Women in Politics Opinion Research Report Istanbul, September 2006

WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

CONTENTS

1 RESEARCH TEAM ...... 4 2 INTRODUCTION ...... 5 3 AIM OF THE STUDY ...... 7 4 METHODOLOGY AND SAMPLE ...... 8 4.1 METHODOLOGY ...... 8 4.2 SAMPLE ...... 11 4.2.1 GEOGRAPHICAL REGION THAT THE INTERVIEWS WERE DONE ...... 11 4.2.2 SETTLEMENT THAT THE INTERVIEWS WERE DONE ...... 12 4.2.3 THE CITIES THAT THE INTERVIEWS WERE DONE...... 12 4.2.4 THE TOWNS THAT THE INTERVIEWS WERE DONE ...... 14 4.2.5 THE DISTRICTS AND THE VILLAGES THAT THE INTERVIEWS WERE DONE 16 4.2.6 AGE OF RESPONDENT ...... 18 4.2.7 EDUCATION LEVEL OF RESPONDENT ...... 19 4.2.8 GENDER OF RESPONDENT ...... 19 4.2.9 OCCUPATION OF RESPONDENT ...... 20 4.2.10 MARITAL STATUS OF RESPONDENT ...... 21 4.2.11 HOUSEHOLD SIZE ...... 21 4.2.12 CHILDREN OF RESPONDENT...... 22 4.2.13 LIVING AREA OF RESPONDENT AND IMMIGRATION ...... 23 4.2.14 PARTICIPATION IN ACTIVE POLITICS OF RESPONDENT ...... 26 4.2.15 OPINION LEADERSHIP RATING (COGNITIVE MOBILIZATION) ...... 27 5 SUMMARY OF RESULTS ...... 30 6 FINDINGS ...... 36 6.1 INCREASE IN NUMBER OF FEMALE POLITICIANS IN THE POLITICAL DECISION MAKING MECHANISM ...... 36 6.1.1 WHY MORE WOMEN IN POLITICS? ...... 42 6.1.2 WHY LESS WOMEN IN POLITICS? ...... 46 6.2 THE ENTRANCE OF THE FAMILY MEMBER IN POLITICS ...... 50 6.3 NUMBER OF FEMALE POLITICIANS TURKISH GRAND NATIONAL ASSEMBLY ...... 59 6.3.1 IN YOUR OPINION, WHAT ARE THE REASONS THAT WOMEN IN TURKEY ARE UNDER REPRESENTED IN POLITICAL DECISION MAKING MECHANISMS? ...... 63 6.4 POLICY AREA WHICH TURKEY WILL RAPIDLY PROGRESS IN WITH AN INCREASE IN WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN POLITICS ...... 73 6.5 POLITICAL CHOOSES ...... 84 6.5.1 POLITICAL SPECTRUM IN TURKEY ...... 84 6.5.2 THE POLITICAL CHOICES ON 3 NOVEMBER 2002 ...... 86 6.5.3 3 THE REASONS OF POLITICAL CHOICES ON 3 NOVEMBER 2002 ...... 87 6.5.4 POLICY PRIORITY OF POLITICAL PARTIES ...... 91 6.5.5 THE POLITICAL CHOICES OF TODAY ...... 93

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6.5.6 THE REASONS OF TODAY’S THE POLITICAL CHOICES ...... 96 6.6 POLITICAL CHOOSES AND FEMALE POLITICIANS ...... 99 6.6.1 SATISFACTION LEVEL FROM SUPPORTED POLITICAL PARTY’S IN REGARDS TO GENDER EQUALITY AND POLITICAL RIGHTS OF WOMEN ...... 99 6.6.2 THE REASONS OF DISSATISFACTION RELATED WITH THE POLICIES OF THE SUPPORTED POLITICAL PARTY REGARDING WOMEN EQUALITY AND POLITICAL RIGHTS OF WOMEN...... 101 6.6.3 THE EFFECT OF WOMEN’S NUMBER IN POLITICAL PARTY ...... 103 6.7 IMPLEMENTING GENDER QUOTAS IN POLITICAL PARTIES’ REGULATIONS ...... 110 6.7.1 SUPPORT OF IMPLEMENTING GENDER QUOTAS ...... 110 6.7.2 NECESSITY OF IMPLEMENTING GENDER QUOTAS ...... 118 6.7.3 CONFIDENCE OF IMPLEMENTING GENDER QUOTAS ...... 126 6.8 THE INSTITUTIONS WHICH WILL BE HELPFUL IN ORDER TO CHANGE THE GENDER INEQUALITY IN POLITICAL DECISION MAKING MECHANISMS 128

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1 RESEARCH TEAM

THIS RESEARCH REPORT HAS BEEN PREPARED BY KONSENSUS RESEARCH AND CONSULTANCY FOR UNDP

Murat Sarı Managing Director

Reha Tartıcı Communication Coordinator

Canan Kalkan Fieldwork Executive

This research project has been conducted in coordination with

Yeşim Oruç and Aslı Şahin from UNDP

Konsensus Research & Consultancy, is a member of ESOMAR (The World Association of Research Professionals) and Türkiye Pazarlama ve Kamuoyu Araştırmaları Derneği (Market and Public Opinion Researchers Association of Turkey) and it conducts its studies within the frame of the professional and ethical rules of these associations. This report can not be duplicated, published in press and information media and can not be shown to third persons without the permission of Konsensus Research & Consultancy

KONSENSUS RESEARCH & CONSULTANCY GAYRETTEPE, VEFA BEY SOKAK AK APARTMANI NO:2 DAIRE:3 34349 BEŞIKTAŞ-İSTANBUL TEL: +90 212 288 17 80 FAX: +90 212 274 18 70 E-MAIL: [email protected] İNTERNET SAYFASI: WWW.CONSENSUS.COM.TR

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2 INTRODUCTION

The Country Program Document (CPD) of the Government of Turkey and the UNDP identifies gender inequalities in social, political and economic empowerment. The CPD further describes women in this country as a disadvantaged social group who “have been excluded from involvement in public, political, and economic life resulting in exclusion from economic opportunities and limited political representation and empowerment.” (CPD, 2006-2010)

The Millennium Development Goal Report (MDGR) of the Government of Turkey acknowledges unequal access of women to political decision making as a shortcoming of Turkey’s democratic practice:

“Participation of women in the political decision-making mechanism is one of the crucial elements of democracy. However, Turkey is still far from claiming gender equality in politics, where there is a major problem of gender representation. Although the promotion of women in the Turkish Grand National Assembly has more than doubled from 1.8 to 4.4 within twelve years, women currently hold only 24 seats in the 550-member parliament. Women are grossly under-represented in political decision- making in Turkey.” (MDGR 2005)

The Government’s MDG Report also recognizes that progressive legal action is necessary to enable Turkish women to have a level playing field with men in all areas of social, political and economic life: “It is only with such a progressive legal approach that women will be able to play their full part on an equal footing with men. To achieve equality in the family, at work, in the political and civil rights arenas, and in social and cultural life, the primary strategy is the definition and implementation of the principle of equal rights and opportunities for both sexes.” (MDGR 2005)

The Government’s MDG Report also sets specific targets for women’s political empowerment under the MDG Goal 3:

Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament Target 1991 1995 1999 2002 2015 Proportion of Women 1.8 2.4 4.2 4.4 17 Parliamentarians (%) Parliamentary seats occupied by 8 13 23 24 94 women (Source: MDGRR 2005)

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Formal acknowledgement of women’s empowerment through legislative activism in order to advance democratic practice is a relatively new phenomenon in Turkey. The women’s movement – a loosely associated group of women’s activists including feminist and other perspectives- had made similar diagnosis and proposals in the period leading up to the 2002 general elections. Their proposals run the gamut from women’s quotas in party tickets to a total re-haul of the electoral laws. None of these proposals however have had the required political support in order for legislative change.

Despite the Government’s formal endorsement of legal activism for gender equality in the MDGR, the project at hand is based on the assumption that neither the electoral laws nor the political party system will change dramatically in the period leading up to the 2007 general elections. In the absence of such legislative change, potential women candidates to the 2007 elections will require support in order to exercise their basic right to stand for elections. The capacity gaps exist both within political parties and the grass roots social structures that can support female candidates. Essentially, the political parties do not have the tools –such as toolkits, training material, guidance material – tailored to the special needs of female candidates. Potential candidates do not possess the necessary knowledge and skills to maneuver the complexities of the candidacy registration process and often are discouraged by the seeming “insider” knowledge required to be able to do so. The project will address these capacity gaps while tackling the broader issues of political empowerment of women through continued policy dialogue.

And in accordance with this, in order to make it become the basis of future studies, UNDP has planned to have a research related with the perception of women in politics in Turkey.

Konsensus Research and Consultancy is one of the leading institutions in its sector with its experienced crew on political and social researches. Konsensus is the contract research association of the European Union for the Eurobarometer for Candidate Country (CCEB) research project executed in 13 candidate countries1 between September 2001 and March 2004 in partnership with the Gallup Organization Consultancy Company.

Konsesus has declared that parliamentarians of only two parties will enter the Turkish National Grand Assembly (TBMM) in the General Turkish Parliamentarian Elections of November 2002 two months prior to the elections. Later, it was the only research association in the Siirt Parliamentarian renewal elections of March 9, 2003 to estimate the election results with a very small margin of error1 3 days prior to the election and it was the research association to make the best prediction in the three major cities and in the Beşiktaş and Beykoz administrative districts in the elections of March 2004.

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Konsensus Research and Consultancy is trying to determine Turkish Public Opinion about “Women in Politics” with this research it conducts in the name of UNDP.

3 AIM OF THE STUDY

The main aim of the research is to determine how the Turkish society perceives the participation of women in politics. The following matters were considered at length in the perspective of this main aim.

 Political opinion leadership  Expectations about the increase in the number of women in political decision making mechanisms  Perception of family members going into active politics  The number of women politicians in TBMM  The changes that the increase in women politicians will create in Turkish politics  Political preferences  The role of the number of women politicians in political preferences  Point of view about gender inequality in TBMM  Point of view about the women's quota that needs to be appended to the statutes of the Political parties.  Associations that might be able to resolve the gender inequality in politics

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4 METHODOLOGY AND SAMPLE

4.1 METHODOLOGY

The research has been carried out in the urban and rural areas of Turkey on 1000 people who are 18 or older with face to face interviews conducted in households. The incidence levels within the 95% reliability point are ±3%. This incidence level increases with respect to regions. The interviews were conducted with target persons selected according to random household selection rules between 08:00-22:00 in week days and between 08:00-22:00 on weekends.

TIME PERIOD THAT THE INTERVIEWS WERE DONE

160

140 140 134 130 121 120 112 105 100

80 77

65 60

51

40 32

20 15 11 1 6 0 08:00- 09:00- 10:00- 11:00- 12:00- 13:00- 14:00- 15:00- 16:00- 17:00- 18:00- 19:00- 20:00- 21:00- 08:59 09:59 10:59 11:59 12:59 13:59 14:59 15:59 16:59 17:59 18:59 19:59 20:59 21:59

The fieldwork team is comprised of a total of 99 persons, 17 being supervisors and 82 being interviewers. During the field work interviewers were held responsible from making the interviews and the supervisors were held responsible to check 30% of the interviews made by the interviewers connected with them. During the field study of the research female survey takers conducted 597 interviews and male survey takers conducted 403 interviews. The field team worked with Konsensus identification cards during the field study. The fact that the research was being made in the name of UNDP was concealed.

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A questionnaire that will take 15-20 minutes and will not be misleading was prepared by UNDP with the contribution of Konsensus. In order to eliminate the errors that might occur during the data collection and sampling exercise, 30 pilot interviews were conducted and some questions were precluded. Technical errors were updated during this pilot study. After these updates and after receiving approval for the question form from UNDP the field study commenced on July 9, 2006.

TIME PERIOD THAT THE INTERVIEWS WERE DONE

160 149

140

120

103 100 98

82 82 80 79

70

60 60 59 58 52 49

40

20 20 15 11 3 10 0

29.07.06 30.07.06 31.07.06 01.08.06 02.08.06 03.08.06 04.08.06 05.08.06 06.08.06 07.08.06 08.08.06 09.08.06 10.08.06 11.08.06 12.08.06 13.08.06 14.08.06 15.08.06

After the fieldwork all the data collected during the interviews were edited. The interviews that were found to be erroneous were eliminated and that particular interview was repeated. 152 interviews were cancelled as a result of these controls and repeated. 15 control staff members were assigned for the controls. 30% of the interviews were conducted by telephonic conversation.

No major problems, in reference to the content of the interview, were encountered during the field study. In some cases, it was not permitted to conduct the survey in some villages due to special security reasons. Suitable replacements were found and the survey was conducted.

No difficulty was experienced especially in finding people willing to answer the questionnaire in regard to this project. Due to the nature of the survey the people’s approach has been positive. The same observations apply to the study conducted in the villages. It was observed that the participation and answers of the source persons were sincere throughout the field study.

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Data entry was facilitated with a program prepared with “FoxPro 2.6 for DOS”. All logical controls were made during data entry by this program developed especially for this research. Data entry was made concomitantly during the face-to-face interviews.

The question form comprised of a total of 40 questions 27 of which was closed end, 4 was scaled, 4 was open-ended, 3 semi-open end, 3 source person questions and Konsensus personnel information. Each interview lasted an average of 18 minutes. And the entry of the data for one interview took 2 minutes 51 seconds on the average. The logical controls, which were impossible to make with the program, were subjected to SPSS 11” analysis after the data entry and all the internal inconsistencies were removed. Later 25% of the interviews were reexamined and the data quality was enhanced.

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4.2 SAMPLE

4.2.1 GEOGRAPHICAL REGION THAT THE INTERVIEWS WERE DONE

Geographical region that Frequency Percent the interviews were done Mediterranean 140 14,0 Eastern Anatolia 100 10,0 Aegean 130 13,0 Southeastern Anatolia 100 10,0 Central Anatolia 180 18,0 Blacksea 120 12,0 Marmara 230 23,0 Total 1000 100,0

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE Mediterranean 14% Marmara Eastern Anatolia 23% 10%

Aegean 13% Blacksea 12%

Southeastern Anatolia Central Anatolia 10% 18%

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4.2.2 SETTLEMENT THAT THE INTERVIEWS WERE DONE

The settlement unit that Frequency Percent the interviews were done Urban 650 65,0 Rural 350 35,0 Total 1000 100

THE SETTLEMENT UNIT THAT THE INTERVIEWS WERE DONE Rural 35% Urban 65%

4.2.3 THE CITIES THAT THE INTERVIEWS WERE DONE The interviews are conducted in 26 cities, which can represent Turkey. These cities are the Level 2 regions in statistical regional distribution of Turkey.

THE CITIES THAT THE INTERVIEWS WERE DONE

Kırklareli

Bartın Kastamonu Sinop Zonguldak 20 Tekirdağ İstanbul Artvin 20 Samsun Ardahan 130 Karabük 20 40 Edirne Kocaeli Düzce Trabzon Rize 30 Ordu Giresun 40 Yalova Çankırı Amasya Sakarya Kars Bolu Gümüşhane Çorum Tokat Bursa Erzurum Çanakkale Bilecik Bayburt Iğdır 30 20 Balıkesir Ağrı Kırıkkale 20 Ankara Erzincan 20 Eskişekir 30 Sivas 60 Yozgat

Kütahya Kırşehir Tunceli Bingöl Muş Manisa Kayseri 40 Afyon 50 Uşak Nevşehir Elazığ Van İzmir Malatya Bitlis 30 50 Aksaray 30 Konya Diyarbakır 40 Aydın Siirt Denizli Niğde 40 Isparta K.Maraş Batman Adıyaman Hakkari Burdur Şırnak Mardin Muğla 30 Adana Şanlıurfa Antalya Osmaniye Karaman 50 40 40 Gaziantep 30 Kilis Mersin

Hatay 50

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City Frequency Percent Adana 50 5,0 Agri 20 2,0 Ankara 60 6,0 Antalya 40 4,0 Aydin 40 4,0 Balikesir 20 2,0 Bursa 30 3,0 Erzurum 20 2,0 Gaziantep 30 3,0 Hatay 50 5,0 Istanbul 130 13,0 Izmir 50 5,0 Kastamonu 20 2,0 Kayseri 50 5,0 Kocaeli 30 3,0 Konya 40 4,0 Malatya 30 3,0 Manisa 40 4,0 Mardin 30 3,0 Samsun 40 4,0 Tekirdag 20 2,0 Trabzon 40 4,0 Sanliurfa 40 4,0 Van 30 3,0 Zonguldak 20 2,0 Kirikkale 30 3,0 Total 1000 100,0

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4.2.4 THE TOWNS THAT THE INTERVIEWS WERE DONE

The interviews are conducted in 68 towns.

Town Frequency Percent Adana-Seyhan 30 3,0 Adana-Yuregir 20 2,0 Agri-Diyadin 10 1,0 Agri-Dogubeyazit 10 1,0 Ankara-Cankaya 10 1,0 Ankara-Elmadag 10 1,0 Ankara-Kecioren 20 2,0 Ankara-Mamak 20 2,0 Antalya-Korkuteli 20 2,0 Antalya-Merkez 10 1,0 Antalya-Merkez Muratpasa 10 1,0 Aydin-Buharkent 10 1,0 Aydin-Merkez 20 2,0 Aydin-Soke 10 1,0 Balikesir-Burhaniye 10 1,0 Balikesir-Merkez 10 1,0 Bursa-Merkez 10 1,0 Bursa-Nilufer 10 1,0 Bursa-Yildirim 10 1,0 Erzurum-Ilıca 10 1,0 Erzurum-Merkez 10 1,0 Gaziantep-Merkez 10 1,0 Gaziantep-Nizip 10 1,0 Gaziantep-Sahinbey 10 1,0 Hatay-Iskenderun 20 2,0 Hatay-Merkez 30 3,0 Istanbul-Avcilar 10 1,0 Istanbul-Beyoglu 10 1,0 Istanbul-Buyukcekmece 10 1,0 Istanbul-Eminonu 10 1,0 Istanbul-Gaziosmanpasa 50 5,0 Istanbul-Kadikoy 20 2,0 Istanbul-Kartal 10 1,0 Istanbul-Sisli 10 1,0 Izmir-Bornova 10 1,0 Izmir-Buca 10 1,0 Izmir-Konak 20 2,0 Izmir-Merkez 10 1,0 Kastamonu-Arac 10 1,0 Town (cont.) Frequency Percent Kastamonu-Tosya 10 1,0

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Kayseri-Caucasian 10 1,0 Kayseri-Melikgazi 40 4,0 Kirikkale-Merkez 20 2,0 Kirikkale-Yahsihan 10 1,0 Kocaeli-Gebze 20 2,0 Kocaeli-Merkez 10 1,0 Konya-Cumra 10 1,0 Konya-Karatay 10 1,0 Konya-Merkez 20 2,0 Malatya-Colakli 10 1,0 Malatya-Merkez 10 1,0 Malatya-Yesilyurt 10 1,0 Manisa-Merkez 40 4,0 Mardin-Mazidagi 10 1,0 Mardin-Nusaybin 20 2,0 Samsun-Bafra 10 1,0 Samsun-Carsamba 10 1,0 Samsun-Merkez 10 1,0 Samsun-Terme 10 1,0 Sanliurfa-Merkez 20 2,0 Sanliurfa-Siverek 20 2,0 Tekirdag-Corlu 10 1,0 Tekirdag-Hayrabolu 10 1,0 Trabzon-Akcaabat 20 2,0 Trabzon-Arsin 10 1,0 Trabzon-Of 10 1,0 Van-Caldiran 10 1,0 Van-Catak 20 2,0 Zonguldak-Merkez 20 2,0

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4.2.5 THE DISTRICTS AND THE VILLAGES THAT THE INTERVIEWS WERE DONE

The interviews were conducted in 65 districts and 35 villages, a total of 100 sample points.

District/village Frequency Percent Adana-Seyhan-Kayisli 10 1,0 Adana-Seyhan-Mithatpasa 10 1,0 Adana-Seyhan-Sucuzade 10 1,0 Adana-Yuregir-Merkez-Camilikoy 10 1,0 Adana-Yuregir-Seyhan 10 1,0 Agri-Diyadin-Merkez-Surmelikoc 10 1,0 Agri-Dogubeyazit-Buyukagri 10 1,0 Ankara-Cankaya-Esatoglu 10 1,0 Ankara-Elmadag-Merkez-Hasanoglan 10 1,0 Ankara-Kecioren -Tepebasi 10 1,0 Ankara-Kecioren-Kalaba 10 1,0 Ankara-Mamak-Cengizhan 10 1,0 Ankara-Mamak-Kostence 10 1,0 Antalya-Korkuteli-Karsiyaka 10 1,0 Antalya-Korkuteli-Merkez-Tatkoy 10 1,0 Antalya-Merkez Muratpasa-Kiziltoprak 10 1,0 Antalya-Merkez-Demirtas-Duaci 10 1,0 Aydin-Buharkent-Uceylul 10 1,0 Aydin-Merkez-Merkez-Isikli 10 1,0 Aydin-Merkez-Merkez-Kuyulu Koy 10 1,0 Aydin-Soke-Kemalpasa 10 1,0 Balikesir-Burhaniye-Yunus 10 1,0 Balikesir-Merkez-Cayirhisar 10 1,0 Bursa-Merkez-Merkez-Irfaniye 10 1,0 Bursa-Nilufer-Ataevler 10 1,0 Bursa-Yildirim-Yesil 10 1,0 Erzurum-Ilıca-Yarımcaköyü 10 1,0 Erzurum-Merkez-Dadas 10 1,0 Gaziantep-Merkez-Merkez-Beylerbeyi 10 1,0 Gaziantep-Nizip-Tahtani 10 1,0 Gaziantep-Sahinbey-Kozluca 10 1,0 Hatay-Iskenderun-Merkez-Akarca 10 1,0 Hatay-Iskenderun-Merkez-Pirinclik 10 1,0 Hatay-Merkez-Iplikpazari 10 1,0 Hatay-Merkez-Meydan 10 1,0 Hatay-Merkez-Sehitler 10 1,0 Istanbul-Avcilar-Gumuspala 10 1,0 Istanbul-Beyoglu-Kucukpiyale 10 1,0 Istanbul-Buyukcekmece-Esenyurt 10 1,0 Istanbul-Eminonu-Hocagiyasettin 10 1,0 Istanbul-Gaziosmanpasa-Gazi 10 1,0 Istanbul-Gaziosmanpasa-Karadeniz 10 1,0

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District/village (cont.) Frequency Percent Istanbul-Gaziosmanpasa-Karlitepe 10 1,0 Istanbul-Gaziosmanpasa-Pazarici 10 1,0 Istanbul-Gaziosmanpasa-Zubeydehanim 10 1,0 Istanbul-Kadikoy-Icerenkoy 10 1,0 Istanbul-Kadikoy-Zuhtupasa 10 1,0 Istanbul-Kartal-Yukari 10 1,0 Istanbul-Sisli-Fulya 10 1,0 Izmir-Bornova-Gurpinar 10 1,0 Izmir-Buca-Dumlupinar 10 1,0 Izmir-Konak-Kadifekale 10 1,0 Izmir-Konak-Özgur 10 1,0 Izmir-Merkez-Merkez-Besyolkoyu 10 1,0 Kastamonu-Arac-Merkez-Gemi 10 1,0 Kastamonu-Tosya-Camiatik 10 1,0 Kayseri-Kocasinan-Ugurevler 10 1,0 Kayseri-Melikgazi-Anbar 10 1,0 Kayseri-Melikgazi-Aydinlikevler 10 1,0 Kayseri-Melikgazi-Bogazkopru 10 1,0 Kayseri-Melikgazi-Tinaztepe 10 1,0 Kirikkale-Merkez-Etiler 10 1,0 Kirikkale-Merkez-Kizilirmak 10 1,0 Kirikkale-Yahsihan-Merkez-Haciobali 10 1,0 Kocaeli-Gebze-Mollafeneri-Tepecik 10 1,0 Kocaeli-Gebze-Yeni 10 1,0 Kocaeli-Merkez-Dumlupinar 10 1,0 Konya-Cumra-Meydan 10 1,0 Konya-Karatay-Tasrakaraaslandede 10 1,0 Konya-Merkez-Hatip 10 1,0 Konya-Merkez-Kozagac 10 1,0 Malatya-Colakli-Yenicekoyu 10 1,0 Malatya-Merkez-Tastepe 10 1,0 Malatya-Yesilyurt-Hiroglu 10 1,0 Manisa-Merkez-Arda 10 1,0 Manisa-Merkez-Ishakcelebi 10 1,0 Manisa-Merkez-Selimsahlar 10 1,0 Manisa-Merkez-Yenikoy 10 1,0 Mardin-Mazidagi-Kayalar 10 1,0 Mardin-Nusaybin -Celikyurt 10 1,0 Mardin-Nusaybin-Durakbasi 10 1,0 Samsun-Bafra-Hacinabi 10 1,0 Samsun-Carsamba-Cumhuriyet 10 1,0 Samsun-Merkez-Merkez-Kiran 10 1,0 Samsun-Terme Ilcesi-Yali 10 1,0 Sanliurfa-Merkez-Karakopru 10 1,0 Sanliurfa-Merkez-Topdagi 10 1,0 Sanliurfa-Siverek-Esmercayi 10 1,0 Sanliurfa-Siverek-Yenisehir 10 1,0 Tekirdag-Corlu-Camiatik 10 1,0 Tekirdag-Hayrabolu-Merkez-Danisment 10 1,0 Trabzon-Akcaabat-Derecik 10 1,0 Trabzon-Akcaabat-Merkez-Helvaci 10 1,0

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District/village (cont.) Frequency Percent Trabzon-Arsin-Nuroglu 10 1,0 Trabzon-Of-Yukarikislacik 10 1,0 Van-Caldiran-Merkez-Burcakalan 10 1,0 Van-Catak -Cumhuriyet 10 1,0 Van-Catak-Adnanmenderes 10 1,0 Zonguldak-Merkez-Merkez-Elvanpazarcik 10 1,0 Zonguldak-Merkez-Ondokuzmayis 10 1,0 Total 1000 100,0

4.2.6 AGE OF RESPONDENT

Age of respondent Frequency Percent 18-24 203 20,3 25-29 200 20,0 30-34 153 15,3 35-39 102 10,2 40-44 102 10,2 45-49 58 5,8 50-54 65 6,5 55-59 50 5,0 60+ 62 6,2 No answer 5 0,5 Total 1000 100

N Min. Max. Mean Age of respondent 995 18 77 35,8

AGE OF RESPONDENT No answer 55-59 60+ 6% 1% 50-54 5% 18-24 7% 20% 45-49 6%

40-44 25-29 10% 20%

35-39 10%

30-34 15% Mean:36

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4.2.7 EDUCATION LEVEL OF RESPONDENT

What is the highest level of education or Frequency Percent schooling you have completed? Not a graduate 60 6,0 Graduate of elementary school 427 42,7 Graduate of elementary (middle school) 132 13,2 Graduate of high school 272 27,2 Graduate of higher education + 109 10,9 Total 1000 100,0

EDUCATION OF RESPONDENT Graduate of higher education + Not a graduate 11% 6%

Graduate of high school 27% Graduate of elementary school 43%

Graduate of elementary (middle school) 13%

4.2.8 GENDER OF RESPONDENT

Gender of respondent Frequency Percent Male 499 49,9 Female 501 50,1 Total 1000 100,0

GENDER OF RESPONDENT

Female Male 50% 50%

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4.2.9 OCCUPATION OF RESPONDENT

Occupation of respondent Frequency Percent Not Working 575 57,5 Self Employed 188 18,8 Employed 237 23,7 Total 1000 100,0

OCCUPATION OF RESPONDENT Employed 24%

Not Working 58%

Self Employed 19%

Current occupation Last Occupation

Frequency Percent Frequency Percent NOT WORKING 575 57,5 Responsible for ordinary shopping and looking after the home, or without any 352 35,2 current occupation, not working Student 76 7,6 Unemployed or temporarily not working 54 5,4 Retired or unable to work through illness 93 9,3

SELF EMPLOYED 188 18,8 27 4,7 Farmer 56 5,6 10 1,7 Fisherman 3 0,3 0 0,0 Professional (lawyer, medical practitioner, 3 0,3 1 0,2 accountant, architect, …) Owner of a shop, craftsmen, other self 113 11,3 15 2,6 employed person Business proprietors, owner (full or partner) 13 1,3 1 0,2 of a company

EMPLOYED 237 23,7 143 25,0 Employed professional (employed doctor, 9 0,9 1 0,2 lawyer, accountant, architect) General management, director or top management (Managing directors, director 1 0,1 0 0,0 general, other director) Middle management, other management (department head, junior manager, teacher, 39 3,9 11 1,9 technician) Employed position, working mainly at desk 37 3,7 23 4,0 Employed position, not at desk but traveling 26 2,6 6 1,0 (salesmen, driver, …) Employed position, not at a desk, but in a service job (hospital, restaurant, police, 31 3,1 9 1,6 fireman, …) Skilled manual worker 71 7,1 52 9,0 Skilled manual worker 23 2,3 42 7,3 Never did any paid work 404 70,3 Total 1000 100,0 575 100,0

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4.2.10 MARITAL STATUS OF RESPONDENT

Marital status of respondent Frequency Percent Married 684 68,4 Single 286 28,6 Divorced/Widow 30 3,0 Total 1000 100

MARITAL SATUS OF RESPONDENT

Divorced/Widow 3%

Single 29%

Married 68%

4.2.11 HOUSEHOLD SIZE

Including yourself, how many Frequency Percent members live at your home? 1-2 persons 122 12,2 3-4 persons 428 42,8 5-6 persons 312 31,2 >6 persons 133 13,3 No answer 5 0,5 Total 1000 100,0

N Min. Max. Mean Including yourself, how many members live at your home? 995 1 20 4,6

HOUSEHOLD SIZE >6 persons No answer 13% 1-2 persons 1% 12%

5-6 persons 31% 3-4 persons 43%

Mean:4,6

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-21- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

4.2.12 CHILDREN OF RESPONDENT

Do you have any children? Frequency Percent Have child 671 67,1 Do not have child 329 32,9 Total 1000 100,0

N Min. Max. Mean Total number of children 671 1 13 2,7

DO YOU HAVE ANY CHILDREN? Have children 67%

No child 33%

Mean: 2,7 children

Do you have any children? Frequency Percent Male 155 15,5 Daughter 127 12,7 Son & Daughter 389 38,9 No child 329 32,9 Total 1000 100,0

DO YOU HAVE ANY CHILDREN? Son & Daughter 39%

Son 16%

Daughter 13%

No child 33%

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-22- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

4.2.13 LIVING AREA OF RESPONDENT AND IMMIGRATION

For how long have you been living in Frequency Percent this city? After birth 236 23,6 From birth 762 76,2 No answer 2 0,2 Total 1000 100

LIVING AREA OF RESPONDENT AND IMMIGRATION

After birth 24%

From birth 76%

For how long have you Frequency Percent been living in this city? 1-9 years 83 8,3 10-19 years 106 10,6 20-29 years 326 32,6 30-39 years 216 21,6 >39 years 263 26,3 No answer 6 0,6 Total 1000 100

N Min. Max. Mean For how long have you been living in this city? 994 1 76 30,7

FOR HOW LONG HAVE YOU BEEN LIVING IN THIS CITY? 10-19 years >39 years No answer 1-9 years 11% 26% 1% 8%

30-39 years 22% 20-29 years 33% Mean:32 years

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What is the name of the city Frequency Percent that you are registered at? Adana 48 4,8 Adiyaman 6 0,6 Afyon 3 0,3 Agri 21 2,1 Amasya 1 0,1 Ankara 38 3,8 Antalya 34 3,4 Artvin 8 0,8 Aydin 37 3,7 Balikesir 22 2,2 Bilecik 1 0,1 Bolu 3 0,3 Burdur 2 0,2 Bursa 27 2,7 Canakkale 1 0,1 Cankiri 5 0,5 Corum 3 0,3 Diyarbakir 5 0,5 Edirne 2 0,2 Elazig 5 0,5 Erzincan 6 0,6 Erzurum 20 2 Eskisehir 1 0,1 Gaziantep 28 2,8 Giresun 3 0,3 Gumushane 1 0,1 Hatay 46 4,6 Isparta 1 0,1 Icel 1 0,1 Istanbul 42 4,2 Izmir 29 2,9 Kars 3 0,3 Kastamonu 24 2,4 Kayseri 36 3,6 Kirklareli 3 0,3 Kirsehir 3 0,3 Kocaeli 19 1,9 Konya 42 4,2 Kutahya 1 0,1 Malatya 30 3 Manisa 34 3,4 K.Maras 7 0,7 Mardin 38 3,8

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-24- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

What is the name of the city that you are registered Frequency Percent at?(cont.) Mugla 2 0,2 Mus 3 0,3 Nevsehir 1 0,1 Nigde 4 0,4 The Military 4 0,4 Rize 3 0,3 Sakarya 4 0,4 Samsun 48 4,8 Siirt 4 0,4 Sinop 4 0,4 Sivas 27 2,7 Tekirdag 16 1,6 Tokat 6 0,6 Trabzon 41 4,1 Tunceli 1 0,1 Sanliurfa 38 3,8 Van 32 3,2 Yozgat 8 0,8 Zonguldak 12 1,2 Aksaray 3 0,3 Bayburt 1 0,1 Kirikkale 31 3,1 Batman 2 0,2 Sirnak 1 0,1 Bartin 2 0,2 Ardahan 1 0,1 Igdir 5 0,5 Kilis 1 0,1 Osmaniye 3 0,3 No answer 2 0,2 Total 1000 100

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-25- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

Immigration Status Frequency Percent Did not immigrate 748 74,8 Immigrated 250 25,0 No answer 2 0,2 Total 1000 100,0

IMMIGRATION Did not immigrate 75%

Immigrated 25%

4.2.14 PARTICIPATION IN ACTIVE POLITICS OF RESPONDENT

Have you participated in active politics until now, or are you still a Frequency Percent part of active politics? Yes 104 10,4 No 895 89,5 No answer 1 0,1 Total 1000 100,0

PARTICIPATION IN ACTIVE POLITICS OF RESPONDENT Yes 10%

No 90%

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-26- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

1 4.2.15 OPINION LEADERSHIP RATING (COGNITIVE MOBILIZATION)

What is an “opinion leader”? It is a person who, in the Context of certain social functions, generally exerts more influence on the opinions of others than they exert on him. If all the members of a given social group were equal and substitutable in the influence they exerted on the formation of the opinions, attitudes and behavior of the group, the group would continue to function in some way even if one or other member were to leave it. The leader, on the other hand, is the person who makes things different in a group: as we have said, he influences others more than they influence him – and not only occasionally but in a relatively constant and predictable way.

Both market and opinion research, and more generally surveys by social psychologists, set out top in-point the opinion leaders. There are only three accepted methods of doing this:

1. Sociometric study of the respective influences within a given group; this is practicable only in the laboratory or with small groups. 2. Questioning well-informed journalists, etc, who will name the persons who, in their opinion, exert opinion leadership in a given group. This method suffers from the limitations of the first method and in addition there is the risk that the people named will merely be the official leaders, people with obviously important social functions, rather than real opinion leaders genuinely involved in the activities of the group. 3. Self-selection of the opinion leaders by questionnaire. Fort his purpose opinion leaders are defined as individuals exhibiting certain characteristics generally held to be typical of a “leadership” role, e.g. interest in certain problems and a certain degree of involvement – in both scope and intensity – in the life of the group.

This third method was the one we used; it seemed to be the only practicable one for dealing with surreys based on samples representing large and varied populations.

Analysis of the results obtained during previous surveys showed that it was statistically meaningful to construct an index based on the replies given by all the respondents to two questions, one of them on their propensity to discuss politics with friends and the other on their propensity to convince others of the rightness of opinions which they hold strongly themselves. This index describing a respondent’s opinion leadership rating must not be confused with the concept of institutional leadership, often used by other researchers; to avoid confusion, our index may alternatively be referred to as an index of cognitive mobilization.

1 Definition from Eurobarometer Surveys of European Commission

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-27- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

The index has been constructed to contain four degrees, the highest of which designates those people we shall call opinion leaders (about 14% of the Turkey population) while the lowest corresponds to the non-leaders (about 13%); the two intermediate levels correspond to individuals who show, respectively, slightly more opinion leadership and less opinion leadership than the average.

The following table shows how the opinion leadership rating index has been constructed.

CONVINCING OTHERS…. from DISCUSSING time to don’t POLITICS… often time rarely never know often ++ ++ + + + from time to time + + - - - never ------don’t know ------

Opinion leadership indicator Frequency Percent Opinion Leader (++) 138 13,8 Opinion Leader (+) 471 47,1 Not an opinion Leader (-) 264 26,4 Not an opinion Leader (--) 127 12,7 Total 1000 100,0

OPINION LEADERSHIP RATING Not an opinion Leader (--) 13% Opinion Leader (++) 14%

Not an opinion Leader (-) 26% Opinion Leader (+) 47%

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-28- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

When you hold a strong opinion, do you ever find yourself persuading your friends, relatives or fellow Frequency Percent workers to share your views? Does this happen…? Often 330 33,0 From time to time 402 40,2 Rarely 154 15,4 Never 112 11,2 No opinion 2 0,2 Total 1000 100,0

When you get together with friends, would you say you discuss political Frequency Percent matters... Often 152 15,2 From time to time 584 58,4 Never 264 26,4 Total 1000 100,0

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-29- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

5 SUMMARY OF RESULTS

The most important result of the research is that as is the result of many published researches there is a small amount of women in political decision making mechanisms in Turkey and that the Turkish society is not happy with this situation.

82% of the respondent wants the number of women politicians to increase. Especially the women (90%) and people on the left wing of the political spectrum (91%) give full support to the increase of women politicians. Those who do not want the increase of women politicians with the highest rate (only 23%) are the self-employed people. “Self-employed people” who have emerged as a group that should not be overlooked and should be dealt with specially have given answers in opposition of women to all sorts of questions matching women and politics.

The most important mainstay put forth by those who want the number of women politicians increased is that women have a more developed capacity of taking responsibility (92% within the group – 76% on the general). Politics is the work of those who know how to take responsibility. Those who can not take responsibility can not be successful in politics. The high responsibility taking capability of women necessitates for them to participate more in politics.

The most important mainstay put forth by those who do not want the number of women politicians increased is that women have obligations regarding family, which they must prioritize (91% within the group – 13% on the general). The high capacity of women for taking responsibility brings before them family obligations and this is the most important reason why people want them to be represented less in politics.

While in western democracies “being a politician” is a voluntary matter, in our country “being a politician” has become a profession. The rate of thinking positively about one of the family members being involved in politics is more that 40%. When the respondents were asked “would you approve of your spouse going into politics” 43% replied they would. Women (39%) approve of their husbands going into politics in comparison to men (37%). Here the conclusion is that men do not want to see their wives in politics.

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While 50% says they would approve in replying the question would you approve of your daughter going into politics, for sons this increases to 58%. Here the idea of “gender inequality in politics” is put forth. Nevertheless the number of those who want to see their daughters in politics is more than those who don’t (48%)

20% of the guesses made about the current number of women parliamentarians in the Turkish National Grand Assembly (TBMM) are close to the actual number of parliamentarians. What is interesting here is that men (25%) make better guesses with respect to women (15%). This points out to the fact that large blocks of people, that is women need to be made aware about politics. While 39% of women say that they do not know the number of women parliamentarians in TBMM, 21% of men say that they do not know the number of women parliamentarians in TBMM.

77% of those participating in the research think that the most important reason why women are represented with a small percentage in the decision making process of politics is that “women are not given many chances”.

It is thought that the fastest progress will be achieved in Education (77%), Health (74%) and Human rights problems (73%) as a result of women participation in politics.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-31- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IV I

Solving educational problems Solving problems related to Solving problems related to health human rights

Combating with environment pollution

Solving problems related to democracy Solving social problems Poverty Reduction Solving problems related to justice mechanism

European Union Solving economic problems harmonization period Prevention of wars Solving unemploymet Solving the injustice of Prevention of terrorism problems

income distribution will rapidly will progress in

Solving problems related to foreign relations

Solving infra-structure With woman participation, the policyparticipation,areas woman the With problems III II Priority of Political Parties

In the diagram above window I is composed of the factors that political parties want to be handled in the short run and that are problems in which fast progress can be achieved with the participation of women, window II is composed of factors that political parties want to be handled in the short run in which slower progress will be achieved with respect to other areas with the participation of women, window III is composed of factors that political parties want to be handled in the long run and in which fast progress can be achieved with the participation of women, and window IV is composed of problems political parties want to handle in the medium term in which fast progress can be achieved with the participation of women.

Having more women involved in areas found in window I is indispensable from the point of view of political parties.

The parties that can convince that they will lessen poverty, that they will solve the unemployment problem, that they will solve the education problem, that they will solve the economical problems, that they will solve health problems, and that they will prevent terrorism will be advantageous with respect to their competitors. It is thought that in 3 of these 6 main problems faster progress will be achieved with the participation of women. With straight forward thinking the political parties pointing out that there will be efficient women in the positions of National Education Minister, Health Minister and to a certain extent State Minister in charge of Economy in the probable elections will be starting of with a major advantage.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-32- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

The percentage of those who believe that the participation of women in the political process will make positive changes both in the quality of politics in terms of the way and content of political attitude and also the results obtained in every field is 78%. The grey color of politics will be enlivened with the participation of women in politics.

The percentage of those who are not happy with the policies of the parties they voted for in November 3, 2002, regarding women equality and rights is 16%, the percentage of those who do not have an idea about these policies is 18%. Under the light of these results it is possible to conclude that the present political parties have to create more efficient policies regarding equality of women and women rights and that they have to execute and explain these policies more efficiently.

30% of those who are not happy with the policies of the party they voted for in November 3, 2002 think that the party they voted for has to increase its percentage of women politicians.

While the fact that the percentage of women politicians in one party is higher to those in another increases the votes of that party by 30% it makes them drop by 5%. Straight forward analysis conclusion is that if the number of women politicians in one party is higher than the others this will bring about 25% more of its overall votes to that party.

“Political parties stipulating gender quota by implementing it to their party statute” which is one of the most effective ways of making sure women take part in the decision making mechanisms of politics is supported by 78%.

The belief in the necessity of making legal reforms in the election law to increase the number of women in TBMM is 77%.

The belief that applications about changing the gender inequality in TBMM for an increased representation of women in politics will be realized is less than the two issues explained above. The ratio of those who believe that the applications about changing the gender inequality in TBMM for an increased representation of women in politics will be realized is 52%. Under the light of these results the political parties in TBMM have important responsibilities in making the laws securing the gender inequality in politics. That is because one of the institutions believed to make the most benefit out of a change in the gender inequality in politics is TBMM (68%).

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When the political tendencies in Turkey are examined, a potential of votes

Far exist in the left wing of the political spectrum by 25%, in the Left center 25% and on the right wing by 40%. 6% of those participating in the research said that they did not know their position on the political spectrum. While those supporting DTP, CHP, and DSP position themselves to between the

Left central left and left, those who will vote for other parties, those who do not answer, those who say they

DTP will pass invalid voting paper and those who say they CHP will not vote, position themselves between the DSP Center and Central left. Those who say they might Centeral vote for GP and those who are indecisive, Left position themselves to the Center and Central right. And those who position themselves Other No answer between the Central right and the Central left Blank vote No vote are composed of those who say they will vote

Center for DYP, AKP and ANAP. The voters who say

GP they will vote for SP and MHP position themselves to a point close to the right. Undecided

The voting preferences have generally been Central DYP determined by the fact that the political point of Right AKP ANAP view is in accordance with the party they vote. The most important exception here emerges about AKP. 23% of those who voted for AKP in November SP MHP 3, 2002 have indicated that they voted for AKP since Right it was a new party and they wanted to give it a try.

It is possible for 4 parties to go into TBMM if there was to be an election tomorrow. These parties are respectively AKP (34%), CHP (19%), and DYP (11%). DYP and MHP among Far Right these parties seem to be on the edge of the election barrier and there is a possibility they can not go over the barrier within the margins of error related with the survey

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-34- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

Most of the voters have indicated that they will vote according to their political point of view (except for the voters of AKP). 52% of those who said they might vote for AKP said they might do so because they think the work and services of AKP are successful. Under the light of these results AKP emerges as a party of action and the other parties as political vision parties.

36% of the voters have changed their party preferences since the elections of November 3, 2002, 53% has not changed their political preferences of November 3, 2002. New voters in the ratio of 9% will gain the right to vote in case of a possible election.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-35- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

6 FINDINGS

6.1 INCREASE IN NUMBER OF FEMALE POLITICIANS IN THE POLITICAL DECISION MAKING MECHANISM

While 82% of those participating in the research indicated that they wanted to see more women in politics in Turkey, 14% indicated that they do not want to see more women.

In Turkey, would you like to see more women in political decision mechanisms, local Frequency Percent administrations and in the parliament ? Yes 824 82,4 No 142 14,2 No opinion 31 3,1 No answer 3 0,3 Total 1000 100,0

EXPECTATION OF FEMALE POLITICIAN IN ACTIVE POLITICS More woman 82%

Less woman 14%

No opinion/No Answer 3%

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IN TURKEY, WOULD YOU LIKE TO SEE MORE WOMEN IN POLITICAL DECISION MECHANISMS, LOCAL ADMINISTRATIONS AND IN THE PARLIAMENT ?

100% Female 90% 90%

Male 80% 75%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30% Male 22% 20% Female 10% 7% Male Female 3% 3% 0% Yes No No opinion

Male Female

Women have indicated that they want to see more women in politics with respect to men. While the rate of women who want to see more women in politics is 90%, the rate of men who want to see more women in politics is 75%.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-37- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN TURKEY, WOULD YOU LIKE TO SEE MORE WOMEN IN POLITICAL DECISION MECHANISMS, LOCAL ADMINISTRATIONS AND IN THE PARLIAMENT ? Not 90% Working Employed 85% 83% Self 80% Employed 73% 70%

60%

50%

40%

Self 30% Employed 23% Employed 20% Not 16% Working 11% Not Self 10% Working Employed 4% Employed 4% 1% 0% Yes No No opinion

When the analysis is made with respect to the working status of the person, those who are not working and those who are wage earners say that they want to see more women in politics with respect to those who are self-employed. While 85% of those who are not working want to see more women in politics, 83% of wage earners and 77% of those with a right wing point of view want to see more women in politics.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-38- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN TURKEY, WOULD YOU LIKE TO SEE MORE WOMEN IN POLITICAL DECISION MECHANISMS, LOCAL ADMINISTRATIONS AND IN THE PARLIAMENT ?

100% Left 91% 90% Center 84% Right 80% 77%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30% Right Center 17% 20% 16% Left Right 10% 7% Left Center 5% 2% 0% 0% Yes No No opinion

As moved from the Left towards the Right on the political spectrum, the tendency to see more women in politics decreases. 91% of those with a left wing point of view, 84% of those defining themselves as being in the center and 77% of those with a right wing point of view want to see more women in politics.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-39- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN TURKEY, WOULD YOU LIKE TO SEE MORE WOMEN IN POLITICAL DECISION MECHANISMS, LOCAL ADMINISTRATIONS AND IN THE PARLIAMENT? (Yes)

Blank vote 95%

CHP 94%

GP 92%

DSP 91%

DYP 86%

Undecided 84%

No answer 82%

MHP 81%

I do not vote 81%

AKP 77%

DTP 76%

ANAP 74%

Other 65%

SP 55%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

95% of those who will pass an invalid vote if there was an election tomorrow, 94% of those who say they will vote for CHP, 92% of those who will vote for GP and 91% of those who say they will vote for DSP want to see more women in politics. And 84% of the indecisive voters have said that they want to see more women in politics. As a result of statistical significance tests those who think of voting for CHP indicate that they want to see more women in politics with respect to those who think of voting for AKP, ANAP, SP and other parties.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-40- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN TURKEY, WOULD YOU LIKE TO SEE MORE WOMEN IN POLITICAL DECISION MECHANISMS, LOCAL ADMINISTRATIONS AND IN THE PARLIAMENT? (Yes)

Aegean 85%

Mediterranean 85%

Marmara 84%

Central Anatolia 83%

Blacksea 81%

Eastern Anatolia 78%

Southeastern Anatolia 76%

70% 72% 74% 76% 78% 80% 82% 84% 86% 88%

85% of those living in the Aegean, 85% of those living in the Mediterranean, 84% of those living in the Marmara region, and 83% of those living in Central Anatolia indicate that they want to see more women in politics with respect to other regions. As a result of statistical tests those living in South Eastern Anatolia indicate that they want to see fewer women in politics with respect to other regions.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-41- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

6.1.1 WHY MORE WOMEN IN POLITICS?

When the open end question “Why do you want to see more women in decision making mechanisms in Turkey and in local administrations and TBMM?” was asked, 26% of those participating in the survey and who want to see more women in politics said that they wanted to see more women in politics in order to have gender discrimination removed, 10% said so that women can be free, and 12% said in order to protect women rights.

Why do you want to see more women in political decision mechanisms: local Percent of Base Responses administrations and Turkish Grand Responses Percent National Assembly? The inequality between women and 213 21,6 25,8 men must be removed For the liberty of women 104 10,5 12,6 Protect women’s rights 102 10,3 12,4 The mutual understanding among 78 7,9 9,5 women The women can effectively protect 60 6,1 7,3 women’s rights The women are more intelligent 55 5,6 6,7 The women can manage more 40 4,1 4,9 effectively The women are more reliable 39 4,0 4,7 There women are more sensitive 36 3,6 4,4 The women are more successful 30 3,0 3,6 The Women can do same what the 24 2,4 2,9 men do It must be distinct opinion in politics 23 2,3 2,8 The women are more diligent 23 2,3 2,8 For the modern and democratic 23 2,3 2,8 environment The women are more modern 21 2,1 2,5 Women are not given a chance 19 1,9 2,3 The women can do more positive jobs 13 1,3 1,6 The women increase the level 10 1,0 1,2 The politics become colorful 10 1,0 1,2 For the moderate politics 9 0,9 1,1 The women do not enter into the 8 0,8 1,0 corruptions Because I am Kemalist 4 0,4 0,5 The women are peaceful 2 0,2 0,2 No opinion 26 2,6 3,2 No answer 15 1,5 1,8 Total 987 100,0 Base 824 119,8

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WHY DO YOU WANT TO SEE MORE WOMEN IN POLITICAL DECISION MECHANISMS: LOCAL ADMINISTRATIONS AND TURKISH GRAND NATIONAL ASSEMBLY?

The inequality between woman and man must be removed 26%

For the liberty of the woman 13%

Protect woman rights 12%

The woman can understand the other woman 9%

The woman can protect 7% effectively woman rights

The women are more intelligent 7%

The women can manage more effectively 5%

The Women are more reliable 5%

There Women are more sensitive 4%

The woman are more successful 4%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

*Open-ended multi-response question

In Turkey, there must be more women in political decision Agree Disagree No opinion Total making mechanisms: local administrations and Turkish Grand National Assembly, because Freq. % Freq. % Freq. % Freq. % I believe women have more knowledge on the issues 755 91,6 69 8,4 0 0,0 824 100 affecting the community I believe women’s abilities in 716 86,9 107 13,0 1 0,1 824 100 problem-solving are higher I believe women are more 696 84,5 127 15,4 1 0,1 824 100 reliable I believe women’s abilities in taking responsibilities are more 657 79,7 167 20,3 0 0,0 824 100 sophisticated I believe there are successful examples of women’s 639 77,5 183 22,2 2 0,2 824 100 organizations existing in Turkey I believe there are successful examples of female politicians in 606 73,5 210 25,5 8 1,0 824 100 Turkey

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I WANT TO SEE MORE WOMEN IN POLITICAL DECISION MECHANISMS: LOCAL ADMINISTRATIONS AND TURKISH GRAND NATIONAL ASSEMBLY BECAUSE:

I believe women’s abilities in taking responsibilities are more 1% 7% 37% 54% sophisticated

I believe women are more 3% 10% 39% 48% reliable

I believe women’s abilities in 3% 13% 38% 46% problem-solving are higher

I believe women have more knowledge on the issues 5% 16% 41% 39% affecting the community

I believe there are successful examples of woman politicians 6% 16% 46% 31% in Turkey

I believe there are successful examples of woman 7% 19% 43% 30% organizations existing in Turkey

%0 %10 %20 %30 %40 %50 %60 %70 %80 %90 %100 Totally disagree Tend to disagree Tend to agree Totally agree No opinion

While 92% of those participating in the survey and who want to see more women in politics indicate that they agree with the statement “More women should be involved in the decision making mechanism in Turkey, in local administrations and in TBMM because they opine that the capacity of women for taking responsibility is more developed”, the percentage of those who definitely agree with this statement is 54%. While 87% of those participating in the survey and who want to see more women in politics indicate that they agree with the statement “More women should be involved in the decision making mechanisms in Turkey, in local administrations and TBMM because I think women are more reliable”, the percentage of those who definitely agree with this statement is 48%.

While 85% of those participating in the survey and who want to see more women in politics indicate that they agree with the statement “More women should be involved in the decision making mechanisms in Turkey, in local administrations and TBMM because I think women have better problem solving skills”, the percentage of those who definitely agree with this statement is 46%.

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While 80% of those participating in the survey and who want to see more women in politics indicate that they agree with the statement “More women should be involved in the decision making mechanisms in Turkey, in local administrations and TBMM because I think women have more knowledge about matters that influence society”, the percentage of those who definitely agree with this statement is 39%.

While 78% of those participating in the survey and who want to see more women in politics indicate that they agree with the statement “More women should be involved in the decision making mechanisms in Turkey, in local administrations and TBMM because I think there are successful examples of the work of women politicians”, the percentage of those who definitely agree with this statement is 31%.

While 74% of those participating in the survey and who want to see more women in politics indicate that they agree with the statement “More women should be involved in the decision making mechanisms in Turkey, in local administrations and TBMM because I think there are successful examples of the work of women politicians”, the percentage of those who definitely agree with this statement is 30%.

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6.1.2 WHY LESS WOMEN IN POLITICS?

When the open end question “Why do you want to see less women in the political decision making mechanisms in Turkey, in local administrations and TBMM?” was asked 25% of those participating in the survey and who want to see less women in politics replied “women must be concerned with family affairs”, 24% has replied “women can not carry the burden of politics”, and 9% has replied women are not courageous”.

Why do you want to see fewer women in political decision Percent of Base mechanisms: local Responses Responses percent administrations and Turkish Grand National Assembly? The women must be bothered 35 22,3 24,6 with family responsibilities The women cannot handle load 34 21,7 23,9 of politics Women are not courageous 13 8,3 9,2 In politics men are more 12 7,6 8,5 capable then women The men must be ahead 12 7,6 8,5 Women are ineffective in 10 6,4 7,0 politics Men can manage more 10 6,4 7,0 effectively That men are more rational 6 3,8 4,2 That women do not obey 4 2,5 2,8 It is opposite to my opinion 3 1,9 2,1 The men are powerful 3 1,9 2,1 The conditions and the environments are not fit to 2 1,3 1,4 women No opinion 7 4,5 4,9 No answer 6 3,8 4,2 Total 157 100,0 Base 142 110,6

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WHY DO YOU WANT TO SEE LESS WOMEN IN POLITICAL DECISION MECHANISMS: LOCAL ADMINISTRATIONS AND TURKISH GRAND NATIONAL ASSEMBLY?

The women must be bothered with family responsibilities 25%

The women cannot handle load of politics 24%

The women are not courageous 9%

The men must be ahead 8%

In politics men are more capable then women 8%

The men can manage more effectively 7%

The women are useless in politics 7%

The men are more rational 4%

The women do not obey 3%

The men are powerful 2%

It is opposite to my opinion 2%

The conditions and the environments are not fit to women 1%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

*Open-ended multi-response question

In Turkey, there must be less Agree Disagree Total women in political decision making mechanisms: local administrations and Turkish Freq. % Freq. % Freq. % Grand National Assembly, because I believe women are not 54 38,0 88 62,0 142 100 educated enough I believe, women have family responsibilities that they should 13 9,2 129 90,8 142 100 give priority to I believe women are not 33 23,2 109 76,8 142 100 experienced in politics I believe, women cannot engage in the type of politics that are 23 16,2 119 83,8 142 100 dominated by men I believe there are not successful examples of women 23 16,2 119 83,8 142 100 politicians in Turkey

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-47- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

I WANT TO SEE LESS WOMEN IN POLITICAL DECISION MECHANISMS: LOCAL ADMINISTRATIONS AND TURKISH GRAND NATIONAL ASSEMBLY BECAUSE:

I believe, women have family responsibilities that they should 4% 5% 27% 63% give priority to

I believe there are not successful examples of woman politicians in 2% 14% 48% 36% Turkey

I believe, women cannot engage in the type of politics that are 2% 14% 32% 51% dominated by men

I believe women are not 6% experienced in politics 18% 30% 46%

I believe women are not 13% educated enough 25% 36% 26%

%0 %10 %20 %30 %40 %50 %60 %70 %80 %90 %100 Totally disagree Tend to disagree Tend to agree Totally agree

While 91% of those participating in the survey and who want to see less women in politics indicate that they agree with the statement “Less women should be involved in the decision making mechanisms in Turkey, local administrations and TBMM because I think that women have obligations related with family that they should prioritize”, the percentage of those who definitely agree with this statement is 63%.

While 84% of those participating in the survey and who want to see less women in politics indicate that they agree with the statement “Less women should be involved in the decision making mechanism in Turkey, local administrations and TBMM because I think there are unsuccessful examples of the work of women in politics in Turkey”, the percentage of those who definitely agree with this statement is 36%.

While 84% of those participating in the survey and who want to see less women in politics indicate that they agree with the statement “Less women should be involved in the decision making mechanisms in Turkey, local administrations and TBMM because I think that women will not be able to keep in step with the political system dominated by men in Turkey”, the percentage of those who definitely agree with this statement is 51%.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-48- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

While 77% of those participating in the survey and who want to see less women in politics indicate that they agree with the statement “Less women should be involved in the decision making mechanisms in Turkey, local administrations and TBMM because I think that women are not experienced in politics”, the percentage of those who definitely agree with this statement is 46%.

While 62% of those participating in the survey and who want to see less women in politics indicate that they agree with the statement “Less women should be involved in the decision making mechanisms in Turkey, local administrations and TBMM because I think that women do not have enough education”, the percentage of those who definitely agree with this statement is 26%.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-49- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

6.2 THE ENTRANCE OF THE FAMILY MEMBER IN POLITICS

Those who think positively of the involvement of family members in politics is43%, who think positively of the participation of a daughter in politics is 50%, and the percentage of those who think positively of the involvement of a son in politics is 58%. The family member’s son is most favored to pursue politics.

Do you consider the Spouse Daughter Son participation of your family members in politics Freq % Freq % Freq % appropriate? Yes 431 43,1 504 50,4 582 58,2 No 549 54,9 475 47,5 396 39,6 No opinion 18 1,8 20 2,0 21 2,1 No answer 2 0,2 1 0,1 1 0,1 Total 1000 100,0 1000 100,0 1000 100,0

DO YOU CONSIDER THE PARTICIPATION OF YOUR FAMILY MEMBERS IN POLITICS APPROPRIATE?

70%

Son 60% 58% Spouse 55% Daughter 50% Daughter 50% 48% Spouse 43% Son 40% 40%

30%

20%

10% Spouse Daughter Son 2% 2% 2%

0% Yes No No opinion

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-50- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

I CONSIDER THE PARTICIPATION OF YOUR FAMILY MEMBERS IN POLITICS APPROPRIATE

70% Son 62% Daughter 60% 57%

Spouse 50% 48% Son 46%

40%

30%

Spouse 21% Daughter 20% 19%

10%

0% More woman in politics Less woman in politics

The women who were interviewed approve the involvement of a family member in politics more than men. While the percentage of men who approve of their wives going into politics is 38%, in women this is 49%. While the percentage of men who approve of their daughter going into politics is 47%, the percentage of women who approve is 54%, the percentage of men who approve of their son going into politics is 57% and the percentage of women is 60%.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-51- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

I CONSIDER THE PARTICIPATION OF YOUR FAMILY MEMBERS IN POLITICS APPROPRIATE

70% Son Son 63% 62% 60% Daugther Son 57% 57% Daugther 53% Spouse Daugther Spouse 50% 48% 48% 46% Son Spouse 43% 40% Daugther 40% 37% Spouse 31% 30%

20%

10%

0% Opinion Leader Opinion Leader Not an opinion Leader Not an opinion Leader (++) (+) (-) (--)

Those who talk politics in friendly and informal meetings and who try to convince their friends, namely the opinion leaders approve the involvement of a family member in active politics with respect to those who are not opinion leaders. While the percentage of higher level opinion leaders who approve of their daughter going into politics is 57%, the percentage of those who got the lowest rating in the opinion leadership index approving their daughter being involved in active politics is 37%.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-52- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

I CONSIDER THE PARTICIPATION OF YOUR FAMILY MEMBERS IN POLITICS APPROPRIATE

70% Son 62% Daughter 60% 57%

Spouse 50% 48% Son 46%

40%

30%

Spouse 21% Daughter 20% 19%

10%

0% More woman in politics Less woman in politics

Those who want to see more women in politics approve the participation of a family member in politics more with respect to those who don’t. While 27% of those who say they want to see more women in politics approve the participation of their daughter in politics, only 19% of those who say fewer women in politics approve the participation of their daughter in politics. Although this group of people wants fewer women in politics, when it is about one of their family members, that are their daughter, they indicate that they want to see her in politics.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-53- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

I CONSIDER THE PARTICIPATION OF YOUR FAMILY MEMBERS IN POLITICS APPROPRIATE

70% Son 63% Daughter 60% 58%

Spouse 50% 49%

Son 40% 40%

30% Spouse 23% Daughter 21% 20%

10%

0% Agree Disagree

Women's participation in the political process can change the nature of politics in both the form and the substance of political behavior, and also the results achieved in all of the areas.

Among the ones who believe that the women can change the complexion of politics, 49% of them consider their spouse, 58% their daughter and 63% their son to participate in politics appropriately and from the ones who believe that the participation of women in politics does not change the scenario of the politics 23% of them consider their spouse 21% their daughter and 40% their son to participate in politics appropriate. Evidently it comes to the forefront that the segments who desire a male dominant politics instead of women desire the inequality of male and women even amongst their own family members.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-54- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

I CONSIDER THE PARTICIPATION OF MY FAMILY MEMBERS IN POLITICS APPROPRIATE

80%

70%

60% Son74% Son65%

50% Son63%

Son57% Son56%

40%

Daughter59%

Spouse 55% Spouse

Daughter57%

Daughter56%

Son48%

Spouse 52% Spouse

Son46% Daughter53%

30% 48% Spouse

Daughter45% Spouse 38% Spouse

20% Daughter40%

Spouse 37% Spouse 37% Spouse

Spouse 34% Spouse Daughter36%

10%

0% Mediterranean Eastern Aegean Southeastern Central Blacksea Marmara Anatolia Anatolia Anatolia Spouse Daughter Son

The people who live in Southeastern Anatolia Region consider their son to participate in politics appropriate at a high percentage (74%). Aegean is the region in which the people consider their daughters to participate in politics appropriate at a high percentage (59%) again it is Aegean which the people consider their spouse to participate in politics appropriate (55%). The people who live in Eastern Anatolia (36%) and Black sea (40%) specified that they do not consider their daughter to participate in politics appropriate at the lowest percentage.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-55- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

I CONSIDER THE PARTICIPATION OF MY FAMILY MEMBERS IN POLITICS APPROPRIATE

70% Son 63% Son Daugther 59% 60% 58% Son Spouse 55% 52% Daugther Son Daugther 50% 50% 50% 47% Spouse Spouse Daugther 42% 41% 41% 40% Spouse 35%

30%

20%

10%

0% Left Center Right No opinion/No Answer

Where do you rank yourself in the political spectrum when you think of your political choices?

While 58% of the people who consider themselves on left of the political spectrum consider their daughter to participate in politics appropriate, 47% of the ones who are in the Centre and 50% of the ones who are on the Right consider their daughter to participate in politics appropriate. 41% of the ones who cannot locate themselves on the political spectrum specify that they want to see their daughter in politics. Among the ones who are in non-political environment the ratio of considering the women participation in politics appropriate is decreasing.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-56- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

I CONSIDER THE PARTICIPATION OF MY FAMILY MEMBERS IN POLITICS APPROPRIATE

80%

70%

60%

Son71%

Son70% Son67%

50% Son63%

Son58%

Son57%

Son57% Son56%

40% Son53%

Daughter60%

Daughter59%

Spouse 54% Spouse

Spouse 52% Spouse

Spouse 51% Spouse

Daughter54%

Daughter54%

Spouse 50% Spouse 50% Spouse

Daughter52% Daughter52%

30% Daughter52%

Spouse 46% Spouse

Daughter47%

Daughter46% Spouse 41% Spouse

20% 39% Spouse Spouse 37% Spouse

10%

0% AKP ANAP CHP DTP DYP MHP Would vote I do not vote Undecided blank/would spoil the vote

If there were a General Election tomorrow, which party would you vote for?

When it is examined on the basis of political preferences the AKP supporters are pioneering the ones who do not want one of their family members to participate in politics. Considering that there were general elections tomorrow 37% of the ones who declare that they will vote for AKP consider their spouse, 46% their daughter and 57% their son to participate in active politics. The ones who want their spouse to participate in politics at high percentage are those who say that they will not vote if there were elections tomorrow by 54%. Those who want their daughter to participate in politics with the highest percentage are those who say they will vote for AKP if there was an election tomorrow with 60% and those who say they will vote for CHP with 59%.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-57- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

I CONSIDER THE PARTICIPATION OF MY FAMILY MEMBERS IN POLITICS APPROPRIATE

70% Son 65% Daugther 60% 60% Son 56% Spouse 52% Son Daugther 50% 47% 48% Spouse 41% 40%

30% Spouse Daugther 25% 25%

20%

10%

0% Higher tendency to vote Lower tendency to vote No changes in my tendency to vote

In what way did the ratio of women in the political party effect your decision to support your party of choice?

While the 47% of the people who claim that higher ratio of the women in a political party in comparison with the other political parties effects their tendency to vote negatively specifying that they will consider the participation of their son in politics appropriate, only 25% of them specify that they will consider the participation of their spouse or daughter in active politics appropriate.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-58- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

6.3 NUMBER OF FEMALE POLITICIANS TURKISH GRAND NATIONAL ASSEMBLY

As is known there are total of 24 women parliamentarians in the Turkish National Grand Assembly (TBMM). That is to say, 4,36% of the TBMM is composed of women parliamentarians. 30% of the people who participated in the survey have responded approximately this ratio. And 70% of them either specified that they don’t know or responded the ratios higher or lower than the women parliamentarians’ ratio in the TBMM.

Can you come up with a guess on the percentage of women parliamentarians Frequency Percent currently existing in the Turkish Grand National Assembly? 0%-1% 173 17,3 2% 131 13,1 3% 102 10,2 4%-5% 201 20,1 6%+ 94 9,4 No opinion 299 29,9 Total 1000 100,0

N Min. Max. Mean Can you come up with a guess on the percentage of women parliamentarians 701 %0,0 %36,0 %3,7 currently existing in the Turkish Grand National Assembly? Can you come up with a guess on the number of women parliamentarians 701 1 200 20,1 currently existing in the Turkish Grand National Assembly?

CAN YOU COME UP WITH A GUESS ON THE PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN PARLIAMENTARIANS CURRENTLY EXISTING IN THE TURKISH GRAND NATIONAL ASSEMBLY? 0%-1% 17% No opinion 30% 2% 13%

6%+ 9%

3% 4%-5% 10% 20%

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-59- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

Mean: 3,7%

CAN YOU COME UP WITH A GUESS ON THE PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN PARLIAMENTARIANS CURRENTLY EXISTING IN THE TURKISH GRAND NATIONAL ASSEMBLY?

45%

Female 40% 39%

35%

30% Male 25% 25% Male Male 21% 20% 19% Female 16% Female Male Male 15% 15% 14% Female 14% 12% Female 11% Male 10% Female 8% 7%

5%

0% 0%-1% 2% 3% 4%-5% 6%+ No opinion

The men are more aware of the number of women parliamentarians in the TBMM better in comparison to the women. While the 25% of the men have estimated the women parliamentarians’ ratio in the TBMM as between 4%-5%, 15% of the women have made estimation within this interval. 39% of the women have indicated that they don’t know this ratio, 21% of the men have indicated that they don’t know.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-60- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

CAN YOU COME UP WITH A GUESS ON THE PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN PARLIAMENTARIANS CURRENTLY EXISTING IN THE TURKISH GRAND NATIONAL ASSEMBLY?

50% 47% 45%

40% 36% 35%

30% 29%

27%

25% 24%

25% 24%

23% 20%

20% 19%

16%

15%

15%

14% 14%

15% 14%

13%

13%

12%

12%

11%

11%

10%

10% 10%

10% 9%

8%

7%

7% 5% 5%

0% 0%-1% 2% 3% 4%-5% 6%+ No opinion

Not a graduate Graduate of elementary school Graduate of elementary (middle school) Graduate of high school Graduate of higher education +

As the education level increases, the accuracy in the estimations of the numbers of the women parliamentarians’ ratio in the TBMM also increases. 27% of the elementary school graduates, 25% of the middle school and 29% of the high school graduates have estimated that the women parliamentarian’s ratio in the TBMM as between 4%-5%, the primary school graduates estimated 14%, and those who are not graduates of any level have estimated 4%-5%.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-61- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN TURKISH GRAND NATIONNAL ASSEMBLY THERE IS %4-%5 OF FEMALE DEPUTY

35%

30% 30%

25%

21% 20% 17%

15% 13%

10%

5%

0% Opinion Leader Opinion Leader Not an opinion Not an opinion (++) (+) Leader (-) Leader (--)

The estimates made in the 4%-5% interval, which is the most accurate estimation on the women parliamentarian ratio, decreases as the opinion leader index decreases. 30% of the opinion leaders at the highest degree, 21% of the opinion leaders at the second degree, 17% of those who are not opinion leaders at the second degree and 13% of those who are not opinion leaders in the first degree have estimated the women parliamentarian ratio in the TBMM accurately.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-62- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

6.3.1 IN YOUR OPINION, WHAT ARE THE REASONS THAT WOMEN IN TURKEY ARE UNDER REPRESENTED IN POLITICAL DECISION MAKING MECHANISMS?

77% of the people participated in the survey think that the most important reason for the women to be under-represented in political decision-making mechanism is that “Women are not given a chance”. The second reason for the women to be under-represented is that “The women have family responsibilities that they should give priority to” (50%), and the third reason is that “women have a lack of confidence”(43%). The ratio of the ones who think that “The women are not educated enough” and because of this they are under-represented in the politics is 37% whereas the ratio of the ones who think that women are under- represented because they are not sufficiently greedy is 32%.

In your opinion, what are the reasons that women in Turkey Percent of Base are under-represented in Responses Responses percent political decision-making mechanisms? I believe women are not 371 15,2 37,1 educated enough I believe women have a lack of 428 17,5 42,8 confidence I believe women are not given a 774 31,7 77,4 chance I believe, women have family responsibilities that they should 502 20,6 50,2 give priority to The women are not sufficiently 324 13,3 32,4 greedy We are in the male dominated 9 0,4 0,9 traditionalist society The women have lack of 6 0,2 0,6 political opinion The current situation do not 5 0,2 0,5 support women No answer 21 0,9 2,1 Total of responses 2440 100,0 Base 1000 244,0

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-63- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN YOUR OPINION, WHAT ARE THE REASONS THAT WOMEN IN TURKEY ARE UNDER REPRESENTED IN POLITICAL DECISION MAKING MECHANISMS?

I believe women are not given 77% a chance

I believe, women have family responsibilities that they 50% should give priority to

I believe women have a lack of 43% confidence

I believe women are not 37% educated enough

The women are not sufficiently 32% greedy

We are in the man dominated 1% traditionalist society Open ended

The women have lack of responses 1% political opinion

The current situation do not 1% support women

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-64- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN YOUR OPINION, WHAT ARE THE REASONS THAT WOMEN IN TURKEY ARE UNDER REPRESENTED IN POLITICAL DECISION MAKING MECHANISMS?

90% Female Male 79% 80% 76%

70%

60% Male 54% Female Male 50% 46% 45% Female Male Male 40% Female 38% 38% 40% 36% Female 30% 27%

20%

10%

0% I believe women are I believe, women have I believe women have I believe women are The women are not not given a chance family responsibilities a lack of confidence not educated enough sufficiently greedy that they should give priority to Male Female

The majority of the women who participated in the survey opine that the reason for the women to be under-represented in the political arena is because “Women are not given a chance” in comparison to the men who consider that the reasons for the women to be under-represented in the politics are because “the women have family responsibilities which they should give priority to”, “women have a lack of confidence”, “The women are not educated enough” and the women are not sufficiently greedy.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-65- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN YOUR OPINION, WHAT ARE THE REASONS THAT WOMEN IN TURKEY ARE UNDER REPRESENTED IN POLITICAL DECISION MAKING MECHANISMS?

50%

45% 45%

40% 40% 38%

35% 33%

30% 28%

25% Not a graduate Graduate of Graduate of Graduate of Graduate of elementary elementary high school higher school (middle education + school)

The perception that the women are under-represented in Turkey in the political arena is due to lack of education, is inversely proportional to the level of education of the respondent. Our statistical analysis indicate that 28% of the respondents who have graduated from high school and/or completed further studies, relate the under-representation of women to not having enough education. In comparison, 45% of the population who have not graduated any of the basic levels of education is in favor of the abovementioned reasoning. An inference from this divergence in response could be attributed to the fact that the populace from the educated strata of society are more flexible and make themselves amenable to work in cooperation with women.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-66- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN YOUR OPINION, WHAT ARE THE REASONS THAT WOMEN IN TURKEY ARE UNDER REPRESENTED IN POLITICAL DECISION MAKING MECHANISMS?

90%

80% 80% 75% 72% 70%

60% 57%

49% 49% 50% 48% 44% 40% 39% 40% 38% 38% 35% 32% 29% 30%

20%

10%

0% I believe women are I believe, women have I believe women have I believe women are The women are not not given a chance family responsibilities a lack of confidence not educated enough sufficiently greedy that they should give priority to Not Working Self Employed Employed

While the 80% of the ones who are unemployed think that the reason for the women to be under-represented in the politics stem from the fact that women are not given a chance. Furthermore, 75% of the wage employed, and 72% of the self-employed population are also expressing this reason.

The highest percentage of the population who believe that the women are under-represented in politics because the women have family responsibilities that they should attend to were the self employed (57%), while the ones who were of the opinion that women have a lack of confidence were the self employed (49%).

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-67- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN YOUR OPINION, WHAT ARE THE REASONS THAT WOMEN IN TURKEY ARE UNDER REPRESENTED IN POLITICAL DECISION MAKING MECHANISMS?

90%

79% 80% 77% 77% 75%

70%

60% 57% 53% 50% 49% 48% 49% 50% 47% 43% 41% 40% 37% 38% 35% 34% 32% 32% 30% 28%

20%

10%

0% I believe women are I believe women are I believe women have I believe women are The women are not not given a chance not ambitious enough a lack of confidence not educated enough sufficiently greedy Opinion Leader (++) Opinion Leader (+) Not an opinion Leader (-) Not an opinion Leader (--)

The mass that thinks at the highest percentage that the reason of the women to be under-represented in the politics as the women are not educated enough is the one, which was defined as the top-level opinion leaders.

The percentage of the second degree opinion leaders is 35% who assigned the reason of the women to be under-represented in politics to the fact that the women are not educated enough, the ones who are not opinion leader at second degree is 34% and the ones who are not defined as opinion leader by no means is 38%. The opinion leaders at the first degree have responded to all choices concerned with the reason for the under-representation of women in politics being related again with themselves, with the highest rates.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-68- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN YOUR OPINION, WHAT ARE THE REASONS THAT WOMEN IN TURKEY ARE UNDER REPRESENTED IN POLITICAL DECISION MAKING MECHANISMS?

100%

90% 88%

80% 78% 77%

69% 70% 63%

60% 56%

50% 43%

40% 38% 33% 30% 28%

20%

10%

0% I believe women are I believe, women have I believe women have I believe women are The women are not not given a chance family responsibilities a lack of confidence not educated enough sufficiently greedy that they should give priority to More woman in politics Less woman in politics

The survey indicates that the majority of the population that caters to the idea that there should be fewer women in politics subscribes to the notion that women should rather attend to domestic chores than getting involved in politics.

IN YOUR OPINION, WHAT ARE THE REASONS THAT WOMEN IN TURKEY ARE UNDER REPRESENTED IN POLITICAL DECISION MAKING MECHANISMS?

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-69- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

90% 83%

80% 75% 76%

70%

60% 52% 53% 50% 48% 43% 42% 41% 40% 38% 33% 33% 33% 32% 29% 30%

20%

10%

0% I believe women are I believe, women have I believe women have I believe women are The women are not not given a chance family responsibilities a lack of confidence not educated enough sufficiently greedy that they should give priority to Left Center Right

The ones with the left political view think the reason of the women to be under-represented in the politics, as the women are not given a chance at the higher percentage than the ones who feel themselves on the centre of the political spectrum and than the ones who have right political view. 83% of the ones who have left political view, 76% of the ones who have right political view, and 75% of the ones who feel themselves in the centre think that the women are under-represented in the politics, as the women are not given a chance. On the other hand, 53% of the ones who have right political view, 52% of the people in the centre and 43% of the ones who have lean to the left think that women are under-represented in the politics as the women have family responsibilities that they should give priority to.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-70- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN YOUR OPINION, WHAT ARE THE REASONS THAT WOMEN IN TURKEY ARE UNDER REPRESENTED IN POLITICAL DECISION MAKING MECHANISMS?

100%

90%

80% 89%

84% 83%

70%

77%

76%

75%

74%

73% 73% 60%

50%

57%

57%

53%

52%

51%

51%

50% 50%

49% 49%

40% 48%

45%

44%

43% 43%

42%

41% 41%

40%

39% 38%

30% 38%

37%

37%

36%

36%

35%

35%

34%

31%

31% 30%

20% 30%

23% 22%

10% 15%

0% I believe women are I believe women are I believe women have I believe women are The women are not not given a chance not ambitious enough a lack of confidence not educated enough sufficiently greedy AKP ANAP CHP DSP DTP DYP Would vote blank/would spoil the vote I do not vote Undecided

If there were general elections tomorrow, 89% of the ones who claim that they will disqualify their vote, 84% of the ones who claim that they will vote for CHP and 83% of the ones who claim that they will vote for DTP indicate the reason of the women to be under-represented in the politics as the “women are not given a chance”. One of the most important indicators here is that 77% of the ones who will not vote think the women are not given a chance in the politics. And this means that it should not be disregarded that one of the ways to attract the group of the people for voting is to give more chance to women in the politics.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-71- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN YOUR OPINION, WHAT ARE THE REASONS THAT WOMEN IN TURKEY ARE UNDER REPRESENTED IN POLITICAL DECISION MAKING MECHANISMS?

100%

90%

80%

86% 81%

70% 79%

77%

72% 72%

60% 69% 59%

50% 59%

54%

53%

53%

50% 50% 49%

40% 48%

47%

45% 45%

42%

41%

41% 41%

30% 38%

37%

36%

35%

35%

34%

33% 33%

20% 30%

25%

23% 22% 10%

0% I believe women are I believe women are I believe women have I believe women are The women are not not given a chance not ambitious enough a lack of confidence not educated enough sufficiently greedy Mediterranean Eastern Anatolia Aegean Southeastern Anatolia Central Anatolia Blacksea Marmara

The lowest percentage of the people are in Mediterranean Region (22%) who think that the women are under-represented in the politics because women are not educated enough. In Aegean Region 86% of the people think that women are given less chance in the politics and therefore they are under-represented. And the ones who indicate the reason of the women to be under-represented in the politics is derived from women again are concentrated in Southeastern Anatolia Region.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-72- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

6.4 POLICY AREA WHICH TURKEY WILL RAPIDLY PROGRESS IN WITH AN INCREASE IN WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN POLITICS

With an increase in women's participation in political decision-making Percent of Base Responses mechanisms, which policy Responses percent areas do you believe Turkey will rapidly progress in? Solving educational 765 8,8 76,5 problems Solving problems related to 735 8,4 73,5 health Solving problems related to 728 8,3 72,8 human rights Combating with 670 7,7 67,0 environment pollution Solving problems related to 617 7,1 61,7 democracy Solving social problems 590 6,8 59,0 Poverty Reduction 561 6,4 56,1 Solving problems related to 561 6,4 56,1 justice mechanism European Union 506 5,8 50,6 harmonization period Solving economic problems 485 5,6 48,5 Prevention of wars 473 5,4 47,3 Solving the injustice of 469 5,4 46,9 income distribution Solving unemployment 460 5,3 46,0 problems Prevention of terrorism 451 5,2 45,1 Solving problems related to 320 3,7 32,0 foreign relations Solving infra-structure 293 3,4 29,3 problems No opinion 3 0,0 0,3 None of these 43 0,5 4,3 Total of responses 8730 100,0 Base 1000 873,0

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-73- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

WITH AN INCREASE IN WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION IN POLITICAL DECISION MAKING MECHANISMS, WHICH POLICY AREAS DO YOU BELIEVE TURKEY WILL RAPIDLY PROGRESS IN?

Solving educational problems 77%

Solving problems related to health 74%

Solving problems related to human rights 73%

Combating with environment pollution 67%

Solving problems related to democracy 62%

Solving social problems 59%

Solving problems related to justice mechanism 56%

Poverty Reduction 56%

European Union harmonization period 51%

Solving economic problems 49%

Prevention of wars 47%

Solving the injustice of income distribution 47%

Solving unemployment problems 46%

Prevention of terrorism 45%

Solving problems related to foreign relations 32%

Solving infra-structure problems 29%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

With an increase in women’s participation in politics it is thought that first of all Turkey’s problems regarding Education (77%), Health (74%) and Human Rights will rapidly progress. 67% of the ones who have participated in the survey think that with an increase in women’s participation in politics there will be rapidly progress in combating with environment pollution and 62% of them think that there will be rapid progress in solution of the problems regarding Democracy. It is thought that there will not be much progress in the solution of the problems related to Foreign Policy (32%) and infrastructure (29%) even with an increase in women’s participation in politics.

Within the framework of these results it is thought that with an increase in women’s participation ratio there will be rapid progress in almost all problems.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-74- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

WITH AN INCREASE IN WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION IN POLITICAL DECISION MAKING MECHANISMS, WHICH POLICY AREAS DO YOU BELIEVE TURKEY WILL RAPIDLY PROGRESS IN?

71% Solving educational problems 82% 67% Solving problems related to health 80% 68% Solving problems related to human rights 78% 63% Combating with environment pollution 71% 56% Solving problems related to democracy 68% 56% Solving social problems 62% 49% Poverty Reduction 63% Solving problems related to justice 50% mechanism 62% 45% European Union harmonization period 56% 39% Solving economic problems 57% 42% Prevention of wars 52% 40% Solving the injustice of income distribution 53% 39% Solving unemployment problems 53% 40% Prevention of terrorism 50% 26% Solving problems related to foreign relations 38% 24% Solving infra-structure problems 35% 7% None of these 2%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% Male Female

There are specific differences between men and women’s opinions related to the progress in the solution of the problems with the women’s participation in politics in Turkey. Women compared to the men think that the participation of the women in the politics will progress the solution of the problems more. Especially while the percentage of the women who think that the increase in women’s participation in the politics will help reducing the Poverty, this percentage is 49% among the men. The same differences between the responses of the women and men can also be seen in the opinion of that the participation of the women in the politics will progress the solution of economic problems. While the 57% of the women think that there will be progress in the solution of the economic problems with the participation of women in the politics, 39% of the men agree with this opinion. As is understood from these results, in politics, women believe themselves much more than men believe them.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-75- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

WITH AN INCREASE IN WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION IN POLITICAL DECISION MAKING MECHANISMS, WHICH POLICY AREAS DO YOU BELIEVE TURKEY WILL RAPIDLY PROGRESS IN?

83% Solving educational problems 44%

80% Solving problems related to health 41%

Solving problems related to human 80% rights 35% 71% Combating with environment pollution 46%

70% Solving problems related to democracy 23%

65% Solving social problems 25%

Solving problems related to justice 64% mechanism 15% 64% Poverty Reduction 15%

56% AB uyum süreci 24%

56% Solving economic problems 9%

52% Prevention of wars 19%

Solving the injustice of income 54% distribution 15%

52% Solving unemployment problems 11%

49% Prevention of terrorism 19%

Solving problems related to foreign 37% relations 8%

33% Solving infra-structure problems 8%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% More woman in politics Less woman in politics

The ones, who want to see the more women in politics, think that with the increase in women’s participation in politics there will be progress in all problems. And the ones who want to see fewer women in the politics think the complete opposite of this opinion. While 80% of the ones who want the women to be represented more in the politics indicate that the participation of the women in the politics will progress the solution of the education problems, 40% of the ones who want to see less women in the politics agree with this opinion.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-76- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

WITH AN INCREASE IN WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION IN POLITICAL DECISION MAKING MECHANISMS, WHICH POLICY AREAS DO YOU BELIEVE TURKEY WILL RAPIDLY PROGRESS IN?

90% Solving educational problems 73% 71% Solving problems related to health 71% 90% Solving problems related to human rights 69% 81% Combating with environment pollution 65% 76% Solving problems related to democracy 58% 71% Solving social problems 54% 81% Solving problems related to justice mechanism 53% 76% Poverty Reduction 51% 48% AB uyum süreci 44% 76% Solving economic problems 43% 71% Prevention of wars 42% 48% Solving the injustice of income distribution 40% 71% Solving unemployment problems 37% 38% Prevention of terrorism 38% 38% Solving problems related to foreign relations 30% 43% Solving infra-structure problems 27%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Do you believe that in Turkey, there must be more women in political decision making mechanisms because the women are not educated enough? Yes No

While the 90% of the ones who do not claim that the women are under- represented in the politics because they are not educated enough believe that with the participation of the women the education problems will be solved, 77% of the ones agree with this opinion who believe that the women are under-represented because they are not educated enough.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-77- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

WITH AN INCREASE IN WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION IN POLITICAL DECISION MAKING MECHANISMS, WHICH POLICY AREAS DO YOU BELIEVE TURKEY WILL RAPIDLY PROGRESS IN?

90%

86%

82% 81%

80%

76%

74%

73%

72%

72% 70%

70% 69%

64%

64%

62%

61%

60% 60%

60% 59%

57%

55%

55%

53%

52%

50%

49% 49%

50% 48%

46%

45%

45%

43%

41%

41% 40%

40%

37%

37%

35% 31%

30% 30%

27% 27% 27%

27%

24%

22% 20%

20% 20%

18% 16%

10%

0% Solving educational Solving problems Solving problems Combating with Solving problems Solving social Solving problems Poverty Reduction AB uyum süreci Solving economic Prevention of wars Solving the Solving Prevention of Solving problems Solving infra- problems related to health related to human environment related to problems related to justice problems injustice of income unemployment terrorism related to foreign structure problems rights pollution democracy mechanism distribution problems relations In what way did the ratio of women in the political party effect your decision to support your party of choice?

Higher tendency to vote No changes in my tendency to vote Lower tendency to vote

There is a direct correlation between the political parties’ providing more opportunities for the female politicians and to the success rates of improving the solution to Turkey’s problems. The percentage of the increase in the women’s participation in the politics acts as a catalyst to remedy the existing problems in the Turkish socio-political landscape.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-78- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

While 78% of the interviewed people agree the opinion of, “Women’s participation in the political process can change positively the nature of politics in both the form and the substance of political behavior, and also the results achieved in all of the areas.” 20% of them indicated that they disagree with this opinion. The percentage of the ones who totally agree is 38%, tend to agree is 40%, tend to disagree is 13%, totally disagree is 7%.

How much do your agree or disagree with the following statement? Women s participation in the political process can change the nature of Frequency Percent politics in both the form and the substance of political behavior, and also the results achieved in all of the areas. Totally agree 383 38,3 Tend to agree 398 39,8 Tend to disagree 128 12,8 Totally disagree 70 7,0 No opinion 17 1,7 No answer 4 0,4 Total 1000 100,0

WOMEN S PARTICIPATION IN THE POLITICAL PROCESS CAN CHANGE THE NATURE OF POLITICS IN BOTH THE FORM AND THE SUBSTANCE OF POLITICAL BEHAVIOR, AND ALSO THE RESULTS ACHIEVED IN ALL OF THE AREAS

Agree 78%

No opinion/No Disagree Answer 20% 2%

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-79- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

WOMEN S PARTICIPATION IN THE POLITICAL PROCESS CAN CHANGE THE NATURE OF POLITICS IN BOTH THE FORM AND THE SUBSTANCE OF POLITICAL BEHAVIOR, AND ALSO THE RESULTS ACHIEVED IN ALL OF THE AREAS

50% Female 45% 45% Male Female 40% 39% 40%

35% Male 32%

30%

25%

20% Male 16% 15% Male Female 10% 10% 10%

Female 5% 4%

0% Totally agree Tend to agree Tend to disagree Totally disagree Male Female

The women’s response was more vehement in comparison to the men in regard to the opinion of whether “Women s participation in the political process can change the nature of politics in both the form and the substance of political behavior, and also the results achieved in all of the areas.”

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-80- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

WOMEN S PARTICIPATION IN THE POLITICAL PROCESS CAN CHANGE THE NATURE OF POLITICS IN BOTH THE FORM AND THE SUBSTANCE OF POLITICAL BEHAVIOR, AND ALSO THE RESULTS ACHIEVED IN ALL OF THE AREAS

45% 42% 42% 41% 40% 39%

35% 35%

30% 30%

25%

20% 16%

15% 14% 11% 12% 10% 7% 5% 5%

0% Totally agree Tend to agree Tend to disagree Totally disagree Not Working Self Employed Employed

As a result of the statistical significance tests, it is observed that there is a significant difference between the response I disagree definitely with the statement “It is possible that the participation of women in politics can change both the quality of politics in terms of the ways of political behavior and content and also can influence the results obtained in all areas positively” with the working condition variable. The self-employed have responded by saying that they totally disagree with this statement with a higher percentage in comparison with the unemployed.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-81- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

WOMEN S PARTICIPATION IN THE POLITICAL PROCESS CAN CHANGE THE NATURE OF POLITICS IN BOTH THE FORM AND THE SUBSTANCE OF POLITICAL BEHAVIOR, AND ALSO THE RESULTS ACHIEVED IN ALL OF THE AREAS

100%

90% 25% 30% 33% 31% 36% 36% 34% 40% 80% 43% 42% 42% 52% 50% 70%

60% 40%

20% 50% 40% 46% 38% 42% 45% 31% 33% 40% 36% 50% 29%

30% 37% 25%

25% 10% 20% 15% 20% 11% 17% 10% 15% 15% 16% 10% 9% 9% 6% 15% 6% 3% 12% 7% 10% 4% 6% 5% 0% CHP DYP Blank No vote GP SP DSP MHP Undecided AKP ANAP DTP Other vote No opinion No answer Totally disagree Tend to disagree Tend to agree Totally agree

As a result of the performed statistical significance tests, differences were observed between the ones who think to vote to CHP and the ones who think to vote AKP if there were general elections tomorrow, on the basis of the totally disagreeing response to “Women’s participation in the political process can change the nature of politics in both the form and the substance of political behavior, and also the results achieved in all of the areas.” Supporters of AKP do not definitely agree with the statement above with a rate higher than those who support CHP.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-82- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

WOMEN S PARTICIPATION IN THE POLITICAL PROCESS CAN CHANGE THE NATURE OF POLITICS IN BOTH THE FORM AND THE SUBSTANCE OF POLITICAL BEHAVIOR, AND ALSO THE RESULTS ACHIEVED IN ALL OF THE AREAS

100%

90%

32% 36% 36% 35% 35% 80% 39%

57% 70%

60%

50% 36% 39% 42% 47% 45% 40% 47% 20% 30%

13% 20% 16% 5% 15% 15% 14% 8% 9% 10% 15% 7% 4% 8% 5% 4% 0% Aegean Mediterranean Marmara Central Eastern Blacksea Southeastern Anatolia Anatolia Anatolia No opinion No answer Totally disagree Tend to disagree Tend to agree Totally agree

As a result of the statistical significance tests the ones who live in the Aegean Region have indicated more compared to the ones who live in the other regions that they totally agree with the opinion of “Women’s participation in the political process can change the nature of politics in both the form and the substance of political behavior, and also the results achieved in all of the areas.” The ones who totally agree at the lowest percentage with this opinion are those who live in Southeastern Region.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-83- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

6.5 POLITICAL CHOOSES

6.5.1 POLITICAL SPECTRUM IN TURKEY

25% of those participating in the survey have defined themselves as being on the left of the political spectrum, 25% in the center and 40% on the right.

The percentage of the ones who define themselves on the far left is 3%, on the far right is 23%, on the left 16%, on the right 23%, on the center- left 7%, and on the centre-right 23%. The percentage of the ones who define themselves on the centre is 25%.

Where do you rank yourself in the political spectrum when you think of your political Frequency Percent choices? Far left 25 2,5 Left 155 15,5 Center-left 66 6,6 Center 250 25,0 Center-right 127 12,7 Right 231 23,1 Far right 44 4,4 No opinion 63 6,3 No answer 39 3,9 Total 1000 100,0

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-84- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

WHERE DO YOU RANK YOURSELF IN THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM WHEN YOU THINK OF YOUR POLITICAL CHOICES?

30% Right 40%

25% 25% 23% Left 25%

20%

16% 15% 13%

10% 10%

7%

5% 4% 3%

0% Far left Left Center-left Center Center-right Right Far right No opinion No Answer

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-85- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

6.5.2 THE POLITICAL CHOICES ON 3 NOVEMBER 2002

When it is asked to the ones who have participated in the survey as at the 3rd November 2002 General Elections which political party you voted for, 74% of them have indicated the party they voted for. And the 9% of the ones participated in the survey are generated as new voters. The results are weighted according to the real election results of the sample points that the survey was performed and than normalized on the basis of the 3rd November 2002 general election results throughout Turkey.

At the November 2002 General Valid Elections, which political party did Frequency Percent percent you vote for? (weighted) AKP 252 25,2 34,3 CHP 143 14,3 19,4 DYP 70 7,0 9,5 MHP 61 6,1 8,4 GP 53 5,3 7,2 HADEP 46 4,6 6,2 ANAP 38 3,8 5,1 SP 18 1,8 2,5 DSP 9 0,9 1,2 Other 45 4,5 6,1 Total of who mentioned party's names 735 73,5 100,0

Blank vote 33 3,3 I was an elector-I did not vote 84 8,4 I was not an elector-I did not vote 88 8,8 I do not remember 21 2,1 No answer 39 3,9 Total of who did not mention party's

names 265 26,5

General Total 1000 100,0

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-86- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

AT THE NOVEMBER 2002 GENERAL ELECTIONS, WHICH POLITICAL PARTY DID YOU VOTE FOR? (WEIGHTED)

30%

25% 25%

20%

15% 14%

10% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 5% 5% 5% 4% 4% 3% 2% 2% 1% 0% AKP CHP DYP MHP GP HADEP ANAP SP DSP Other I was not I was an No answerBlank vote Do not an elector- elector-I remember I did not did not vote vote

6.5.3 3 THE REASONS OF POLITICAL CHOICES ON 3 NOVEMBER 2002

In accordance with the political views of the 22% of the voters who voted in the 3rd November 2002 general elections, 10% of them indicated that they have chosen as it is a honest party and habit and 9% of them indicated as it was a new party and they tried.

The ones who did not vote in the 3rd November General elections indicated the reason of non-voting as there were not any party that they like.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-87- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

Can you explain why you Percent of Base Responses preferred this political choice? Responses percent Political opinion 216 19,4 21,6 Honest party 96 8,6 9,6 Habit 95 8,5 9,5 It was new party, I tried 90 8,1 9,0 Their works and services are 66 5,9 6,6 successful I think they repair economy 66 5,9 6,6 The political atmosphere in the time of election and 65 5,8 6,5 promises I lover its leader 35 3,1 3,5 Intellectual party 27 2,4 2,7 Kemalist party 26 2,3 2,6 Muslim party 21 1,9 2,1 I did not vote because of the 8 0,7 0,8 private reasons Central Party 5 0,4 0,5 Importance given to women 5 0,4 0,5 The party which support 3 0,3 0,3 farmers and peasants Unique party which had 2 0,2 0,2 women leader I did not love any party, I did 58 5,2 5,8 not vote I was young to vote, I did not 42 3,8 4,2 vote I did not have elector card 14 1,3 1,4 I was out of the city, I didn’t 11 1,0 1,1 vote I was soldier, I did not vote 5 0,4 0,5 No opinion 52 4,7 5,2 No answer 105 9,4 10,5 Total of responses 1113 100,0 Base 1000 111,3

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-88- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

THE REASONS OF POLITICAL CHOICES ON 3 NOVEMBER 2002

Political opinion 22%

Honest party 10% Habit 10%

It was new party, I tried 9% I think they repair economy 7%

Their works and services are successful 7%

The political atmosphere in the time of election and promises 7% I lover its leader 4%

Intellectual party 3%

Kemalist party 3% Muslim party 2%

Importance given to women 1% Central Party 1%

The party which support farmers and peasants 0%

Unique party which had woman leader 0% I did not love any party, I did not vote 6%

I was young to vote, I did not vote 4%

I did not have elector card 1%

Şehir dışındaydım oy kullanamadım 1%

I did not vote because of the private reasons 1% I was soldier, I did not vote 1%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

The 14% of the ones who have voted for AKP in the 3rd November 2002 as it reflected their political opinion, 7% of them because of habit, 15% of them because it was a honest party, 13% because they were satisfied with the works and services, 23% of them to try, 10% as they believed it can repair the economy, 13% of them because of the political atmosphere in the time and promises, and 6% as they like the leader.

The 37% of the ones who have voted for CHP as it reflected their political opinion, 17% of them because of habit, 11% of them because it was a honest party, 1% because they were satisfied with the works and services, 5% as they believed it can repair the economy, 3% of them because of the political atmosphere in the time and promises, and 2% as they like the leader.

The 21% of the ones who have voted for DYP as it reflected their political opinion, 27% of them because of habit, 13% of them because it was a honest party, 15% because they were satisfied with the works and services, 10% as they believed it can repair the economy, 13% of them because of the political atmosphere in the time and promises, and 6% as they like the leader.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-89- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

THE REASONS OF POLITICAL CHOICES ON 3 NOVEMBER 2002

60% 54%

50% 43%

40% 37%

30%

27%

24%

23% 21%

20%

17%

16%

15%

15%

14%

14%

13%

13%

13%

11%

10% 10%

10% 10%

8%

7%

7%

6%

6%

6%

5%

5% 5%

3% 3%

3%

2% 1% 0% Political Habit Honest party Their works It was new I think they The political I lover its opinion and services party, I tried repair atmosphere leader are successful economy in the time of election and promises AKP CHP DYP MHP GP

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-90- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

6.5.4 POLICY PRIORITY OF POLITICAL PARTIES

The most important 3 expectations from the political parties are successively poverty reduction, solving unemployment problems and solving the educational problems. The probability of increasing the vote percentage is high for the parties who inspire confidence to their voters on these three subjects.

If you think independent from the party you consider voting for, at the upcoming General Elections, which policy areas working party you can vote for? 2nd Weighted 1st Priority Priority 3rd Priority Mean Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Poverty Reduction 326 32,6 105 10,5 81 8,1 1269 21,2 Solving unemployment 174 17,4 174 17,4 142 14,3 1012 16,9 problems Solving educational 154 15,4 152 15,2 104 10,4 870 14,5 problems Solving economic 84 8,4 127 12,7 93 9,3 599 10,0 problems Prevention of terrorism 78 7,8 82 8,2 110 11 508 8,5 Solving problems related 51 5,1 117 11,7 108 10,8 495 8,3 to health Solving the injustice of 22 2,2 39 3,9 58 5,8 202 3,4 income distribution Solving social problems 27 2,7 38 3,8 44 4,4 201 3,4 Solving problems related 16 1,6 42 4,2 68 6,8 200 3,3 to human rights Prevention of wars 21 2,1 31 3,1 51 5,1 176 2,9 Solving infra-structure 14 1,4 28 2,8 19 1,9 117 2,0 problems Solving problems related 9 0,9 24 2,4 31 3,1 106 1,8 to justice mechanism Solving problems related 9 0,9 8 0,8 31 3,1 74 1,2 to democracy Combating with 6 0,6 17 1,7 18 1,8 70 1,2 environment pollution Solving problems related 5 0,5 10 1 15 1,5 50 0,8 to foreign relations European Union 4 0,4 6 0,6 23 2,3 47 0,8 harmonization period Total 1000 100 1000 100 996 100 5996 100,0

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-91- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IF YOU THINK INDEPENDENT FROM THE PARTY YOU CONSIDER VOTING FOR, AT THE UPCOMING GENERAL ELECTIONS, WHICH POLICY AREAS WORKING PARTY YOU CAN VOTE FOR?

Poverty Reduction 21%

Solving unemployment problems 17%

Solving educational problems 15%

Solving economic problems 10%

Prevention of terrorism 8%

Solving problems related to health 8%

Solving the injustice of income distribution 3%

Solving social problems 3%

Solving problems related to human rights 3%

Prevention of wars 3%

Solving infra-structure problems 2%

Solving problems related to justice mechanism 2%

Solving problems related to democracy 1%

Combating with environment pollution 1%

Solving problems related to foreign relations 1%

European Union harmonization period 1%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-92- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

6.5.5 THE POLITICAL CHOICES OF TODAY

If there were general elections tomorrow the percentage of the people who indicate that they will vote for AKP is 24%, percentage of the people who indicate that they will vote for CHP is 14%, percentage of the people who indicate that they will vote for DYP is 8%, and percentage of the people who indicate that they will vote for MHP is 7%. The percentage of the undecided is 18%.

If there were a General Election Valid tomorrow, which party would Frequency Percent Percent you vote for?(weighted) AKP 239 23,9 34,2 CHP 135 13,5 19,4 DYP 78 7,8 11,2 MHP 69 6,9 9,9 DTP 53 5,3 7,6 ANAP 34 3,4 4,9 GP 21 2,1 3,1 SP 20 2,0 2,8 DSP 13 1,3 1,8 Other 35 3,5 5,0 Total of who mentioned party's 697 69,7 100,0 names

Would vote blank/would spoil 63 6,3 the vote I do not vote 23 2,3 Undecided 178 17,8 No answer 39 3,9 Total of who did not mention 303 30,3 party's names

General total 1000 100,0

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-93- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IF THERE WERE A GENERAL ELECTION TOMORROW, WHICH PARTY WOULD YOU VOTE FOR?(WEIGHTED)

30%

25% 24%

20% 18%

15% 14%

10% 8% 7% 6% 5% 5% 4% 3% 4% 2% 2% 2% 1%

0% AKP CHP DYP MHP DTP ANAP GP SP DSP Other Undecided Would vote No answerI do not vote blank/would spoil the vote

If there were general elections tomorrow, when the voter who did not mention party’s name are distributed proportionally, AKP’s vote appears as 34%, CHP’s vote as 19%, DYP’s vote as 11% and MHP’s vote as 10%. It is estimated within the framework of these results that the composition of the assembly will be formed out of these four parties.

IF THERE WERE A GENERAL ELECTION TOMORROW, WHICH PARTY WOULD YOU VOTE FOR? (Weighted-who did not mention party’s name are distributed proportionally)

40%

35% 34%

30%

25%

20% 19%

15%

11% 10% 10% 8%

5% 5% 5% 3% 3% 2%

0% AKP CHP DYP MHP DTP ANAP GP SP DSP Other

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-94- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

Far Left

Left When the political parties located on the political DTP spectrum it is observed that DTP is located CHP between far left and central left and MHP DSP between the far right and central right. The Centeral position of the undecided votes to be closer Left to the right increases the possibility of these

Other to be voted for the parties on the right. The No answer ones who indicate that they will spoil their Blank vote No vote votes, will not vote and the ones who don’t Center respond are located closer to the left. It GP can be thought that these groups of people are in the search for a proper party on the Undecided left and if they cannot find this party they will not vote. Central DYP Right AKP ANAP

SP MHP Right

Far Right

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-95- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

6.5.6 THE REASONS OF TODAY’S THE POLITICAL CHOICES

In a possible general election, the voters indicate their voting preferences to be, according to the party’s political opinion (19%), to their successful works (19%) and being an honest party (10%).

Can you explain why you Percent of Base Responses made this political choice? Responses percent I am happy with their works 190 17,1 19,0 and services Political opinion 190 17,1 19,0 Honest party 102 9,2 10,2 They repair economy 74 6,6 7,4 Habit 49 4,4 4,9 I lover its leader 42 3,8 4,2 Intellectual party 42 3,8 4,2 Promises 23 2,1 2,3 Kemalist party 22 2,0 2,2 Alternative party 21 1,9 2,1 Muslim party 9 0,8 0,9 The party which support 8 0,7 0,8 farmers and peasants Importance given to women 4 0,4 0,4 Central party 2 0,2 0,2 Unique party which had 1 0,1 0,1 women leader I don t like any party I will 125 11,2 12,5 not vote I will take decision during 45 4,0 4,5 the election time I like the party for which I 15 1,3 1,5 voted No opinion 87 7,8 8,7 No answer 63 5,7 6,3 Total 1114 100,0 Base 1000 111,4

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-96- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

CAN YOU EXPLAIN WHY YOU MADE THIS POLITICAL CHOICE IF THERE WERE A GENERAL ELECTIONS TOMORROW?

Political opinion 19%

I am happy with their works and services 19%

Honest party 10%

They repair economy 7%

Habit 5%

Intellectual party 4%

I lover its leader 4%

Promises 2%

Kemalist party 2%

Aternative party 2%

Muslim party 1%

The party which support farmers and peasants 1%

Importance given to women 0%

Central party 0%

Unique party which had woman leader 0%

I don t like any party I will not vote 13%

I will take decision during the election time 5%

I like the party for which I voted 2%

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18% 20%

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-97- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

CAN YOU EXPLAIN WHY YOU MADE THIS POLITICAL CHOICE IF THERE WERE A GENERAL ELECTIONS TOMORROW?

70% 63%

60%

58% 52%

50%

40% 37%

30% 29%

22% 21%

20% 19%

17%

16%

15% 15%

13%

12%

11% 11%

11%

10%

10%

9%

9% 9%

10% 9%

7%

6%

6%

4%

2%

2% 2% 0% Political opinion I am happy with their Honest party They repair economy Habit works and services AKP CHP DYP MHP DTP ANAP

52% of the ones who claim that “I vote for AKP if there were general elections tomorrow” specify this as they are pleased with the works and services of them, among the ones who indicate that they will vote for the parties; 37% of the CHP supporters as it is a proper party for their Political opinions, 21% of the DYP supporters as they are satisfied with the services, 58% of the MHP supporters as it is a proper party for their Political opinions, 63% of the DTP supporters as it is a proper party for their Political opinions and 29% of ANAP supporters as it is a proper party for their Political opinions . The most important indicator here is the AKP supporters think to vote for this party because of its works and services performed. On the other hand, 22% of the DTP supporters’ indication that they will vote for this party as DTP will repair the economy is interesting.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-98- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

6.6 POLITICAL CHOOSES AND FEMALE POLITICIANS

6.6.1 SATISFACTION LEVEL FROM SUPPORTED POLITICAL PARTY’S IN REGARDS TO GENDER EQUALITY AND POLITICAL RIGHTS OF WOMEN

66% of the ones who have participated in the survey indicate that they are pleased with party’s policies regarding the gender equality and political rights of the women for which they have voted for in 3rd November 2002. And the 16% of them indicate that they are not pleased with the party’s policies regarding the gender equality and the political rights of the women for which they have voted.

In regards to gender equality and political rights of women, are you happy with the policies of the Frequency Percent party you voted for/gave support to? Yes 655 65,5 No 161 16,1 No opinion 144 14,4 No answer 40 4,0 Total 1000 100,0

IN REGARDS TO GENDER EQUALITY AND POLITICAL RIGHTS OF WOMEN, ARE YOU HAPPY WITH THE POLICIES OF THE PARTY YOU VOTED FOR/GAVE SUPPORT TO? Yes 66%

No 16%

No opinion/No Answer 18%

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-99- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN REGARDS TO GENDER EQUALITY AND POLITICAL RIGHTS OF WOMEN, ARE YOU HAPPY WITH THE POLICIES OF THE PARTY YOU VOTED FOR/GAVE SUPPORT TO?

90%

80% 80% 76% 71% 70% 69%

62% 60%

50%

40% 33%

30% 24% 20% 20% 18% 15%

9% 10% 10% 7% 5% 2% 0% Yes No No opinion/No Answer AKP CHP DYP MHP GP

20% of those who voted for AKP in the elections of November 3, 2002, 18% of those who voted for CHP, 15% of those who voted for DYP, 24% of those who voted for MHP, and 33% of those who voted for GP indicate that they are not happy with the policies of their parties regarding women equality and the political rights of women.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-100- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

6.6.2 THE REASONS OF DISSATISFACTION RELATED WITH THE POLICIES OF THE SUPPORTED POLITICAL PARTY REGARDING WOMEN EQUALITY AND POLITICAL RIGHTS OF WOMEN.

%33 percentage of responders are saying that they are not happy with the policies of the party related with women rights, that they gave support on 3 November 2002 and want their party to increase the number of the female politicians, %24 percentage of responders want provision of equality in male-female rights and %21 percentage of them want right to speak for women.

In the previous question, you said that you are not happy with the policies of the party that you gave Percent of Base Responses support to. In what way should Responses percent the women policy of this political party change? They did not resolve Turban’s 5 2,8 3,1 problem They were not active 6 3,4 3,7 Must be equality 39 22,0 24,2 They must give priority to the 33 18,6 20,5 women rights The number of female politicians 53 29,9 32,9 is low There must be women oriented 3 1,7 1,9 educations They do not have women policy 7 4,0 4,3 No opinion 19 10,7 11,8 No answer 12 6,8 7,5 Total of responses 177 100,0 Total 161 109,9

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-101- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN WHAT WAY SHOULD THE WOMEN POLICY OF THIS POLITICAL PARTY CHANGE?

The number of female 33% politicians is low

Must be equality 24%

Ther must give priority to the 21% women

They do not have woman 4% policy

They were not active 4%

They did not resolve Turban's 3% problem

It must be women oriented 2% educations

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

IN WHAT WAY SHOULD THE WOMEN POLICY OF THIS POLITICAL PARTY CHANGE?

70% 67%

60%

50% 50%

40%

36%

33% 29%

30% 29%

28%

26%

25%

24%

22% 20%

20% 19%

14%

13%

12% 11%

10%

4%

3% 2% 0% The number of female Must be equality Ther must give priority They do not have They were not active politicians is low to the women rights woman policy AKP CHP DYP MHP GP

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-102- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

The highest rate increase in number of female politicians in party is demanded by those who voted for DYP on 3rd November 2002 on General Elections (%67). % 50 of MHP voters, % 36 of CHP voters, % 29 of DTP voters and % 26 of AKP voters, who voted on 3 November 2006, demand an increase in number of female politicians in the party the voted for.

6.6.3 THE EFFECT OF WOMEN’S NUMBER IN POLITICAL PARTY % 30 of survey participants stated that higher number of female politicians in party would increase the tendency of voting for that party than for other political parties, while % 5 stated that it would reduce and % 64 stated that it would be of no effect. Subsequently, with these results it is considered that a party, which has increased the number of female politicians in the party, would provide about % 25 increase of its votes. In other words, a party, which has % 8 of votes, would increase it to % 10, in case the ratio of female parliamentary candidates in the party is higher than in other parties and this would increase the possibility of entering TBMM.

In what way did the ratio of women in the political party effect your decision to Frequency Percent support your party of choice? Higher tendency to vote 297 29,7 Lower tendency to vote 51 5,1 No changes in my tendency to vote 633 63,3 No opinion 16 1,6 No answer 3 0,3 Total 1000 100

Depending on these results, in case a party increases the number of women parliamentary candidates, it would provide significant advantages for this party. While political parties are settling their strategies before probable general elections, they have to take the voting tendency component into account.

IN WHAT WAY DID THE RATIO OF WOMEN IN THE POLITICAL PARTY EFFECT YOUR DECISION TO SUPPORT YOUR PARTY OF CHOICE?

Lower tendency to vote No changes in my 5% tendency to vote 63%

Higher tendency to vote 30%

No opinion 2%

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-103- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN WHAT WAY DID THE RATIO OF WOMEN IN THE POLITICAL PARTY EFFECT YOUR DECISION TO SUPPORT YOUR PARTY OF CHOICE?

80% Male 71% 70%

60% Female 56%

50%

Female 40% 39%

30%

Male 20% 20%

Male 10% 7% Female 3%

0% Higher tendency to vote No changes in my tendency to vote Lower tendency to vote

Statistical significance tests show that higher ratio of female politicians in a party than in other parties increases the tendency to vote for that party by women compared with men.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-104- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN WHAT WAY DID THE RATIO OF WOMEN IN THE POLITICAL PARTY EFFECT YOUR DECISION TO SUPPORT YOUR PARTY OF CHOICE?

80%

70% 69% 68%

60% 60%

50%

40% 33%

30% 27% 23%

20%

10% 6% 5% 5%

0% Higher tendency to vote No changes in my tendency to vote Lower tendency to vote Not Working Self Employed Employed

Statistical significance tests show that higher ratio of female politicians in a political party than in other parties increases the tendency to vote for that party by people who do not work compared with self employed ones.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-105- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN WHAT WAY DID THE RATIO OF WOMEN IN THE POLITICAL PARTY EFFECT YOUR DECISION TO SUPPORT YOUR PARTY OF CHOICE?

80%

71% 70%

61% 60%

50%

40% 35%

30% 25%

20%

10%

3% 2% 0% Higher tendency to vote No changes in my tendency to vote Lower tendency to vote More woman in politics Less woman in politics

Statistical significance tests show that higher ratio of female politicians in a political party than in other parties increases the tendency to vote for that party by people who want to see more women in political decision mechanism in Turkey, local administration and TBMM compared with those who do not.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-106- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN WHAT WAY DID THE RATIO OF WOMEN IN THE POLITICAL PARTY EFFECT YOUR DECISION TO SUPPORT YOUR PARTY OF CHOICE?

80% 73%

70%

61% 60%

50%

40% 36%

30%

20% 16%

10% 10% 2% 0% Higher tendency to vote No changes in my tendency to vote Lower tendency to vote Women's participation in the political process can change the nature of politics in both the form and the substance of political behavior, and also the results achieved in all of the areas. Agree Disagree

Statistical significance tests show that higher ratio of female politicians in a political party than in other parties increases the tendency to vote for that party by people agree with “Women’s participation in the political process can change the nature of politics in both the form and substance of political behavior and also the results achieved in all of the areas” statement compared with those who disagree.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-107- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN WHAT WAY DID THE RATIO OF WOMEN IN THE POLITICAL PARTY EFFECT YOUR DECISION TO SUPPORT YOUR PARTY OF CHOICE?

70% 66% 63%

60% 57%

50%

40% 34% 34%

30% 27%

20%

10% 8% 6% 2% 0% Higher tendency to vote No changes in my tendency to vote Lower tendency to vote Left Center Right

Statistical significance tests show that higher ratio of female politicians in a political party than in other parties increases the tendency to vote for that party by those who define themselves on left or center of political spectrum compared with those who are on right.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-108- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN WHAT WAY DID THE RATIO OF WOMEN IN THE POLITICAL PARTY EFFECT YOUR DECISION TO SUPPORT YOUR PARTY OF CHOICE?

80% 75%

70%

60% 60%

50%

40% 37%

30%

20% 19%

10% 4% 2% 0% Higher tendency to vote No changes in my tendency to vote Lower tendency to vote In order for women to participate equally in decision making mechanisms, how strongly would you support political parties implementing gender quotas? I would support I would t support

Statistical significance tests show that higher ratio of female politicians in a political party than in other parties increases the tendency to vote for that party by those who say that they would support “Political parties implementing gender quota into statutes and actualization in order for women to participate equally in decision making mechanisms” compared with those who say they would not.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-109- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

6.7 IMPLEMENTING GENDER QUOTAS IN POLITICAL PARTIES’ REGULATIONS

6.7.1 SUPPORT OF IMPLEMENTING GENDER QUOTAS

%78 of survey participants stated that they would support Political parties implementing gender quota into statutes and actualization in order for women to participate equally in decision making mechanisms while % 18 stated that they would not. The ratio of those who would absolutely support is % 40, those who would support a bit is % 38, those who would not support much is % 6 and those who definitely would support is % 4.

In order for women to participate equally in decision-making mechanisms, how strongly Frequency Percent would you support political parties implementing gender quotas? I would absolutely support 400 40 I would support a bit 378 37,8 I would not support much 127 12,7 I definitely would not support 56 5,6 No opinion 35 3,5 No answer 4 0,4 Total 1000 100

IN ORDER FOR WOMEN TO PARTICIPATE EQUALLY IN DECISION MAKING MECHANISMS, HOW STRONGLY WOULD YOU SUPPORT POLITICAL PARTIES IMPLEMENTING GENDER QUOTAS?

I would not support 18% I would support 78%

No opinion/No Answer 4%

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-110- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN ORDER FOR WOMEN TO PARTICIPATE EQUALLY IN DECISION MAKING MECHANISMS, HOW STRONGLY WOULD YOU SUPPORT POLITICAL PARTIES IMPLEMENTING GENDER QUOTAS?

90% Female 85%

80% Male 71% 70%

60%

50%

40%

30% Male 25%

20% Female 11% 10%

0% I would support I would not support Male Female

Statistical significance tests show that the support ratio of women for “Political parties implementing gender quota into statutes and actualization in order for women to participate equally in decision making mechanisms” is higher compared with men. % 85 of women supports gender quota implementation while % 71 of men states that they would support the quota.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-111- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN ORDER FOR WOMEN TO PARTICIPATE EQUALLY IN DECISION MAKING MECHANISMS, HOW STRONGLY WOULD YOU SUPPORT POLITICAL PARTIES IMPLEMENTING GENDER QUOTAS?

100% Agree 90% 90%

80%

70% Disagree 61% 60%

50%

Disagree 40% 36%

30%

20% Agree 10% 8%

0% I would support I would not support Women's participation in the political process can change the nature of politics in both the form and the substance of political behavior, and also the results achieved in all of the areas. Agree Disagree

Statistical significance tests show that the support ratio of those who agree with “Women’s participation in the political process can change the nature of politics in both the form and substance of political behavior and also the results achieved in all of the areas” statement for “Political parties implementing gender quota into statutes and actualization in order for women to participate equally in decision making mechanisms” is higher compared with those who disagree. While % 90 of those, who agree with statement, support the quota implementation, % 36 of those, who disagree, state that they would support this quota.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-112- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN ORDER FOR WOMEN TO PARTICIPATE EQUALLY IN DECISION MAKING MECHANISMS, HOW STRONGLY WOULD YOU SUPPORT POLITICAL PARTIES IMPLEMENTING GENDER QUOTAS?

100%

90% 86%

80% 77% 75%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30% 22% 20% 20% 12% 10%

0% I would support I would not support Left Center Right

Statistical significance tests show that the support ratio of those who place themselves on left of political spectrum for “Political parties implementing gender quota into statutes and actualization in order for women to participate equally in decision making mechanisms” is higher compared with those who place in center and right. While % 86 of those, who are on left of political spectrum, support the quota implementation, % 77 of those, who are in center and % 75 of those, who are on right, state that they would support this quota. Quota implementation support ratio declines from left to right of the political spectrum.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-113- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN ORDER FOR WOMEN TO PARTICIPATE EQUALLY IN DECISION MAKING MECHANISMS, HOW STRONGLY WOULD YOU SUPPORT POLITICAL PARTIES IMPLEMENTING GENDER QUOTAS?

100%

90% 89%

80% 80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20% 16%

10% 8%

0% I would support I would not support More woman in politics Less woman in politics

Statistical significance tests show that the support ratio of those who want to see more women in politics for “Political parties implementing gender quota into statutes and actualization in order for women to participate equally in decision making mechanisms” is higher compared with those who do not. While % 89 of those, who are want to see more women in politics support the gender quota, % 16 of those who do not want to see more women in politics state that they would support this quota.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-114- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN ORDER FOR WOMEN TO PARTICIPATE EQUALLY IN DECISION MAKING MECHANISMS, HOW STRONGLY WOULD YOU SUPPORT POLITICAL PARTIES IMPLEMENTING GENDER QUOTAS?

100% Necessary 91% 90%

80%

Not necessary 70% 65%

60%

50%

40% Not necessary 33% 30%

20%

Necessary 10% 6%

0% I would support I would not support In your opinion, how necessary is it to make legal reforms in order to increase the number of women in the Turkish Grand National Assembly? Necessary Not necessary

Statistical significance tests show that the support ratio of those who believe that “Making legal reforms in election law in order to increase the number of women in TBMM” is necessary for “Political parties implementing gender quota into statutes and actualization in order for women to participate equally in decision making mechanisms” is higher compared with those who do not. While % 91 of those, who believe that making legal reforms in election law in order to increase the number of women in TBMM is necessary support the gender quota, % 33 of those who do not believe it is necessary state that they would support this quota.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-115- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN ORDER FOR WOMEN TO PARTICIPATE EQUALLY IN DECISION MAKING MECHANISMS, HOW STRONGLY WOULD YOU SUPPORT POLITICAL PARTIES IMPLEMENTING GENDER QUOTAS?

100% I believe 89% 90%

80% I do not believe 70% 67%

60%

50%

40% I do not believe 31% 30%

20% I believe 10% 8%

0% I would support I would not support In order for women to be better represented in politics, do you believe that policies aiming to change the gender inequality at the Turkish Grand National Assembly will be actualized? I believe I do not believe

Statistical significance tests show that the support ratio of those who believe that “Policies aiming to change the gender inequality at TBMM will be actualized in order for women to be better represented in politics” for “Political parties implementing gender quota into statutes and actualization in order for women to participate equally in decision making mechanisms” is higher compared with those who do not. While % 89 of those, who believe that policies aiming to change the gender inequality at TBMM will be actualized in order for women to be better represented in politics, support the gender quota, % 67 of those who do not believe state that they would support this quota.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-116- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN ORDER FOR WOMEN TO PARTICIPATE EQUALLY IN DECISION MAKING MECHANISMS, HOW STRONGLY WOULD YOU SUPPORT POLITICAL PARTIES IMPLEMENTING GENDER QUOTAS?

100%

90% 90%

80% 80% 79% 80% 78% 77% 77% 75% 74% 72% 72% 70% 65% 60% 60% 55%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0% CHP DTP DYP Blank Undecided DSP AKP GP ANAP MHP No No vote Other SP vote answer I would support

Should a general election be tomorrow, % 90 of those who state that they would vote for CHP, % 80 of those who state they would vote for DYP and DTP, % 79 of those who state that they would make an blank vote, % 78 of undecided voters, % 77 of those who state that they would vote for DSP, AKP and GP, % 74 of those who state they would vote for ANAP, % 72 of those who state they would vote for MHP and those who did not answer, % 65 of those who state they would not vote, % 60 of those who state they would vote for other parties and % 55 of those who state they would vote for SP stated that the would support political parties implementing gender quota into statutes and actualization in order for women to participate equally in decision making mechanisms.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-117- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

6.7.2 NECESSITY OF IMPLEMENTING GENDER QUOTAS % 77 of survey participants believe that making legal reforms in election law in order to increase the number of women in TBMM is necessary while % 21 believe it is not. The ratio of those who believe it is certainly necessary is % 36, who believe it is necessary a bit is % 41, those who believe it is not much necessary is % 15 and those who does not believe it is necessary at all is % 6.

In your opinion, how necessary is it to make legal reforms in order to increase the number Frequency Percent of women in the Turkish Grand National Assembly? Not necessary at all 58 5,8 Not much necessary 147 14,7 Necessary a bit 408 40,8 Certainly necessary 358 35,8 No opinion 27 2,7 No answer 2 0,2 Total 1000 100,0

IN YOUR OPINION, HOW NECESSARY IS IT TO MAKE LEGAL REFORMS IN ORDER TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF WOMEN IN THE TURKISH GRAND NATIONAL ASSEMBLY?

Not necessary 21% Necessary 77%

No opinion/No Answer 3%

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-118- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN YOUR OPINION, HOW NECESSARY IS IT TO MAKE LEGAL REFORMS IN ORDER TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF WOMEN IN THE TURKISH GRAND NATIONAL ASSEMBLY?

90% Female 84%

80%

Male 69% 70%

60%

50%

40% Male 29% 30%

20% Female 12% 10%

0% Necessary Not necessary Male Female

Women believe that making legal reforms in election law in order to increase the number of women in TBMM is necessary more compared with men. While % 84 of women states legal reforms are necessary, the percentage of men who state the same is % 69.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-119- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN YOUR OPINION, HOW NECESSARY IS IT TO MAKE LEGAL REFORMS IN ORDER TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF WOMEN IN THE TURKISH GRAND NATIONAL ASSEMBLY?

90%

79% 80% 78%

70% 67%

60%

50%

40%

30% 30%

21% 20% 17%

10% 4% 3% 1% 0% Necessary Not necessary No opinion/No Answer Not Working Employed Self Employed

Those who do not work and those who are employed believe that making legal reforms to increase the number of women in TBMM is necessary more than those who are self employed.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-120- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN YOUR OPINION, HOW NECESSARY IS IT TO MAKE LEGAL REFORMS IN ORDER TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF WOMEN IN THE TURKISH GRAND NATIONAL ASSEMBLY?

100%

90% 86% 85% 83% 82% 80% 80% 80% 77% 74% 72% 69% 69% 69% 70%

60% 60%

50% 50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0% DYP CHP GP DSP DTP Blank AKP Undecided MHP No vote No ANAP Other SP vote answer Necessary

Should a general election be held tomorrow, % 86 of those who state that they would vote for DYP, % 85 of those who state they would vote for CHP, % 83 of those who state that they would vote, % 82 of those who state they would vote for DSP, % 80 of those who state that they would vote for DTP and those who state they would make a blank vote, % 77 of those who state they would vote for AKP, % 74 of those who are undecided, % 72 of those who state they would vote for MHP, % 69 of those who state they would not vote, those who did not answer this question and those who stated that they would vote for ANAP, % 60 of those who state they would vote for other parties and % 50 of those who stated that they would vote for SP believe that making legal reforms in election law in order to increase the number of women in TBMM is necessary.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-121- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN YOUR OPINION, HOW NECESSARY IS IT TO MAKE LEGAL REFORMS IN ORDER TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF WOMEN IN THE TURKISH GRAND NATIONAL ASSEMBLY?

100% 93%

90%

80% 74% 69% 70%

60%

50%

40%

30% 27% 23%

20%

10% 6%

0% Necessary Not necessary Higher tendency to vote No changes in my tendency to vote Lower tendency to vote

% 93 of those who say that the higher ratio of female politicians in a political party compared with other would increase the tendency to vote for that party, % 74 of those who say it would not change the tendency to vote and % 27 of those who say it would reduce the tendency to vote believe that making legal reforms in election law in order to increase the number of women in TBMM is necessary.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-122- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN YOUR OPINION, HOW NECESSARY IS IT TO MAKE LEGAL REFORMS IN ORDER TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF WOMEN IN THE TURKISH GRAND NATIONAL ASSEMBLY?

90% 85%

80% 77% 74%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

21% 22% 20% 15%

10%

0% Necessary Not necessary Left Center Right

Those who are on left of the political spectrum believe more in necessity of making legal reforms in election law in order to increase the number of women in TBMM compared with those who are on right. While % 85 of those who are on left of the political spectrum believed in necessity of legal reforms, % 74 of those who are on right believes in necessity of making legal reforms.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-123- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN YOUR OPINION, HOW NECESSARY IS IT TO MAKE LEGAL REFORMS IN ORDER TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF WOMEN IN THE TURKISH GRAND NATIONAL ASSEMBLY?

90% 83%

80%

70% 64%

60%

50%

40% 32% 30%

20% 15%

10%

0% Necessary Not necessary In order to change the gender inequality in political decision making mechanisms, do you believe that Turkish Grand Nationnal Assembly will be helpful? Can be helpful Cannot be helpful

Those who believe that TBMM will be helpful in changing gender inequality in political decision making mechanisms believe that making legal reforms in election law in order to increase the number of women in TBMM is necessary more that those who do not. % 83 of those who believe that TBMM will be helpful state that they feel making legal reforms necessary while % 64 of those who do not believe TBMM will be helpful think that legal reforms are necessary.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-124- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN YOUR OPINION, HOW NECESSARY IS IT TO MAKE LEGAL REFORMS IN ORDER TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF WOMEN IN THE TURKISH GRAND NATIONAL ASSEMBLY?

100%

90% 88%

81% 78% 80% 76% 74% 73% 70% 67%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0% Mediterranean Eastern Aegean Blacksea Central Anatolia Marmara Southeastern Anatolia Anatolia Necessary

Those who live in Mediterranean region believe that making legal reforms in election law in order to increase the number of women in TBMM more than those who live in Southeastern Anatolia, Central Anatolia and Marmara Region. % 88 of those who live in Mediterranean region believe in necessity of legal reforms while % 74 of those who live in Central Anatolia Region, % 73 of those who live in Marmara Region and % 67 of those who live in Southeastern Anatolia Region believe in necessity of legal reforms.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-125- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

6.7.3 CONFIDENCE OF IMPLEMENTING GENDER QUOTAS

Ratio of those who believe that policies aiming to change gender inequality in TBMM will be actualized in order for women to be better represented in politics is % 52, the ratio of those who do not believe is % 45.

Ratio of those who strongly believe that policies aiming to change gender inequality in TBMM will be actualized in order for women to be better represented in politics is % 16, of those who believe a bit is % 31 and of those who do not believe at all is % 13.

IN ORDER FOR WOMEN TO BE BETTER REPRESENTED IN POLITICS, DO YOU BELIEVE THAT POLICIES AIMING TO CHANGE THE GENDER INEQUALITY AT THE TURKISH GRAND NATIONAL ASSEMBLY WILL BE ACTUALIZED? I do not believe 45%

I believe No opinion/No 52% Answer 4%

In order for women to be better represented in politics, do you believe that policies aiming to Frequency Percent change the gender inequality at the Turkish Grand National Assembly will be actualized? I strongly believe 158 15,8 I believe a bit 358 35,8 I do not believe much 312 31,2 I do not believe at all 134 13,4 No opinion 33 3,3 No answer 5 0,5 Total 1000 100,0

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-126- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN ORDER FOR WOMEN TO BE BETTER REPRESENTED IN POLITICS, DO YOU BELIEVE THAT POLICIES AIMING TO CHANGE THE GENDER INEQUALITY AT THE TURKISH GRAND NATIONAL ASSEMBLY WILL BE ACTUALIZED? (Who believe the necessity of legal reforms in order to increase the number of women in the Turkish Grand National Assembly) I believe 59%

I do not believe No opinion/No Answer 38% 3%

% 59 of those who believe that making legal reforms in election law in order to increase the number of women in TBMM is necessary believe that policies aiming to change gender inequality in TBMM will be actualized, while % 38 do not.

IN ORDER FOR WOMEN TO BE BETTER REPRESENTED IN POLITICS, DO YOU BELIEVE THAT POLICIES AIMING TO CHANGE THE GENDER INEQUALITY AT THE TURKISH GRAND NATIONAL ASSEMBLY WILL BE ACTUALIZED? (Who believe that in order to change the gender inequality in political decision-making mechanisms, Turkish Grand National Assembly will be helpful) I believe 67%

No opinion/No Answer I do not believe 3% 29%

% 67 of those who believe that TBMM will be helpful in changing gender inequality in political decision making mechanisms believe that policies aiming to change gender inequality in TBMM will be actualized while % 29 do not.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-127- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

6.8 THE INSTITUTIONS WHICH WILL BE HELPFUL IN ORDER TO CHANGE THE GENDER INEQUALITY IN POLITICAL DECISION MAKING MECHANISMS

% 75 of survey participants think that Women Organizations would be helpful in changing the gender inequality in political decision making mechanisms, % 68 think that it would be TBMM, % 64 think that it would be other NGO’s, % 62 think it would be Ministry of State for Family and % 60 think that it would be the Presidency of the Republic.

In order to change the gender inequality in political decision making mechanisms, which institutions and at what level will be helpful? Cannot No Can be be opinion/ Total helpful helpful No Answer Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Women 746 74,6 237 23,7 17 1,7 1000 100,0 Organizations Turkish Grand National 679 67,9 307 30,7 14 1,4 1000 100,0 Assembly Other Non- Governmental 641 64,1 339 33,9 20 2,0 1000 100,0 Organizations Ministry of State for Women and 621 62,1 362 36,2 17 1,7 1000 100,0 Family Presidency of the 598 59,8 385 38,5 17 1,7 1000 100,0 Republic European Union 545 54,5 431 43,1 24 2,4 1000 100,0 Prime Ministry 542 54,2 440 44,0 18 1,8 1000 100,0 Political Parties 527 52,7 455 45,5 18 1,8 1000 100,0 United Nations 406 40,6 566 56,6 28 2,8 1000 100,0 The Military 387 38,7 589 58,9 24 2,4 1000 100,0

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-128- WOMEN IN POLITICS OPINION POLL

IN ORDER TO CHANGE THE GENDER INEQUALITY IN POLITICAL DECISION MAKING MECHANISMS, WHICH INSTITUTIONS AND AT WHAT LEVEL WILL BE HELPFUL?

80% 75%

70% 68% 64% 62% 60% 60% 34% 15% 55% 23% 54% 53% 17% 50% 25% 15% 21% 20% 41% 39% 40%

11% 14% 30%

49% 45% 42% 20% 41% 37% 38% 33% 34% 30% 24% 10%

0% Women Turkish Grand Other NNGOs Ministry of Presidency of European Prime Ministry Political United Nations The Military Organizations National State for the Republic Union Parties Assembly Women and Family May be helpful Certainly will be

The ratio of those who believe women organization would certainly be helpful is % 34, of those who believe Ministry of State for Family would certainly be helpful is % 25 and of those who believe that TBMM would certainly be helpful is % 23.

REPORT, SEPTEMBER 2006 PAGE-129-