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Site Selection and Evaluation by Divers

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Site Selection and Evaluation by Divers Cha ter5 Site SelectionAnd Evaluation By Divers By HeywamfMathews particularlythase using nets or trawls.Often there areabstructions or snagsin an areathat is already T hemast critical phaseof any artificial reef avoidedby netfishermen. 'Ihe selectionof suchan constructionproject is theselection of its site. areawill avoidany conflict with existingfishing A properlyselected reef site will attract,for a long operations,and beneflt the net fishermen by having time,large numbers of fishto a locationwhich is a buoy in the area of the obstructionsthat will al- easilyfound by fishermenand divers. Improperly low them to avoid it compIetely. An existing sited, the reef can become last, or settle into bot- wreck can be an excellentstarting point for an arti- tomsediments, or attractonly a minimalamount ficialreef, and the addition of materialscan only in- of fish. It alsocan become a hazardto navigation crease the fisherman's choices arouixl the wreck and bottom trawlersor even be found washedup seeAppendix F forfurther information on sitese- on somebeach. The researchdiver plays a vital lection!. role in thesite selection process by pmvidingfirst hand observations of the sea floor that cannot be Role of'Diversin Site Planning providedby simplefathometcr surveys, Divas anddiving clubs can make a veryim- portanttcontribution during the planning stages of a reefproject by surveyinglocal fishing spots and Some General potentialartificial reef sites. Often angleis have Considerations for Reef Sites onlya generalpicture of thcbottom based on depth soundertracings. They can seldom tell if thebot- In mostreef building projects, a generallo- tomhas living arals, sponges,or otherlive bottom cation for the reef site is usuallyselected, either by organisms,especially if theyare low profile. The localofficials, a fishingor divingclub or civicor- fathometertracing will notshow the supporting ganization. There is a tendencyamong angiers to abilityof thcbottom, so the diver must test the sub- selectan existingfavorite fishing spot to "sweeten stratewith hishand, some type of bottomprobe, or' it up" or make a "goodbottom" even better. If the retrievalof a bottomsample to determineif it will sitehas any type of naturalreef or "livebottam" properlysupport the reef materials, Chapter 4 pro- then thc usc of such a site for an artificial reef is videsfurther discussions about testing and describ- discouragedby the permittingagency. Part of the ingsediment for itsability to supportreef materials. reason for this is that there is insufficient research to determinewhat effectsan artificial reef may haveon thefunctioning of a naturalreef system. Prehminary Surface Survey In addition, the artificial reef materialsmay actu- ally damagesome of theexisting natural battom Once a generalarea hasbeen selected,the canimunity,such as incrusting corals and sponges. diver/biologistshouM make a systematicfathome- ter surveyof the area unlessit has already been sur- When an artificial reef is built in the middle veyedand fished extensively in thepast. If of a flat, featurelessbottom, it can serveas an oa- possible,a permanentrecord of thissurvey should sisin a desertof sand.Divers have observe great be madeby usinga papertracing or videoof the concentrations of fish on new artificial reefs fathometerreadings. A seriesof transoMusing a withina fcwdays of placementin suchareas, goodquality fathometer is theleast costly and time Most oflshore areas which have such barren bot- consumingway to do this. In mostareas the "live toms areusually well knownto localdivers and bottoms"arc rock ledges or outcrops.Generally, fishermen,Where possible, the nearest site to a thesestructures may have some lateral orientation seabuoy or inlet is preferableto saveboth time with respectto thecoastline. 'Ihis occursas the andfuel costs for theusers traveling ta andfrom continentalshelf slopes seaward where it intersects the reef. The site should not be locatedin or adja- rockstrata that farm the ledges and outcrops which cent to a heavily usedshipping channel or fairway, have become covered with benthic cummunities. becausethese areas will be in useday and night by Knowingthat such structures iun at someangle small boats. with respectto theshore-line, makes it easyto es- Anotherimportant consideration for thesite tablishtransea lines. Theyshould be setup to run selectionis local commercialfishing operations, at rightangles to thesestructures ta reducethe 29 chanceof anc being missed. Oncethe transect file. It may be possibleto uselaw4ensity materi- lines indicatean areadevoid of any hardbottom als such as tires, on soft bottom sites. However, communities,then the physicalsurvey of the bot- greatcare must be takenwhen using law-density tom canbegin. reef materialssince these materials are proneto shifting during storms. Any reef that is in exposed waters thosereceiving direct wavesfxam the open VnderwaterSite Survey sea!should be constructed of onlyhigh4cnsity ma- Beforeany reef site is finally chosen,there terialsin depthsof lessthan 80 to 90 feet. In many must be an underwater survey by divers to verify areas,the Army Corpshas stapped permit ting tire that thereis no live bottom andmake a physical reefsin offshorewaters because of thepossibility andvisual checkof the bottoin type andmeasure of the materialsshifting off the reef site andeven its supporting ability. Generally, the surveyors endingup on the beach seeAppendix 6 for more shouldswim a 50-meterradius around the poten- informationon reef materials and cmnstruction!. tial site ta verify thereare no significant"live bot- tom" communitiesin the site area. Significant "live bottoms"would includeany largerock BiologicalSurvey Report ledgesor outcrappingshaving an incrusting at- Oncethe underwatersurvey is completed,a tached!ar fouling community.Even the baresand written initial biological report should be made bottomshave some marine life living in or on it, SeeAppendix H, pages3 and4 for example!. but cannotsupport a largecommunity of incrust- Thisreport is oftenrequired by thevarious permit- ing invertebrates and fish. The divers should docu- ting agenciesas part of the original application. ment fish andbenthic organisms along a 50-metcr Thisreport should include a carefuldescription of transectline. It is bestto count the organismsfor the bottom material sand,shell, mud.etc.! the de- a one ta three meter width on either side of the greesof firmness as measured by sedimentprobe ~ line. Geaeriilly,a two4iver teamis used andcare sample described in Chapter4! anda de- and the lead diver swims in a cxmstant direction scxiptionof the biological communitypresent on fram somestarting point with a slate,and the sec the site. The exactposition of the site shouldbe de- oad diver follows andplays out the measuredtran- terminedby Loran C readingand severalcompass sect line until the correct distance has been bearmgsto fixed pointson land if it is in view. cxivered.If possible,replicate transects should be 'Thisinitial biologicalreport is notonly im- run in different partsof the site permit areato esti- portantfor the permit application,but it is also im- matethe patchinessof the biologicalcommunity. If a knownpoint canbe usedfar the tresea line, portantto providea comparisonof the site before and after the reef construction. In mast instances then later runs along the same line after construc- of a reeffailing to remainon site or its lassof ef- tion, it will pmvide excellent data as to the effec- fectiveness,the initial site survey.or the lack of tivenessof the reef building effort. If possible,a such a survey was a major cause in the failure. specimenof any organismsthat cannotbe identi- fied by the diversshould be collectedand pre- servedfor later identificationby a qualified Post-DeploymentSurvey biologist. If collectionis not possible,a photo Usually a pasMeploymentreef surveyis re- should be made instead. quiredto verify placementand fulfill the termsof Surveysby a tawedcamera for hardbottom the mnstructioncontract with the bargeand tug are inadequate,for they cansometimes be mislead- crew. Someserious problems have occurred in the ing. They inay show a bottomthat looks solid, but past when the actual site placement was several in fact inay havea firm sandoverlay on soft silt or hundredyards away from the site surveyedby the clay sediment. While it is unusual, there are some divers.lf the site is nearany live bottoms,be sure locations where divers have observed a thin sand ta havethe dive teampresent before the first place- layer which has covered a much softer sediment ment to make a final check. Often the use of a which cannotsupport reef materiaL Only a diver smail markerbuoy will insurethat the materials usinga long at leasta fivc-foot steelor fiberglass are placed in the exact location selected. This rad! sedimentprobe can check the sedimentta pre- markerbuoy will also help preventthe materials vent later lossof reef materialby sinking. from beingscattered by the bargecrew. The pro- In such instances, where there is evidencx file af the materialsappears to be very important, that soft sediment exists, reef materials should be sa the maximumpiling up af the materialsis de- selectedthat will provide profile andhabitat even sired,and a smalljug on thesite will helpgreatly, aftersome sinking has acxurrcd, If, for example, A postdeployment map and photographs should the reef is to be built fram bridge rubble,then a alsobe preparedto documentthe scatterand pro- layer of sinall sizedrubble could be placedfirst to file of material immediatelyafter
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