DOCSLIB.ORG

Afrique, !'Histoire À L'endroit Bernard Lugan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Afrique, !'Histoire À L'endroit Bernard Lugan Afrique, !'Histoire à l'endroit Bernard Lugan Ce livre est le fruit de vingt années de recherches en histoire africaine. Il s'attaque à la désinformation et à la contre-histoire que certains médias et certains historiens véhiculent depuis des décennies. L'auteur, spécialiste du passé du continent noir, remet en question Afrique, de nombreux tabous. Ainsi explique-t-il que, dans une grande partie de l'Afrique, les Noirs n'ont nullement été les premiers occupants, que les guerres tribales sont une constante de l'histoire africaine, que l'Europe n'a pas brisé l'équilibre des sociétés paradisiaques; qu'en !'Histoire à l'endroit Afrique du Sud, les Blancs ont précédé les Noirs sur 50 pour 100 du territoire; que le credo normalisé par les historiens officiels et par !'Unesco repose trop souvent sur des à-priori idéologiques qui rédui­ sent la valeur scientifique de leurs démonstrations. li estime que la colonisation fut une chance historique pour l'Afrique noire qui n'a pas toujours su la saisir. Il montre que dans les années 1950 l'Afrique sub-saharienne était la partie la plus paisible du monde, que le continent noir ignorait alors les famines, que l'indépen­ dance - trop brutale - eut pour l'Afrique des aspects négatifs, que l'on attribue à de fausses causes les maux dont elle souffre. La production alimentaire y croit plus lentement que la population, les intérêts de la dette ne peuvent plus être remboursés et l'ethnisme enraye le progrès. Au terme de son analyse, Bernard Lugan conclut qu'il faut cesser d'accuser le climat ou le prétendu pillage colonial. Il constate que tous les projets de développement ont échoué en Afrique et que, pour le monde développé, la question est désormais la sui­ vante: que faire de plus pour sauver l'Afrique, pour éviter de continuer à dilapider une aide qui, détournée de ses objectifs, finit par aggraver la situation. Bernard Lugan es! maitre de conférences en hisioirc à l'univcrs11é de Lyon Ill. Doc1cur en histoire, doc1cur ~s le ures, spécialis!c de l'Afrique, il a enseigné dix ans à l'univcrsilé du Rwanda. Archéologue, il a iravaillé sur les migra1ions ethniques en Afrique orientale. Depuis une dizaine d'années, il s'intéresse à l'Afrique aus1ralc 1 où il se rend plusieurs fois par an. Aule ur d'une Histoire dt l'Afrique du Sud (Perrin, ~ 1987) cl de nombreux articles publiés dans les revues africanis1cs européennes et o américaines, il est également journalisic et conférencier. 1 (8 .N .J ~ Vérités et Légendes 1 Perrm --9 11r78226211 ~~îï~f 007119U' 1 i11~11 Prix TIC 140 F DU MÊME AUTEUR BERNARD LUGAN Histoire de l'Afrique du Sud, Librairie Académique Perrin, Paris, 1986 (prix de la Société de géographie économique). Huguenms et Français, ils ont fait l'Afrique du Sud, La Table ronde, Paris, 1987 (prix d'histoire de l'Académie française - Louis Marin). Robert de Kersauson : le demier commando boer, Le Rocher, coll. « Avenrures et Aventuriers », Paris, 1989. En collaboration avec Pierre Sirven et Alain Auger : Atlas historique et géographique du cominent africain, Éditions M.D.I., 1977. AFRIQUE: En collaboration avec Arnaud de Lagrange : Le Safari du Kaiser (récit), La Table ronde, Paris, 1987. L'HISTOIRE À L'ENDROIT Les Volontaires dtt Roi (roman), Presses de la Cité, Paris, 1989. Collection Vérités et Légendes ~àt> ~ Perrin 8, rue Garancière PARIS Pour avoir la vérité il est nécessaire de tourner le dos à la multitude. FONTENELLE. La loi du li mars 1957 n'autorisant, aux termes des alinéas 2 et 3 de l'article 41, d'une part, que les • copies ou reproductions strictement réservées à l'usage privé du copiste et non destinées à une utilisation collecuve »et, d'autre part, que les analyses et les courtes citations dans un but d'exemple et d'illustration,« toure rcpréscntarion ou reproduction intégrale ou partielle, faite sans le consentement de l'auteur ou de ses ayants droit ou ayants cause, est illicite • (alinéa premier de l'article 40). Cene représentation ou reproduction, par quelque procédé que ce soit, constituerait donc une contrefaçon sanctionnée par les articles 425 et suivants du Code pénal. © Perrin, 1989. ISBN : 2.262.00711-X ISSN : 0981.7859 SOMMAIRE l ntroduction . 11 I. L'histoire del'Afrique entre la science et l'incantation . l S II. Avant les Noirs . 3S III. L 'Afrique noire, un monde inconnu dans I'Antiquité . SS N. L'Afrique noire, un continent récepteur . 75 V. Quand les Noirs envahissaient 1' Afrique . 89 VI. Afrique du Sud, antériorité noire ou blanche? . 111 VII. Quand des Noirs vendaient d'autres Noirs. 127 VIII. L'Afrique noire, vivier humain des musulmans. 141 IX. Une société traditionnelle confrontée à la traite, le cas du Rwanda.. 1S9 X. Les apartheids noirs . 177 XI. Éthiopie, la famine politique . 203 XII. Afrique du Sud, les guerres civiles noires, 1800-198S . 215 XIII. Bilan de trente ans d'indépendance . 237 Conclusion : Perspectives d'avenir . 265 Abréviations et lexique . 269 Bibliographie . 271 Table des cartes . 283 Index. 283 INTRODUCTION Depuis quelques années, l'histoire del'Afrique s'est transformée en acte d'accusation. La mainmise du tiers-mondisme sur les études africaines explique en grande partie l'essor de ce qui est devenu une contre-histoire. La contester entraîne la mise au ban immédiate de la communauté scientifique puisque ses propagan­ distes, en France et dans une moindre mesure ailleurs, contrôlent largement les revues africanistes, les instituts et les départements universitaires qui se consacrent à l'étude de ce continent. Ce livre est le résultat de bientôt vingt années de fréquentation de l'Afrique, des Africains et des africanistes. Il a longuement mûri. Ce n'est pas sur une impulsion que l'on s'attaque à la désinformation historique à l'échelle d'un continent. Les thèmes qui ont été choisis - parmi de nombreux autres - permettent de mesurer la largeur du fossé séparant la connaissance objective des a priori idéologiques. L'AFRIQUE POLITIQUE L'AFRIQUE LINGUISTIQUE m Afro-asiatique (1) OctAN la berbère 1 b sémitique 1 c tchadien Id cushitique INDIEN oaAN D Nilo-saharien (Il) 1 COMORES .q. Il a central saharien Il b soudanais central Il c soudanais oriental ATLANTIQUE Il d songha1 Niger-Congo 0 0 [[]] branche occidentale rzzl branche centrale ( bantu) - khoisan 0 1000 km "... 0 1000km "'<. :., d'après Grcenbe•g L'AFRIQUE PHYSIQUE I Désert Arabique L'HISTOIRE DE L'AFRIQUE ENTRE LA SCIENCE ET L'INCANTATION 0 Il n'existe pas plus une Afrique qu'un homme africain. Sur ce continent d'aspect massif, tout est diversité, toute unité politique importée. L'uniformisation y est idéologique et elle aboutit à un grave réductionnisme. Nous parlerons donc des Afriques. Sur la carte, le continent africain apparaît comme un seul bloc de OCtAN OC!AN 30 millions de kilomètres carrés. Ici, et à la différence del' Asie, de l'Amérique du Nord ou de l'Europe, pas de vastes échancrures, de péninsules digitées ni de chapelets d'îles. Cet aspect massif est ATLANTIQUE INDIEN d'ailleurs le seul trait unitaire d'un continent aux milieux profon­ dément individualisés et souvent isolés les uns des autres par des barrières naturelles. A l'exception du gigantesque T pastoral qui s'étend du Sahel aux hautes terres de l'Afrique orientale, les Afriques sont nenement 0 séparées par les déserts, les forêts, les fleuves et leurs rapides, ou c::::J courbe d'altitude de 1 000 m encore par la barre qui, souvent, isole le littoral. Ces obstacles j x~t~1 forêt dense dans ses limites actuelles naturels ne sont pas les seuls. Les endémies, les barrières de tsé­ ::::::/:::.désert du Sahara tsé, variables dans le temps et dans l'espace, ont elles aussi Bambo.A région conditionné l'histoire de vastes parties du continent . ... 0 1000 km <"' (., La première diversité qu'offre l'Afrique est imposée par le système des pluies. Tout dépend d'elles. Sur 9 000 km du nord au sud, c'est-à-dire d'Alger au cap de Bonne-Espérance, et sur 6 500 km d'ouest en est, de Dakar à Djibouti, les pluies n'ont aucune homogénéité et elles conditionnent toutes les végétations, 16 AFRIQUE: L'HISTOIRE À L'ENDROIT ENTRE LA SCIENCE ET L'INCANTA110N 17 imposant leur loi naturelle. La vie des hommes en société en est L'histoire de l'Afrique noire est en grande partie condition­ tributaire. née par l'existence du désert du Sahara. La sécheresse crois­ En simplifiant à l'extrême et sans tenir compte des différences sante qui y a débuté il y a au moins 12 000 ans lui a peu à régionales sur lesquelles nous reviendrons, il est possible de peu retiré les atouts qui auraient pu en faire le grand milieu distinguer S grandes zones caractérisées par S grands régimes des de passage et de sédentarisation de l'Afrique. 1 pluies : Vers 2 à 3000 avant J .-C., la péjoration climatique entraîne - Entre 0 et 100 mm d'eau par an, nous sommes en présence l'aggravation de la désertification. Désormais, le Sahara de milieux désertiques sur lesquels le peuplement est impossible devient une barrière coupant l'Afrique en deux. Au nord, une ou résiduel. Afrique méditerranéenne tournée vers tous les foyers de civili­ - Entre 100 et 300 mm d'eau par an, le milieu est celui de la sation de l'Antiquité et ouverte à leurs influences. Au sud, steppe subdésertique avec activités pastorales reposant sur la une Afrique isolée, livrée à elle-même, dépendant des transhumance. L'agriculture est possible, mais avec irrigation. nomades sahariens pour la transmission de rares éléments - Entre 300 et 600 mm d'eau par an, la zone individualisée est culturels.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • French Perceptions of Britain from Fashoda to the Boer War
    Cross Channel Reflections : French Perceptions of Britain from Fashoda to the Boer War. John Edward Blockley. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 1 Statement of Originality. I, John Edward Blockley, confirm that the research included within this thesis is my own work or that where it has been carried out in collaboration with, or supported by others, that this is duly acknowledged below and my contribution indicated. Previously published material is also acknowledged below. I attest that I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original, and does not to the best of my knowledge break any UK law, infringe any third party’s copyright or other Intellectual Property Right, or contain any confidential material. I accept that the College has the right to use plagiarism detection software to check the electronic version of the thesis. I confirm that this thesis has not been previously submitted for the award of a degree by this or any other university. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author. Signature: John Edward Blockley. Date: 10 July 2014 Acknowledgement of Support. This work was supported by a Queen Mary, University of London, French studies bursary. Abstract. This Thesis adopts a variety of different approaches in order to throw light on French perceptions of the British at the turn of the twentieth century. Introduction, chapters one and two set these in the broader context of nineteenth-century attitudes, in particular the genre of invasion literature, and the corpus of work produced by writers from the Ecole Libre, Paris.
    [Show full text]
  • Triggering Nationalist Violence Triggering Nationalist Adria Lawrence Violence Competition and Conºict in Uprisings Against Colonial Rule
    Triggering Nationalist Violence Triggering Nationalist Adria Lawrence Violence Competition and Conºict in Uprisings against Colonial Rule What causes nonstate actors to take up arms and wage war against the state? Despite a burgeoning literature on civil war, extrasystemic war, and terrorism, scholars continue to lack compelling explanations for the onset of civil violence. The existing litera- ture has examined variation in political violence along a number of different dimensions, including the incidence of rebellion and civil war,1 the distribu- tion of violence within civil wars,2 the behavior of violent actors toward civil- ians,3 popular support for violent actors,4 and the use of particular types of violence.5 Yet less is known about how and why violence erupts in the ªrst Adria Lawrence is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale University and a research fellow at the MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies. From 2007 to 2008, she was a research fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University. The author would like to acknowledge Ana De La O, Thad Dunning, Jeff Goodwin, Jenna Jordan, Stathis Kalyvas, Harris Mylonas, David Patel, Roger Petersen, Mustapha Qadery, Keven Ruby, Jonah Schulhofer-Wohl, Susan Stokes, Lisa Wedeen, Elizabeth Wood, the anonymous reviewers, and participants at workshops at Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technol- ogy, and Yale University for comments and helpful suggestions on earlier drafts. Special thanks are owed to Matthew Kocher for his advice and feedback. Many thanks to Younes Amehraye for research assistance in Morocco. 1. For examples, see Paul Collier and Anke Hoefºer, “Greed and Grievance in Civil War” (Oxford: Center for the Study of African Economics, March 2002); Nicholas Sambanis, “What Is a Civil War? Conceptual and Empirical Complexities of an Operational Deªnition,” Journal of Conºict Res- olution, Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • The Polisario Front
    EUROPEAN STRATEGIC INTELLIGENCE AND SECURITY CENTER (ESISC) THE POLISARIO FRONT CREDIBLE NEGOTIATIONS PARTNER OR AFTER-EFFECT OF THE COLD WAR AND OBSTACLE TO A POLITICAL SOLUTION IN WESTERN SAHARA? Under the leadership of Claude MONIQUET, ESISC President November 2005 METHODOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS Founded in May 2002, the ESISC (European Strategic Intelligence and Security Centre) has taken on, from its inception, the work of observing and analyzing the international terrorism and strategic questions that had been conducted for many years by some of its promoters. The work of the ESISC analysts is based: . On the systematic examination of all the “open sources” (newspapers, magazines, books, etc) available on the questions of terrorism, political violence and strategic problems. On close relations and exchanges with other research centres, in particular in the United States, Europe, the Middle East and South Asia. On regular meetings with political and military leaders, and members of the intelligence communities. On ad hoc field missions carried out by ESISC researchers or by other experts appointed by them. This systematic approach has enabled the ESISC to create and develop prospective analysis systems, databases (biographical, geographical, thematic and, in terms of terrorism and organized crime, “Perpetrator Group” and “Target Group”) and other instruments that contribute to the permanent evaluation of the tensions, the general threat and the relative threat relating to one or more given targets. This analysis is made available to ESISC’s clients and partners. This report falls within the ESISC’s STUDIES remit. The ESISC further publishes many analysis and synthesis papers that are available on its website: www.esisc.org For all contact: [email protected] This report remains the exclusive property of the ESISC, and any publication other than that expressly envisaged by the law would require prior written permission.
    [Show full text]
  • Download the Full Report
    THE INTERNATIONAL IDENTITARIAN MOVEMENT FROM BANNERS TO BULLETS: THE INTERNATIONAL IDENTITARIAN MOVEMENT HOPE not hate 2019 By Simon Murdoch and Joe Mulhall HOPE not hate Charitable Trust PO Box 61383, London, N19 9ER Telephone 020 7952 1184 Email: [email protected] http://charity.hopenothate.org.uk Registered office: Suite 1, 3rd Floor, 11-12 St. James’s Square, London SW1Y 4LB @hope.n.hate @hopenothate HOPE not hate @hopenothate THE INTERNATIONAL IDENTITARIAN MOVEMENT CONTENTS THE AUTHORS Executive Summary 5 Introduction: The Threat of Identitarianism 6 SIMON MURDOCH What is Identitarianism? 10 Simon Murdoch is a researcher at HOPE not hate focusing on the identitarian movement A Short History of Identitarian Ideas 10 and the anti-feminist ‘Manosphere’ community. The Importance of Metapolitics 11 Through HOPE not hate in partnership with Melissa Ryan, Simon also co-edits Ctrl Alt- A Glossary of Identitarian Language 13 Right Delete, the largest newsletter and online The Identitarian Ideas that took lives in resource devoted to covering the rise of far- Christchurch, Poway and El Paso 15 right extremism, white nationalism and online toxicity, delivered on a weekly basis to more Identitarianism in Europe 21 than 15,000 subscribers. Austria 22 Balkan Bloc 24 JOE MULHALL Joe Mulhall is Senior Researcher at HOPE Belgium 24 not hate and leads the Right Response The Czech Republic 24 Team, monitoring international and domestic far-right groups. He received his PhD on Denmark 25 the history of postwar fascism from Royal Holloway, University of London where he France 26 also held a Visiting Lectureship. He has Germany 28 published extensively both academically and journalistically and appears regularly in the Hungary 30 international news media and has several Italy 32 forthcoming books on the historical and contemporary far right.
    [Show full text]
  • Re-Imagining Rwanda Conflict, Survival and Disinformation in the Late Twentieth Century
    This page intentionally left blank Re-imagining Rwanda Conflict, Survival and Disinformation in the Late Twentieth Century The tragic conflict in Rwanda and the Great Lakes in 1994 to 1996 attracted the horrified attention of the world’s media. Journalists, diplomats and aid workers struggled to find a way to make sense of the bloodshed. Johan Pottier’s troubling study shows that the post-genocide regime in Rwanda was able to impose a simple yet persuasive account of Central Africa’s crises upon international commentators new to the region, and he explains the ideological underpinnings of this official narrative. He also provides a sobering analysis of the way in which this simple, persuasive, but fatally misleading analysis of the situation on the ground led to policy errors that exacerbated the original crisis. Professor Pottier has extensive field experience in the region, from before and after the genocide. JOHAN POTTIER is Professor of Social Anthropology at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. His previous publica- tions include ‘Anthropology of Food: The Social Dynamics of Food Security’ (1999) and ‘Migrants No More: Settlement and Survival in Mambwe Villages, Zambia’ (1988). African Studies Series 102 Editorial Board Dr David Anderson, Department of History, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London Professor Carolyn Brown, Department of History, Rutgers University, New Jersey Professor Christopher Clapham, Department of Politics and International Relations, Lancaster University Professor Michael Gomez, Department of History, New York University Professor Patrick Manning, Department of History, Northeastern University, Boston Professor David Robinson, Department of History, Michigan State University Professor Leo Villalon, Department of Political Science, University of Kansas Published in collaboration with THE AFRICAN STUDIES CENTRE, CAMBRIDGE A list of books in this series can be found at the end of this volume.
    [Show full text]
  • "Central African Republic"?
    ASPJ Africa & Francophonie - 4th Quarter 2014 Did You Say, “Central African Republic”? HENRI BORÉ* frica has dramatically changed for the better over the past 10 years. Democratic processes, good governance, and economic development are making their way into many countries. Still, part of the continent is shaken by traditional eth- nic polarization, widespread corrup- Ation, lack of education, poverty, and social inequalities: “These areas inter- sect and are frequently manipulated by politicians.”1 They often foster brutal violence and bloody regime change. Indeed, the 2013 conflict in the Cen- tral African Republic (CAR) unveils a picture already witnessed in Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo (fig. 1), Côte d’Ivoire, and Libya, to name a few—specifically, that picture reflects centuries of mistrust between ethnic or tribal communities, as well as social fracture and poverty that affect a large portion of the population.2 Figure 1. Former twentieth-century French Equatorial Africa. (Courtesy of the author.) *The author is the Africa desk officer at the US Marine Corps Center for Advanced Operational Culture Learning. He also worked as a consultant on Africa programs for the African Center for Strategic Studies and the US Department of State, serving many years in Africa as a French Marine adviser embedded with African forces in West Africa and Central Africa, including Chad and the Central African Republic. Mr. Boré holds an MA in defense and international studies from the French War College in Paris. 57 58 ASPJ AFRICA & FRANCOPHONIE In December 2013, the country fell into political chaos and violence. Viola- tions of basic human rights by uncontrolled militias and warlord-led armed groups who seek personal gain have triggered a major humanitarian crisis.
    [Show full text]
  • Green Is the New Brown
    Green is the new brown Ecology in the metapolitics of the French far right today Degree of Master of Science (Two Years) in Human Ecology: Culture, Power and Sustainability 30 ECTS CPS: International Master’s Programme in Human Ecology Human Ecology Division Department of Human Geography Faculty of Social Sciences Lund University Author: Lise Benoist Supervisor: Andreas Malm Spring Term 2020 1 Department: Human Geography, Human Ecology Division Address: Geocentrum I, Sölvegatan 10, 223 62 Lund Telephone: +46 46-222 17 59 Supervisor: Andreas Malm Title and Subtitle: Green is the new brown – Ecology in the metapolitics of the French far right today Author: Lise Benoist Examination: Master’s thesis (two year) Term: Spring Term 2020 Abstract: In this thesis I examine the metapolitics of the French far right, a sphere of organisations and personalities that are waging a counter-hegemonic cultural fight, thought to be a precondition to political change. In France, singularly an incubator for a green nationalist narrative, this “Gramscianism of the right” is today embodied by countless media outlets. This research, grounded in a socio-constructivist realist approach, critically investigates the trends formed within this sphere in relation to ecology, and analyses the main discourses around this topic. The results reveal a diversity of articulations to ecology, in line with the variety of trends identified in the far-right metapolitics. From remains of climate denialism to right-wing degrowth, ecology revolves around an opposition to immigration, perceived as a symbol of a wider left globalist ideology that threatens European identity at large. “Rootedness” and “localism” are described as requirements for a “true ecology”, along with the affirmation of natural limits applicable to nature but also to humans alike.
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis Reference
    Thesis Christianity, Islam and Rwandan Traditional Religion: Perspectives on Memory and Reconciliation NDAYIZEYE, Munyansanga Olivier Abstract This thesis seeks to clarify the root causes of anti-Islam attitudes in predominantly Christian Rwanda. First it focuses on the thinking of the first missionaries (White fathers) in their enterprise of sheer rejection of both Islam and Rwandan Traditional Religion. Surprisingly, the influence of Rwandan Traditional Religion on the two other faiths remains significant. Second, it reviews the role played by Western missionaries in reinforcing anti-Islam attitudes in connection with their struggles against Arab slave trade in East Africa in the second half of 19th century. It is necessary to revisit the violent, often hidden history of Christianity, Islam and their relations in Rwanda; after mass atrocities, it is also necessary to undertake a reconciliation of memories. The commemoration of tragedy and suffering informed by reconciliation of memories may be a significant contribution to the healing of the nation and may at the same time contribute for preventing religion-based violence. Reference NDAYIZEYE, Munyansanga Olivier. Christianity, Islam and Rwandan Traditional Religion: Perspectives on Memory and Reconciliation. Thèse de doctorat : Univ. Genève, 2017, no. Théol. 620 DOI : 10.13097/archive-ouverte/unige:144124 URN : urn:nbn:ch:unige-1441244 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:144124 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 University of Geneva Autonomous Faculty of Protestant Theology Ecumenical Institute of Bossey Part of the World Council of Churches and attached to the University of Geneva Christianity, Islam and Rwandan Traditional Religion: Perspectives on Memory and Reconciliation By NDAYIZEYE MUNYANSANGA Olivier Thesis presented as part of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in theology (Ecumenism) Supervised by: Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Fourchard on Fauvelle-Aymar, 'Histoire De L'afrique Du Sud'
    H-SAfrica Fourchard on Fauvelle-Aymar, 'Histoire de l'Afrique du Sud' Review published on Tuesday, October 25, 2011 François-Xavier Fauvelle-Aymar. Histoire de l'Afrique du Sud. Paris: Seuil, 2006. Maps. 431 pp. EUR 23.75 (paper), ISBN 978-2-02-048003-1. Reviewed by Laurent Fourchard (Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, Centre d’Etude d’Afrique Noire, IEP de Bordeaux )Published on H-SAfrica (October, 2011) Commissioned by Myriam Houssay-Holzschuch A History of South Africa in French François-Xavier Fauvelle-Aymar’s synthesis represents a salutary effort to sum up the increasing academic literature on the history of South Africa and to make it available for a French-speaking public not necessarily aware of the more recent progress in the historiography of the region. Former syntheses in French on the history of the country are either outdated or limited in scope, covering only the more recent period or supporting old racist apartheid clichés (a few marginal scholars in French academic circles continue to support these claims).[1] The book under review merges a small but growing academic literature produced in French with classical as well as more innovative pieces of work produced in English-speaking countries. A set of well-designed maps, a chronology, and an index (not so common for many French publishers) make the book a practical tool for teaching. Furthermore, it is published at the right time as history of Africa since 2010 is part of the secondary school syllabus in France. Not only does this work fill the gap of a long-awaited synthesis in French, but it also deals with three imperatives that the author presents as innovative.
    [Show full text]
  • Review No. 113
    Review no. 113 Press Review 1—15 April 2016 Table of Contents Pages Terrorism in Africa - Europe and Africa benefit when they work together 3 - Africa outstrips US and UK in using Twitter for political conversations 6 - Jihadisme africain et wahhabisme : l’analyse de Bernard Lugan 8 - Terroristes : pourquoi autant de frères chez les djihadistes ? 10 - L’Afrique réelle n°76 : Le jihadisme en Afrique. 13 - Sur le qui-vive 16 - Ben Laden: chronique d’une mort annoncée 17 Kenya - Development, County Governments and the Risk of 2017 Election Violence 19 Mali - Sahel : Ensemble Contre le Terrorisme 23 - Soumeylou Boubeye Maïga à propos des autorités intérimaires : «Je regrette que le Gouvernement n’ait pas eu une communication très pertinente» 26 Nigeria - No tribal war in Nigerian Army – Spokesperson 32 Rwanda - Simulacre de justice et véritable attentat terroriste 34 International Organizations Terrorism in the World - 2015 ‘most lethal year’ for terrorism in Europe 37 - Brussels attacks, Russia's withdrawal from Syria and US presidential campaign 38 - Muslim Starting Recognize source of Terrorism 43 - From Right to Favor: The refugee question as moral crisis 46 - Mass migration leading to staggering number of European jihadists 56 Iraq - Can The Islamic State Be Defeated? – Analysis 59 USA - Identifying the Threat: What Senior Officials Still Don’t Understand 70 - The war on terror: an interim report 73 2 Terrorism in Africa Europe and Africa benefit when they work together APRIL 08 2016 SA’s welfare system is culturally flawed, it has introduced a sense of ‘victimhood’ instead of sup- port for communities. Picture: REUTERS AS WE face the challenges of the 21st century, there is more that unites Africa and Europe than divides us.
    [Show full text]
  • Adame Ba Konare
    History, Democracy, Values: New Lines of Reflection Adame Ba Konare The Leopold Sédar Senghor Lecture (CODESRIA General Assembly, Maputo, December 2005) Monograph Series The CODESRIA Monograph Series is published to stimulate debate, comments, and further research on the subjects covered. The series serves as a forum for works based on the findings of original research, which however are too long for academic journals but not long enough to be published as books, and which deserve to be accessible to the research community in Africa and elsewhere. Such works are usually case studies, theoretical debates or both, but they also incorporate significant findings, analyses and critical evaluations of the cur- rent literature on the subjects covered. © Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa, 2008 Avenue Cheikh Anta Diop Angle Canal IV, BP 3304 Dakar, 18524, Senegal Web site: www.codesria.org All rights reserved. Cover designed by Ibrahima Fofana Typeset by Daouda Thiam Printed by Imprimerie Saint-Paul, Dakar, Sénégal Distributed in Africa by CODESRIA Monograph Series ISBN: 978-2-86978-233-4 The CODESRIA would like to express its gratitude to the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA/SAREC), the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ford Foundation, MacArthur Foundation, Carnegie Corporation, NORAD, the Danish Agency for International Development (DANIDA), the French Ministry of Cooperation, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Rockefeller Foundation, FINIDA, CIDA, IIEP/ADEA, OECD, OXFAM America, UNICEF and the Government of Senegal for supporting its research, training and publication programmes. efore starting my speech, may I, dear guests and colleagues, express thanks to CODESRIA for having chosen me as a special guest and Bpresenter of the Leopold Sédar Senghor Lecture at this important symposium on ‘Rethink the Development of Africa: The Alternatives Beyond the Impasse’.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ruining of an Empire on the Causes of the Marinid Decline
    The Ruining of an Empire On the Causes of the Marinid Decline 1 Cover Image: Bou Inan Madrasa Meknes. Photo taken by the author Daan Sanderse S1169572 [email protected] Supervisor Jan-Bart Gewald Programme African Studies Research Master 2 List of Tables and Images 4 Tables 4 Images 4 Preface 5 Introduction 7 Chapter 1: Empires of Gold 15 The Political Economy of the Marinid Empire 17 The Marinid Empire and the Medieval Economic World System 24 The Marinid Empire and the Mali Empire 26 Chapter 2: The Army of God: The Black Death and West Africa. 30 The Black Death and the Marinid Empire 32 The Black Death and West Africa: Archaeological Evidence 35 The Black Death and West Africa: Primary Sources 42 Chapter 3: The Great Bullion Famine and the Marinid Decline 47 A Shift from West to East in the Trans-Saharan trade routes? 49 The Great Bullion Famine of the late Fifteenth Century 51 The Marinid Decline: The Succession Crisis (1358-1372) 55 The Marinid Decline: The End of the Trans-Saharan Gold Trade? 59 Conclusion 65 Bibliography: 68 Primary Sources: 74 3 List of Tables and Images Tables Table 1; Tax collected according to al-‘Umarī, 18 Table 2: Estimated average of gold minted in European mints on a yearly basis, 53 Images Image 1: Grave of Abū al-Ḥassan at Chellah, Rabat. Photo taken by the author 5 Image 2: North and West Africa in the Catalan Atlas (1387). Source: http://www.bigmapblog.com/2011/cresques-catalan-atlas-world-map-1387/ 15 Image 3: Qur’an once owned by Abū Ya’qūb Yūsuf.
    [Show full text]