart disease, and common type of diabetes. Type " strokes. Heart disease is 2 to 4 times diabetes is a metabolic disorder in which more common in people with diabetes. the body produces insulin, but cannot The disease may cause damage to the use it efficiently or does not produce nervous system (neuropathy) and the enough. NIDDM affects carbohydrate, blood vessels (cerebrovascular). fat and protein metabolism, and Between 60 and 65 percent of diabetics insufficient insulin secretion or insulin develop high blood pressure resistance. Type " diabetes (hypertension). This increases the risk disproportionately affects minority of strokes with diabetics having a 2.5 populations and the prevalence of higher risk than a non-diabetic diabetes among minorities is increasing. (Diabetes Statistics 1997). 108 Research has indicated three diabetes among African Americans is primary fadors for the prevalence of comparable to the Hispanic population diabetes among Native Americans. (Diabetes Among Hispanics 1997). These factors are genetic For African Americans, it is predisposition, diet and obeSity, and estimated that over 2 million have phYSical activity level. Stress has also diabetes. They are 1.6 times more likely been indicated as a possible factor, but to have diabetes than the general U.S. very little research or documentation population. Almost 6 percent of African relates it to diabetes (Urdaneta 1989). American men have diabetes and The interrelationship between these almost 8 percent of African American fadors appears to cause Native women have diabetes. They often Americans to be more susceptible to experience higher rates of serious diabetes. Other factors that may complications such as blindness, increase the prevalence of diabetes amputation, and kidney failure (Diabetes include: high blood sugar during Among African Americans 1997). pregnancy, women with high birth . The average prevalence of weight babies (over 9 pounds at birth), diabetes among Native Americans is and ethnic background. more than twice as high as the general The following chart presents the U.S. population (West 1974, 1978a,b). percent of adults with diabetes in Overall prevalence of Type II diabetes various ethnic groups. These among Native Americans is 12.2 percentages, prepared by Diabetes percent as compared to 5.2 percent of Statistics, not only include figures of the general U.S. population (Diabetes diabetes patients, but also estimates of ·Statistics 1997). In less than thirty years, those individuals that are undiagnosed diabetes went from being unranked in the ethnic populations. The (1951) as a leading cause of death for percentages of adults (diagnosed and Native Americans to becoming the undiagnosed) with diabetes can be seventh leading cause of death by 1980 divided by ethnicity as follows: (Campbell 1996). Diabetes is the second most common diagnosis for African Americans 9.6 percent Native Americans admitted to the Mexican Americans 9.6 percent hospital (West 1974). If current rates Cuban Americans 9.1 percent continue, Type II diabetes will eventually Puerto Rican Americans 10.9 percent affect one-half of all Native American White Americans 5.2 percent adults. For the U.S. population as a Native Americans 5 to 50 percent whole, less than 10 percent of people (Diabetes Statistics 1997) age 45 or older have diagnosed or For Hispanics in the U.S., one in undiagnosed Type II diabetes (Harris every ten adults has diabetes. For 1985). For many Native American Cuban American and Mexican American nations, this figure jumps to 25 percent populations, almost· 10 percent have or more. For Pima adults age 35 or diabetes. For Mexican Americans and older, the rate is an astounding 50 Puerto Ricans ages 45-74, percent (Sievers and Fisher 1985). approximately 25 percent have These figures are staggering when diabetes, and in this same age group, recognizing that diabetes was rare in all 16 percent of Cuban Americans have Native American nations prior to 1940. diabetes. Hispanic women with diabetes The percentage of Native have a greater risk of death and American adults with diabetes, both complications during pregnancy than the diagnosed and undiagnosed, ranges U.S. average. The prevalence of from 5 to 50 percent Prevalence rates vary among different Native American 109 nations (see Weiss 1984, Appendix 1). Environmental change occurred as food At this point in diabetes research, it resources become increasingly dense seems that diabetes is not uniformly and available. Since the environment distributed across all Native American today, does not match the past groups. The extent of acculturation may environment, Native Americans have play a role in this pattern and needs to developed problems with adaptations. be researched further. Many nations of These environmental changes in such the southwest (Pima, Navajo, Tohono aspects as diet and activity level O'odham) have extremely high occurred rapidly in many Native prevalence rates and, as with the Pima, American communities. Most of these have been researched for many years. changes were imposed on them by a Unfortunately, few other nations have dominant outside culture. been examined for incidence of diabetes and significant cross-cultural data is not Genetic Explanations available. Another important factor to and the Thrifty Gene consider with the wide range of diabetes Many researchers think that prevalence is that almost half of those diabetes in Native Americans is a with diabetes are still undiagnosed with problem in human adaptation and the disease. genetics is strongly linked. One of the Diabetes has become a growing possible explanations of this health problem among Native evolutionary adaptation was developed Americans since the 1940s (West by Neel (1962,1982). In 1962, Neel was 1974). There is little documentation of the first to argue that diabetes was a diabetes prior to this time period. genetic adaptation that dealt with According to reports, diabetes was rare changes in lifestyle. His theory was in the first part of the twentieth century called the "thrifty genotype" hypothesis. (Hrdlicka 1908; Sievers 1981). By the People with a thrifty gene were better 195Os, diabetes was found in many able to store food as -fat during feast nations. By the 1970s, it was found in periods. The thrifty genotype hypothesis epidemic proportions in many nations, involves quick insulin discharge after a West (1974) discovered that within a meal, which granted a survival short period of time, diabetes had advantage during times of food spread throughout the Native American shortages. Evidence for seasonal stress populations. is widespread among hunters and One possible way to examine or gatherers in various
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Future Role of Molecular and Cell Biology in Medical Practice in the Tropical Countries
    The future role of molecular and cell biology in medical practice in the tropical countries David Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/bmb/article/54/2/489/285007 by guest on 27 September 2021 Molecular and cell biology have a great deal to offer tropical medicine in the future. As well as helping to understand the population genetics and dynamics of both infectious and non-infectious diseases, they promise to provide a new generation of diagnostic and therapeutic agents, and to play a major role in the development of new vaccines and other approaches to the control of disease in tropical communities. Over the last 20 years there has been a gradual shift in the emphasis of basic biomedical research from the study of disease in patients and their organs to its definition at the level of molecules and cells. This new trend has been underpinned by a remarkable new technology which has made it possible to isolate and sequence genes, study their function and transfer them across the species barrier. In the short time during which this field has evolved, a great deal has been discovered about human pathology at the molecular level. Many monogenic diseases have been characterised, much has been learnt about the molecular and cell biology of cancer, and a start has been made in defining the different genes that comprise the complex interactions between nature and nurture that underlie many of the major killers of Western society. Enough is known already to suggest that this knowledge will have major implications for the development of more precise diagnostic and therapeutic agents in the future.
    [Show full text]
  • Dietary Changes, Nutrition, and Health in Australian Aborigines and Other Transitional Societies
    Feeding from Toddlers to Adolescence: edited by Angel Ballabriga, Nestte Nutrition Workshop Series, Vol. 37. Nestec Ltd., Vevey/ Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, © 19%. Dietary Changes, Nutrition, and Health in Australian Aborigines and Other Transitional Societies Michael Gracey Aboriginal Health Division, Health Department of Western Australia; and School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia Today there are more deaths from cardiovascular diseases in the developing world than in the developed countries. After the age of 5, there are as many deaths from cardiovascular diseases as from infectious and parasitic diseases put together (1). Before the emergence of agriculture about 10,000 years ago, humans obtained their food by hunting and gathering. Australian Aborigines were one of the world's largest and most successful hunter-gathering societies and in some remote regions, particu- larly in northern and central Australia where traditional customs have endured, these original methods of obtaining and preparing food are still used, although to a small extent in most places (2,3). Worldwide, hunter-gatherers now constitute less than 0.001% of the world population (4); these were groups in which obesity, non-insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), cardiovascular disease, and other degenera- tive disorders were rare or nonexistent in their traditional state of living. This situation has changed dramatically in many previously traditional societies, including Austra- lian Aborigines, because of the socioeconomic and lifestyle impacts of westernization and so-called modernization. There have been marked environmental changes in most parts of the world since modern humankind emerged 40,000-50,000 years ago; despite these important changes, humans have altered little genetically over that time, which has seen the development of peasant agriculture through to modern farming and food processing, distribution, marketing, and consumption (5).
    [Show full text]
  • New World Syndrome (Obesity) in South India
    Mohan Reddy, 1:12 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/scientificreports.567 Open Access Open Access Scientific Reports Scientific Reports Review Article OpenOpen Access Access New World Syndrome (Obesity) in South India Mohan Reddy N, Kalyana Kumar ch and Kaiser Jamil* Mahavir Medical Research Center, Genetics Department, Masab Tank, Hyderabad-500008, A.P, India Abstract In developed and developing countries overweight and obesity are most prevalent nutritional problems. Indians now report more and more frequently with overweight, obesity, and their consequences. Obesity is not an immediately lethal disease itself, but has a significant risk factor associated with a range of serious non-communicable diseases in south Indian population. Obesity is a major driver for the widely prevalent Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension, Breast cancer and Dyslipidemia disorders. Hence, there is an urgent need to address the trouble and efforts should be made to prevent the epidemic of obesity and its allied health disasters in South India. Effort has been made in this article to review the data published on prevalence and mechanism of specific morbidity conditions in obese population with special reference to South India. Keywords: Obesity; South India; Adolescents; Health consequences; Adolescent obese children in South India Diabesity Various studies indicate that the prevalence of overweight and Introduction obesity amongst children of all ages is increasing in developing countries in the past few decades and studies from India also showed The world health organization has described obesity as one of the increased prevalence of obesity [7]. Indian data regarding current today’s most neglected public health problems, affecting every region trends in childhood obesity are emerging.
    [Show full text]
  • Prediction of Potential-Diabetic Obese-Patients Using Machine Learning Techniques
    (IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 10, No. 8, 2019 Prediction of Potential-Diabetic Obese-Patients using Machine Learning Techniques Raghda Essam Ali1, Hatem El-Kadi2, Soha Safwat Labib3, Yasmine Ibrahim Saad4 Teaching Assistant at Faculty of Computer Science, MSA University Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence, Giza, Egypt1 Associate Professor at Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence, Giza, Egypt2 Associate Professor in Computer Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt3 Associate Professor at Endemic Medicine, Hepatogastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt4 Abstract—Diabetes is a disease that is chronic. Improper 2016 [3]. For non-communicable diseases as: cardiovascular blood glucose control may cause serious complications in diabetic illnesses, diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders, and types of patients as heart and kidney disease, strokes, and blindness. cancers [4], it is a significant risk factor. Weight gain and Obesity is considered to be a massive risk factor of type 2 body mass are essential to type 1 and type 2 diabetes diabetes. Machine Learning has been applied to many medical development and increased incidence. health aspects. In this paper, two machine learning techniques were applied; Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Artificial The definition of overweight and obesity is an Neural Network (ANN) to predict diabetes mellitus. The extraordinary or excessive accumulation of fat that poses a proposed techniques were applied on a real dataset from Al-Kasr health danger. The latest CDC (Center for Disease Control and Al-Aini Hospital in Giza, Egypt. The models were examined Prevention) study demonstrates that the age-adjusted using four-fold cross validation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Early Life Origins of Obesity Related Health Disorders. New Discoveries Regarding the Intergenerational Transmission Of
    AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 57:79–93 (2013) The “Early Life” Origins of Obesity-Related Health Disorders: New Discoveries Regarding the Intergenerational Transmission of Developmentally Programmed Traits in the Global Cardiometabolic Health Crisis Daniel C. Benyshek* Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-5003 KEY WORDS “cardiometabolic syndrome”; epigenetics; multigenerational; transgenerational ABSTRACT Popular media reports concerning the developmental processes and capacities in health and dis- causes of the current global obesity pandemic and its ease even further by investigating the transmissible related sequelae—the cardiometabolic syndrome—are nature of developmentally programmed cardiometabolic often couched in terms of dramatic changes in diet and traits to subsequent generations. In this review, after lifestyle around the world; namely, drastically increasing briefly revisiting the fundamental discoveries of first- dietary intakes of high energy foods and plummeting lev- generation DOHaD research, I consider how recent discov- els of daily physical activity—the hallmarks of the so eries regarding the transmissibility of developmentally called “nutrition transition.” Far less attention is generally acquired traits are providing new insights into the current drawn to the important role phenotypic plasticity during global cardiometabolic pandemic, and how a better under- early life (i.e., “developmental programming”) plays in the standing of developmental programming—including cardiometabolic health crisis. Recently, however, research- transmissibility—are essential for the conceptualization ers working within the field of the developmental origins and implementation of public health initiatives aimed at of health and disease (DOHaD) and epigenetics have stemming this global health crisis. Am J Phys Anthropol extended our understanding of the role played by these 57:79–93, 2013.
    [Show full text]
  • Lessons from the Three Domains Influencing Pima Diabetes Carolyn M
    Human Organization. Vol. 63. No. 1,2004 Reducing Diabetes in Indian Country: Lessons from the Three Domains Influencing Pima Diabetes Carolyn M. Smith-Morris The prevalence of diabetes among Pima (Akimel O'odham) Indians involves three important domains: political-economic, -eenetic. and cultural. Proerams in diabetes education have made noteworthv, imnrovements . in the last two decades in addressing- cultural information and attitudes. It is less common to see political-economic factors addressed, particularly the structural barriers to care that include poverty and unemployment. The genetic contributions to modem rates of diabetes have, perhaps, been overemphasized in the past, contributing to a sense that this disease is inevitable in American Indian populations. I review six lessons drawn from these domains and from diabetes prevention and treatment programs in Indian country: 1) the basic importance of cultural sensitivity; 2) the strengths of community participation; 3) the influential but not dominant significance of genetics; 4) some relevant structural changes in forms of health care; 5) fee need for political-economic change within tribes to sustain communitywide change; and 6) the significance of a stable financial foundation for diabetes programs. Key words: diabetes, political economy, community participation, Pima Indians imaIndians are better known aroundthe world for their 1990; Scheder 1988). Diabetes-related conditions account for diabetes than for their culture and history. More than 19.5 percent of all (age-adjusted) Pima deaths-four times Phalf of all Pima Indians over age 35 have diabetes, a that ofwhites and two times that of blacks in the United States condition arising from a body's decreased ability to metabo- (Newman et al.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Feeding Obese Rats by Bee Bread on IL-6 Expression in Rat Stomach †
    Proceedings The Effects of Feeding Obese Rats by Bee Bread on IL-6 Expression in Rat Stomach † Zuleyha Doganyigit 1,*, Birkan Yakan 2 and Emin Kaymak 1 1 Histology-Embryology Department, Medical Faculty, Bozok University, 66100 Yozgat, Turkey; [email protected] 2 Histology-Embryology Department, Medical Faculty, Erciyes Universıty, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +90-0535-749-5772 † Presented at the 2nd International Cell Death Research Congress, Izmir, Turkey, 1–4 November 2018. Published: 5 December 2018 Abstract: The aim of this project was the determination of the effect of bee bread supplement in diets of obese rats on interleukin 6 immunreactivity. This study has been shown that bee bread against obesity with a high-fat diet reduces IL-6 expression in the stomach. Keywords: obesity; IL-6; stomach 1. Introduction Obesity is a global public health priority. With the improvement of people’s standard of living, the number of obese Chinese has grown to an annual rate of 38.1% over the past several years [1]. Obesity is currently one of the major health concerns in developed countries. With more than 1.9 billion people now obese or overweight, the eventual impact of expected adverse events such as diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, cardiac failure, reflux, and major orthopedic problems, will take a major toll on public health [2,3]. Obesity, which is defined as the “New World Syndrome”, is one of the most important problems of the modern age. The prevalence of obesity in all age groups is observed throughout the World [4].
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Synopsis|2018 INTRODUCTION Earlier in India where under-nutrition was a biggest challenge today it is facing a dual burden of Malnutrition on extreme edges. Where undernutrion is on one edge, Obesity is the other extreme edge impacting drastically the “Weight of Nation”, associated comorbidities and the healthcare cost !!! (WHO, 2017; Karla & Unnikrishnan, 2012). At simplest level we all know that, obesity is a mismatch between the energy intake and expenditure but it’s not as simple as it seems. Unfortunately, if we look at the data over last 3 decades we have seen increase in obesity prevalence and current scenario has forced healthcare professionals to declare obesity as a “Disease”. In last two decades there have been various terminologies coined for the word “Obesity” based on its exploding prevalence rates and associated co-morbidities. To name a few, it has been termed as “New World Syndrome” (Mohan et.al., 2012), “Globesity” (WHO, 2001) and “Diabesity” (Ethan, 1973). Now it’s time to consider newer approaches to evaluate, diagnose and to combat this epidemic of obesity. Recently, in 2017 according to a new position statement released by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE, 2017) and the American College of Endocrinology (ACE, 2017) Obesity has bagged one more diagnostic term named “ABCD – Adiposity – Based Chronic Disease”. Since BMI being a one dimensional approach and unable to differentiate between fat and muscles, authors find BMI a bit vague as a sole diagnostic tool and have emphasized more on “complications-centric” three pronged approach that considers assessment of excess body fat in terms of amount, distribution and its physiologic impact on health (Kedist, 2017).
    [Show full text]
  • Awareness of Complications of Obesity in Young Individuals
    IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) e-ISSN: 2279-0853, p-ISSN: 2279-0861.Volume 15, Issue 8 Ver. V (August. 2016), PP 06-08 www.iosrjournals.org Awareness of Complications of Obesity in Young Individuals Anto Gnana Delasalle M1, (Col) Arunachalam2, Sharol Asma Menezes3 1PG Resident, Department of General Medicine, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore 2Professor, Department of General Medicine, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore 3Senior Resident, Department of General Medicine, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore Abstract: Obesity is a leading cause of morbidity worldwide. As per WHO data in 2008, 1.4 billion persons aged 20 years and above were obese. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, ischemic heart disease, stroke, gall bladder stones, osteoarthritis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are some of the common complications of obesity. Awareness of these complications is very essential among young individuals. The study included a 100 individuals attending out-patient services of Father Muller Medical College Hospital by convenience sampling. Most participants were aware about complications of obesity such as joint pains, risk of developing diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, coronary artery disease, asthma, obstructive sleep apnea and depression. There was no significant body image misperception among the participants in this study. Many participants in our study felt that obesity has a genetic factor because of which obesity cannot be prevented. Community wide efforts to increase awareness and promote environments that encourage physical activity and healthy nutrition are needed. These measures could probably reduce this misperception. Keywords: Obesity, Awareness of complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Metabolic Syndrome, Dyslipidemia I. Introduction And Need For The Study Obesity is a leading cause of morbidity worldwide.
    [Show full text]
  • Metabolic Syndrome — a Useful Concept 185
    Metabolic Syndrome — A Useful Concept 185 Metabolic Syndrome — 32 A Useful Concept YP MUNJAL INTRODUCTION ‘Metabolic Syndrome’. Five Risk Factors of Metabolic Origin (obesity, dyslipidemia, dysglycemia, prothrom- In the 20th century, cardiovascular disease (CVD) botic and pro-inflammatory states) commonly are seen was identified as the major cause of morbidity and together and have a metabolic basis. This constellation mortality in the developed world. During this period confers additional risk of developing diabetes type 2 and there was considerable effort to understand the under- cardiovascular disease. The main point of contention has lying biology of the disease and to identify the been the changing figures for obesity estimation based contributing risk factors. As risk factors were identified, on ethnicity, the changing blood pressure levels and it became apparent that more than one was often present blood sugar levels as well as the lipid levels. Though in the same individual. Toward the end of the century, this has been raised as a major issue, but if we look at the clustering of CVD risk factors was first described, various other syndromes, this phenomenon is not most notably the simultaneous presence of obesity, type uncommon especially in relation to hypertension 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension1-3. whereas the diagnosis of hypertension has seen a sea- Although insulin resistance (i.e., resistance to insulin- change. The other associated features and abnormalities stimulated glucose uptake) as a feature of type 2 diabetes seen in these patients, which are gaining importance, was first described many years earlier4, hyperinsu- are polycystic ovarian syndrome and acanthosis linemia was also found to be a key feature of type 2 nigricans on nape of neck and non-alcoholic hepatic diabetes5,6, as well as hyperlipidemia7-9, obesity10-13, and steatosis.
    [Show full text]
  • Admixture Mapping
    GG11CH04-Winkler ARI 4 August 2010 16:2 ANNUAL REVIEWS Further Admixture Mapping Click here for quick links to ∗ Annual Reviews content online, including: Comes of Age • Other articles in this volume • Top cited articles 1 1 • Top downloaded articles Cheryl A. Winkler, George W. Nelson, • Our comprehensive search and Michael W. Smith2 1Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, NCI Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 2Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet. 2010. 11:65–89 Key Words First published online as a Review in Advance on mapping by admixture linkage disequilibrium, risk loci, genetic July 1, 2010 mapping, hidden Markov chain, health disparities The Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics is online at genom.annualreviews.org Abstract This article’s doi: Admixture mapping is based on the hypothesis that differences in disease 10.1146/annurev-genom-082509-141523 by Fordham University on 01/13/13. For personal use only. rates between populations are due in part to frequency differences in Copyright c 2010 by Annual Reviews. disease-causing genetic variants. In admixed populations, these genetic All rights reserved variants occur more often on chromosome segments inherited from 1527-8204/10/0922-0065$20.00 the ancestral population with the higher disease variant frequency. A ∗This is a work of the U.S. Government and is not genome scan for disease association requires only enough markers to Annu. Rev. Genom. Human Genet. 2010.11:65-89. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org subject to copyright protection in the United identify the ancestral chromosome segments; for recently admixed pop- States.
    [Show full text]
  • Cardiovascular Risk Among Urban Aboriginal People
    INDIGENOUS HEALTH INDIGENOUS HEALTH Cardiovascular risk among urban Aboriginal people Peter L Thompson, Pamela J Bradshaw, Margherita Veroni and Edward T Wilkes NATIONAL HEALTH STATISTICS reveal ABSTRACT the continuing poor cardiovascular health of Indigenous Australians1. Adult Objective: To describe the results of a program for detecting high cardiovascular risk Aboriginal people have a life expectancy in an urban Aboriginal community. 10–14 years shorter than non-Aborigi- Design: Cardiovascular risk assessment program conducted between January 1998 The Medical Journal of Australia ISSN: nal Australians, primarily due to cardio- and October 1999. Participants completed a questionnaire and underwent a physical 0025-729X 4 August 2003 179 3 143-146 vascular disease. Although the 2001 assessment and biochemical tests. ©The Medical Journal1 of Australia 2003 Nationalwww.mja.com.au Health Survey included data Participants: 738 self-selected members of the Perth Aboriginal community (332 Indigenous Health on self-reported health behaviours in men, 406 women; age range, 18–79 years). Indigenous populations by region, there are no detailed data on the patterns of Results: The participants represented approximately a fifth of the Perth Aboriginal cardiovascular risk in urban Aboriginal population aged 25–64 years (those aged 18–24 years comprised < 5% of Aboriginals populations. aged 15–24 years in Perth). Eighty-four per cent fell within National Heart Foundation The Western Australian Centre for “high risk” or “highest risk” categories for cardiovascular disease; 15% of men and 6% Aboriginal Cardiovascular Health, of women had an absolute risk of a cardiovascular event of over 15% within 10 years. established in 1997 to determine the A high proportion of participants reported diabetes, hypertension, smoking, overweight feasibility of detecting people at high and obesity.
    [Show full text]