DOCSLIB.ORG

Obesity: a Real Global Health Concern

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Obesity: a Real Global Health Concern Gautam Rawal and Sankalp Yadav et al. / International Journal Of Advances In Case Reports, 2015;2(17):1097-1101. e - ISSN - 2349 - 8005 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CASE REPORTS Journal homepage: www.mcmed.us/journal/ijacr OBESITY: A REAL GLOBAL HEALTH CONCERN Gautam Rawal1* and Sankalp Yadav2 1Attending Consultant-Critical Care, Rockland Hospital, Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi, India. 2General Duty Medical Officer-II, Chest Clinic Moti Nagar, North Delhi Municipal Corporation, New Delhi, India. Corresponding Author:- Gautam Rawal E-mail: [email protected] Article Info ABSTRACT Received 15/07/2015 Obesity, also known as the new world syndrome, is a fast emerging health problem, multi-factorial in Revised 27/07/2015 nature and is associated with various significant diseases like hypertension and other cardiovascular Accepted 25/08/2015 diseases, type-2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apneas, osteoarthritis and few cancers. The management of obesity requires a range of strategies for individuals with existing obesity and also for those who Key words: Body are at high risk of developing obesity. This short review highlights the role of lifestyle modification mass index, Lifestyle which has now become the initial approach for the management of obesity, overweight and many modification, Obese. other associated diseases. INTRODUCTION Obesity is characterized by the accumulation of surgery may provide an additional option in the later stages excess adipose tissue/body fat to the extent that it may for treating obesity (National Institutes of Health) [4]. cause a negative effect on health, thus making it a complex medical condition and not just a cosmetic concern. With its What defines obesity? incidence increasing it is among the most talked about and Overweight and obesity are defined by the WHO pressing issue of public health worldwide in the 21st as an abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may century. The World Health Organization (WHO), in the impair health (World Health Organization. Fact Sheet year 2014, estimated that there are more than 600 million Number 311) [1]. Body mass index (BMI) is an index of obese adults out of total 1.9 billion adults (more than 18 weight-for-height that is used to classify overweight and years of age) who are overweight (World Health obesity in adults because it is simple to calculate and thus Organization. Fact Sheet Number 31) [1], with most of also being used for epidemiological research. BMI is these people in the developed world. The prevalence of defined as a person's weight in kilograms divided by the obesity has doubled between 1980 and 2014 and is now square of his height in meters (kg/m2). becoming an increasing problem of low and middle income As per the WHO (Table 1): countries too, causing an impact on the healthcare system A BMI greater than or equal to 25 is overweight, in these countries (World Health Organization. Fact Sheet A BMI greater than or equal to 30 is obese. Number 311) [1]. Obesity is associated with increased BMI provides the useful population-level measure of incidence of various non-communicable diseases like type- overweight and obesity, as it is the same for both sexes and 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease (stroke and heart for all ages of adults. The drawback being that it may not disease), obstructive sleep apnea, cancer (endometrial, correspond to the same degree of fatness in different breast, and colon), and osteoarthritis (Redinger, Guh et al) individuals. [2,3]. Modest amount of weight loss can improve and/or prevent the health problems associated with obesity. The Waist circumference lifestyle modification is the most important initial step in It is measured in overweight and obese adults to losing weight. Prescription medications or weight-loss assess for abdominal obesity addition to measuring BMI. A 1097 Gautam Rawal and Sankalp Yadav et al. / International Journal Of Advances In Case Reports, 2015;2(17):1097-1101. waist circumference of ≥40 in (102 cm) for men and ≥35 in -Varicose veins (88 cm) for women are considered elevated and indicates -Deep venous thrombosis increased risk of metabolic diseases (Andersson) [5]. Waist circumference measurement is not required in patients with Respiratory disorders BMI ≥35 kg/m2, as individuals with this BMI will also Obstructive sleep apnea, obesity hypoventilation have an elevated waist circumference and are at a high risk syndrome, increased work of breathing giving rise to from their adiposity. dyspnea, increased ventilation-perfusion mismatch due to basal atelectasis of the lungs. Etiology: Obesity is an expression of many different groups Metabolic disorders of conditions having various causes each of which can lead -Hyperlipidemia to obesity. It involves complex links between the genetic, -Diabetes mellitus metabolic and neural frameworks together with behavior, -Insulin resistance physical activity, food habits and socio-cultural -Menstrual irregularities factors(Redinger, National Institutes of Health) [2,4]. The principal cause of obesity and overweight is an energy Management: The lifestyle modification imbalance between calories consumed and calories The goal of treatment of obesity is to prevent expended leading to accumulation of excessive and and/or reverse the complications arising due to obesity abnormal fat (Redinger, National Institutes of Health) (National Institutes of Health, Jensen et al) [4,6]. Weight [2,4]. loss of 5-10% body weight has been shown to significantly reduce the health risks associated with obesity (National Genetic considerations Institutes of Health, Jensen et al) [4,6], which can be Research has shown that genes do play a role in achieved by the lifestyle modifications which now have obesity and it runs in family (Andersson) [5]. Bardet-Biedl become the cornerstone of the treatment not only for syndrome and Prader-Willi syndrome are examples of the obesity but also for other major non-communicable genetic cause of obesity. The genetic factor and behavior diseases like diabetes mellitus and hypertension. This of the individual may both be needed for a person to be requires a multidisciplinary approach by the physician and overweight. In some cases, multiple genes may be the nutritionist and may also include a behavior therapy involved. expert (Jensen et al) [6]. It is recommended that people with a BMI = 30 Environmental factors kg/m2, or those with a BMI of 25.0–29.9 kg/m2 with two or The environmental factors play a crucial role in more disease risk factors, must adhere to lifestyle the development of obesity by unmasking genetic or modification to lose weight. The lifestyle modifications metabolic susceptibilities of the individual. These factors include- dietary modifications/interventions, exercise, and act by increasing the energy intake with a concomitant behavior therapy (Jensen et al) [6]. Some patients may decrease in energy expenditure, thus predisposing the eventually require the addition of pharmacological therapy individual to obesity. Over the last decades there has been or Bariatric surgery, the appropriate application and an increase in physical inactivity due to the increasingly indications for which keep changing. Goals of weight sedentary nature of many forms of work, change in mode reduction: The most important start is to set a goal when of transportation, and increasing urbanization making discussing a weight loss program with an individual obesity a lifestyle disorder. Also, there has been an patient. These include: increase in consumption of energy-dense foods which are also rich in fat content. a. An initial weight reduction goal set at five to seven percent of body weight is most of the time realistic for Diseases and drugs individuals. The clinician identifies and reviews the Some illnesses may also cause obesity or weight individual’s realistic weight loss goal (Foster et al) [7]. gain like Cushing's disease and polycystic ovary syndrome. Some of the drugs such as corticosteroids and b. Aim to prevent any further weight gain and keeping antidepressants may cause weight gain. body weight stable, which is within five pounds of its current level. Obesity-associated diseases and risk factors (Redinger, Guh et al) [2,3]: c. A reduction of five percent of initial body weight and maintenance of this gives good medical results and can Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) reduce risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as -Hypertension hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus (Jensen -Coronary heart disease et al, Douketis et al, Knowler et al) [6,8,9]. -Cerebrovascular disease 1098 Gautam Rawal and Sankalp Yadav et al. / International Journal Of Advances In Case Reports, 2015;2(17):1097-1101. Dietary interventions The rate of weight reduction is directly linked to 3) Commercial weight loss diets/programs. the difference between the individual's energy intake and energy requirements. Diet in obesity is designed so as to Exercise/Physical activity create a negative energy balance (i.e., calories ingested < The calories consumed in physical calories expended) by reducing the calorie intake below the activity/exercise are an important factor in determining the daily requirements which vary according to sex, weight, calorie expenditure and directly relates to the degree of and level of physical activity of the individual (Jensen et weight loss. The various components of energy al, Heymsfield et al) [6,10]. It has been postulated that expenditure are resting (basal)-energy expenditure (REE) approximately 22 kcal/kg is
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Future Role of Molecular and Cell Biology in Medical Practice in the Tropical Countries
    The future role of molecular and cell biology in medical practice in the tropical countries David Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/bmb/article/54/2/489/285007 by guest on 27 September 2021 Molecular and cell biology have a great deal to offer tropical medicine in the future. As well as helping to understand the population genetics and dynamics of both infectious and non-infectious diseases, they promise to provide a new generation of diagnostic and therapeutic agents, and to play a major role in the development of new vaccines and other approaches to the control of disease in tropical communities. Over the last 20 years there has been a gradual shift in the emphasis of basic biomedical research from the study of disease in patients and their organs to its definition at the level of molecules and cells. This new trend has been underpinned by a remarkable new technology which has made it possible to isolate and sequence genes, study their function and transfer them across the species barrier. In the short time during which this field has evolved, a great deal has been discovered about human pathology at the molecular level. Many monogenic diseases have been characterised, much has been learnt about the molecular and cell biology of cancer, and a start has been made in defining the different genes that comprise the complex interactions between nature and nurture that underlie many of the major killers of Western society. Enough is known already to suggest that this knowledge will have major implications for the development of more precise diagnostic and therapeutic agents in the future.
    [Show full text]
  • Dietary Changes, Nutrition, and Health in Australian Aborigines and Other Transitional Societies
    Feeding from Toddlers to Adolescence: edited by Angel Ballabriga, Nestte Nutrition Workshop Series, Vol. 37. Nestec Ltd., Vevey/ Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, © 19%. Dietary Changes, Nutrition, and Health in Australian Aborigines and Other Transitional Societies Michael Gracey Aboriginal Health Division, Health Department of Western Australia; and School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia Today there are more deaths from cardiovascular diseases in the developing world than in the developed countries. After the age of 5, there are as many deaths from cardiovascular diseases as from infectious and parasitic diseases put together (1). Before the emergence of agriculture about 10,000 years ago, humans obtained their food by hunting and gathering. Australian Aborigines were one of the world's largest and most successful hunter-gathering societies and in some remote regions, particu- larly in northern and central Australia where traditional customs have endured, these original methods of obtaining and preparing food are still used, although to a small extent in most places (2,3). Worldwide, hunter-gatherers now constitute less than 0.001% of the world population (4); these were groups in which obesity, non-insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), cardiovascular disease, and other degenera- tive disorders were rare or nonexistent in their traditional state of living. This situation has changed dramatically in many previously traditional societies, including Austra- lian Aborigines, because of the socioeconomic and lifestyle impacts of westernization and so-called modernization. There have been marked environmental changes in most parts of the world since modern humankind emerged 40,000-50,000 years ago; despite these important changes, humans have altered little genetically over that time, which has seen the development of peasant agriculture through to modern farming and food processing, distribution, marketing, and consumption (5).
    [Show full text]
  • New World Syndrome (Obesity) in South India
    Mohan Reddy, 1:12 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/scientificreports.567 Open Access Open Access Scientific Reports Scientific Reports Review Article OpenOpen Access Access New World Syndrome (Obesity) in South India Mohan Reddy N, Kalyana Kumar ch and Kaiser Jamil* Mahavir Medical Research Center, Genetics Department, Masab Tank, Hyderabad-500008, A.P, India Abstract In developed and developing countries overweight and obesity are most prevalent nutritional problems. Indians now report more and more frequently with overweight, obesity, and their consequences. Obesity is not an immediately lethal disease itself, but has a significant risk factor associated with a range of serious non-communicable diseases in south Indian population. Obesity is a major driver for the widely prevalent Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension, Breast cancer and Dyslipidemia disorders. Hence, there is an urgent need to address the trouble and efforts should be made to prevent the epidemic of obesity and its allied health disasters in South India. Effort has been made in this article to review the data published on prevalence and mechanism of specific morbidity conditions in obese population with special reference to South India. Keywords: Obesity; South India; Adolescents; Health consequences; Adolescent obese children in South India Diabesity Various studies indicate that the prevalence of overweight and Introduction obesity amongst children of all ages is increasing in developing countries in the past few decades and studies from India also showed The world health organization has described obesity as one of the increased prevalence of obesity [7]. Indian data regarding current today’s most neglected public health problems, affecting every region trends in childhood obesity are emerging.
    [Show full text]
  • Prediction of Potential-Diabetic Obese-Patients Using Machine Learning Techniques
    (IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 10, No. 8, 2019 Prediction of Potential-Diabetic Obese-Patients using Machine Learning Techniques Raghda Essam Ali1, Hatem El-Kadi2, Soha Safwat Labib3, Yasmine Ibrahim Saad4 Teaching Assistant at Faculty of Computer Science, MSA University Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence, Giza, Egypt1 Associate Professor at Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence, Giza, Egypt2 Associate Professor in Computer Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt3 Associate Professor at Endemic Medicine, Hepatogastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt4 Abstract—Diabetes is a disease that is chronic. Improper 2016 [3]. For non-communicable diseases as: cardiovascular blood glucose control may cause serious complications in diabetic illnesses, diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders, and types of patients as heart and kidney disease, strokes, and blindness. cancers [4], it is a significant risk factor. Weight gain and Obesity is considered to be a massive risk factor of type 2 body mass are essential to type 1 and type 2 diabetes diabetes. Machine Learning has been applied to many medical development and increased incidence. health aspects. In this paper, two machine learning techniques were applied; Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Artificial The definition of overweight and obesity is an Neural Network (ANN) to predict diabetes mellitus. The extraordinary or excessive accumulation of fat that poses a proposed techniques were applied on a real dataset from Al-Kasr health danger. The latest CDC (Center for Disease Control and Al-Aini Hospital in Giza, Egypt. The models were examined Prevention) study demonstrates that the age-adjusted using four-fold cross validation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Early Life Origins of Obesity Related Health Disorders. New Discoveries Regarding the Intergenerational Transmission Of
    AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 57:79–93 (2013) The “Early Life” Origins of Obesity-Related Health Disorders: New Discoveries Regarding the Intergenerational Transmission of Developmentally Programmed Traits in the Global Cardiometabolic Health Crisis Daniel C. Benyshek* Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-5003 KEY WORDS “cardiometabolic syndrome”; epigenetics; multigenerational; transgenerational ABSTRACT Popular media reports concerning the developmental processes and capacities in health and dis- causes of the current global obesity pandemic and its ease even further by investigating the transmissible related sequelae—the cardiometabolic syndrome—are nature of developmentally programmed cardiometabolic often couched in terms of dramatic changes in diet and traits to subsequent generations. In this review, after lifestyle around the world; namely, drastically increasing briefly revisiting the fundamental discoveries of first- dietary intakes of high energy foods and plummeting lev- generation DOHaD research, I consider how recent discov- els of daily physical activity—the hallmarks of the so eries regarding the transmissibility of developmentally called “nutrition transition.” Far less attention is generally acquired traits are providing new insights into the current drawn to the important role phenotypic plasticity during global cardiometabolic pandemic, and how a better under- early life (i.e., “developmental programming”) plays in the standing of developmental programming—including cardiometabolic health crisis. Recently, however, research- transmissibility—are essential for the conceptualization ers working within the field of the developmental origins and implementation of public health initiatives aimed at of health and disease (DOHaD) and epigenetics have stemming this global health crisis. Am J Phys Anthropol extended our understanding of the role played by these 57:79–93, 2013.
    [Show full text]
  • Lessons from the Three Domains Influencing Pima Diabetes Carolyn M
    Human Organization. Vol. 63. No. 1,2004 Reducing Diabetes in Indian Country: Lessons from the Three Domains Influencing Pima Diabetes Carolyn M. Smith-Morris The prevalence of diabetes among Pima (Akimel O'odham) Indians involves three important domains: political-economic, -eenetic. and cultural. Proerams in diabetes education have made noteworthv, imnrovements . in the last two decades in addressing- cultural information and attitudes. It is less common to see political-economic factors addressed, particularly the structural barriers to care that include poverty and unemployment. The genetic contributions to modem rates of diabetes have, perhaps, been overemphasized in the past, contributing to a sense that this disease is inevitable in American Indian populations. I review six lessons drawn from these domains and from diabetes prevention and treatment programs in Indian country: 1) the basic importance of cultural sensitivity; 2) the strengths of community participation; 3) the influential but not dominant significance of genetics; 4) some relevant structural changes in forms of health care; 5) fee need for political-economic change within tribes to sustain communitywide change; and 6) the significance of a stable financial foundation for diabetes programs. Key words: diabetes, political economy, community participation, Pima Indians imaIndians are better known aroundthe world for their 1990; Scheder 1988). Diabetes-related conditions account for diabetes than for their culture and history. More than 19.5 percent of all (age-adjusted) Pima deaths-four times Phalf of all Pima Indians over age 35 have diabetes, a that ofwhites and two times that of blacks in the United States condition arising from a body's decreased ability to metabo- (Newman et al.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Feeding Obese Rats by Bee Bread on IL-6 Expression in Rat Stomach †
    Proceedings The Effects of Feeding Obese Rats by Bee Bread on IL-6 Expression in Rat Stomach † Zuleyha Doganyigit 1,*, Birkan Yakan 2 and Emin Kaymak 1 1 Histology-Embryology Department, Medical Faculty, Bozok University, 66100 Yozgat, Turkey; [email protected] 2 Histology-Embryology Department, Medical Faculty, Erciyes Universıty, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +90-0535-749-5772 † Presented at the 2nd International Cell Death Research Congress, Izmir, Turkey, 1–4 November 2018. Published: 5 December 2018 Abstract: The aim of this project was the determination of the effect of bee bread supplement in diets of obese rats on interleukin 6 immunreactivity. This study has been shown that bee bread against obesity with a high-fat diet reduces IL-6 expression in the stomach. Keywords: obesity; IL-6; stomach 1. Introduction Obesity is a global public health priority. With the improvement of people’s standard of living, the number of obese Chinese has grown to an annual rate of 38.1% over the past several years [1]. Obesity is currently one of the major health concerns in developed countries. With more than 1.9 billion people now obese or overweight, the eventual impact of expected adverse events such as diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, cardiac failure, reflux, and major orthopedic problems, will take a major toll on public health [2,3]. Obesity, which is defined as the “New World Syndrome”, is one of the most important problems of the modern age. The prevalence of obesity in all age groups is observed throughout the World [4].
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Synopsis|2018 INTRODUCTION Earlier in India where under-nutrition was a biggest challenge today it is facing a dual burden of Malnutrition on extreme edges. Where undernutrion is on one edge, Obesity is the other extreme edge impacting drastically the “Weight of Nation”, associated comorbidities and the healthcare cost !!! (WHO, 2017; Karla & Unnikrishnan, 2012). At simplest level we all know that, obesity is a mismatch between the energy intake and expenditure but it’s not as simple as it seems. Unfortunately, if we look at the data over last 3 decades we have seen increase in obesity prevalence and current scenario has forced healthcare professionals to declare obesity as a “Disease”. In last two decades there have been various terminologies coined for the word “Obesity” based on its exploding prevalence rates and associated co-morbidities. To name a few, it has been termed as “New World Syndrome” (Mohan et.al., 2012), “Globesity” (WHO, 2001) and “Diabesity” (Ethan, 1973). Now it’s time to consider newer approaches to evaluate, diagnose and to combat this epidemic of obesity. Recently, in 2017 according to a new position statement released by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE, 2017) and the American College of Endocrinology (ACE, 2017) Obesity has bagged one more diagnostic term named “ABCD – Adiposity – Based Chronic Disease”. Since BMI being a one dimensional approach and unable to differentiate between fat and muscles, authors find BMI a bit vague as a sole diagnostic tool and have emphasized more on “complications-centric” three pronged approach that considers assessment of excess body fat in terms of amount, distribution and its physiologic impact on health (Kedist, 2017).
    [Show full text]
  • Awareness of Complications of Obesity in Young Individuals
    IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) e-ISSN: 2279-0853, p-ISSN: 2279-0861.Volume 15, Issue 8 Ver. V (August. 2016), PP 06-08 www.iosrjournals.org Awareness of Complications of Obesity in Young Individuals Anto Gnana Delasalle M1, (Col) Arunachalam2, Sharol Asma Menezes3 1PG Resident, Department of General Medicine, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore 2Professor, Department of General Medicine, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore 3Senior Resident, Department of General Medicine, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore Abstract: Obesity is a leading cause of morbidity worldwide. As per WHO data in 2008, 1.4 billion persons aged 20 years and above were obese. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, ischemic heart disease, stroke, gall bladder stones, osteoarthritis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are some of the common complications of obesity. Awareness of these complications is very essential among young individuals. The study included a 100 individuals attending out-patient services of Father Muller Medical College Hospital by convenience sampling. Most participants were aware about complications of obesity such as joint pains, risk of developing diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, coronary artery disease, asthma, obstructive sleep apnea and depression. There was no significant body image misperception among the participants in this study. Many participants in our study felt that obesity has a genetic factor because of which obesity cannot be prevented. Community wide efforts to increase awareness and promote environments that encourage physical activity and healthy nutrition are needed. These measures could probably reduce this misperception. Keywords: Obesity, Awareness of complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Metabolic Syndrome, Dyslipidemia I. Introduction And Need For The Study Obesity is a leading cause of morbidity worldwide.
    [Show full text]
  • Metabolic Syndrome — a Useful Concept 185
    Metabolic Syndrome — A Useful Concept 185 Metabolic Syndrome — 32 A Useful Concept YP MUNJAL INTRODUCTION ‘Metabolic Syndrome’. Five Risk Factors of Metabolic Origin (obesity, dyslipidemia, dysglycemia, prothrom- In the 20th century, cardiovascular disease (CVD) botic and pro-inflammatory states) commonly are seen was identified as the major cause of morbidity and together and have a metabolic basis. This constellation mortality in the developed world. During this period confers additional risk of developing diabetes type 2 and there was considerable effort to understand the under- cardiovascular disease. The main point of contention has lying biology of the disease and to identify the been the changing figures for obesity estimation based contributing risk factors. As risk factors were identified, on ethnicity, the changing blood pressure levels and it became apparent that more than one was often present blood sugar levels as well as the lipid levels. Though in the same individual. Toward the end of the century, this has been raised as a major issue, but if we look at the clustering of CVD risk factors was first described, various other syndromes, this phenomenon is not most notably the simultaneous presence of obesity, type uncommon especially in relation to hypertension 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension1-3. whereas the diagnosis of hypertension has seen a sea- Although insulin resistance (i.e., resistance to insulin- change. The other associated features and abnormalities stimulated glucose uptake) as a feature of type 2 diabetes seen in these patients, which are gaining importance, was first described many years earlier4, hyperinsu- are polycystic ovarian syndrome and acanthosis linemia was also found to be a key feature of type 2 nigricans on nape of neck and non-alcoholic hepatic diabetes5,6, as well as hyperlipidemia7-9, obesity10-13, and steatosis.
    [Show full text]
  • Admixture Mapping
    GG11CH04-Winkler ARI 4 August 2010 16:2 ANNUAL REVIEWS Further Admixture Mapping Click here for quick links to ∗ Annual Reviews content online, including: Comes of Age • Other articles in this volume • Top cited articles 1 1 • Top downloaded articles Cheryl A. Winkler, George W. Nelson, • Our comprehensive search and Michael W. Smith2 1Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, NCI Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 2Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet. 2010. 11:65–89 Key Words First published online as a Review in Advance on mapping by admixture linkage disequilibrium, risk loci, genetic July 1, 2010 mapping, hidden Markov chain, health disparities The Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics is online at genom.annualreviews.org Abstract This article’s doi: Admixture mapping is based on the hypothesis that differences in disease 10.1146/annurev-genom-082509-141523 by Fordham University on 01/13/13. For personal use only. rates between populations are due in part to frequency differences in Copyright c 2010 by Annual Reviews. disease-causing genetic variants. In admixed populations, these genetic All rights reserved variants occur more often on chromosome segments inherited from 1527-8204/10/0922-0065$20.00 the ancestral population with the higher disease variant frequency. A ∗This is a work of the U.S. Government and is not genome scan for disease association requires only enough markers to Annu. Rev. Genom. Human Genet. 2010.11:65-89. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org subject to copyright protection in the United identify the ancestral chromosome segments; for recently admixed pop- States.
    [Show full text]
  • Cardiovascular Risk Among Urban Aboriginal People
    INDIGENOUS HEALTH INDIGENOUS HEALTH Cardiovascular risk among urban Aboriginal people Peter L Thompson, Pamela J Bradshaw, Margherita Veroni and Edward T Wilkes NATIONAL HEALTH STATISTICS reveal ABSTRACT the continuing poor cardiovascular health of Indigenous Australians1. Adult Objective: To describe the results of a program for detecting high cardiovascular risk Aboriginal people have a life expectancy in an urban Aboriginal community. 10–14 years shorter than non-Aborigi- Design: Cardiovascular risk assessment program conducted between January 1998 The Medical Journal of Australia ISSN: nal Australians, primarily due to cardio- and October 1999. Participants completed a questionnaire and underwent a physical 0025-729X 4 August 2003 179 3 143-146 vascular disease. Although the 2001 assessment and biochemical tests. ©The Medical Journal1 of Australia 2003 Nationalwww.mja.com.au Health Survey included data Participants: 738 self-selected members of the Perth Aboriginal community (332 Indigenous Health on self-reported health behaviours in men, 406 women; age range, 18–79 years). Indigenous populations by region, there are no detailed data on the patterns of Results: The participants represented approximately a fifth of the Perth Aboriginal cardiovascular risk in urban Aboriginal population aged 25–64 years (those aged 18–24 years comprised < 5% of Aboriginals populations. aged 15–24 years in Perth). Eighty-four per cent fell within National Heart Foundation The Western Australian Centre for “high risk” or “highest risk” categories for cardiovascular disease; 15% of men and 6% Aboriginal Cardiovascular Health, of women had an absolute risk of a cardiovascular event of over 15% within 10 years. established in 1997 to determine the A high proportion of participants reported diabetes, hypertension, smoking, overweight feasibility of detecting people at high and obesity.
    [Show full text]