Farm Animal Welfare: Measurement and Compliance

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Farm Animal Welfare: Measurement and Compliance Institut für Lebensmittel- und Ressourcenökonomik der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn Farm Animal Welfare: Measurement and Compliance I n a u g u r a l - D i s s e r t a t i o n zur Erlangung des Grades Doktor-Ingenieur (Dr.-Ing.) der Hohen Landwirtschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn vorgelegt am 23. Januar 2012 von Dominic Norbert Annen aus Saarlouis Referent: Prof. Dr. Thomas Heckelei Koreferenten: Prof. Dr. Benno Kunz Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Büscher Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 15. Juni 2012 Erscheinungsjahr: 2012 Danksagung Ich danke Herrn Prof. Dr. Thomas Heckelei herzlich für die Ermöglichung und Begleitung der vorliegenden Arbeit. Sein in mich gesetztes Vertrauen hat mich in meiner Arbeit bestärkt. Mein Dank gilt ebenfalls Herrn Prof. Dr. Benno Kunz und Herrn Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Büscher für die freundliche und bereitwillige Übernahme des Koreferats. Ein besonderer Dank gilt Frau Dr. Christine Wieck für ihre Betreuung während meiner Promotionstätigkeit und die sehr gute fachliche Zusammenarbeit. Ihre Ratschläge haben mich stets sehr motiviert. Herrn Markus Kempen danke ich für seine Unterstützung und stets hilf- reichen Anregungen im Projektteam. Ich danke auch Frau Dr. Bettina Rudloff für das in mich gesetzte Vertrauen und die gute Zusammenarbeit zu Beginn meiner Promotionstätigkeit. Bei Frau Dr. Elfriede Ofner-Schröck, Herrn Mag. med. vet. Ewald Schröck und Herrn Bernd Lengers möchte ich mich herzlich für ihre Unterstützung bei der Durchführung der wissenschaftlichen Erhebungen bedanken. Ein Quell der Inspiration war ebenfalls die Arbeit im Forschungsprojekt „Cross Compliance Assessment Tool“ (CCAT), welches von der Euro- päischen Kommission finanziert wurde. In diesem Zusammenhang möchte ich Frau Dr. Berien Elbersen, sämtlichen Teammitgliedern und Verantwortlichen danken. Ich möchte allen ehemaligen Kollegen am Institut für Lebensmittel- und Ressourcenöko- nomik für ein freundliches Miteinander und einen regen Gedankenaustausch danken. Von ganzem Herzen danke ich meiner Mutter Irmtraud, meinem Stiefvater Ivo und mei- ner Lebensgefährtin Barbara. Sie unterstützten mich in allen meinen Vorhaben und gaben mir Rückhalt und Kraft. i Kurzfassung Tiergerechtheit landwirtschaftlicher Betriebe: Messung und Einhaltung Die vorliegende Arbeit umfasst zwei Hauptteile. Gegenstand des ersten Hauptteils ist es, Konzeption und Einhaltung gesetzlicher sowie freiwilliger Tierhaltungsstandards auf Öster- reichischen und Deutschen Schweinemast- und Rinderbetrieben hinsichtlich ihrer Relevanz für den Tierschutz vergleichend zu beurteilen. Im Rahmen des zweiten Hauptteils wird ermit- telt, inwieweit sich theoretische Annahmen bezüglich der Entscheidung von Landwirten zur Teilnahme an Zertifizierungsstandards und/oder der gemeinschaftlichen Betriebsprämienre- gelung („Cross Compliance“ (CC)) auf Grundlage von Verhaltensmodellen und Befragungs- ergebnissen verifizieren lassen. Im Rahmen des ersten Hauptteils werden geltende Europäische und nationale Gesetzes- vorgaben sowie Auflagenkataloge privater Zertifizierungsstandards gesammelt und mithilfe des Österreichischen „Tiergerechtheitsindex“ (TGI), einem praxiserprobten Rahmenwerk zur Beurteilung des betrieblichen Tierschutzes, gemäß ihrer Auflagenstrenge gruppiert, bewertet und mit Vor-Ort gemessenen TGI-Profilen verglichen. Zur Abschätzung regulierter Mindest- tierschutzniveaus von Schweinemastbetrieben werden die TGI-Profile anhand von Teilnah- mezahlen an Zerifizierungsstandards auf die Gesamtheit der Betriebe bzw. Tierbestände im jeweiligen Land zu aggregierten TGI-Werten für konventionelle und biologische Haltungs- systeme hochgerechnet. Für Rinderhaltende Betriebe werden sowohl errechnete als auch Vor- Ort gemessene TGI-Profile mit Wichtungsprofilen überlappender Tierschutzbewertungssys- teme verglichen. So werden Rückschlüsse darüber gezogen, inwieweit wissenschaftlich rele- vante Tierschutzbedingungen Vor-Ort eingehalten und in Auflagenkatalogen gesetzlicher so- wie privater Standards einbezogen werden. Die Untersuchungsresultate zeigen, dass die Auf- lagen gesetzlicher und privater Standards in Österreich und Deutschland je nach Nutztierart auf ähnlich hohem Tierschutzniveau angesiedelt sind. Dies lässt sich zumeist auf EU-weit einheitliche Mindestauflagen für konventionelle und biologische Betriebsarten zurückführen. Bei genauerer Betrachtung zeigen Österreichische Schweinehaltungsstandards eine größere Auffächerung in den errechneten Tierschutzprofilen als entsprechende Deutsche Standards, die sich stärker an den gesetzlichen Auflagen orientieren. Obwohl Vor-Ort erhobene als auch auf Basis von Mindestauflagen errechnete Tierschutzprofile meist parallel verlaufen, weisen die Vor-Ort erhobenen Resultate in fast allen TGI-Kriterien höhere Tierschutzniveaus aus. Besonders Auflagen bezüglich Herdenstruktur und Betreuung werden freiwillig übertroffen. Die Beachtung von Tierschutzaspekten der Bodenbeschaffenheit, des Stallklimas und Bewe- gungsfreiraums orientiert sich indes stärker an den Mindestauflagen der Standards. Für die Rinderhaltung wichten wissenschaftliche Beurteilungssysteme Aspekte der Bodenbeschaffen- heit, des technischen Stallzustands, Bewegungsfreiraums und Auslaufs besonders stark. Zur Umsetzung des zweiten Hauptteils werden mathematische Verhaltensmodelle erarbei- tet, welche die Handlungsoptionen des Landwirtes in der Entscheidungssituation wiederge- ben. Aus den Modellen werden Determinanten der Systemteilnahme und Hypothesen bezüg- lich der Entscheidungsfindung und des Systemeinhaltungsgrades abgeleitet. Zur Beurteilung der Relevanz der Determinanten werden Befragungsresultate Österreichischer Landwirte aus- ii gewertet. Darüberhinaus wird die formale Beziehung zwischen Teilnahmebereitschaft und Determinanten anhand eines Probitmodells untersucht. Die Befragungsresultate dienen zu- sammen mit den Ergebnissen des Probitmodells zur Verifizierung oder Ablehnung der Hypo- thesen. Es erweist sich, dass eine rationale, von der Höhe der Betriebsprämie und den Einhal- tungskosten abhängige Entscheidung zur Teilnahme an CC und Zertifizierungsstandards be- stätigt werden kann. Die Resultate legen nahe, dass die Teilnahmeentscheidung unabhängig von der erwarteten Sanktionierung und Aufdeckungswahrscheinlichkeit von Verstößen ist. In Bezug auf den Einhaltungsgrad können jedoch Abhängigkeiten von der erwarteten Sanktio- nierung und Aufdeckungswahrscheinlichkeit von Verstößen festgestellt werden. Produktions- standards auf Höhe gesetzlicher Mindestauflagen scheinen den Landwirt zur Teilnahme an CC oder Zertifizierungsstandards zu bewegen. Es ist anzunehmen, dass persönliche Motive die Auflageneinhaltung merklich beeinflussen. iii Abstract Farm Animal Welfare: Measurement and Compliance The present study is divided into two main parts. The first main part aims at evaluating the conception of and compliance with legal and voluntary husbandry standards on Austrian and German pig fattening and cattle farms with respect to their relevance for animal welfare. The second main part is focussed on testing hypotheses concerning the joint decision situation of farmers choosing to participate in certification standards and/or the European Single Payment Scheme (“cross compliance” (CC)) on the basis of behavioural models and survey data. In the course of the first main part, an inventory of applicable legal and farm certification standards is done. The standards are clustered into groups with identical minimum provisions. By means of the Austrian “Animal Needs Index” (ANI), a field-proven assessment framework for farm animal welfare, for each group an ANI profile is calculated. The latter are then com- pared with on-farm measured ANI profiles of similar farm types. For pig fattening farms, the calculated ANI profiles are extrapolated to estimate the minimum animal welfare level in the full farm or herd size population of conventional and organic farm types in Austria and Ger- many. This is done by weighting the ANI scores of standards in accordance to their national participation rate. For cattle farms, both calculated and on-farm measured ANI profiles are compared with weightings of animal welfare aspects provided by overlapping overall animal welfare and risk assessment systems. In this way, conclusions are drawn to what extent ani- mal welfare conditions considered by science to be more or less relevant are imposed by stan- dards and reflected by on-farm compliance. The results of the study show that obligations given by legal and farm certification standards in Austria and Germany are on a similar ani- mal welfare level, depending on the livestock species. This can be largely ascribed to already harmonised European law for conventional as well as organic farm types. A closer look re- veals that Austrian pig fattening standards indicate more diversification in animal welfare levels than those identified for Germany, where the labels show a greater overlap with legal standards sets. Although both calculated and on-farm measured ANI profiles show similar value patterns, the on-farm measured results disclose in nearly all ANI assessment criteria higher animal welfare levels. Especially for requirements concerning herd structure and stockman care substantial voluntary compliance is measured. However, the adherence to ani- mal welfare aspects with regard to floor conditions, stable climate and space allowance is mainly based on the prescribed minimum obligations. Overall animal welfare and risk as- sessment systems for cattle farming
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