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Composing On-Demand Intelligent Physical Layers CODIPHY- Composing On-Demand Intelligent PHYsical Layers by Aveek Dutta M.S., University of Colorado Boulder, 2008 B.Tech., University of Kalyani, India, 2002 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Colorado in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering 2013 This thesis entitled: CODIPHY- Composing On-Demand Intelligent PHYsical Layers written by Aveek Dutta has been approved for the Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering Prof. Dirk Grunwald Prof. Douglas Sicker Prof. Tim Brown Prof. Fabio Somenzi Dr. Joeseph Mitola III Date The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories, and we find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. iii Dutta, Aveek (Ph.D., Electrical Engineering) CODIPHY- Composing On-Demand Intelligent PHYsical Layers Thesis directed by Prof. Dirk Grunwald CODIPHY or Composing On-Demand Intelligent Physical Layers aims to solve two fundamental problems in practical cognitive radio networks: Collaboration between two radio physical layers (PHY) with varying capabilities to agree on a common communication protocol, using an ontology based description of the internal structure of the radio subsystems and secondly, provide a method to compose a functioning radio pipeline from a set of pre-compiled components, using the high-level representation provided by the ontology, to target heterogeneous platforms. CODIPHY isolates the various domains of radio engineering, but still allows sharing of domain knowledge to achieve the common goal of radio adaptation. CODIPHY goes beyond the concept of “knobs” in cognitive radios, to decompose the radio pipeline and then build it back again to implement a different wireless protocol. To automate this process through collaborative learning is the goal of this thesis. Instead of solving the generic problem of collaboration for all waveforms and protocols, we focus on the most common family of waveform used in modern wireless systems and cognitive radio networks, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), and validate the methodology of CODIPHY by prototype implementations on heterogeneous radio platforms using HDLs and high level programming languages. CODIPHY is the culmination of experiences gathered from radio prototyping for cognitive radio net- works and is greatly influenced by MAC-PHY crosslayer research, where the radio is treated as a mutable entity rather than fixed in function. In this thesis, we present the steps required to realize the concept of CODIPHY, which range from the implementation of cognitive radio prototypes on FPGA to its application in design and evaluation of novel crosslayer protocols. These steps provide valuable insights to the require- ments and formulation of CODIPHY. Therefore, CODIPHY is a multi-disciplinary effort that facilitates knowledge sharing among disparate areas of research. Dedication To Dola and Adri v Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to thank my PhD advisor Prof. Dirk Grunwald for his support, advice and guidance throughout my graduate studies. Would like to thank my research collaborator, Dola Saha for her invaluable contribution in developing and maintaining software drivers for the software defined radio that is one of the foundation pieces of my thesis. Also, like to thank her for collaborating on crosslayer research that has enabled me to propose new architectures for next generation physical layers. Also, would like to thank all the members of my thesis committee, Prof. Douglas Sicker, Prof. Tim Brown, Prof. Fabio Somenzi and Dr. Joseph Mitola III for their insightful comments that has helped me enrich my research. Thank you to Prof. Dipankar Raychaudhuri and Ivan Seskar of Rutgers University for their support and cooperation over the years. And lastly, a big thank you to all of my family members, specially my parents for believing in me and my friends for their support and always standing beside me when required. vi Contents Chapter 1 Introduction 1 2 Related Work 15 3 Physical Layers: Implementation of OFDM transceiver 24 3.1 Inside the OFDM transceiver . 25 3.2 Radio Platform and System Level Components . 27 3.3 Ethernet Module . 28 3.4 SPI Serial Interface . 29 3.5 Baseband Module . 33 3.5.1 Packet Detection . 33 3.5.2 Carrier Frequency Offset Correction . 39 3.5.3 Long Correlation and Packet Timing . 41 3.5.4 De-prefix and FFT . 42 3.5.5 Equalization . 43 3.5.6 Demodulation . 48 3.5.7 De-interleaver . 51 3.5.8 De-puncture . 51 3.5.9 Viterbi Decoder . 52 3.5.10 De-scrambler . 52 vii 3.5.11 Signal Symbol Decoder . 52 3.6 Performance Evaluation . 54 3.6.1 Hardware Utilization . 54 3.6.2 Error performance . 57 3.6.3 Latency . 57 4 Intelligent Physical Layers: Specification for a SDCR 59 4.1 SDCR : Redefining the Radio PHY . 61 4.1.1 OFDM Transceiver : The Top Level . 62 4.1.2 Transmitter Kernels . 66 4.1.3 Receiver Kernels . 67 4.1.4 Cognitive Sensing . 72 4.2 Implementation and Results . 73 4.2.1 Implementation . 73 4.2.2 Results . 74 4.3 Efficiency and Generality . 77 4.4 Conclusion . 78 5 On-Demand Intelligent Physical Layers: Crosslayer protocol design using SDR 79 5.1 SMACK: SMart ACKnowledgment [7] . 79 5.1.1 SMACK - Reliable Link Layer Broadcasts . 80 5.1.2 Implementing SMACK using SDR . 82 5.1.3 Conclusion . 85 5.2 Blind Synchronization of NC-OFDM [61] . 86 5.2.1 OFDM Symbol Timing . 90 5.2.2 NC-OFDM Synchronizer . 91 5.2.3 FPGA Implementation . 97 5.2.4 Results and Implementation . 99 viii 5.2.5 Conclusion . 104 5.3 GRaTIS – Free Bits in the Air [100] . 105 5.3.1 GRaTIS: Free Bits . 107 5.3.2 Hardware Implemention of GRaTIS . 110 5.3.3 Conclusion . 111 5.4 Covert Communication through Dirty Constellations [102] . 114 5.4.1 Dirty Constellation . 116 5.4.2 Dirty Constellation on SDR . 120 5.4.3 Conclusion . 121 6 CODIPHY : Part 1 - Hierarchical Knowledge Representation System 123 6.1 Knowledge Representation System . 125 6.1.1 Specification level . 126 6.1.2 Dataflow Level . 127 6.2 Ontology of the Radio Physical Layer . 129 6.2.1 Taxonomy of the Ontology . 130 6.3 Dataflow representation of OFDM transceiver . 136 6.4 Ontology for MAC-PHY Wireless crosslayer research . 137 7 CODIPHY : Part 2 – Hierarchical Inferencing through Queries 142 7.1 Querying at the System Level . 143 7.2 Querying at the Subsystem Level . 143 7.3 Querying at the Specification Level . 144 7.4 Querying the Dataflow . 144 7.5 Collaboration using Hierarchical Inferencing for Crosslayer Implementations . 147 8 CODIPHY : Part 3 – Composing the Radio PHY 151 8.1 Composing software executable . 152 ix 8.2 Composing hardware descriptions . 154 8.3 Code generation for OFDM transceiver . 155 8.4 Dataflow based PHY adaptation for Crosslayer Implementations . 157 9 Comparing CODIPHY With Other Related Techniques 160 10 Conclusion 162 Bibliography 164 Appendix A Previously Published Content 173 B Autogenerated M-Code for synthesizing ProgMod subsystem 174 C Autogenerated C Code for software implemention of the ProgMod subsystem 194 x Tables Table 3.1 Radio configuration specifications . 30 3.2 Hardware utilization of the complete radio system . 56 3.3 Hardware utilization of the transmitter subsystem . 56 3.4 Hardware utilization of the receiver . 57 3.5 Throughput and SNR requirements for 802.11a/g data rates . 57 4.1 Configurations supported by the SDCR . 73 4.2 Transceiver hardware utilization in Virtex-IV FPGA . 73 5.1 NC-OFDM parameters . 99 5.2 Default setting for simulation parameters . 101 5.3 NC-OFDM correlator utilization in Virtex - IV . 104 5.4 Throughput and SNR requirements for 802.11a/g and CODIPHY rates . 113 6.1 Ontology of the transmitter . 139 6.2 Ontology of the receiver . 139 7.1.
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