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Lennah Project Report 2014 UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND VETERINARY SCIENCES FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN ELEPHANT DENSITIES ON THE ECOSYSTEM AND OTHER SPECIES A CASE STUDY OF NAMUNYAK WILDLIFE CONSERVATION TRUST FIELD SUPERVISORS: MR. JACOB LOILA –UNIT MANAGER NWCT MR. HENRY KAHI, UON, DEPARTMENT OF LAMART. BY ORINA N LENNAH BSC.WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION. J42/3073/2010 PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF THE DEGREE IN BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION. JANUARY-APRIL 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration……………………………………………………………………………………………page 4 Dedication…………………………………………………………………………………..…………page 5 List of abbreviation and acronyms…………………………………………………………………...page 6 Abstract……………………………………………………………………………..…………………page 7 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the problem…………………………………………………..……………………page8 1.2 Statement of the problem……………………………………………….…………………………page 9 1.3 Purpose of the study………………………………………………………..……………………page 10 1.4 Objectives of the study……………………………………………..……………………………page 10 1.5Justifications of the study…………………………………...……………………………………page 10 1.6 Limitation of the study………………………………………………………………..…………page 11 1.7 Assumptions of the study………………………………………………………...……………...page 11 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Analysis of vegetation in Namunyak…………...………………………………………….……page 13 2.2 Scientific classification of elephants……………………………………………………………..page13 2.3 Special features of elephants………………………...…………………………………………..page 13 2.4 Feeding behavior………………………………………………………..……………………….page 14 2.5 Forage use as a basis of inferring impact…………………………..……………………………page 15 2,6 Ecological consequences of sexual dimorphism……………...…………………………………page 16 2.7 Ecological process influenced by elephants……………………………………………………..page 17 2.8 Physical description af African elephant………………………………………..……………….page 17 2.9 Behavior…………………………………………………………………..……..………………page 18 3.0 Conservation status………………………………………………………..……………………..page 18 CHAPTER THREE: The study area……………………………………………………………………………………..page 19 CHAPTER FOUR: METHODOLOGY Research design………………………………………………………………………….…………..page 20 Population and sample……………………………………………………………………………….page 20 Data collection procedure………………………………………………………..…………………..page 20 CHAPTER FIVE: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Data analysis……………………………………………………………………………...………….page 22 DISCUSION Effects of elephants on Mathews range ecosystem…………….……………………………………page 25 Mechanisms of impact on individual plants………………………………………………,,………..page 26 Fauna……………………………………………………………………………………….………..page 27 CHAPTER SIX: Summary of findings…………………..…………………………………………………………… page 29 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………..page 30 Recommendation………………………………………………………………………….………..page 31 REFERENCES………………………..……………………………………………………………..page 32 Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………..……………page 35 Appendix 1 community questionnaire………………………………………………..……………..page 38 DECLARATION: I hereby declare that the work presented in this report is entirely my own, and has never before been submitted to any university or college for the award of a degree in Bachelor of Science in Wildlife Management and Conservation. BY: ORINA N LENNAH Signature……………………………………………………….. Date………………… FIELD SUPERVISORS: MR LOILA LETININA Unit manager NWCT Signature……………………………………………………… Date……………. MR HENRY KAHI UON Department of LARMAT Signature……………………………………………………… Date…………… DEDICATION I want to dedicate this work to my project report to my supervisor Mr. Henry Kahi, and all the lecturers of the University of Nairobi for their tireless effort they made to ensure that I gained all the knowledge I have now. My sincere gratitude goes to the senior warden NWCT, Mr. Loila Letinina and all the entire staff of Namunyak wildlife conservation trust for assisting me throughout the entire period of my attachment My appreciation and dedication goes to my family and my friends for supporting all through and also to my parents and sisters for supporting me throughout my four years in campus. May the Lord our God bless my work and those who supported me in one way or another to make my life a success. LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AND TABLES NWCT- Namunyak wildlife conservation trust NRT- Northern rangeland trust KWS- Kenya wildlife service HWC-Human wildlife conflicts MIKE-Monitoring of illegal killing of elephants CITES-Convention on international trade for endangered species NRM-Natural resource management KFS-Kenya Forest Service Abstract: Concerns over elephant impacts to woody plants in African savannas have highlighted shifts in vegetation community composition with implications for possible reductions in biodiversity. Habitat loss poses the greatest threat to species. Large herbivores such as elephants ( Loxodonta africana ) apparently have a negative impact on woody vegetation at moderate to high population densities. The confounding effects that fire, drought, and management history have may complicate assignment of such impacts to herbivory. My analysis showed that high elephant densities had a negative effect on woody vegetation but that rainfall and presence of migratory corridors influenced these effects. In arid savannas, woody vegetation always responded negatively to elephants, in Namunyak, because of the Mathew ranges which provide a lot water most elephants migrate from samburu national reserve to Namunyak which makes their population very high and their effects are pronounced. Hence, in my research I was concerned with the changes brought about through the presence of elephants on the species composition, vegetation structure and functioning of the ecosystems of which they are a component. These changes are judged within the context of the overriding context of biodiversity conservation, which is a primary aim set by humans for much of the land within which these elephants reside. My objectives of my research were to identify the effects of elephants to the Namunyak ecosystem and the species affected. After analyzing my results I found that elephants usually reduce bush lands to grasslands hence favoring grazers but I discovered that elephants feed on grass most of the time and this results in direct competition with grazers. My research methods included a detailed questionnaire which I prepared and gave the community to answer, I also interviewed the key persons in Namunyak who are concerned with conservation and I also used observation method where I was taken around the conservancy to appreciate the effects of elephants. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTIONBACKGROUND TO THE PROBLEM The issue of the effects of elephants within ecosystems has emerged strongly since the formulation of the concept of the ‘elephant problem and the concerns that elephants may irrevocably alter the remaining areas which are available to them . Two perspectives need to be kept in mind when these concerns are raised. Firstly, the order of Proboscideans (including the modern elephants) evolved in Africa as part of a unique group of mammals, the Afrotheria , with their roots going back 80 million years. Proboscideans of various forms subsequently colonized all continents except for Australia and Antarctica; mammoths in the family Elephantidae remained abundant and widespread through most of Europe and North America until as recently as 12 000–16 000 years ago. The modern African elephant emerged about 3 million years ago. Hence, its relationships with other animal and plant species have been an integral part of the co-evolutionary history of the ecosystems and biodiversity of Africa. Herbivores, through their consumption of plant tissues, affect the relative growth, survival and reproductive output of these plants, with consequences for vegetation structure, community composition and ecosystem processes (Huntly, 1991). Even relatively small herbivores can have profound effects in shaping ecosystem structure, particularly when they occur at high densities. They affect the growth and survival of many herb, shrub and tree species, modifying patterns of relative abundance and vegetation dynamics. Cascading effects on other species extend to insects, birds, and other mammals. Sustained over-browsing reduces plant cover and diversity, alters nutrient and carbon cycling, and redirects succession .simplified alternative states appear to be stable and difficult to reverse. Similarly, smaller herbivores with specific manners of feeding can alter ecosystems, although their abundance and overall use of resources are not great. Nevertheless, the feeding and breakage impacts of elephants on plants are greater in magnitude and scale than those of smaller herbivores, particularly through affecting the structural components of the vegetation like canopy trees (Owen-Smith, 1988). From this perspective elephants have been termed ‘megaherbivores’, along with other species exceeding 1 000 kg in adult body mass with similarly great impacts on ecosystems, including rhinos and hippos. Herbivore species within this size range were a general feature of ecosystems worldwide until modern humans spread their predatory and land-transforming influences worldwide between 50 000 and 12 000 years ago. It has been surmised that the elimination of these megaherbivores through human hunting contributed to the demise of many other large mammal species, and consequent reduction in species diversity outside of Africa and tropical Asia, as a result of the habitat changes that occurred (Owen-Smith, 1987, 1989). This emphasizes that the effects of elephants on biodiversity
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