Passo Fedaia Museo Della Grande Guerra 1914-1918

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Passo Fedaia Museo Della Grande Guerra 1914-1918 Passo Fedaia MUSEO DELLA GRANDE GUERRA 1914-1918 Foto di Leo Handl (Archivio De Bernardin-Wachtler) La Guerra Bianca sulle Dolomiti The White War on the Dolomites Der Weisse Krieg in den Dolomiten e la Marmolada and Marmolada und auf der Marmolata Durante la guerra la linea del fronte si attestò During the war, the front line stretched as far as the Während des Krieges verlief die Front auch durch die anche sulle Dolomiti, dal Passo Rolle al San Dolomites: from Passo Rolle to San Pellegrino, from Dolomiten, vom Passo Rolle zum San Pellegrino, von Pellegrino, dalla Marmolada al Col di Lana, Marmolada to Col di Lana, and from Tofane to the der Marmolata zum Col di Lana, von der Tofana bis dalle Tofane alle Tre Cime di Lavaredo. Tre Cime di Lavaredo. zu den Drei Zinnen. Allo scoppio della guerra con il Regno d’Italia, nel At the outbreak of war with the Kingdom of Italy Bei Ausbruch der Krieges mit dem Königreich maggio 1915, su queste montagne vennero scavate in May 1915, trenches, tunnels, walkways and Italien im Mai 1915 wurden auf diesen Bergen trincee e gallerie, e furono costruiti fortificazioni fortifications were built on these mountains. Schützengräben und Stollen angelegt sowie e camminamenti. The soldiers of the two armies faced each other at Feldbefestigungen und Laufgräben errichtet. I soldati dei due eserciti si fronteggiarono a quote altitudes hitherto unthinkable, forced to endure Die Soldaten beider Seiten standen sich auf vorher fino ad allora impensabili, costretti a sopportare extreme living conditions and fight against the nicht vorstellbaren Höhen gegenüber, und mussten drammatiche condizioni di vita e a combattere dangers of the cold and ice. geradezu dramatische Lebensbedingungen ertragen. contro le insidie del freddo e dei ghiacci. In this area, the conquest of the Marmolada Man kämpfte gegen die Kälte und die Gefahren von In questo settore, la conquista del gruppo della group would give a strategic advantage because Schnee und Eis. Marmolada costituiva un elemento strategico it guaranteed control of the valleys below. In the In diesem Abschnitt war die Eroberung der perché garantiva il controllo delle valli sottostanti. spring of 1916, Austro-Hungarian troops occupied Marmolatagruppe von strategischer Bedeutung, Nella primavera del 1916 le truppe austro- some of its areas. The Italian command then ordered da man von hier aus die darunter liegenden Täler ungariche occuparono stabilmente alcune quote. a counter-attack that took back the Austrian kontrollieren konnte. Im Frühjahr 1916 konnten die I comandi italiani ordinarono allora positions and led to the conquest of the Serauta k.u.k. Truppen einige Höhen ständig besetzen. Die un contrattacco che fece arretrare le posizioni area. italienischen Kommandostellen ordneten deshalb austriache e portò alla conquista della zona From that moment, the two armies started building einen Gegenangriff an, der die Österreicher zur del Serauta. extensive fortifications. The Austro-Hungarian Aufgabe ihrer Stellungen zwang und zur Eroberung Da quel momento i due eserciti furono impegnati troops dug a “City of Ice” on Marmolada, an intricate der Serauta führte. in un’imponente opera di fortificazione. Le truppe system of tunnels, shelters and walkways. The Italian Von diesem Moment an waren beide Seiten mit austro-ungariche scavarono sulla Marmolada Army did the same in the Serauta area and along the dem Ausbau ihres immensen Stellungssystems una vera e propria “città di ghiaccio”, un intricato Monte Padon group, facing Marmolada, where the beschäftigt. Die österreichisch-ungarischen Truppen sistema di gallerie, ricoveri e camminamenti. Mesola complex of tunnels was. gruben sich auf der Marmolata in den Gletscher Lo stesso fece l’esercito italiano nella zona After the Italian retreat from Caporetto, in und errichteten dort im wahrsten Sinne des Worte di Serauta e lungo la catena del monte Padon, November 1917 the front moved from the Dolomites eine „Eis-Stadt“, die aus einer Reihe von Stollen, di fronte alla Marmolada, dove predispose to Piave and the silence returned to reign over these Unterständen und Verbindungsgängen bestand. In il complesso dei cunicoli della Mesola. mountains. gleicher Weise ging die italienische Armee in der Dopo la ritirata italiana di Caporetto, nel novembre Zone um die Serauta und entlang des Bergrückens 1917 il fronte si spostò dalle Dolomiti al Piave des Monte Padon vor, der der Marmolata vorgelagert e il silenzio tornò a regnare su queste montagne. ist und wo man ein komplexes Stollensystem an der Mesola errichtete. Nach dem Rückzug der Italiener von Karfreit im November 1917 verschob sich die Front von den Dolomiten zum Piave und es kehrte wieder Ruhe auf Baracca di legno sulla Marmolada diesen Bergen ein. (Archivio Dellantonio) Passo Fedaia MUSEO DELLA GRANDE GUERRA 1914-1918 Leo Handl (Archivio De Bernardin-Wachtler) La città di ghiaccio The city of ice Die Stadt im Eis A partire dal 1916 l’esercito austro-ungarico From 1916 onwards, the Austro-Hungarian army Ab 1916 erbaute die k.u.k. Armee auf der realizzò nel gruppo della Marmolada la created the so-called “City of Ice” at over 3,000 Marmolata die sog. „Stadt im Eis”, ein System cosiddetta “città di ghiaccio”, un complesso metres on the Marmolada group, a 12 kilometre von Stollen und Kavernen, die auf 3000 m di gallerie e caverne scavate nella roccia e nei complex of tunnels and caves carved into the Höhe in Fels und Eis getrieben wurden und eine ghiacci, che si snodava per 12 chilometri, a oltre rock and ice. Gesamtlänge von 12 Kilometern erreichten. 3.000 metri di quota. This ingenious and daring work, designed by Dieses von Oberleutnant Leo Handl, Ingenieur Quest’opera ingegnosa e ardita, progettata dal Lieutenant Leo Handl, engineer and commander und Kommandant der auf der Marmolata tenente Leo Handl, ingegnere e comandante of the Bergführer company stationed on the stationierten Bergführerkompagnie, geplante della compagnia Bergführer stanziata sulla Marmolada, had a twofold objective: to connect einfallsreiche und kühne Projekt, erfüllte zwei Marmolada, aveva un duplice obiettivo: Forcella in a V-position with the positions behind Aufgaben: zum einen die Versurascharte (österr. collegare la Forcella a V con le posizioni it, and to protect soldiers from Italian fire, the Deckname “S” und ital. Forcella a “V”) mit den retrostanti e proteggere i soldati dal fuoco cold and snow. rückwärtigen Stellungen zu verbinden und zum italiano, dal freddo e dalla neve. Inside the glacier, tunnels and depots were dug anderen die Soldaten vor feindlicher Beschießung All’interno del ghiacciaio vennero scavati and many things were built: huts for the officers, sowie vor Kälte und Schnee zu schützen. gallerie e depositi e realizzati baracche per gli shelters for the troops, a telephone switchboard, Im Inneren des Gletschers wurden Stollen ufficiali, ricoveri per le truppe, un centralino an electrical transformer, storage for ammunition vorangetrieben und Depots, Offiziersbaracken, telefonico, un trasformatore elettrico, depositi and even a church. Unterkünfte für die Mannschaften, eine Telefon- per le munizioni e persino una chiesa. Life inside the glacier allowed the soldiers to und Elektrizitätszentrale, Munitionslager und La vita all’interno del ghiacciaio permetteva avoid the low temperatures outside since at this sogar eine Kapelle angelegt. ai soldati di evitare le rigide temperature altitude it could fall as low as 30 degrees below Durch den Rückzug in den Gletscher wich man dell’esterno, che a queste quote possono zero. However, there were many hardships: auch den extremen klimatischen Bedingungen an scendere anche a 30 gradi sotto lo zero. smoke from the stoves often failed to flow out der Oberfläche aus. So können die Temperaturen Molti erano però i disagi: spesso il fumo delle of the huts and made the air unbreathable; auf diesen Höhen auch auf 30 Grad unter null stufe ristagnava nelle baracche, rendendo moisture made the sometimes 50 metres deep und mehr fallen. Dennoch war das Leben im l’aria irrespirabile; l’umidità, soprattutto environment unhealthy, especially in the summer. Gletscher auch mit Nachteilen verbunden: d’estate, rendeva malsani gli ambienti The huts and tunnels had to be constantly häufig zog der Rauch aus den Öfen nicht ab und realizzati a profondità che raggiungevano i modified due to the slow but relentless man drohte in den Baracken zu ersticken; die 50 metri. Baraccamenti e gallerie dovevano movement of the glacier that crushed like a Feuchtigkeit insbesondere im Sommer wirkte essere continuamente modificati a causa del powerful vice. sich in den tieferliegenden Bereichen, die eine movimento lento ma incessante del ghiacciaio The “City of Ice” was abandoned in November Tiefe von bis zu 50 m erreichten, negativ auf die che le stritolava come una potentissima morsa. 1917, when the front moved from the Dolomites Gesundheit aus. Baracken und Stollen mussten La “città di ghiaccio” fu abbandonata a partire to the plains. aufgrund der langsamen aber stetigen Bewegung dal novembre 1917, quando il fronte si spostò des Gletschers, der sie wie ein gewaltiger dalle Dolomiti verso la pianura. Schraubstock zermalmte, ständig ausgebessert werden. Aufgegeben wurde die „Eis-Stadt“ im November 1917, nachdem sich die Front von den Dolomiten in die Ebene verschoben hatte. Foto di Leo Handl, Città di ghiaccio (Archivio De Bernardin-Wachtler).
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