DOCSLIB.ORG

Phytochemical Screening for Leaves,Cortex and Pith of the Cactus Euphorbia Trigona L

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Phytochemical Screening for Leaves,Cortex and Pith of the Cactus Euphorbia trigona L. Ola Ali Abdelmageed Boshara B.Sc. (Hons.) in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira , 2004 A Dissertation Submitted to University of Gezira in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Master of Science in Biosciences and Biotechnology (Biotechnology) Center of Biosciences and Biotechnology Faculty of Engineering and Technology University of Gezira May 2014 1 Phytochemical Screening for Leaves, Cortex and Pith of the Cactus Euphorbia trigona L. Ola Ali Abdelmageed Boshara Supervision Committee Name Position Signature Dr. Mutaman Ali Kehail Main Supervisor ………………………… Dr. Nizar Sirag Eltayeb Co-Supervisor ………………………… Date: May 2014 2 Phytochemical Screening for Leaves,Cortex and Pith of the Cactus Euphorbia trigona L. Ola Ali Abdelmageed Boshara Examination Committee Name Position Signature Dr. Mutaman Ali Kehail Chair Person ……………………..… Dr. Eltayeb Mohamed Teyrab External Examiner ……………………..… Dr. Elnour Elamin Abdelrahman Internal Examiner ……………………..… Date of Examination: 16 May 2014 3 Dedication To me.. “ Success is the journey, not just the destination.” ----------- 4 Acknowledgements I would like to aknowledge Dr. Mutaman Ali Kehail for his great assistance with his knowledge and experience. I also aknowledge Dr. Nizar Sirag for his great assistance in this work. Deepfull thanks for my future husband Ahmad Abdelgaffar for support,encouragement, and helpfull opinions. 5 Phytochemical screening for Leaves,Cortex and Pith of the Cactus Euphorbia trigona L. Ola Ali Abdelmageed Boshara Abstract The vast majority of people on this planet still rely on their traditional medicine for their everyday health care needs. The present study aimed to run a phytochemical screening for the leaves, stem cortex and pith of Euophorbia trigona L. Plant materials, were collected from within Wad Medani City. The targeted parts were washed while they were in their original plant. The collected parts were transferred directly to the Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Gezira, where all of the laboratory tests were done. The experimental tests involved: proximate analysis (percentage moisture, ash and protein contents), the percentage polar and apolar contents and the phytochemical screening for the main components in the three plant parts. The results of this work revealed that, the proximate analysis of Euphorbia trigona parts indicated that, stem pith had significantly, the highest percentages of moisture contents (95.76%), while the moisture in the stem cortex (89.91%) were also more than that of leaves (82.72%). Stem pith was found to possess significantly, the lowest percentages of ash contents (3.05%) than that of the stem cortex (7.70%) and leaves (7.71%). Stem pith showed the lowest percentages of protein contents (0.91%), whereas, the protein content in leaves (2.77%) were the highest. The percentage mean polar content of the leaves (10.47) was more than other parts collectively (6.77 + 2.88%). Meanwhile, the apolar content was relatively high in stem cortex (1.37%) than the other parts (0.81and 1.07%). The preliminary phytochemical screening of E. trigona leaves revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, flavonones and flavonols, glycosides and sterols and triterpenoids while tannins were not detected while the stem cortex and stem pith contained all phytoconstituents except tannins and flavonones. It can be concluded that, E. trigona could be a potential source of active principles which may help to discover new chemical classes of drugs that could serve as selective agents for the maintenance of health, and hence, this study recommends to run a further studies to identify the active constituents, as well as to verify the biological activities of this plants. 6 المسح الكيميائي النباتي لمختلف أجزاء نبات صبار اﻹيوفوربيا ترايقونا عﻻ علي عبد المجيد بشارة ملخص االدرسة يعتمد غالبية سكان هذا الكوكب علي الطب التقليدي في اﻻحتياجات اليومية للمحافظة علي الصحة. هدفت هذه الدراسة ﻹجراء مسح كيميائي نباتي ﻷوراق, قشرة ساق ولب ساق نبات صبار اﻻيوفوربيا اتريقونا. جمعت العينات النباتية من داخل مدينة ود مدني. غسلت ا ﻻجزاء المستهدفة أثناء وجودها في النبات اﻻصل. تم تحويل ااﻻجزء المجمعة الي كلية الهندسة والتكنولوجيا, جامعة الجزيرة حيث أجريت جميع اﻻخاتبارت المعملية. شملت اﻻخاتبارت المعملية: التحليل التقريبي )النسبة المئوية للرطوبة, الرماد والبروتين(, النسبة المئوية للم كونات القطبية والﻻقطبية, إضافة الي المسح الكيميائي النباتي للمكونات الرئيسية في ااجزء النبات الثﻻثة. أوضحت النتائج, أن التحليل التقريبي قد دلل علي أن لب الساق يحتوي بصورة معنوية علي أعلي نسبة رطوبة )95.76%(, بينما كانت الرطوبة في قشرة الساق )89.91%( ايضا اعلي من اﻻوراق )82.72%(. وجد أن لب الساق يحتوي معنوياً علي أقل نسبة رماد )3.05%( عن قشرة الساق )7.70%( واﻻوراق )7.71%(. يحتوي لب الساق علي أقل نسبة بروتين )0.91%(, في حين أن بروتين اﻻوراق )2.77%( هو اﻷعلي. متوسط نسبة المكونات القطبية في اﻻوراق )10.47( كانت اكثر من ما في بقية اﻻج ازء مجتمعةً )6.77 + 2.88%(. أما بالنسبة للمكونات الﻻقطبية, فقد كانت عالية معنوياً في قشرة الساق )1.37%( عن اﻻجزاء اﻻخري )0.81 و 1.07%(. أوضح المسح الكيميائي اﻻولي لﻻوارق وجود المواد الصابونية, القلويدية, الفﻻفونويدية, الفﻻفونولية والفﻻفونونية, الجﻻيكوسيدات واﻻستروﻻت والتريبينويدات, في حين أن التانينات لم يتم الكشف عنها, بينما احتوت قشرة ولب الساق علي كل المكونات الكيميائية النباتية عدا التانينات والفﻻفونونات. يمكن وضع الخﻻصة بأن نبات اﻻيوفوربيا اتريقونا يمكن ان يكون مصدر محتمل لمكونات فعالة يمكن ان تساعد في اكتشاف اصناف دوائية كيميائية جديدة يمكنها أن تشكل عامل انتقائي للمحافظة علي الصحة, وعليه, فقد اوصت هذه الدراسة بإجراء المزيد من الدراسات المستقبلية للتعرف علي المكونات الفعالة وكذلك تحديد الفاعلية الحيوية لهذا النبات. 7 List of Contents Subject Page Dedication iv Acknowledgements v Abstract vi Abstract (Arabic) vii Table of contents viii List of Tables x List of Figures and Plates xi Chapter One: Introduction 1 Chapter Two: Literature Review 3 2.1. Cactus 3 2.1.1. Adaptations 3 2.1.2. Morphology 3 2.1.3. Growth habit 4 2.1.4. Stems 5 2.1.5. Areoles 5 2.1.6. Leaves 6 2.1.7. Spines 6 2.1.8. Roots 7 2.1.9. Flowers 7 2.1.10. Adaptations for water conservation 8 2.1.11. Taxonomy 9 2.1.12. Uses of cactus 10 2.2. Euphorbia: 14 2.2.1. Description 15 2.2.2. Xerophytes and succulents plants 15 2.2.3. Irritance 17 2.2.4. Uses of Euophorbia 17 2.2.5. Systematics and taxonomy 17 2.2.6. Euphorbia trigona 18 2.2.6.1. Scientific Classification: 18 2.2.6.2. Medicinal benefits: 18 8 2.2.7 Researches on Euphorbia species 19 2.3. Phytochemicals 21 2.3.1. Clinical trials and health claim status 21 2.3.2. Food processing 21 2.3.3. Screening and Extraction: 23 2.3.4. Plant material 26 2.3.5. Choice of solvents 26 2.4. Proximate Analysis: 28 2.5. Chromatography: 28 2.5.1. Plate preparation in TLC 29 2.5.2. Procedure: 29 2.5.3. Separation Process and Principle 30 2.5.4. Analysis 31 2.5.5. Applications 31 Chapter Three: Materials and Methods 33 3.1 Samples of plant material: 33 3.2. Preparation of plant material 33 3.3. Approximate analysis 33 3.3.1. Moisture content 33 3.3.2. Ash content 34 3.3.3. Protein content 34 3.4. The polar and apolar contents 35 3.5. Phytochemical screening for the different parts of E. trigona: 36 3.5.1. Qualitative analysis Test for glycosides 36 3.5.2. Qualitative analysis Test for flavonoids 36 3.5.3. Qualitative analysis Test for saponins: 36 3.5.4. Qualitative analysis Test for tannins: 36 3.5.5. Qualitative analysis Test for sterols and or triterpenes: 37 3.5.6. Qualitative analysis Test for alkaloids and /or nitrogenous bases 37 3.7. Statistical analysis 37 Chapter Four: Results and Discussion 38 4.1. The proximate analysis of Euphorbia trigona parts 38 4.2. The polar and apolar contents of Euphorbia trigona parts 44 4.3. The phytochemical screening in Euphorbia trigona parts 47 Chapter Five: Conclusions and Recommendations 49 References 50 9 List of Tables Table No. Title Page 2.1 Proximate and phytochemical composition of Euphorbia heterophylla 16 2.2 Phytochemical analysis of E. trigona extract 20 2.3 Activities of various phytochemicals from plants 22 2.4 Solvents used for active component extraction 25 4.1 The moisture contents (%) in Euphorbia trigona parts 40 4.2 The ash contents (%) in Euphorbia trigona parts 41 4.3 The protein contents (%) in Euphorbia trigona parts 42 4.4 The polar contents (%) in Euphorbia trigona parts 45 4.5 The apolar contents (%) in Euphorbia trigona parts 46 4.6 The presence of some phytochemical in E. trigona parts 48 10 Chapter One Introduction Cacti are commonly grown as houseplants. They are pretty and easy to grow. Some cacti are grown in gardens, especially in dry areas. Cactus can be used as a living fence. The wood of dead cactus is sometimes used for building. People eat the fruit of some kinds of cactus, such as dragon fruit and prickly pear. Ciouvhiul insects also eat prickly pears. These insects produce a red coloring used in food and lipstick (Anderson, 1999). The Euphorbia plants are annual or perennial herbs, woody shrubs or trees with a caustic, poisonous milky sap (latex). The roots are fine or thick and fleshy or tuberous. Many species are more or less succulent, thorny or unarmed. The main stem and mostly also the side arms of the succulent species are thick and fleshy, 15–91 cm (6–36 inches) tall. The deciduous leaves are opposite, alternate or in whorls. In succulent species the leaves are mostly small and short-lived. The stipules are mostly small, partly transformed into spines or glands, or missing.
Recommended publications
  • Sp09-For Web.Pub

    Sp09-For Web.Pub

    Spring 2009 Page 1 Botanic Garden News The Botanic Garden Volume 12, No. 1 of Smith College Spring 2009 Madelaine Zadik “T he tulip is the sexiest, most capricious, the most various, subtle, powerful, and intriguing Room. Many thanks to the Museum of flower on Earth.” These are the words of Anna Art for framing them for us. Pavord, opening speaker for this year’s Spring In our display case are other tulip- Bulb Show. A mainstay of flower shows and related books lent to us by the garden displays, the tulip has come a long way Mortimer Rare Book Room. Flora’s from its humble origins in central Asia to Feast: A Masque of Flowers (1889) is Tulipa ‘Carmen Rio’ becoming a beloved spring icon. Could you opened to the tulip and hyacinth, two of Photograph by Madelaine Zadik imagine spring without tulips? forty full color lithographs in the book Horticulturist and writer extraordinaire Anna Pavord dazzled everyone with her by Walter Crane. Each page presents an talk, The Tulip: The Flower That Made Men Mad. It was more performance than allegory of a popular flower as human, lecture and demonstrated that although tulipmania might have taken over Europe in clad in flowery garments with a short the early seventeenth century, passions today still run quite strong as far as the tulip whimsical verse. Reproductions of is concerned. (For more about Anna Pavord’s visit, see page 7.) During the several of these (see page 6) were tulipmania period in Europe, fortunes rose to soaring heights and then were quickly scattered through the bulb show, to lost, perhaps similar to the Wall Street turbulence we are everyone’s delight.
  • Mitochondrial Lineage Sorting in Action – Historical Biogeography of the Hyles Euphorbiae Complex (Sphingidae, Lepidoptera) in Italy Mende and Hundsdoerfer

    Mitochondrial Lineage Sorting in Action – Historical Biogeography of the Hyles Euphorbiae Complex (Sphingidae, Lepidoptera) in Italy Mende and Hundsdoerfer

    Mitochondrial lineage sorting in action – historical biogeography of the Hyles euphorbiae complex (Sphingidae, Lepidoptera) in Italy Mende and Hundsdoerfer Mende and Hundsdoerfer BMC Evolutionary Biology 2013, 13:83 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/83 Mende and Hundsdoerfer BMC Evolutionary Biology 2013, 13:83 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/83 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Mitochondrial lineage sorting in action – historical biogeography of the Hyles euphorbiae complex (Sphingidae, Lepidoptera) in Italy Michael B Mende1,2* and Anna K Hundsdoerfer1,2 Abstract Background: Mitochondrial genes are among the most commonly used markers in studies of species’ phylogeography and to draw conclusions about taxonomy. The Hyles euphorbiae complex (HEC) comprises six distinct mitochondrial lineages in the Mediterranean region, of which one exhibits a cryptic disjunct distribution. The predominant mitochondrial lineage in most of Europe, euphorbiae, is also present on Malta; however, it is nowadays strangely absent from Southern Italy and Sicily, where it is replaced by 'italica'. A separate biological entity in Italy is further corroborated by larval colour patterns with a congruent, confined suture zone along the Northern Apennines. By means of historic DNA extracted from museum specimens, we aimed to investigate the evolution of the mitochondrial demographic structure of the HEC in Italy and Malta throughout the Twentieth Century. Results: At the beginning of the Twentieth Century, the European mainland lineages were also present at a moderate frequency in Southern Italy and Sicily. The proportion of 'italica' then steadily increased in this area from below 60 percent to near fixation in about 120 years. Thus, geographical sorting of mitochondrial lineages in the HEC was not as complete then as the current demography suggests.
  • ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS of the GUIANAS: an Historical Perspective of Selected Garden Plants from Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana

    ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS of the GUIANAS: an Historical Perspective of Selected Garden Plants from Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana

    f ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS OF THE GUIANAS: An Historical Perspective of Selected Garden Plants from Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana Vf•-L - - •• -> 3H. .. h’ - — - ' - - V ' " " - 1« 7-. .. -JZ = IS^ X : TST~ .isf *“**2-rt * * , ' . / * 1 f f r m f l r l. Robert A. DeFilipps D e p a r t m e n t o f B o t a n y Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. \ 1 9 9 2 ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS OF THE GUIANAS Table of Contents I. Map of the Guianas II. Introduction 1 III. Basic Bibliography 14 IV. Acknowledgements 17 V. Maps of Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana VI. Ornamental Garden Plants of the Guianas Gymnosperms 19 Dicotyledons 24 Monocotyledons 205 VII. Title Page, Maps and Plates Credits 319 VIII. Illustration Credits 321 IX. Common Names Index 345 X. Scientific Names Index 353 XI. Endpiece ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS OF THE GUIANAS Introduction I. Historical Setting of the Guianan Plant Heritage The Guianas are embedded high in the green shoulder of northern South America, an area once known as the "Wild Coast". They are the only non-Latin American countries in South America, and are situated just north of the Equator in a configuration with the Amazon River of Brazil to the south and the Orinoco River of Venezuela to the west. The three Guianas comprise, from west to east, the countries of Guyana (area: 83,000 square miles; capital: Georgetown), Surinam (area: 63, 037 square miles; capital: Paramaribo) and French Guiana (area: 34, 740 square miles; capital: Cayenne). Perhaps the earliest physical contact between Europeans and the present-day Guianas occurred in 1500 when the Spanish navigator Vincente Yanez Pinzon, after discovering the Amazon River, sailed northwest and entered the Oyapock River, which is now the eastern boundary of French Guiana.
  • Ethnomedicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Andhra Pradesh, India

    Ethnomedicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Andhra Pradesh, India

    IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy And Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS) e-ISSN:2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 15, Issue 2 Ser. I (Mar –Apr 2020), PP 44-52 www.Iosrjournals.Org Ethnomedicinal Plants used for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Andhra Pradesh, India N.V. Jayanth Babu1P. Prayaga Murty2G.M. Narasimha Rao3 1,3 Department of Botany, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh-530003 2. Department of Botany, Govt. Degree College, Yeleswaram, East Godavari, A. P. 533429 Abstract: The present investigation deals with the therapeutic properties of 100 plants species belonging to 88 genera and 60 families which are used for rheumatic arthritis in tribals regions of Andhra Pradesh, India. Information on botanical name, vernacular name, family, part used, mode of drug preparation and mode of administration is provided. Information gathered in this study will act as baseline information for different scientific personnel working on biological, chemical and pharmaceutical studies. Keywords: Medicinal Plants, rheumatic arthritis, Andhra Pradesh, India ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- Date of Submission: 01-03-2020 Date of Acceptance: 16-03-2020 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- I. Introduction A person’s immune system gives strength to resist diseases. It creates antibodies to fight against foreign bodies that enter into our system. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic systemic, autoimmune disorder wherein a person’s immune system attacks his/her own body tissues; as a result body becomes susceptible for the attack of pathogenic organisms like bacteria and viruses. The tissues like cartilage, ligaments, and synovial glands of all joints are affected initially. If neglected, it will also affect lungs, eyes, mouth, heart, kidneys and other vital organs in the body.
  • University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting

    University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting

    SYSTEMATICS OF TRIBE TRICHOCEREEAE AND POPULATION GENETICS OF Haageocereus (CACTACEAE) By MÓNICA ARAKAKI MAKISHI A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2008 1 © 2008 Mónica Arakaki Makishi 2 To my parents, Bunzo and Cristina, and to my sisters and brother. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to express my deepest appreciation to my advisors, Douglas Soltis and Pamela Soltis, for their consistent support, encouragement and generosity of time. I would also like to thank Norris Williams and Michael Miyamoto, members of my committee, for their guidance, good disposition and positive feedback. Special thanks go to Carlos Ostolaza and Fátima Cáceres, for sharing their knowledge on Peruvian Cactaceae, and for providing essential plant material, confirmation of identifications, and their detailed observations of cacti in the field. I am indebted to the many individuals that have directly or indirectly supported me during the fieldwork: Carlos Ostolaza, Fátima Cáceres, Asunción Cano, Blanca León, José Roque, María La Torre, Richard Aguilar, Nestor Cieza, Olivier Klopfenstein, Martha Vargas, Natalia Calderón, Freddy Peláez, Yammil Ramírez, Eric Rodríguez, Percy Sandoval, and Kenneth Young (Peru); Stephan Beck, Noemí Quispe, Lorena Rey, Rosa Meneses, Alejandro Apaza, Esther Valenzuela, Mónica Zeballos, Freddy Centeno, Alfredo Fuentes, and Ramiro Lopez (Bolivia); María E. Ramírez, Mélica Muñoz, and Raquel Pinto (Chile). I thank the curators and staff of the herbaria B, F, FLAS, LPB, MO, USM, U, TEX, UNSA and ZSS, who kindly loaned specimens or made information available through electronic means. Thanks to Carlos Ostolaza for providing seeds of Haageocereus tenuis, to Graham Charles for seeds of Blossfeldia sucrensis and Acanthocalycium spiniflorum, to Donald Henne for specimens of Haageocereus lanugispinus; and to Bernard Hauser and Kent Vliet for aid with microscopy.
  • Pleistocene Extinctions As Drivers of Biogeographical Patterns on the Easternmost Canary Islands

    Pleistocene Extinctions As Drivers of Biogeographical Patterns on the Easternmost Canary Islands

    Received: 12 November 2018 | Revised: 31 January 2019 | Accepted: 25 February 2019 DOI: 10.1111/jbi.13563 PERSPECTIVE Pleistocene extinctions as drivers of biogeographical patterns on the easternmost Canary Islands Abstract (Condamine, Leslie, & Antonelli, 2017; García- Verdugo et al., 2013; Subtropical islands are often viewed as refuges where Quaternary Kier et al., 2009) suggest that diversification greatly exceeded ex- climatic shifts driving global episodes of extinction were buffered. tinction over geological time. However, recent studies indicate that Island biodiversity, however, may have been impacted by climatic Pleistocene climatic oscillations may have locally impacted on the fluctuations at local scales, particularly in spatially heterogeneous biota of subtropical archipelagos (Norder et al., 2019; Prebble et al., island systems. In this study, we generated a conceptual framework 2016; Weigelt, Steinbauer, Sarmento Cabral, & Kreft, 2016). Thus, it for predicting the potential impact of Pleistocene extinctions on the is plausible that background extinction on islands could be related to biogeographical pattern of the Canarian spermatophyte flora, with recent climatic events, in addition to abrupt geological episodes (e.g. a focus on the easternmost Canarian islands (ECI). Then, we per- Marrero & Francisco- Ortega, 2001). If so, both processes may have formed an exhaustive bibliographic revision (270 studies) to examine played a fundamental role in the assembly of certain island biotas, al- whether taxonomic, phylogenetic and phylogeographical data sup- though the incidence of extinction in space and time is often difficult port our predictions. Although molecular information is limited for to assess (Sanmartín & Meseguer, 2016). many lineages, the available data suggest that the majority of extant The classical island literature depicts the Atlantic archipelagos ECI plant taxa may be the result of relatively recent (<1 Ma) disper- of Macaronesia (Azores, Madeira, Selvagen, Canary Islands and sal from surrounding insular and mainland areas.
  • South American Cacti in Time and Space: Studies on the Diversification of the Tribe Cereeae, with Particular Focus on Subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae)

    South American Cacti in Time and Space: Studies on the Diversification of the Tribe Cereeae, with Particular Focus on Subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae)

    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2013 South American Cacti in time and space: studies on the diversification of the tribe Cereeae, with particular focus on subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae) Lendel, Anita Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-93287 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Lendel, Anita. South American Cacti in time and space: studies on the diversification of the tribe Cereeae, with particular focus on subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae). 2013, University of Zurich, Faculty of Science. South American Cacti in Time and Space: Studies on the Diversification of the Tribe Cereeae, with Particular Focus on Subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae) _________________________________________________________________________________ Dissertation zur Erlangung der naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorwürde (Dr.sc.nat.) vorgelegt der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Zürich von Anita Lendel aus Kroatien Promotionskomitee: Prof. Dr. H. Peter Linder (Vorsitz) PD. Dr. Reto Nyffeler Prof. Dr. Elena Conti Zürich, 2013 Table of Contents Acknowledgments 1 Introduction 3 Chapter 1. Phylogenetics and taxonomy of the tribe Cereeae s.l., with particular focus 15 on the subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae – Cactoideae) Chapter 2. Floral evolution in the South American tribe Cereeae s.l. (Cactaceae: 53 Cactoideae): Pollination syndromes in a comparative phylogenetic context Chapter 3. Contemporaneous and recent radiations of the world’s major succulent 86 plant lineages Chapter 4. Tackling the molecular dating paradox: underestimated pitfalls and best 121 strategies when fossils are scarce Outlook and Future Research 207 Curriculum Vitae 209 Summary 211 Zusammenfassung 213 Acknowledgments I really believe that no one can go through the process of doing a PhD and come out without being changed at a very profound level.
  • Shaun's Cacti

    Shaun's Cacti

    TheCactus Explorer The first free on-line Journal for Cactus and Succulent Enthusiasts Mammillaria luethyi Gasteria rawlinsonii Number 3 Echeveria penduliflora ISSN 2048-0482 Obregonia denegrii February 2012 Uebelmannia ‘eriocactoides’ The Cactus Explorer ISSN 2048-0482 Number 3 February 2012 In thIs EdItIon Regular Features Articles Introduction 3 Gasteria rawlinsonii in the Baviaanskloof 26 News and Events 4 Mammillaria luethyi. In search of a botanical Thank you John (Pilbeam) 8 jewel from Mexico 30 Recent New Descriptions 13 My search for Obregonia denegrii 37 Lophophora alberto-vojtechii 16 Melocactus on two Caribbean Islands 43 In the Glasshouse 18 Why Echeveria penduliflora? 47 Journal Roundup 22 Travel with the cactus expert (2) 50 The Love of Books 24 Uebelmannia pectinifera var. eriocactoides 54 Society Page 64 Expedition to Socotra, 1967 58 Retail Therapy 65 The No.1 source for on-line information about cacti and succulents is http://www.cactus-mall.com New link for Gymnocalycium enthusiasts (French): http://gymnocalycium.free.fr/index.php Cover Picture: Mammillaria luethyi PH914.06, possibly several plants or a small cluster. See the article on Page 30. Photo: Paul Hoxey. Invitation to Contributors Please consider the Cactus Explorer as the place to publish your articles. We welcome contributions for any of the regular features or a longer article with pictures on any aspect of cacti and succulents. The editorial team is happy to help you with preparing your work. Please send your submissions as plain text in a ‘Word’ document together with separate jpeg or tiff images with the maximum resolution available, at least 1200 x 800 pixels.
  • Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis of Cactus Stem Extract Gladiyarani S

    Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis of Cactus Stem Extract Gladiyarani S

    International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in Technology ISSN: 2454-132X Impact Factor: 6.078 (Volume 7, Issue 3 - V7I3-1728) Available online at: https://www.ijariit.com Preliminary phytochemical analysis of cactus stem extract Gladiyarani S. Dr. N. Gunavathy [email protected] [email protected] Nirmala College for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu Nirmala College for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu ABSTRACT The phytochemical screening of aqueous solution of OpuntiaCochenillifera and CereusRepandus revealed the presence of certain important secondary metabolites. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the selected stems were found to posses Proteins, Tannins, Carbohydrates, Phenols, Flavonoids, Saponins, Glycosides, Steroids, Terpenoids and Alkaloids. It was concluded that this study clearly indicated that aqueous extract showed an elaborate qualitative analysis of the stem extract. Keywords― OpuntiaCochenillifera (OC),CereusRapandus (CeR), Phytochemicals. 1. INTRODUCTION Phytochemistry is the study of phytochemicals, which are derived from plants[1].Phytochemicals are responsible for medicinal activity of plants, these are non-nutritive and biologically active compounds which contain a broad spectrum of chemical structures that have protective and preventive properties. Thus conducting preliminary phytochemical screening of plant is an important aspect in determining the chemical constituents in plant material [2] such as vitamins, terpenoids, tannins and other metabolites which are rich in antioxidant
  • The European Alpine Seed Conservation and Research Network

    The European Alpine Seed Conservation and Research Network

    The International Newsletter of the Millennium Seed Bank Partnership August 2016 – January 2017 kew.org/msbp/samara ISSN 1475-8245 Issue: 30 View of Val Dosdé with Myosotis alpestris The European Alpine Seed Conservation and Research Network ELINOR BREMAN AND JONAS V. MUELLER (RBG Kew, UK), CHRISTIAN BERG AND PATRICK SCHWAGER (Karl-Franzens-Universitat Graz, Austria), BRIGITTA ERSCHBAMER, KONRAD PAGITZ AND VERA MARGREITER (Institute of Botany; University of Innsbruck, Austria), NOÉMIE FORT (CBNA, France), ANDREA MONDONI, THOMAS ABELI, FRANCESCO PORRO AND GRAZIANO ROSSI (Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell’Ambiente; Universita degli studi di Pavia, Italy), CATHERINE LAMBELET-HAUETER, JACQUELINE DÉTRAZ- Photo: Dr Andrea Mondoni Andrea Dr Photo: MÉROZ AND FLORIAN MOMBRIAL (Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de la Ville de Genève, Switzerland). The European Alps are home to nearly 4,500 taxa of vascular plants, and have been recognised as one of 24 centres of plant diversity in Europe. While species richness decreases with increasing elevation, the proportion of endemic species increases – of the 501 endemic taxa in the European Alps, 431 occur in subalpine to nival belts. he varied geology of the pre and they are converting to shrub land and forest awareness of its increasing vulnerability. inner Alps, extreme temperature with reduced species diversity. Conversely, The Alpine Seed Conservation and Research T fluctuations at altitude, exposure to over-grazing in some areas (notably by Network currently brings together five plant high levels of UV radiation and short growing sheep) is leading to eutrophication and a science institutions across the Alps, housed season mean that the majority of alpine loss of species adapted to low nutrient at leading universities and botanic gardens: species are highly adapted to their harsh levels.
  • Taxonomy and Systematic Botany Chapter 5

    Taxonomy and Systematic Botany Chapter 5

    Downloaded from https:// www.studiestoday.com Chapter Taxonomy and 5 Systematic Botany Plants are the prime companions of Learning Objectives human beings in this universe. Plants The learner will be able to, are the source of food, energy, shelter, clothing, drugs, beverages, oxygen and • Differentiate systematic botany from taxonomy. the aesthetic environment. Taxonomic • Explain the ICN principles and to activity of human is not restricted to discuss the codes of nomenclature. living organisms alone. Human beings • Compare the national and learn to identify, describe, name and international herbaria. classify food, clothes, books, games, • Appreciate the role of morphology, vehicles and other objects that they come anatomy, cytology, DNA sequencing across in their life. Every human being in relation to Taxonomy, thus is a taxonomist from the cradle to • Describe diagnostic features of the grave. families Fabaceae, Apocynaceae, Taxonomy has witnessed various Solanaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Musaceae phases in its early history to the present day and Liliaceae. modernization. The need for knowledge Chapter Outline on plants had been realized since human existence, a man started utilizing plants 5.1 Taxonomy and Systematics for food, shelter and as curative agent for 5.2 Taxonomic Hierarchy ailments. 5.3 Concept of species – Morphological, Biological and Phylogenetic Theophrastus (372 – 287 BC), the 5.4 International Code of Greek Philosopher known as “Father of Botanical Nomenclature Botany”. He named and described some 500 5.5 Type concept plants in his “De Historia Plantarum”. Later 5.6 Taxonomic Aids Dioscorides (62 – 127 AD), Greek physician, 5.7 Botanicalhttps://www.studiestoday.com Gardens described and illustrated in his famous 5.8 Herbarium – Preparation and uses “Materia medica” and described about 600 5.9 Classification of Plants medicinal plants.
  • Atoll Research Bulletin No. 392 the Flora of Nauru Rr

    Atoll Research Bulletin No. 392 the Flora of Nauru Rr

    ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 392 THE FLORA OF NAURU RR THAMAN, F.R FOSBERG, EL MANNER AND D.C. HASSALL ISSUED BY NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL J!WTORY SMllTJ!WNIAN INSTlTUTION WASHINGTON, D.C, USA FEBRUARY 1994 DEDICATION We dedicate this Flora of Nauru to Joseph Detsimea Audoa, his family and the people of the Republic of Nauru who have had their precious island and its flora destroyed and degraded as a result of wars and exploitation beyond their control. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to acknowledge, in particular, the late Honorable Joseph Detsimea Audoa, the Minister of Health and Education at the time of the commencement of the study and later Minister of Justice in the Government of Nauru, who, because of his vision and commitment to the culture and environment of Nauru, initiated and provided the financial support for the study of the flora of Nauru. He was particularly concerned that the plants of Nauru and their cultural uses be recorded before such knowledge was lost. We also acknowledge Mr. Lisle Newby, the then Director of Education, who, along with Joe Audoa, were the main supporters of the project, and who provided valuable logistical support throughout. Special thanks are also given to our main local informants and assistants, the Reverend James Aingimea and the late Henry Michael Heine; and to Daphne Fotu, Jacob Gabwinare, Katarina Satto, Kenia Raidinen, Reynold Capelle, Eda Adam and Montiba Star, our main informants in relation to the cultural uses and Nauruan names of plants. Our thanks also go to the Honorable Lawrence Stephen, Minister of Education during part of the project; Obera Menke, Robert Kaierua, Leo Keke, Delilah Capelle, Eddie Borak, John Healy, Gary Bailey, Dennis and Ria Berdinner, Julie Olsson, Dennis Ketner, Sio Fotu, Pine Harrison, John Brechtefeld, Rene Harris, Porthos Bop, Jacob Aroi, Leon Thompson, Benjamin Morgan, Iosefa Elisala and Teaora Tabanou, all of whom contributed in some way to the success of the study.